ENGLISH PRONOUNCING SKILLS TRAINING FORMAT

(By applying the Concept of Sub-syllables in English language)

By Ningmareo Shimray
Lecturer, Ukhrul Higher Secondary School,
Ukhrul, Manipur, India.
Recipient of National Awards to Teachers, 2021
Introduction:
Concept of Sub-syllables (in English language).
A sub-syllable is defined as an alphabet/letter or group of alphabet which forms a part of a syllable (if the
word is multi-syllable)/monosyllable. The possible sounds of every sub-syllable are finite and that the
sound of every sub-syllable depends on the meaning (including the parts of speech), structure and origin
of a word. The sub-syllables include all the sounds of vowels (short/long/diphthongal/triphthongal) and
consonants (voiced and voiceless). The Concept of Sub-Syllables is a new system for learning English
pronunciation efficiently. It has enabled to pronounce every word in an English dictionary correctly and
easily, indicates and explains the silence of sounds when pronouncing some words, identifies different
words having the same pronunciation and different words with similar pronunciations, has enabled to pin-
point the differences between the British and American English pronunciations. By applying,
Mathematics and the Concept of Sub-Syllables, I have formulated the general rules of English
pronunciation which give a single pronunciation to every word in an English dictionary without giving
any specific preference to British or American accent. It has paved a new way to non-native speakers to
learn English pronouncing skills without strictly following the British or American accent, which can be
understood by the native speakers. Significantly, it has enabled to write the spellings of all the IPA
reflected in English language. The Concept of sub-syllables is applicable to any existing language in the
world and could herald the beginning of learning foreign languages in a new way. The applications of the
concept are reflected in this article. The main objective of this article is to enable both the students and
teachers learn to pronounce all the sounds of IPA related to English language correctly and easily.
I. Primary Sounds of English Alphabet
The first step of learning English pronouncing skills is to pronounce and hear the primary sounds of English
alphabet distinctly and correctly. The primary sounds of English alphabet are the sounds which we
pronounce the letters in spelling of a word/abbreviation. The primary sounds of vowels are classified on
the basis of monophthongal and diphthongal, and that of consonants (actually, of the phonetic sounds) are
broadly classified on the basis of the voiced and voiceless.
Primary sounds of alphabet.
a (ay) b (bee) c (see) d (dee) e (ee) f (ef)
g (jee) h (aych) i (I) j (jay) k (kay) l (el)
m (em) n (en) o (oh) p (pee) q (kyoo) r (ahr)
s (es) t (tee) u (yoo) v (vee) w (dub-uhl-yoo)
x (eks) y (wy) z (zed/zee)
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II. Spellings and classification of English IPA.
(i) Construction of the sounds of English IPA
a) The author’s phonetic sounds are constructed using the letters - a, e, h, i, o, u, w, y.

b) There is a major shift in pronouncing English IPA of consonants by applying the concept
of sub-syllables (using the sound of faint schwa-uh).The faint schwa is used after a
consonant if it is before a vowel sound and before a consonant if it is after a vowel
sound.

c) The sound of [e/Ɛ] (written as e in the spelling) and [æ] (written as a in the spelling) in the spelling
of the pronunciation are both short and frontal vowel sound, the only difference is that the sound
of [æ] is produced with mouth open wider than that of [e/ Ɛ]. For simplicity, the phonetic sound
(Author’s) of *e/Ɛ] and [æ] are pronounced as auh (short) and ahuh (short&high) respectively.
The sound of [ɑ:](written as ah in the spelling) in the spelling of the pronunciation is a long
(monophthongal), back vowel sound and is produced with mouth wide open.
The sound of [ɑ:+ is pronounced as ahh (long and high).

d) The sound of [i:] (written as ee in the spelling) in the spelling of the pronunciation is
long (monophthongal), close and frontal vowel sound. The sound of [ I] (written as i in
the spelling) in the spelling of the pronunciation is short (monophthongal), close-mid
and frontal vowel sound. For simplicity, the phonetic sound (Author’s) of *i:+
and [I] are pronounced as ee (long)( which is the primary sound of the vowel - e) and
euh (short&low) respectively.
The sound of [i](written as i in the spelling) in the spelling of the pronunciation is short
(monophthongal), high, close-mid and frontal vowel sound. For simplicity, the phonetic sound
(Author’s) of *i+ is pronounced as ehuh (short &high).

e) The sound of *ǝ+(full schwa) and *ᵊ ] (faint schwa) in the spelling of the pronunciation are both short
and central vowel sound, the only difference is that the sound of [ᵊ ] is produced little shorter than
that of *ǝ+. For simplicity, the phonetic sound (Author’s) of *ǝ+ and *ᵊ ] are written as uh
(short&low) and uh (shorter and low) respectively.
The sound of *ǝ+(written as uh in the spelling) and *ʌ ](written as u in the spelling) in
the spelling of the pronunciation are both short(monophthongal) and mid- vowel
sound, the difference is that the sound of [ʌ ] is a back vowel sound and is produced mouth little
more open than that of *ǝ+ which is a central vowel sound. For simplicity, the phonetic sound
(Author’s) of *ǝ+ and *ʌ] are pronounced as uh (short&low) and uhh (short and high) respectively.
The sound of *ǝ+ (written as uh in the spelling) and *Ꝫ:]/[ɝ:](written as uuhh/ur in the
spelling) in the spelling of the pronunciation are both central and mid-vowel sound, the difference
is that the sound of *Ꝫ:+/ *ɝ:] (long and monophthongal) is produced with mouth little more open

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 than the sound of *ǝ+(short and monophthongal). For simplicity, the phonetic sound (Author’s) of
*ǝ+ and *Ꝫ:+/*ɝ:] are pronounced as uh(short&low) and uuhh/uuhhr (long and high) respectively.

(f) The sound of [Ɒ](written as o in the spelling) is a short (monophthongal), back

vowel sound and is produced with mouth wide open. Using the concept of
sub-syllables, the sound is pronounced as ouh (short).
The sound of [ɔ:](written as aw in the spelling) is a long (monophthongal), open-mid
and back vowel sound. For simplicity, the sound is pronounced as oo (long).
The sound of [u:](written as oo in the spelling) is a long (monophthongal), close
and back vowel sound. For simplicity, the sound is pronounced as uhwoo (long).
The sound of [ʊ](written as uu in the spelling) is a short (monophthongal), close
and near back vowel sound. For simplicity, the sound is pronounced as uhwuu (short).
The sound of *ǝʊ]/[oʊ] (written as oh in the spelling) is a diphthongal, open-mid and
back vowel sound. For simplicity, the sound is pronounced as uhuhwuu/ouhwuu which is the
primary sound of the vowel - o.

(g) The sound of [ɔI](written as oi in the spelling) and [aʊ] (written as ou in the spelling) are both
diphthongal. The sound of [aʊ] is produced with the mouth more wide open than that of [ɔI]. For
simplicity, the sound of [ɔI ] and [aʊ] are pronounced as ouhy and ahuhwuu respectively.
The sound of [eI](written as ay in the spelling) and [aI] (written as I/yin the spelling) are
both back vowel sound and diphthongal. The sound of [aI] is produced with the mouth more wide
open than that of [eI]. For simplicity, the sound of [eI] and [aI] are pronounced as auhy (which is the
primary sound of the vowel - a and ahuhy (which is the primary sound of the vowel - i) respectively.

(ii). The spellings of English IPA/the corresponding letter(s) in the spellings of

pronunciation/classification of vowels & consonants.
The spellings of English IPA/the corresponding letter(s) in the spellings of pronunciation
/classification of vowels &consonants by applying the Concept of Sub-Syllables.

Monophthongs (Long and Short Vowels)

[ i:] (ee)/(ee) [I](euh)/(i) [ʊ] (uhwuu)/(uu) [u:] (uhwoo)/(oo)
/(long) /(short&low) /(short) /(long)
[e/Ɛ] (auh)/(e) *ǝ+ (uh)/(uh) *Ꝫ:/ ɝ:]{uuhh(r)}/(uuhh/ur) [ɔ:] (oo)/(aw)
/(short&low) /(short&low) /(long &high) /(long)

[æ](ahuh)/(a) [ʌ](uhh)/(u) [ɑ:+(ahh)/(ah) *Ɒ](ouh)/(o)

/(short&high) /(short&high) /(long&high) /(short)
Note; [i] (ehuh)/(i)/(short&high), [ᵊ ](uh)/(uh)/(shorter&low),
*ǝ +/ *ɚ] { uh(r)}/{ uh(r)} (short&low), [u](uhwuu)/(uu),

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Diphthongs
[Iǝ] (euhuh)/(iuh) [eI] (auhy) /(ay)

[ʊə] (uhwuuuh)/(uuuh) [ɔI] (ouhy)/(oi) *ǝʊ]/[oʊ] (uhuhwuu/ouhwuu)/(oh)

*eǝ+ (auhuh)/(euh) [aI] (ahuhy)/(I/y) [aʊ] (ahuhwuu)/(ou)

ote *eǝ +/*er+,auhuh(r)}/(auhr)/{euh(r)}/(er), [Iǝ ]/[Ir]{euhuh(r)}/(euhr)/{iuh(r)}/(ir)

[ʊǝ] (uhwuuuh)/(uuuh) [ju](juhwuu)/(yuu) [ju:](yuhwoo)/(yoo), [jʊ] (yuhwuu)/(yuu),
*jǝ+ (yuhuh)/(yuh)

Triphthongs
[aIǝ] (ahuhyuh)/(Iuh), [ aʊǝ] (ahuhwuuuh)/(ouuh), [ɔIǝ](ouhyuh)/(oiuh),
[eIǝ](auhyuh)/(ayuh), *ǝʊǝ]/[oʊǝ] (uhuhwuuuh/ouhwuuuh)/(ohuh).
Note; [jʊǝ] (yuhwuuuh)/(yuuuh)
Consonants
pairs: [p] (puh/uhp)/(p) [b] (buh/uhb)/(b) *tꭍ+ (chuh/uhch)/(ch) [dʒ] (juh/uhj)/(j)
/(voiceless), /(voiced); /(voiceless), /(voiced);

[t] (tuh/uht)/(t) [d] (duh/uhd)/(d) [f] (fuh/uhf)/(f) [v] (vuh/uhv) /(v)

/(voiceless), /(voiced); /(voiceless), /(voiced);

[k] (kuh/uhk)/(k) [g] (guh/uhg) /(g) [s] (suh/uhs) /(s) [z] (zuh/uhz)/(z)
/(voiceless), /(voiced); /(voiceless), /(voiced);

* ꭍ +(shuh/uhsh)/(sh) [ʒ] (zhuh/uhzh) /(zh) *θ+(thuh/uhth) /(th) [ð](thuh/uhth)/(th)

/(voiceless), /(voiced); /(voiceless), /(voiced);

singles: [m] (muh/uhm) /(m) [n] (nuh/uhn)/(n) *ŋ+ (uhng)/(ng)

/(voiced&nasal), /(voiced&nasal), /(voiced&nasal),

[h] (huh)/(h) [ l ] (luh/uhl) /(l) [r] (ruh/uhr) /(r)

/(voiceless), /(voiced), /(voiced),

[w] (wuh)/(w) [ j ] (yuh)/(y)

/(voiced), /(voiceless).
ote (i). *t+ (duh/uhd)/(t)(voiced), [ks] (uhkuhs)/(ks)(voiceless), [ts] (tuhsuh/uhtuhs)/(ts)(voiceless),
[x](uhkh)/(x)(voiceless).

