GEN BIO II FINALS

- Sexual reproduction Involves gametes.

- Asexual Does not involve gametes.
Tropism
- Male (stamen); Female (Pistil)
A tropism is a biological phenomenon, indicating
growth or turning movement of a biological
organism, usually a plant, in response to an
environmental stimulus.

- Gravitropism – Plants response to gravity.

o Positive geotropism – downward
growth of plants, going with the force
of gravity (Roots going down)
- Fertilization Pollen lands on stigma Tube
o Negative Geotropism - upward
grows down the style and enters the ovary.
growth of plants, growing against the
force of gravity (Leaves going up)
o
-

- Asexual Reproduction – Plants have two

- Hydrotropism – Plants response to water or main types of asexual reproduction:
moisture. vegetative reproduction and apomixis.
- Thigmotropism Plants response to touch.
o Vegetative reproduction results in
o Nastic Movement – It is the fast new plant individuals without the
response of plants to some stimuli production of seeds or spores.
without any directional movement of o Apomixis (asexual seed formation) -
growth. occurs without fertilization but
- Chemotropism – Plants response to produces embryos and seeds
chemicals (parthenogenesis)
- Thermotropism Plants response to changing - In Animals
atmospheric temperature. o Oviparous – egg laying
o Live birth (sexual reproduction is
favored because it create gene
LIFE PROCESSES variation)
o Fragmentation
Reproduction o Budding
A biological process in which different organisms
have the ability to produce another of their own kind.
It can be sexual or asexual.
 Protection and Defense

Lack of a central nervous system doesn’t prevent the

plants from protecting themselves. Some species are
equipped with structures that ward off slavering
herbivores.
- Structural defense (use of thorns, and spikes)
- Poison and defensive compounds;
Dieffenbachia, a common houseplant,
Respiration contains idioblasts that fire barbed calcium
oxalate crystals into the mouths of predators
- Plants – lenticels and stomata where gases and then release an enzyme analogous to
exchange and CO2 and O2 reptilian venom.
- Animals use: - Chemical signaling When plants are attacked
o Book Lung (spider) by insect pests or subjected to stressful
o Gills (fish); Could be internal or conditions such as drought or microbial
external (axolotl) infection may warn other plants of the
o Spiracles (caterpillars and insects – impending crises by releasing volatile
tiny holes on the side of the body) organic compounds (VOCs), which
o Lung; vertebrate lung (mammals), precipitate physiological reactions in nearby
Tracheal lung (insects) plants.
o Frogs breathe through skin; when
tadpoles, they breath through gills - Animals use: Camouflage, venom, poison,
and the central nervous system for defense

- Ganglia – work as a brain for invertebrates

- Humans use the central nervous system –

brain, neurons, and senses

Excretion

Nutrition The body excretes excess water and nutrients, via

excretory system. We also excrete metabolic waste.
- Cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Protein metabolism when chemicals metabolyze
proteins.

- Ammonia (directly released by the fish into

the water; ammonia is toxic
- Urea – ammonia (liver converts it to
enzymes) → urea, which can be excreted via
blood vessels.
 - Uric acid – ammonia particularly to those
who don’t drink much water (birds, insects,
reptiles)

- Plants excrete water via transpiration.

Growth and Development

- Animal cells multiply, but does not grow, its

size stays the same opposite of plants.
- Most plants continue to grow. Plants grow
through a combination of cell growth and cell
division. As plant cells grow, they become
specialized into different cell types through - Insects have tubular heart; fishes have
cellular differentiation. Once cells ventricles and atrium.
differentiate, they can no longer divide.
Specialized Cells In Plants

o Parenchyma cells – the most common

and store starches, water and oil and
are found
o Collenchyma cells – provide support
for the plant and have thick or thin
cell walls. - Amphibians have 3 chambered hearts,
o Sclerenchyma – plant form rigid cells mixture of oxygenated and unxygenated
and they are very strong giving blood
skeletal support to the plant. - Turtles and reptiles have 3 chambered
o Transport Vessels – xylem and septated heart, mixture of some oxygenated
phloem are specialized tissues that and unoxygenated blood
transport water and nutrients within - Mammals have 4 chambered hearts, no
the plants body. mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated
o Root Hairs – are small hair like blood.
structures that increase surface area
which increases the amount of water
the plant absorbs.
o Root cap – a small cone that protects
the growing part of the root.

Transportation/ Circulation

- Vertebrates (animals) – Closed circulation

 - Some animals practice diffusion (gases move you are thirsty (woman who died of water
from an area of high pressure to low pressure) intoxication)
no use of blood vessels.
- Balance of nutrients in the Cells (sodium,
- The movement of gases, nutrients, and wastes salts etc.) too much water causes cell to
is only done through diffusion. expand (isotonic and hypotonic) – Too much
water causes cells to bloat – when cells bloats
- Closed circulatory system of the human in the brain, it squeezes
body:

o Artery carries blood O2 → from the

heart arteries branches to capillary
(smallest) – small organs for diffusion
of materials → vein carries back
blood to heart.

FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- How the body maintains balance
- Stimuli – Can be from outside or inside.
- Positive feedback tends to move a system
away from its equilibrium state and make it
unstable. Causes the change.
- Negative feedback counteracts the changes to
keep things normal or stable. Counteracts the
change.

- (from experiment) first to change is

heartbeat → (faster heart rate than usual) →
something change – the body is unstable →
blood is directed to other parts of the body,
causing it to change (positive feed back) →
faster transportation of materials → increase
in demand of O2 – (Cellular respiration) –
Biproducts of H2O and CO2 → greater need
for O2 and build of of carbonic acid (pH drop
in blood) – (unstable situation) – CO2 must
be released → RESPIRATION → lowering
CO2 in the body (negative feed back); Sweat
(H2O) to lower body temp; to cool down
enzymes and proteins so it can do its function

- Brain and kidneys dictate thirst; heat can alter

chemical in the body causing you to think that