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DE511 - 1083 - Lesson 3 - PPT

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11 views17 pages

DE511 - 1083 - Lesson 3 - PPT

Uploaded by

Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DESIGNED AND DEVELOPED UNDER THE AEGIS OF

NAHEP Component-2 Project “Investments In ICAR Leadership In Agricultural Higher Education”


Division of Computer Applications
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute
Course Details

Course Name Dairy And Food Engineering-I

Unit IV

Drag Coefficient
Lesson 3

Disclaimer : Presentations are intended for educational purposes only and do not replace independent professional
judgement. Statement of fact and opinions expressed are those of the presenter individually and are not the opinion or
position of ICAR-IASRI. ICAR-IASRI does not endorse or approve, and assumes no responsibility for the content, accuracy or
completeness of the information presented.

1
Created by

Name Role University

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal


DR. KARTHIAYANI ARULSELVAM Content Creator
Sciences University, Chennai

Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu
SUDHIR UPRIT Course Reviewer
Vishvavidyalaya, Durg

2
Glossary of Terms
• Aerodynamics: the study of the properties of moving air and the
interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it.
• Aerodynamics properties: The two important aerodynamic
characteristics of a body are its terminal velocity and aerodynamic drag.
• Terminal velocity:the constant speed that a freely falling object
eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it
is falling prevents further acceleration.
• Aerodynamic drag: The force on an object that resists its motion
through a fluid is called drag. When the fluid is a gas like air, it is called
aerodynamic drag or air resistance. When the fluid is a liquid like water
it is called hydrodynamic drag.
• Mach Number: Mach number (M or Ma) is a dimensionless quantity
in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past
a boundary to the local speed of sound.
Introduction

• The force on an object by a fluid to resist its motion through it is


called the drag force. If the fluid is air, then it is called aerodynamic
drag force.
• Motion through fluids is easy as any object can make a way through
it. Fluids certainly are treated as materials, i.e., having both mass and
volume.
• Material things resist changes in their velocity and no two material
things may occupy the same space at the same time.
Drag force and Bernoulli’s Equation
• The drag force can be determined from the Bernoulli's equation for the
pressure in a fluid, which states that for an ideal liquid flow (a liquid
with no viscosity), an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's
potential energy.
• A common form of Bernoulli's equation, valid at any arbitrary point
along a streamline, is given by

• There are three terms in the equation for the total pressure and are
defined as:
• P: the part of the pressure which comes from outside the fluid and is
referred to the atmospheric pressure.
• ρgh : the gravitational contribution to pressure.;
• ½ ρv2 the kinetic or dynamic contribution to pressure; the part related to
flow. This term will help us understand the origin of the drag force.
• Start with the definition of pressure as force per area and then solving it
for force:

• F= PA and substituting the dynamic contribution to pressure


or

• Here C is the coefficient of drag, which depends on the shape of the object
subjected to the flow of fluid and also takes into account other factors like
texture, viscosity, compressibility, lift, boundary layer separation, and so
on. All these factors are combined to give one factor called the coefficient
of drag (C).
Drag co-efficient
• In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as:
cd ,cx or cw is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify
the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air
or water.
• It is used in the drag equation in which a lower drag coefficient
indicates the object will have less aerodynamic or hydrodynamic drag.
• The drag coefficient is always associated with a particular surface
area.
• The drag coefficient of any object comprises the effects of the two
basic contributors to fluid dynamic drag: skin friction and form drag.
• The drag coefficient of a lifting airfoil or hydrofoil also includes the
effects of lift-induced drag.
• The drag coefficient of a complete structure such as an aircraft also
includes the effects of interference drag.
• The drag co-efficient cd is given by the following equation

where
• Fd- drag force, which is by definition the force component in the
direction of
• the flow velocity,
• p- mass density of the fluid
• u - flow speed of the object relative to the fluid
• A - reference area
Factors affecting aerodynamic properties of biomaterials
• Frontal area. Table.1 gives Table 1: Aerodynamic properties of some shapes

aerodynamic properties of some


shapes.
• Particles size orientation(In
turbulent region particles assumes
position of maximum resistance)
• Where
L= thickness of disk, length of rod or
cylinder length of flat along
direction of flow; and
K=2002/n NR
Characteristics of drag co-efficient
• The drag force on any object is proportional to the density of the fluid
and proportional to the square of the relative flow speed between the
object and the fluid.
• Cd is not a constant but varies as a function of flow speed, flow direction,
object position, object size, fluid density and fluid viscosity.
• Speed, kinematic viscosity and a characteristic length scale of the object
are incorporated into a dimensionless quantity called the Reynolds
number.
• In a compressible flow, the speed of sound is relevant, and Cd is also a
function of Mach number.
• For certain body shapes, the drag coefficient Cd only depends on the
Reynolds number Re, Mach number and the direction of the flow.
• For low Mach number, the drag coefficient is independent of Mach
number.
• Also, the variation with Reynolds number (Re )within a practical
range of interest is usually small, while for cars at highway speed and
aircraft at cruising speed, the incoming flow direction is also more-or-
less the same. Hence Cd is constant.
• For a streamlined body to achieve a low drag coefficient, the boundary
layer around the body must remain attached to the surface of the body
for as long as possible, causing the wake to be narrow.
• A high form drag results in a broad wake. The boundary layer will
transition from laminar to turbulent if Reynolds number of the flow
around the body is sufficiently great.
• Larger velocities, larger objects, and lower viscosities contribute to
larger Reynolds numbers.
• For other objects, such as small particles, one can no longer consider
that the drag coefficient cd is constant, but certainly is a function of
Reynolds number.
• At a low Reynolds number, the flow around the object does not remain
transition to turbulent but remains laminar, even up to the point at which
it separates from the surface of the object.
• At very low Reynolds numbers, without flow separation, the drag
force Fd is proportional to v instead of v2..
• In certain cases it is desirable to resolve the resultant force into
components of force into components of frictional drag to tangential
force on the body surface & profile drag due to pressure distribution
around the body.
• In laminar or low velocity flow where variation in fluid density is small
and viscous action governs the flow, the profile or pressure drag is
negligible.
• In thermal or high velocity flow, where fluid compression & non viscous
action governs the flow, the frictional drag is negligible (Britannica,
2016).
Table 2: The values of drag coefficients for some standard objects
Application of drag coefficient in Food/ Dairy Industry

• In the handling and processing of agricultural products, air is often used as a


carrier for transport or for separating the desirable products from unwanted
materials, therefore the aerodynamic properties, such as terminal velocity and
drag coefficient, are needed for air conveying and pneumatic separation of
materials.
• As the air velocity is greater than terminal velocity, lifts the particles to allow
greater fall of a particle.
• The air velocity could be adjusted to a point just below the terminal velocity,
for separation to occur.
• The fluidization velocity for granular material and settling velocity are also
calculated for the body immersed in viscous fluid.
• Separation of foreign materials from seeds, grains, potatoes, blue
berries etc.
• Conveying and handling of grains, chopped forage small & large
fruits.
• Hydraulic handling of apples, cherries, mango& potatoes etc.
• Working principle of Aspirator:- Under steady state condition, where
terminal velocity has been achieved.
• If particles density is smaller than the fluid density, the particle will be
rise.
• Handling of milk powders in drum dryer and spray dryers.
THANK YOU

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