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 (ii). Primary sounds of alphabet (IPA transcriptions).
a[eI] b[bi:] c[si:] d[di:] e[i:] f[ef]
g[dʒi:] h[eItꭍ+ i[aI] j[dʒeI] k[keI] l[el]
m[em] n[en] o*ǝʊ/oʊ] p[pi:] q*kјu:+ r[ɑ:r+
s[es] t[ti:] u*јu:+ v[vi:] w[dʌb-əl-јu:]
x[eks/Ɛks] y[waI] z[zed/zi:]

Note;(a) Most of the English IPA are reflected in the primary sound of alphabet (IPA
transcriptions): æ, ɑ:, aI, aIǝ, aʊ, aʊǝ, b, d, dʒ, e/Ɛ, eǝ /er, eI, eIǝ, f, i, i:, I, Iǝ, j, jə, ju, јu:, jʊ,
jʊə, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, tꭍ, ꭍ, ə, ʌ, ǝ /ɚ, ǝʊ/oʊ, ǝʊǝ/oʊǝ, u, u:, ʊ, ʊə, v, w, z, ʒ.

(b) English IPA that are not reflected from the primary sound of alphabet
(IPA transcriptions): g, h, Ꝫ:/ɝ:, Ɒ, ɔ:, ɔI, ɔIǝ, ŋ, θ, ð.

(c) It is not possible to learn English pronunciation efficiently without knowing the sounds of
English IPA. However, it is possible to learn the sounds of English IPA without knowing the
symbols/transcriptions of English IPA by applying the concept of sub-syllables.

(d) Knowledge of the sounds of English IPA will enhance the learning of local dialects, regional
languages, national language (Hindi) and even foreign languages.

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The chart of the similar sounds of English IPA
Ponetic sound/Author’s Illustrations
phontic sound/ [IPA](Trspt)
a(ahuh)[æ], e(auh)[e/Ɛ], adapt (uh-dapt) (v),adept (uh-dept)(adj); algebra (al-juh-bruh)<Lat>,
ah(ahh)[ɑ:+, ay(auhy)[eI], algebraic (al-juh-bray-ik), algorithm (al-guh-ri-thuhm)<Lat>;
alimentary (al-i-men-tuhr-i/al-i-men-tuhr-i), elementary
(el-i-men-tuhr-i/el-i-men-tuhr-i); and (and/uhnd/uhn), ant (ant),
end (end); angel (ayn-juhl), angle (ang-guhl), ankle (ang-kuhl);
anomie (an-uhm-i), enemy(en-uh-mi); April(ay-pruhl);
apron (ay-pruhn)<Fr>; area (euh-ri-uh/er-i-uh), aria (ah-ri-uh/
ahr-i-uh)<It>; Aryan (euh-ri-uhn/e-ri-uhn); Asia (ay-zhuh);
assay (uh-say/as-ay)(n/v)<Fr>, essay (es-ay)(n)/(e-say)(v); bad (bad),
bed (bed),bat (bat),bet (bet); aunt (ahnt/ant), auntie/aunty
(ahn-ti/an-ti); cabinet (kab-i-nuht)<Fr>; camera (kam-ruh),
cameraman (kam-ruh-man/kam-ruh-muhn), cameramen
(kam-ruh-men/kam-ruh-muhn); car(kah/kahr), carrier (kar-i-uh/
kar-i-uhr/ker-i-uhr); carry (kar-i/ker-i); caste (kahst/kast);
castle (kah-suhl/kas-uhl); cat(kat); cataract(kat-uh-rakt/kat-uh-rakt);
cattle (kat-uhl/kat-uhl), kettle (ket-uhl/ket-uhl); celery (sel-uhr-i/
sel-uhr-i), salary (sal-uhr-i/sal-uhr-i)<Lat>; challenge (chal-inj)(n/v);
chancellor (chahn-suhl-uh/chahn-suhl-uhr/chan-suhl-uhr);
dais (day-is/days)<Fr>; enhance (in-hahns/in-hans)(v); fallow
(fal-oh), fellow (fel-oh); finance (fy-nans)(n/v), financial
(fy-nan-shuhl/fi-nan-shuhl); France (frahns/frans), French (french);
gander (gan-duh/gan-duhr), gender (jen-duh/jen-duhr); haven
(hay-vuhn), heaven (hev-uhn); Hare krishna (har-i krish-nuh/
hah-ri krish-nuh)<Ind>; hosanna/hosannah (hoh-zan-uh)<Gk>;
internationale (in-tuh-nash-uh-nahl/in-tuhr-nash-uh-nahl)<Fr>;
jeopardy (jep-uh-di/jep-uhr-di); lather (lath-uhr), leather (leth-uhr);
lattice (lat-is/lat-is)<Fr>, lettuce (let-is/let-is); leopard (lep-uhd/
lep-uhrd); locale (luh-kahl)(n)<Fr>; mackerel (mak-ruhl)<Fr>;
magnanimous (mag-nan-i-muhs); many (men-i); morale
(muh-rahl)(n)<Fr>; marijuana/marihuana (mar-uh-wah-nuh)<Spn>;
marry (mar-i/mer-i)(v), merry (mer-i)(adj); pan (pan), pen (pen);
parrot(par-uht/per-uht); peasant(pez-uhnt); rationale(rash-uh-nahl/
rash-uh-nal); salmon (sam-uhn); sand (sand), send (send); sarcastic
(sah-kas-tik/sahr-kas-tik), sergeant (sah-juhnt/sahr-juhnt)<Fr>;
vain (vayn)(adj), vane (vayn)(n), vein (vayn)(n);

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uh (uh) *ǝ+, uh (uh) [ᵊ +, additional (uh-dish-uhn-uhl); affectionate (uh-fek-shuhn-uht)(adj);
uh(r),uh(r)- *ǝ +/*ɚ], animal (an-i-muhl); animate (an-i-muht)(adj)/(an-i-mayt)(v);
u (uhh) [ʌ], bicameral (by-kam-uhr-uhl/by-kam-uhr-uhl)<Lat>; because (bi-kuhz/
uuhh/ur,uuhh(r)-*Ꝫ:/ɝ:], bi-koz/bi-kahz); binary (by-nuhr-i/by-nuhr-i); blissful (blis-fuhl);
bountiful (boun-ti-fuhl/boun-ti-fuhl); bridal (bry-duhl)(adj), bridle
(bry-duhl)(n/v); burrow(bur-oh/bur-oh); cabinet (kab-i-nuht)<Fr>;
caterpillar(kat-uh-pil- uh/kat-uh-pil-uhr/kat-uhr-pil-uhr); children
(chil-druhn); christen(kris-uhn)(v), Christian (kris-chuhn/
kris-ti-uhn)(n/adj); cigarette (sig-uh-ret/sig-uh-ret)<Fr>; coconut
(koh-kuh-nut); colonel (kuuhh-nuhl/kur-nuhl); courage (kur-ij/
kur-ij); cupboard (kub-uhd/kub-uhrd); diagonal(dy-ag-uhn-uhl)<Gk>;
directorate (dy-rek-tuhr-uht/di-rek-tuhr-uht)(n); discus (dis-kuhs)(n),
discuss (di-skus)(v); diurnal (dy-uuhh-nuhl/dy-ur-nuhl)(n); doctor
(dok-tuh/dok-tuhr/dahk-tuhr); dual (dyoo-uhl/doo-uhl)(adj);
earnings (uuhh-ningz/ur-ningz); external (ik-stuuhh-nuhl/
ik-stur-nuhl)(adj), externals (ik-stuuhh-nuhlz/ik-stur-nuhlz)(n); final
(fy-nuhl), finally (fy-nuh-li); funeral (fyoo-nuhr-uhl/
fyoo-nuhr-uhl)<Lat>; furry (fuuhh-ri/fur-i), fury (fyuuuh-ri/fyur-i);
gamble (gam-buhl), gambol (gam-buhl); hundred (hun-druhd);
idle (I-duhl), idol (I -duhl), idyll (id-uhl)<Gk>; industry (in-duh-stri);
invulnerable (in-vul-nuhr-uh-buhl/in-vul-nuhr-uh-buhl); Lebanon
(leb-uh-nuhn/leb-uh-nahn); literary (lit-uhr-uhr-i/lit-uh-rer-i)(adj);
milieu (mi-lyuuhh/meel-yuuhh)<Fr>; mineral (min-uhr-uhl)(n/adj);
miniaturised/miniaturized (min-i-chuhr-yzd/min-i-chuhr-yzd)(adj);
miscellaneous (mis-uhl-ay-ni-uhs); miserable (miz-uhr-uh-buhl/
miz-uhr-uh-buhl), misery (miz-uhr-i/miz-uhr-i); multinational
(mul-ti-nash-uhn-uhl/mul-ti-nash-uhn-uhl); muscle (mus-uhl),
mussel (mus-uhl); natural (nach-uhr-uhl/nach-uhr-uhl),
naturalisation/naturalization (nach-uhr-uhl-I-zay-shuhn/
nach-uhr-ruh-Iuh-zay-shuhn), naturalise/naturalize(nach-uhr-uhl-yz/
nach-uhr-ruh-lyz), naturalism (nach-uhr-uhl-i-zuhm/
nach-uhr-uhl-i-zuhm), naturalist (nach-uhr-uhl-ist/nach-uhr-uhl-ist),
necklace (nek-luhs); Nepalese (nep-uhleez/nep-uhleez);
needful (need-fuhl) needle (need-uhl), needn’t (nee-duhnt);
nourish (nur-ish/nur-ish), nourishing (nur-i-shing/nur-i-shing),
nourishment (nur-ish-muhnt/nur-ish-muhnt); once(wuns),
one(wun); ordinance (aw-di-nuhns/awr-duhn-uhns);
oven (uv-uhn)(n); paramilitary (par-uh-mil-i-tuhr-i/

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 per-uh-mil-uh-ter-i); pencil (pen-suhl); pertinent (puuhh-ti-nuhnt/
pur-tuhn-uhnt); petrol (pet-ruhl)(n); provisional (pruh-vish-uhn-uhl);
pulse (puls), purse (puuhhs/purs); principal (prin-suh-puhl)(adj/n),
principle (prin-suh-puhl)(n); several (sev-uhr-uhl/sev-uhr-uhl);
southerly (suth-uhl-i/suth-uhr-li), southern (suth-uhn/suth-uhrn);
trustworthiness (trust-wuuhh-thi-nuhs/trust-wur-thi-nuhs)(n);
twentieth (twen-ti-uhth/twen-ti-uhth); venom (venuhm)<Fr>;
voluminous (vuh-loo-muh-nuhs)(adj); was (woz/wuhz/wahz);
worry (wur-i/wur-i)(v/n);

euh{(auhuh(r)-*eǝ +, Aaron (euh-ruhn/er-uhn)<Heb>; bolero (buh-leuh-roh/

er(auhr)[er], buh-ler-oh)<Spn>; burial (ber-i-uhl), bury (ber-i);dairy (deuh-ri/
der-i); fair (feuh/feuhr/fer), fairly (feuh-li/fer-li), fairy (feuh-ri/fer-i),
flair (fleuh/fleuhr/fler)<Fr>; heir (euh/euhr/er), heiress
(euh-res/er-es), heirloom (euh-loom/er-loom); honorarium
(on-uh-reuh-ri-uhm/ah-nuh-rer-i-uhm)<Lat>; hotair (hot-euh/
hot-euhr/haht-er); humanitarian(hyoo-man-i-teuh-ri-uhn/
hyoo-man-i-ter-i-uhn); impair (im-peuh/im-peuhr/im-per)(v),
impaired (im-peuhd/im-perd)(adj), impairment (im-peuh-muhnt/
im-per-muhnt)(n); lair (leuh/leuhr/ler), laird (leuhd/lerd);
laissez-faire (lay-say feuh/lay-say feuhr/lay-say-fer)<Fr>;
legionnaire (lee-juh-neuh/lee-juh-neuhr/lee-juh-ner); librarian
(ly-breuh-ri-uhn/ly-brer-i-uhn), library (ly-bruhr-i/ly-brer-i); malaria
(muh-leuh-ri-uh/muh-ler-i-uh)<It>; mare (meuh/meuhr/mer),
mayor (meuh/meuhr/mer)<Lat>; mayoralty (meuh-ruhl-ti/
may-awr-uhl-ti), mayoress (meuh-res/mer-is); Mary (meuh-ri/
mer-i); millionaire (mil-yuh-neuh/mil-yuh-neuhr/mil-yuh-ner);
nefarious (nuh-feuh-ri-uhs/nuh-fer-i-uhs)<Lat>; nightmare
(nyt-meuh/nyt-meuhr/nyt-mer); parent (peuh-ruhnt/per-uhnt);
prairie (preuh-ri/prer-i); prayer (preuh/preuhr/prer); questionnaire
(kwes-chuh-neuh/kwes-chuh-neuhr/kwes-chuh-ner)<Fr>;
secretariat (sek-ruh-teuh-ri-uht/sek-ruh-ter-i-uht); serenade
(ser-uh-nayd)(n/v)<It>; variable (veuh-ri-uh-buhl/
ver-i-uh-buhl)(adj/n), variance (veuh-ri-uhns/ver-i-uhns)(n),
vary (veuh-ri/ver-i), very (ver-i); vegetarian (vej-i-teuh-ri-uhn/
vej-i-ter-i-uhn)(n), vegetarianism (vej-i-teuh-ri-uh-ni-zuhm/
vej-i-ter-i-uh-ni-zuhm)(n);

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i(euh)[I], ee(ee)[ i:], absenteeism (ab-suhn-tee-i-zuhm), ameliorate (uh-meel-yuh-rayt),
i(ehuh)[i], amelioration (uh-mee-li-uh-ray-shuhn); anaemia/anemia
(uh-nee-mi-uh); artist (ah-tist/ahr-tist), artiste (ah-teest/
ahr-teest)<Fr>; between (bi-tween); bikini (bi-kee-ni);
biriani/biryani (bir-i-ah-ni)<Psn>; brilliantine (bril-i-uhn-teen); busily
(biz-i-li), business (biz-nis), busy (biz-i); character (kar-ik-tuh/
kar-ik-tuhr/ker-ik-tuhr)(n), characterisation/characterization
(kar-ik-tuh-ry-zay-shuhn/ ker-ik-tuh-ri-zay-shuhn)(n),
characterise/characterize (kar-ik-tuh-ryz/ker-ik-tuhr-yz)(v),
characteristic (kar-ik-tuh-ris-tik/ ker-ik-tuh-ris-tik)(n/adj); crony
(kroh-ni)<Gk>, cronyism (kroh-ni-izm); defuse (dee-fyooz)(v),
diffuse (di-fyooz)(v)/(di-fyoos)(adj); Delhi (del-i); demeaning
(di-mee-ning)(adj); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(di-ok-si-ry-boh-nyoo-klay-ik as-id/di-ahk-si-ry-boh-noo-klay-ik
as-id); feeling (fee-ling), filing (fy-ling), filling (fil-ing)(n/adj);
feminine (fem-i-nin); fifties (fif-tiz);finale (fi-nah-li)<It>; genie
(jee-ni)<Lat>, [pl.genii (jee-ni-I)]; glycerine/glycerin (glis-uhr-een/
glis-uhr-in/glis-uh-rin)<Fr>; happily (hap-i-li)(adv), happiness
(hap-i-nuhs)(n), happy (hap-i)(adj); haute cuisine (oht kwi-zeen)<Fr>;
Hawaii (huh-wy-i); heat (heet), hit (hit); heinous (heee-nuhs);
heir (euh/euhr/er), heiress (euh-res/er-es); heavily (hev-i-li)(adv);
hideously (hid-i-uhs-li)(adv); holiness(hoh-li-nuhs), holy (hoh-li);
homoeopathy/homeopathy (hoh-mi-op-uh-thi/hoh-mi-ah-puh-thi),
honest (on-ist/ah-nist), honestly (on-ist-li/ah-nist-li), honesty
(on-uh-sti/ah-nuh-sti); honey (hun-i), honeybee (hun-i-bee);
hyaena/hyena (hy-ee-nuh)<Gk>; hybrid (hy-brid)<Lat>; hydrogen
(hy-dri-juhn); imbroglio (im-broh-li-oh/im-brohl-yoh)<It>;
inconvenience (in-kuhn-vee-ni-uhns), inconvenient
(in-kuhn-vee-ni-uhnt); India (in-di-uh), Indian (in-di-uhn);
infinitesimal (in-fi-ni-tes-i-muhl); infinity (in-fin-i-ti/in-fin-uh-ti);
ingenious (in-jee-ni-uhs); internee (in-tuuhh-nee/in-tur-nee), Israel
(iz-rayl/iz-ri-uhl); karaoke (kar-i-oh-ki/ker-i-oh-ki)<Jap>; lenient
(lee-ni-uhnt); lettuce (let-is/let-is); leukaemia/leukemia
(loo-kee-mi-uh); limousine (lim-uh-zeen/lim-uh-zeen)<Fr>; linguine
(ling-gwee-ni)<It>; linoleum (li-noh-li-uhm);
medieval/mediaeval(med-i-ee-vuhl); mediocre (mee-di-oh-kuh/
mee-di-oh-kuhr)<lat>; menial (mee-ni-uhl); mystery (mis-tuhr-i/
mis-tuhr-i); mystique (mi-steek)<Fr>; neodymium
(nee-oh-dim-i-uhm); Nereid(niuh-ri-id/nir-i-id); nobelium

9
 (noh-bee-li-uhm); parochial (puh-roh-ki-uhl)<Lat>,
pashmina (pash-mee-nuh)<Psn>; penal (pee-nuhl)<Fr>,
penalise/penalize (pee-nuh-lyz)(v); penicillin(pen-i-sil-in)<Lat>;
peony (pee-uh-ni); pianist (pee-uhn-ist), piano (pi-an-oh)<It>;
polyethylene (pol-i-eth-i-leen/pah-li-eth-uh-leen); pomegranate
(pom-i-gran-it/ pahm-gran-it); preface (pref-is)(n/v); pristine
(pris-teen/pri-steen)(adj); psychiatric (sy-ki-at-rik)<Gk>; pyridoxine
(pir-i-dok-seen/pir-i-dahk-seen); quinine (kwin-een/kwy-nyn);
quinquennial (kwing-kwen-i-uhl); rabi (rub-i)<Ind>, rabid (rab-id),
rabies (ray-beez)<Lat>; radii (ray-di-I), radio (ray-di-oh);
redefine (ree-di-fyn)(v); ribonucleic acid (ry-boh-nyoo-klee-ik as-id/
ry-boh-noo-klee-ik as-id); sausage (sos-ij/sah-sij);
savage (sav-ij)(adj/v/n), savagely(sav-ij-li)(adv), savagery(sav-ij-ri)(n);
scenario (si-nah-ri-oh/suh-ner-i-oh)<It>; scenic (see-nik); signature
(sig-ni-chuh/sig-ni-chuhr)(n); seamy (see-mi)(adj); Shiite/Shi’ite
(shee-yt); signorina (seen-yuh-ree-nuh)<It>; silliness (sil-i-nuhs)(n),
silly (sil-i)(adj); sine die (sin-ay dee-ay)<Lat>; sixteen (sik-steen);
sixties (sik-stiz); skiing (skee-ing)(n); society (suh-sy-uh-ti/
suh-sy-uh- ti)<Lat>, sociologist (soh-si-ol-uh-jist/soh-si-ah-luh-jist),
sociology(soh-si-ol-uh-ji/soh-si-ah-luh-ji); subpoena
(suh-pee-nuh)<Lat>; synergy/synergism (sin-uh-ji/sin-uhr-ji)<Gk>,
synonym (sin-uh-nim)<Gk>, synonymous (si-non-i-muhs/
si-nah-nuh-muhs)(adj), synopsis (si-nop-sis/si-nahp-sis)<Gk>,
[pl.synopses (si-nop-seez/si-nahp-seez)]; syntax (sin-taks)<Gk>,
synthesis (sin-thuh-sis)<Gk>, [pl.syntheses (sin-thuh-seez)],
twenties (twen-tiz/twen-tiz); twenty (twen-ti/twen-ti), vehement
(vee-uh-muhnt)(adj), vehicle (vee-i-kuhl)(n);
vina (vee-nah)<Skt>, village (vil-ij)<Fr>; women (wimin)(n),
zucchini (zuu-kee-ni/zoo-kee-ni)<It>,
iuh(r){euhuh(r)}[Iǝ ], arrear (uh-riuh/uh-riuhr/uh-rir), arrears (uh-riuhz/uh-rirz);
ir(euhr)[Ir], atmosphere (at-muh-sfiuh/at-muh-sfiuhr/at-muh-sfir); cafeteria
(kaf-uh-tiuh-ri-uh/kaf-uh-tir-i-uh)<Spn>; career (kuh-riuh/kuh-riuhr/
kuh-rir); deer (diuh/diuhr/dir); ear (iuh/iuhr/ir), elixir (i-lik-siuh/
i-lik-siuhr/i-lik-syuhr)<Arb>; engineer (en-ji-niuh/en-ji-niuhr/
en-ji-nir), experience (ik-spiuh-ri-uhns/ik-spir-i-uhns); exterior
(ik-stiuh-ri-uh/ik-stiuh-ri-uhr/ik-stir-i-uhr)(adj/n); fear
(fiuh/fiuhr/fir), fearful (fiuh-fuhl/fir-fuhl); fierce (fiuhs/firs);
gazetteer (gaz-uh-tiuh/gaz-uh-tiuhr/gaz-uh-tir); gear
(giuh/giuhr/gir); Idea(I-diuh), ideal (I-diuhl), idealism(I-diuh-li-zuhm);

10
 interior(in-tiuh-ri-uh/in-tiuh-ri-uhr/in-tir-i-uhr); ionosphere
(I-on-uh-sfiuh/I-on-uh-sfiuhr/I-ahn-uh-sfir); mountaineer
(moun-ti-niuh/moun-ti-niuhr/moun-tuhn-ir), mountaineering
(moun ti-niuh-ring/moun tuhn-ir-ing); ordeal (aw-diuhl/awr-diuhl);
pierce (piuhs/pirs); real (riuhl/ree-uhl), realise (riuh-lyz/ree-uh-lyz);
serial (siuh-ri-uhl/sir-i-uhl), serialisation/serialization
(siuh-ri-uhl-I-zay-shuhn/sir-i-uhl-I-zay-shuhn),
serialise/serialize (siuh-ri-uhl-yz/sir-i-uh-lyz), series (siuh-reez/
sir-eez), serious (siuh-ri-uhs/sir-i-uhs)(adj), seriously (siuh-ri-uhs-li/
sir-i-uhs-li)(adv), seriousness (siuh-ri-uhs-nuhs/sir-i-uhs-nuhs)(n);
rear (riuh/riuhr/rir)(adj/n/v); theorem (thiuh-ruhm/thee-uhr-uhm),
theory (thiuh-ri/thir-i); weird (wiuhd/wird);
zero (ziuh-roh/zir-oh)<Arb>;
I/[y](ahuhy)[aI], choir (kwIuh/kwIuhr/kwyr); cyannide (sIuh-nyd)(n); dialogue/dialog
y(yuh/uhy)[j], (dy-uh-log/dy-uh-lahg)<Gk>;dialysis (dy-al-uh-sis)<Gk>; daily (day-li),
Iuh(ahuhyuh)[aIǝ], dais (day-is/days)<Fr>, daisy (day-zi), diamond (dIuh-muhnd)<Fr>,
diary (dIuh-ri/dyr-i)<Lat>; dice (dys); furious (fyuuuh-ri-uhs/
fyur-i-uhs)(adj); fury (fyuuuh-ri/fyur-i)(n); Hawaiian (huh-wy-uhn/
huh-wy-yuhn); hotelier (hoh-tel-i-uh/hoh-tel-i-uhr/
hoh-tuhl-yay)<Fr>; hierarchy (hIuh-rah-ki/hIuh-rahr-ki)(n); iodine
(I-uh-deen/I-uh-dyn)(n), ion (I-on/I-ahn), ionic (I-on-ik/I-ah-nik),
ionise/ionize (I-uh-nyz), ioniser/ionizer (I-uh-ny-zuh/I-uh-ny-zuhr);
ire (Iuh/Iuhr/yr), ireful (Iuh-fuhl/yr-fuhl); Ireland (Iuh-luhnd/
Ir-luhnd); iron (Iuhn/Irn), ironing (Iuh-ning/Ir-ning)(n), ironmonger
(Iuhn-mung-guh/Iuhn-mung-guhr/Irn-mung-guhr); lorgnette
(law-nyet/lawr-nyet)<Fr>; Monsignor (mon-see-nyuh/
mon-see-nyuhr/mahn-see-nyuhr)<It>; pecuniary (pi-kyoo-nyuhr-i/
pi-kyoo-ni-er-i); pioneer (pIuh-niuh/pIuh-niuhr/pIuh-nir);
psychiatrist (sy-kIuh-trist/si-kIuh-trist), psychiatry (sy-kIuh-tri)<Gk>,
quiet (kwIuht), quite (kwyt); rabbi (rab-I)<Heb>; retire (ri-tIuh/
ri-tIuhr/ri-tyr)(v)<Fr>, retired (ri-tIuhd/ri-tyrd)(adj); science (sIuhns),
scientific (sIuhn-tif-ik), scientist (sIuhn-tist); saviour/savior
(say-vyuh/say-vyuhr/say-vyuhr)<Fr>; signor (see-nyaw/
see-nyawr)<It>, [pl. signori (see-nyaw-ree)], signora (see-nyaw-ruh/
see-nyawr-uh)<It>, signorina (seen-yuh-ree-nuh)<It>; soigné
(swahn-yay) <Fr>, soignée (swahn-yay) <Fr>; Spaniard (span-yuhrd);
topiary (toh-pyuhr-i/toh-pi-er-i)<Lat>; variety (vuh-rIuh-ti/
vuh-rIuh-ti)(n)<Lat>; Vietnam (vyet-nam), Vietnamese
(vyet-nuh-meez); violent (vIuh-luhnt)(adj), violet (vIuh-luht)(adj/n),

11
 violin (vIuh-lin)<It>; virus (vIuh-ruhs/vy-ruhs), yacht (yot/yaht),
yak(yak), yay (yay)(exclm/adv), yea (yay)(adv), year(yiuh/yiuhr/yir),
yeast (yeest), yellow (yel-oh), yeoman (yoh-muhn), yes (yes),
yet (yet), yew (yoo), yield (yeeld), yoga (yoh-guh), yoke (yohk)(n/v),
yolk (yohk)(n);
o(ouh)[Ɒ], bald (bawld/bahld); boa (bohuh); bold (bohld)(adj),
oh(uhuhwuu/ouhwuu) bolt (bohlt)(n); ball (bawl/bahl), bowl (bohl)(n/v); boat (boht),
*ǝʊ]/[oʊ], bot (bot/baht)(n), both (bohth); chocolate(chok-luht/
ohuh(uhuhwuuuh/ chahk-luht)(n); cloche (klosh/klohsh)<Fr>, cognac (kon-yak/
ouhwuuuh)*ǝʊǝ] /[oʊǝ], koh-nyak)<Fr>; cone(kohn), gone (gon/ gahn); floor(flaw/flawr);
aw(oo) [ɔ:], foreign (for-uhn/fawr-uhn), foreigner (for-uh-nuh/for-uh-nuhr/
fawr-uh-nuhr); four (faw/fawr); goad (gohd),God (god/gahd);
gnome (nohm)<Lat>, norm (nawm/nawrm); goat(goht), got (got);
haul (hawl), hole(hohl); incognito (in-kog-nee-toh/
in-kahg-nee-toh)(adj/adv) t laureate (lor-i-uht/
lahr-i-uht)(n)<Lat>, laurel (lor-uhl/lahr-uhl); lower (loh-uh/
loh-uhr)(v/adj), lowering (lohuh-ring/lohuhr-ing)(adj);
ludo (loo-doh)<Lat>; minority (my-nor-i-ti/my-nahr-uh-ti);
monoxide (muh-nok-syt/muh-nahk-syt); modal(moh-duhl)(n),
model (mod-uhl/mah-duhl)(n/adj/v); Modonna (muh-do-nuh/
muh-dah-nuh)<It>; monocotyledon (mon-oh-kot-i-lee-duhn/
mah-nuh-kah-tuhl-ee-duhn); mower (moh-uh/mohuhr/moh-uhr);
no(noh);nobble (nob-uhl)(v), Nobel (noh-bel)(n),
noble(noh-buhl)(adj); nonsense (non-suhns/nahn-suhns);
not (not/naht); petroleum (puh-troh-li-uhm); plateau (plat-oh/
plat-oh)<Fr>; Polish(poh-lish)(n/adj),polish(pol-ish)(v); porcupine
(paw-kyuu-pyn/pawr-kyuu-pyn); portfolio (pawt-foh-li-oh/
pawrt-foh-li-oh)<It>; postpone (puhst-pohn/pohst-pohn)(v),
postponement (puhst-pohn-muhnt/pohst-pohn-muhnt)(n);
quinoa (ki-nohuh/kin-wah)<S.Amr>; roaster(roh-stuhr), rooster
(roo-stuhr), roster(ros-tuh/ros-tuhr/rah-stuhr)<Dut>; rodeo
(roh-day-oh/roh-di-oh)<Spn>; sine qua non(sin-ay kwah nohn)<Lat>;
sorrow (sor-oh/sawr-oh), sorrowful (sor-oh-fuhl/sawr-uh-fuhl),
sorry (sor-i/sawr-i); source (saws/sawrs); sovereign (sov-uhr-in/
sahv-ruhn), sovereignty (sov-rin-ti/ sahv-ruhn-i); snow (snoh),
snowy (snoh-i); tobacco (tuh-bak-oh)<Spn>;
tyrannosaurus/tyrannosaur (ti-ran-uh-saw-ruhs/ty-ran-uh-saw-ruhs/
ti-ran-uh-sawr-uhs/ty-ran-uh-sawr-uhs)<Gk>;
unknown (un-nohn)(n/adj); wrote(roht),wrought (rawt/raht);

12
uu (uhwuu) [ʊ], affluent (af-luu-uhnt); bellyful (bel-i-fuul); boogie (boo-gi),
oo (uhwoo) [u:], bookie (buuk-i); brunette (bruu-net)<Fr>; effluent (ef-luu-uhnt)(n);
uuuh(uhwuuuh)[ʊə], February (feb-ruu-uhr-i/feb-roo-er-i)<Lat>; flue (floo), fluency
uu (uhwuu) [u], (floo-uhn-si)(n), fluent (floo-uhnt)(adj), fluently (floo-uhnt-li)(adv);
fluid (floo-id)(n/adj), fluidity (fluu-i-di-ti/fluu-uh-di-ti)(n); fluoride
(fluuuh-ryd/fluu-ryd), fluorine (fluuuh-reen/fluu-reen){F},
fluorocarbon (fluuuh-ruh-kah-buhn/fluu-roh-kahr-buhn); food
(food), foot (fuut); fool (fool), full (fuul); graduate( graj-uu-uht)(n)/
(graj-uu-ayt)(v), graduation (graj-uu-ay-shuhn); habitual
(huh-bich-uu-uhl), human (hyoo-muhn)<Lat>, humane
(hyuu-mayn)(adj); influence (in-fluu-uhns), influential
(in-fluu-en-shuhl), influenza (in-fluu-en-zuh); loose (loos)(adj/v/n),
lose (looz)(v), loss (los/lahs)(n); manoeuvrable/maneuverable
(muh-noo-vruh-buhl), manoeuvre/maneuver (muh-noo-vuh/
muh-noo-vuhr)<Fr>, manoeuvring/maneuvering(muh-noo-vuhr-ing/
muh-noo-vuhr-ing); mellifluous (mel-if-luu-uhs)<Lat>;
mutual (myoo-chuu-uhl); obituary(oh-bich-uuuh-ri/oh-bich-uu-er-i);
perpetuate (puh-pech-uu-ayt/puhr-pech-uu-ayt);
plateful (playt-fuul); plural (pluuuh-ruhl/pluur-uhl), pluralism
(pluuuh-ruh-li-zuhm/pluur-uhl-i-zuhm); pool (pool), pull (puul);
postgraduate (pohst-graj-uu-uht)(adj/n); prurient (pruuuh-ri-uhnt/
pruur-i-uhnt)<Lat>; rural (ruuuh-ruhl/ruur-uhl)(adj); Rwanda
(ruu-an-duh/ruu-ahn-duh); silhouette (sil-uu-et)(n)<Fr>; Sioux
(soo)<Amr Ind>; souvenir (soo-vuhn-iuh/soo-vuhn-iuhr/
soo-vuh-nir)<Fr>; tour tuuuh/tuuuhr/taw/tawr/tuur),
tourism(tuuuh-ri-zuhm/taw-ri-zuhm/tuur-i-zuhm), tourist
(tuuuh-rist/taw-rist/tuur-ist), tournament (tuuuh-nuh-muhnt/
taw-nuh-muhnt/tawr-nuh-muhnt); vroom (vroom/vruum)(exclm),
woman (wuum-uhn)(n); woofer (wuuf-uh/wuuf-uhr);

yoo(yuhwoo)[ju:], annual (an-yuu-uhl/an-yuul), annually (an-yuu-uh-li/an-yuu-li);

yuu (yuhwuu)[jʊ], beautiful(byoo-ti-fuhl/byoo-ti-fuhl); barbecue (bah-buh-kyoo/
yuh (yuhuh) *jǝ+, bahr-buh-kyoo)<Spn>, bureaucracy (byuuuh-rok-ruh-si/
yuuuh (yuhwuuuh)[jʊǝ], byuu-rah-kruh-si)<Fr>; calculate (kal-kyuu-layt), calculation
yuu (juhwuu) [ju], (kal-kyuu-lay-shuhn); continual (kuhn-tin-yuu-uhl), continuation
(kuhn-tin-yuu-ay-shuhn); continuous (kuhn-tin-yuu-uhs),
continuum (kuhn-tin-yuu-uhm)(n)<Lat>, [pl.continua
(kuhn-tin-yuu-uh)]; discontinuous (dis-kuhn-tin-yuu-uhs);
cure (kyuuuh/kyuuuhr/kyuur)(n/v); deciduous (di-sid-yuu-uhs),

13
discontinuous (dis-kuhn-tin-yuu-uhs); dual (dyoo-uhl/
doo-uhl)(adj); duet (dyuu-et/doo-et); education
(ed-yuu-kay-shuhn)(n); eunuch (yoo-nuhk)<Gk>; ewe (yoo)(n),
few (fyoo), fewer (fyoo-uh/fyoo-uhr); fluctuate (fluk-tyuu-ayt)(v),
fluctuation (fluk-tyuu-ay-shuhn)(n); fuel (fyuuuhl); furore/furor
(fyuu-raw/fyuu-rawr)<It>; genuine (jen-yuu-in)(adj); gradual
(grad-yuu-uhl/graj-uu-uhl)(adj); graduated (grad-yuu-ay-tid/
grad-yuu-ay-tid)(adj) granule (gran-yool)(n); heterosexual
(het-uhr-uh-sek-syuu-uhl/het-uh-roh-sek-syuu-uhl)(n); heuristic
(hyuu-ris-tik)<Gk>; hypotenuse (hy- pot-uhn-yooz/
hy-pah- tuh-nooz)<Gk>; immunodeficiency
(im-yuu-noh-di-fish-uhn-si), immunology (im-yuh-nol-uh-ji/
im-yuh-nah-luh-ji); impure (im-pyuuuh/im-pyuuuhr/im-pyuur);
individual (in-di-vid-yuu-uhl)(adj/n); innocuous(i-nok-yuu-uhs/
i-nah-kyuu-uhs); January (jan-yuu-ri/jan-yoo-er-i)<Lat>; manicure
(man-i-kyuuuh/man-i-kyuuuhr/man-i-kyuur)<Lat>; manual
(man-yuu-uhl)(adj/n), manually (man-yuu-uh-li)(adv), manufacture
(man-yuu-fak-chuh/man-yuu-fak-chuhr), manufacturer
(man-yuu-fak-chuhr-uh/man-yuu-fak-chuhr-uhr/
man-yuu-fak-chuhr-uhr), manure (muh-nyuuuh/muh-nyuuuhr/
muh-nuur), manuscript (man-yuu-skript); menu (men-yoo)<Fr>;
minuend (min-yuu-end)<Lat>, minuet (min-yuu-et)<Fr>; minuscule
(min-i-skyool)<Lat>; monument (mon-yuu-muhnt/
mahn-yuu-muhnt); opinion(uh-pin-yuhn); peculiar (pi-kyoo-li-uh/
pi-kyoo-li-uhr/pi-kyool-yuhr), petunia (puh-tyoo-ni-uh/
puh-too-nyuh); politburo(pol-it-byuuuh-roh/pah-lit-byuur-oh)<Rus>,
popular (pop-yuu-luh/pop-yuu-luhr/pah-pyuh-luhr), population
(pop-yuu-lay-shuhn/pah-pyuh-lay-shuhn), populous (pop-yuu-luhs/
pah-pyuh-luhs); procure (pruh-kyuuuh/pruh-kyuuuhr/pruh-kyuur),
pure (pyuuuh/pyuuuhr/pyuur), refuel (ree-fyuuuhl)(v), regular
(reg-yuu-luh/reg-yuu-luhr)(adj/n); residuum
(ri-zid-yuu-uhm)(n)<Lat>, [pl.residua (ri-zid-yuu-uh)];
ritual (rit-yuu-uhl/rich-uu-uhl); superannuate (soo-puhr-an-yuu-ayt/
soo-puhr-an-yuu-ayt)(v), superannuated (soo-puhr-an-yuu-ay-tid/
soo-puhr-an-yuu-ay-tid)(adj), superannuation
(soo-puhr-an-yuu-ay-shuhn/soo-puhr-an-yuu-ay-shuhn);
tenure (ten-yuh/ten-yuhr/ten-yuuuh/ten-yuuuhr/ten-yuur)(n);
urine (yuuuuh-rin/yuur-in); vacuole (vak-yuu-ohl)(n)<Lat>,
vacuous (vak-yuu-uhs)(adj), vacuum (vak-yoom)(n)<Lat>,

14
oi (ouhy) [ɔI], annoy (uh-noi)(v), annoyance (uh-noi-uhns)(n), anoint (uh-noint),
oiuh (ouhyuh) [ɔIǝ], bowel (bou-uhl/bouuhl)(n), bower (bou-uh/bouuhr/bou-uhr),
ou (ahuhwuu) [aʊ], bowl (bohl)(n/v); broiler (broi-luh/broi-luhr),
ouuh(ahuhwuuuh)[aʊǝ], cacao (kuh-kou)<C. Amr>, cauliflower (kol-i-flou-uh/kol-i-flou-uhr/
kah-li-flour); cornflour (kawn-flouuh/kawn- flouuhr/kawrn- flour),
cornflower (kawn-flou-uh/kawn-flou-uhr/kawrn-flou-uhr);
Deutschmark (doich-mahk/doich-mahrk)<Grm>; devour (di-vouuh/
di-vouuhr), devouring (di-vouuh-ring/di-vouuhr-ing), dowry
(dou-ri)<Fr>, endow (in-dou)(v), endowment (in-dou-muhnt);
Euler (oi-luh/oi-luhr)<Sws>, oiler (oi-luh/oi-luhr); flour
(flouuh/flouuhr), flower (flou-uh/flou-uhr); floury (flouuh-ri/
flouuhr-i), flowery (flou-uh-ri/flou-uhr-i); foul (foul); how (hou);
lounge (lounj); loyal (loi-uhl/loiuhl)<Fr>, royal (roi-uhl/roiuhl)<Fr>;
moist (moist), moisture (mois-chuh/mois-chuhr),
moisturise/moisturize (mois-chuhr-yz/mois-chuhr-yz)(v),
moisturizer/moisturiser (mois-chuhr-I-zuh/mois-chuhr-I-zuhr/
mois-chuhr-I-zuhr); noise (noiz); noun (noun); now (nou), nowadays
(nou-uh-dayz)(adv), nowt (nout)(pron); our (ouuh/ah/ahr/ouuhr),
ours (ouuhz/ahz/ouuhrz); paranoia (par-uh-noi-uh/
per-uh-noi-uh)<Lat>, paranoiac (par-uh-noi-ak/per-uh-noi-ak),
paranoid (par-uhn-oid/per-uh-noid); perestroika
(per-uh-stroi-kuh)<Rus>, power (pouuh/pouuhr), powerful
(pouuh-fuhl/pouuhr-fuhl); towel (touuhl), tower (touuh/touuhr);
poignant (poi-nyuhnt)<Fr>; poinsettia (poin-set-i-uh/
poin-set-i-uh)<Amr>; poison(poi-zuhn)<Fr>; reconnoitre/reconnoiter
(rek-uh-noi-tuh/rek-uh-noi-tuhr/ree-kuh-noi-tuhr)(v) Fr
sauerkrawt (souuh-krout/sour-krout)<Grm>; scour (skouuh/
skouuhr/skou-uhr)(v)<Fr>; sequoia (si-kwoiuh); shower
(shouuh/shouuhr/shour)(n/v), showerproof (shouuh-proof/
shour-proof), showery (shouuh-ri/shour-i); slough (sluf)(v)/
(slou/sloo)(n); solenoid (sol-uh-noid/sah-luh-noid)<Gk>;
sour (souuh/souuhr/sour); south (south); sunflower (sun-flouuh/
sun-flouuhr/sun-flour); turmoil (tuuhh-moil/tur-moil); towel
(touuhl), tower (touuh/touuhr); troika (troi-kuh)<Rus>; trowel
(trouuhl); vouch (vouch)(adj), voucher (vou-chuh/vou-chuhr)(n),
vow (vou)(v/n), vowel (vouuhl)<Fr>; voyage (voi-ij)<Fr>,
voyager (voi-i-juh/voi-i-juhr)<Fr>;

15
b (buh/uhb) [b], babble (bab-uhl), pebble (peb-uhl); babe (bayb), baby (bay-bi),
p (puh/uhp) [p], Babylonian (bab-uh-loh-ni-uhn); balm (bahm), palm (pahm);
beach (beech), peach (peech); bias (by-uhs)(n/v), pious
(py-uhs)(adj); bob (bob/bahb), pop (pop/pahp), pope (pohp);
bull (buul), pull (puul); burble (bur-buhl), purple (pur-puhl);
cupboard (kub-uhd/kub-uhrd); Imphal (im-pahl);
jeopardise/jeopardize (jep-uh-dyz/jep-uhr-dyz), jeopardy
(jep-uh-di/jep-uhr-di); leopard (lep-uhd/lep-uhrd), leprosy
(lep-ruh-si), leprous (lep-ruhs); lollipop (lol-i-pop/ lah-li-pahp);
pap (pap), papa (puh-pah/pah-puh), papacy (pay-puh-si),
papal (pay-puhl), paparazzo(pap-uhr-at-soh/pah-pah-raht-soh)<It>,
[pl.paparazzi (pap-uhr-at-si/pah-pah-raht-si)], papaya
(puh-py-uh)<Spn&Ptg>; paper (pay-puh/pay-puhr); patrol
(puh-trohl)(n/v), petrol (pet-ruhl)(n); people (pee-puhl);
pepper(pep-uh/pep-uhr), pepperoni(pep-uh-rohni)<It>; pine (pyn),
pineapple (pyn-ap-uhl); poppy (pop-i/pah-pi); population
(pop-yuu-lay-shuhn/ pah-pyuh-lay-shuhn), populous(pop-yuu-luhs/
pah-pyuh-luhs); pupil (pyoo-puhl), puppet (pup-it), puppeteer
(pup-i-tiuh/pup-i-tiuhr/pup-i-tir), puppy (pup-i); shepherd
(shep-uhd/shep-uhrd); speak (speek), speech (speech), speed
(speed); spin (spin), spinach(spin-ich); spinal (spy-nuhl ), spine
(spyn)<Lat>; vox pop (voks pop/vahks pahp)<Lat>;

ch (chuh/uhch)*tꭍ+, breech (breech)(adj/n), bridge (brij); cello (chel-oh)<It>;

j (juh/uhj) [dʒ], (rij)(n); vegetable (vej-tuh-buhl)(n/adj), vegetation (vej-i-tay-shuhn);
charge (chahj/chahrj); chocolate (chok-luht/ chahk-luht)(n); choker
(choh-kuh/choh-kuhr)(n), joker (joh-kuh/joh-kuhr); church
(chuuhhch/church), churchy (chuuhh-chi/chur-chi); cordial
(kaw-di-uhl/kawr-juhl), cordiality (kaw-di-al-i-ti/kawr-jal-uh-ti),
cordially (kaw-di-uhl-i/kawr-juhl-i), fortune (faw-choon/
fawr-choon); gradual (grad-yuu-uhl/graj-uu-uhl)(adj), grandeur
(gran-dyuh/gran-dyuhr/gran-juhr)(n); hydrogenated
(hy-drod-i-nay-tid/hy-drah-juh-nay-tid)(adj) judge (juj);
judges (ju-jis); lunch (lunch), lunge/longe (lunj)<Fr>;
modular (mod-yuu-luh/mod-yuu-luhr/mah-juh-luhr),
modulate (mod-yuu-layt/mah-juh-layt)(v), modulate (mod-yuu-layt/
mah-juh-layt)(v), module (mod-yool/mah-jool)(n),
modulus (mod-yuu-luhs/mah-juh-luhs);

16
 nature (nay-chuh/nay-chuhr)(n); nodular (noj-uh-luh/noj-uh-luhr/
nah-juh-luhr); ordure (aw-dyuuuhr/aw-dyuuuhr/awr-juhr);
patronage (pat-ruh-nij/pay-truhn-ij)(n); pendulous (pen-dyuu-luhs/
pen-juh-luhs)(adj), pendulum (pen-dyuu-luhm/pen-juh-luhm);
question (kwes-chuhn); procedure (pruh-see-juh/pruh-see-juhr);
ranch (rahnch/ranch), range (raynj); reschedule (ree-shed-yool/
ree-skej-yool)(v), residual (ri-zid-yuu-uhl/ri-zij-yuu-uhl)(adj);
rich (rich)(adj/n), ridge); traduce (truh-dyoos/truh-joos/
truh-doos)(v), verdure (vuuhh-dyuhr/vuuhh-dyuhr/vur-juhr)<Fr>,

d (duh/uhd) [d], another (uh-nuth-uh/uh-nuth-uhr); apartheid (uh-pah-tyt/

t (tuh/uht) *t+, uh-pah-tayt/ uh-pahr-tyt)<Afr>; apathetic (ap-uh-thet-ik/
t (duh/uhd) *t+, ap-uh-thet-ik); athletic (ath-let-ik/ath-let-ik), boot (boot),
th (thuh/uhth) *θ+, booth (booth/booth); botany (bot-uhn-i/bah-tuhn-i); both (bohth),
th (thuh/uhth) [ð], bother (both-uh/both-uhr/bah-thuhr)(v); breadth (bredth/
bretth)(n), breath (breth)(n), (breeth)(v); brother (bruth-uh/
bruth-uhr); cardoon (kah-doon/kahr-doon)<Lat>, cartoon
(cah-toon/kahr-toon); cartilage (kah-tuhl-ij/kar-tuhl-ij)(n);
clod (klod/klahd), clot (klot/klaht); cloth (kloth/klahth)(n), clothe
(klohth)(v); concede (kuhn-seed)(v), conceit (kuhn-seet)(n); credited
(kred-i-tid/kred-i-tid)(adj) dawn (dawn), down (doun), town (toun);
dead (ded), death (deth), debt (det); delete (di-leet)(v), deleted
(di-lee-tid/di-lee-tid)(adj) dire (dIuh/dIuhr/dyr), tire (tIuh/tIuhr/tyr);
eight (ayt), eighth (aytth); father (fah-thuh/fah-thuhr); heart
(haht/hahrt), hearth(hahth/hahrth); history (his-tuhr-i/his-tuhr-i);
hundredth (hun-druhtth); indebted (in-det-id/in-det-id)(adj);
internet (in-tuh-net/in-tuhr-net); intervene (in-tuh-veen/
in-tuhr-veen); ladder (lad-uh/lad-uhr), later (lay-tuh/lay-tuhr/
lay-tuhr), latter (lat-uh/lat-uhr/lat-uhr), letter (let-uh/let-uhr/
let-uhr); loath/loth (lohth)(adj), loathe (lohth)(v); lath
(lahth/lath)(n), lathe (layth)(n)<Dan>; lathi (lah-ti)<Ind>; marinade
(mar-i-nayd)(n), marinate (mar-uh-nayt)(v); mathematics
(math-mat-iks/math-mat-iks)<Gk>; missed (mist); mother
(muth-uh/muth-uhr); month (munth), monthly (mun-thli);
monumental (mon-yuu-men-tuhl/mahn-yuu-men-tuhl);
mountainous (moun-ti-nuhs/moun-tuhn-uhs); mouth
(mouth)(n)/(mouth)(v), -mouthed (-mouthd)(sufx), mouthful
(mouth-fuul)(adj); negative (neg-uh-tiv/neg-uh-tiv),

17
negativism (neg-uh-ti-vi-zuhm/neg-uh-ti-vi-zuhm);
neglect (ni-glekt)(n/v), neglected (ni-glek-tid/ni-glek-tid)(adj)
nicotine (nik-uh-teen/nik-uh-teen) nitty-gritty (nit-i-grit-i/
nit-i-grit-i); nonetheless (nun-thuh-les)(adv); noted (noh-tid/
noh-tid) orthogonal (aw-thog-uhn-uhl/awr-thah-guhn-uhl);
other (uth-uh/uth-uhr); penalty (pen-uhl-ti/pen-uhl-ti);
polished (pol-isht/pah-lisht)(adj); potato (puh-tay-toh/
puh-tay-toh) Spn Ptolemy (tol-uh-mi/tah-luh-mi);
quantity (kwon-ti-ti/kwahn-tuh-ti), quantum (kwon-tuhm/
kwahn-tuhm) at , quarantine ( kwor-uhn-teen/
kwawr-uhn-teen)<It>; quarter (kwaw-tuh/kwaw-tuhr/kwah-tuhr),
quarterly (kwaw-tuhl-i/kwah-tuhr-li)(adj/adv), quartet (kwaw-tet/
kwawr-tet), quartile(kwaw-tyl/kwawr-tyl); quid (kwid)(n),
quit (kwit)(n); quote (kwoht)(v/n), quoth (kwohth)(v);
Rajasthan (rah-juh-stahn); repetitive (ri-pet-uh-tiv/ri-pet-uh-tiv)
Saturday (sat-uh-day/sat-uhr-day)<Lat>; scrutiny (skroo-ti-ni/
skroo- tuhn-i)(n); sentinel (sen-ti-nuhl/sen-ti-nuhl)<It>; sixteenth
(sik-steenth), sixth (siksth), sixtieth (sik-sti-uhth); spaghetti
(spuh-get-i/spuh-get-i)<It>; sphygmomanometer
(sfig-moh-muh-nom-i-tuh/sfig-moh-muh-nom-i-tuhr/
sfig-moh-muh-nah-muh-tuhr) stethiscope (steth-uh-skohp)<Gk>;
stick (stik); stigma (stig-muh)<Gk>, stigmata(stig-muh-tuh/
stig-mah-tuh/stig-mah-tuh) synthesis (sin-thuh-sis)<Gk>,
[pl.syntheses (sin-thuh-seez)], synthesise/synthesize (sin-thuh-syz),
synthesiser/synthesizer (sin-thuh-sy-zuh/sin-thuh-sy-zuhr),
synthetic (sin-thet-ik/sin-thet-ik); taught (tawt/taht), thought
(thawt/thaht); teeth (teeth)(n), teethe(teeth)(v); tetanus
(tet-uhn-uhs)<Lat>; than(than/thuhn), then (then); these (theez),
this (this); theta (thee-tuh)<Gk>, thicket (thik-it)(n), ticket (tik-it)(n);
thigh (thy), thy (thy); tide (tyd), tight (tyt), tithe(tyth); thing(thing),
think(thingk); thou (thou)(prn)/ (thou)(n), though (thoh);
thread (thred), threat (thret); thousand (thou-zuhnd),
thousandth(thou-zuhnth); through(throo), true (troo); three (three),
tree (tree); thumb (thum), thump (thump); tidal (ty-duhl),
title (ty-tuhl/ty-tuhl) at , tittle (tit-uhl/tit-uhl)<Lat>;
today(tuh-day); together(tuh-geth-uh/tuh-geth-uhr); tomato
(tuh-mah-toh/tuh-may-toh) toot (toot)(v), tooth(tooth)(n);
total (toh-tuhl/toh-tuhl), totter (tot-uh/tot-uhr/tah-tuhr)(v),

18
 twenty (twen-ti/twen- ti); vegetative (vej-i-te-tiv/
vej-uh-tay-tiv)(adj); wardrobe (waw-drohb/wawr-drohb)(n);
water ( waw-tuh/waw-tuhr/wah-tuhr) wit (wit), with (with),
width (witth/width); within (wi-thin)(adv/prep); without
(wi-thout)(adv/prep); writ (rit), write (ryt), writhe (ryth)(v);
yesterday (yes-tuh-day/yes-tuhr-day)(adv/n);

f (fuh/uhf) [f], alpha (al-fuh)<Gk>, alphabet (al-fuh-bet)<Gk>, amphibian

v (vuh/uhv) [v], (am-fib-i-uhn)<Gk>, amphibious (am-fib-i-uhs),
amphitheatre/amphitheater(am-fi-thiuh-tuh/am-fi-thiuh-tuhr/
am-fuh-thee-uh-tuhr) k , anopheles (uh-nof-i-leez/
uh-nah-fuh-leez), aphelia (ap-hee-li-uh/uh-feel-yuh),aphelion
(ap-hee-li-uhn/uh-feel-yuhn)<Gk>, apostrophe (uh-pos-truh-fi/
uh-pah-struh-fi)<Gk>, atrophy (at-ruh-fi )<Gk>, autobiography
(aw-tuh-by-og-ruh-fi/ah-tuh-by-ah-gruh-fi),
autograph (aw-tuh-grahf/ah-tuh-graf), belief (bi-leef)(n), believe
(bi-leev)(v); biography (by-og-ruh-fi/by-ah-gruh-fi), biosphere
(bi-oh-sfiuh/bi-oh-sfiuhr/bi-oh-sfir); blaspheme (blas-feem),
blasphemous (blas-fuh-muhs), blasphemy (blas-fuh-mi); behalf
(bi-hahf/bi-haf), behave (bi-hav); belief (bi-leef)(n), believe
(bi-leev)(v); calf (kahf/kaf), calve (kahv/kav)(v); catastrophe
(kuh-tas-truh-fi)<Gk>; cipher (sy-fuh/sy-fuhr); decipher (di-sy-fuh/
di-sy-fuhr); diphthong (dif-thong/dip-thong/dif-thahng/
dip-thahng); dolphin (dol-fin/dahl-fin); elephant (el-i-fuhnt)(n),
elephantine (el-uh-fan-tyn); emphasis (em-fuh-sis),
emphasise/emphasize (em-fuh-syz), emphatic (em-fat-ik/
em-fat-ik); encephalitis (en-kef-uh-ly-tis/en-sef-uh-ly-tis) k
fifteen (fif-teen), fifty (fif-ti); five (fyv);fluff (fluf), fluffy(fluf-i);
Kalashnikov (kuh-lash-ni-kof/kuh-lash-ni-kahf)<Rus>; knife
(nyf)(n/v),[pl.knives(nyvz)]; life (lyf)(n),[pl. lives (lyvz)(n)],
live(liv)(v)/(lyv)(adj); motif (moh-teef)(n)<Fr>, motive (moh-tiv/
moh-tiv)(n/adj) nephew (nef-yoo/nev-yoo)(n); of (ov/uhv/ahv),
off (of/ahf); pheasant (fez-uhnt); phoenix (fee-niks)<Gk>;
phenomenon (fuh-nom-i-nuhn/fuh-nah-muh-nahn)(n); relief
(ri-leef)(n), relieve (ri-leev)(v); reproof (ri-proof)(n), reprove
(ri-proov)(v); revival (ri-vy-vuhl)(n), revive(ri-vyv)(v); safe
(sayf)(adj/n), save (sayv)(v/n/prep); seraph (ser-uhf)<Heb>;
triphthong (trif-thong/trip-thong/trif-thahng/trip-thahng); venom
(venuhm)<Fr>; wife (wyf)(n), [pl. wives (wyvz)(n)];

19
h (huh) [h], hallelujah (hal-i-loo-yuh)/allelujah (al-i-loo-yuh)<Heb>,
handsome (han-suhm), hippopotamus (hip-uh-pot-uh-muhs/
hip-uh-pah-tuh-muhs), home (hohm), horse (haws/hawrs),
house (hous)(n)/(houz)(v), household (hous-hohld), housekeeper
(hous-kee-puh/hous-kee-puhr), house-warming
(hous-waw-ming/ hous-wawr-ming), housewife (hous-wyf),
housing (hou-zing),

k (kuh/uhk) [k], anchor (ang-kuhr)(n/v)<Gk>, anger (ang-guh/ang-guhr);

g (guh/uhg) [g], back (bak), bag (bag), beg (beg); brogue (brohg), broke (brohk);
cabinet (kab-i-nuht)<Fr>;class (klahs/klas), glass (glahs/glas);
climate (kly-muht); clod (klod/klahd), glod (glod/glahd);
cold (kohld), gold (gohld); come (kum), gum (gum); could (kuud),
good (guud); decree (di-kree), degree (di-gree); dengue (deng-gee/
deng-gay)<Spn>; dog (dog), dock (dok), tog (tog/tahg)(n/v);
embargo (im-bah-goh)<Spn>; frock (frok/frahk), frog (frog/frahg);
gill (gil)(n), kill (kil)(v/n); Google (goo-guhl)(v), googal (goo-guhl)(n);
glucose (gloo-kohs);lock (lok/lahk), log (log/lahg); monosaccharide
(mon-oh-sak-uhr-yd/ mah-noh-sak-uh-ryd); plague (playg),
plaque (plahk/plak)<Fr>; radicchio (ra-di-ki-oh)<It>; rock (rok/rahk),
rogue (rohg); saccharin (sak-uhr-in/sak-uhr-in)(n)<Gk>, saccharine
(sak-uhr-een/sak-uhr-een)(adj), synagogue (sin-uh-gog/
sin-uh-gahg)<Gk>; zucchini (zuu-kee-ni/zoo-kee-ni)<It>,
l (luh/uhl) [ l ], antirrhinum (an-ti-ry-nuhm/an-ti-ry-nuhm)<Gk>; armadillo
r (ruh/uhr) [r], (ah-muh-dil-oh/ahr-muh-dil-oh)<Spn>, catarrh(kuh-tah/
kuh-tahr)<Gk>; cirrhosis (si-roh-sis)<Gk>;colonel (kuuhh-nuhl/
kur-nuhl); chlorophyll (klor-uh-fil/klawr-uh-fil)<Gk>;
diarrhoea/diarrhea (dy-uh-ree-uh)<Gk>; familial (fuh-mil-i-uhl),
familiar (fuh-mil-i-uh/fuh-mil-i-uhr/fuh-mil-yuhr); gorilla
(guh-ril-uh), guerrilla/guerilla (guh-ril-uh)<Spn>;
haemorrhage/hemorrhage (hem-uhr-ij/hem-uhr-ij)<Gk>,
haemorrhoids/haemorrhoids (hem-uhr-oidz/hem-uhr-oidz);
llama (lah-muh)<Spn>; myrrh (muuhh/mur)<Gk>;
parallel (par-uh-lel/per-uh-lel)<Gk>, parallelogram
(par-uhlel-uh-gram/per-uhlel-uh-gram); parliament (pah-li-muhnt/
pahr-luh-muhnt)<Fr>; peripheral (puh-rif-uhr-uhl/puh-rif-uhr-uhl),
periphery (puh-rif-uhr-i/puh-rif-uhr-i); preliminary (pri-lim-i-nuhr-i/
pri-lim-uh-ner-i); pyorrhoea/pyorrhea (pIuh-riuh)<Lat>;
Pyrrhic victory (pir-ik vik-tuhr-i/pir-ik vik-tuhr-i); rhea (ree-uh)<Gk>,

20
 rhenium(ree-ni-uhm), rheology (ri-ol-uh-ji/ri-ah-luh-ji), rheostat
(ree-uh-stat/ree-oh-stat)(n), rhesus factor/Rh factor
(ree-suhs fak-tuh/ree-suhs fak-tuhr), rhesus monkey
(ree-suhs mung-ki), rhetoric (ret-uhr-ik/ret-uhr-ik), rhetorical
(ri-tor-i-kuhl/ri-tawr-i-kuhl), rhinoceros (ry-nos-uhr-uhs/
ry-nah-suhr-uhs); rhododendron (roh-duh-den-druhn)<Gk>,
rhomboid (rom-boid/rahm-boid), rhombus (rom-buhs/rahm-buhs)
[pl. rhombi (rom-by)], rhyme(rym), rhyming (ry-ming), rhythm
(rith-uhm), rhythmic (rith-mik), seraglio (si-rah-li-oh/si-ral-yoh)<It>;
tagliatelle(tal-yuh-tel-i/tahl-yuh-tel-i)<It>; umbrella (um-brel-uh);
vulnerable (vul-nuhr-uh-buhl/vun-ruh-buhl/vul-nuhr-uh-buhl)(adj);
zabaglione (zab-uhl-yoh-ni/zah-buhl-yoh-ni)<It>,

m(muh/uhm)[m] angle (ang-guhl); autumn (aw-tuhm/ah-tuhm); balm (bahm), balmy

n(nuh/uhn)[n] (bah-mi); banana (buh-nan-uh); bomb (bom/bahm); boon (boon);
ng(uhng)*ŋ+ climb (klym); column (kol-uhm/kah-luhm); comb (kohm), damn
(dam); England (ing-gluhnd), English (ing-glish); funny (fun- i);
government (guv-uhn-muhnt/guv-uhm-muhnt/guv-uhrn-muhnt),
grandma (gran-mah/gram-mah), grandmother (gran-muth-uh/
gram-muth-uh/gran-muth-uhr/gram-muth-uhr); kiln (kiln)<Lat>;
lamb (lam); language (lang-gwij)(n), languish (lang-gwish)(v); limn
(lim)(v)<Lat>; lump (lump); mango (mang-goh); moon (moon),
moony (moo-ni), mummer (mum-uh/mum-uhr), mummy (mum-i);
nancy (nan-si), nanny (nan-i); napalm (nay-pahm); new (nyoo/noo);
nominal (nom-uh-nuhl); numb (num); orange (or-inj/awr-inj);
palm (pahm), palmate (pal-mayt)(adj), palmist (pah-mist),
palmistry (pah-mi-stri), palmy (pah-mi); pan (pan), panacea
(pan-uh-see-uh), panda (pan-duh), pen (pen); recommend
(rek-uh-mend), recommendation (rek-uh-men-day-shuhun);
ring (ring), rink (ringk); salmon (sam-uhn); sing (sing), sink (singk);
solemn (sol-uhm/sah-luhm)(adj); succumb (suh-kum), summit
(sum-it); sung (sung), sunk (sungk); symmetry (sim-uh-tri);
synchronisation/synchronization (sing-kruh-ny-zay-shuhn/
sing-kruh-nuh-zay-shuhn), synchronise/synchronize
(sing-kruh-nyz)(v), synchronous (sing-kruh-nuhs)(adj), syncline
(sing-klyn)(n), syncopate (sing-kuh-payt)(v), syncopated
(sing-kuh-pay-tid/sing-kuh-pay-tid)(adj), syndicate (sin-di-kayt)(v)/
(sin-di-kuht)(n), syndicated (sin-di-kay-tid/sin-di-kay-tid)(adj),
syndication (sin-di-kay-shuhn)(n), syndrome (sin-drohm)(n),

21
 synecdoche (si-nek-duh-ki)<Gk>, synergistic(sin-uh-jis-tik/
sin-uhr-jis-tik), synergy/synergism (sin-uh-ji/sin-uhr-ji)<Gk>,
synonym (sin-uh-nim)<Gk>, synonymous (si-non-i-muhs/
si-nah-nuh-muhs)(adj), thing (thing), think (thingk); triangle
(try-ang-guhl); vanquish (vang-kwish); womb (woom);

s (suh/uhs) [s], accomplice (uh-kum-plis/uh-kahm-plis)(n), accomplish

z (zuh/uhz) [z], (uh-kum- plish/uh-kahm-plish)(v); advice (uhd-vys)(n), advise
sh (shuh/uhsh) * ꭍ +, (uhd-vyz)(v); addition (uh-dish-uhn), adhesion (uhd-hee-zhuhn),
zh (zhuh/uhzh) [ʒ], edition (i-dish-uhn); artesian (ah-tee-zi-uhn/ahr-ti-zhuhn), artisan
(ah-ti-zan/ahr-ti-zan); Asia (ay-zhuh), Asian (ay-zhuhn), casual
(kazh-yuu-uhl)(adj), causal (kaw-zuhl/kah-zuhl)(adj); cease
(sees)<Lat>, seize (seez)<Lat>; censer (sen-suh/sen-suhr)<Fr>,
censure (sen-shuh/sen-shuhr)<Lat>; champagne (sham-payn)<Fr>;
daisy (day-zi), dicey (dy-si); decease (di-sees), disease (di-zeez);
division (di-vizh-uhn); echelon (esh-uh-lon/esh-uh-lahn)<Fr>;
equation (i-kway- zhuhn); fashion (fash-uhn), fasten (fah-suhn/
fas-uhn); his (hiz), hiss (his); iris (I-ris), Irish (Iuh-rish); loose
(loos)(adj/v/n), lose (looz)(v), loss (los/lahs)(n); machete
(muh-shet-i/muh-shet-i)<Spn>; machine (muh-sheen); massage
(mas-ahzh/muh-sahzh)<Fr>; mesh (mesh), mesmerise/mesmerize
(mez-muh-ryz)(v), mesmerising/mesmerizing
(mez-muh-ry-zing)(adj), mess (mes), message (mes-ij), messenger
(mes-in-juh/mes-in-juhr), messiah (muh-sy-uh)<Heb>; nausea
(naw-zi-uh/naw-zhuh/nah-zi-uh/nah-zhuh)(n)<Gk>, nauseate
(naw-zi-ayt/nah-zi-ayt)(v), nauseous (naw-zi-uhs/naw-zhuhs/
nah-shuhs)(adj); nonchalant (non-shuhl-uhnt/
nahn-shuh-lahnt)<Fr>; nose (nohz)(n/v), nosh (nosh/nahsh)(n/v);
noviciate/novitiate (noh-vish-i-uht)(n); nuncio (nun-si-oh/
nun-shi-oh)<Lat>; officer (of-i-suh/of-i-suhr/ah-fi-suhr)(n), official
(uh-fish-uhl)(adj/n); opposite (op-uh-zit/ah-puh-zit); opposition
(op-uh-zish-uhn/ah-puh-zish-uhn); police (puh-lees)<Lat>;
position (puh-zish-uhn)(n/v); positive (poz-uh-tiv/pah-zuh-tiv)(adj)
precedent (pres-i-duhnt/pres-uh-dent), president (prez-i-duhnt);
psalm (sahm), pseudonym (syoo-duh-nim/soo-duh-nim); psychic
(sy-kik), psycho (sy-koh), psychoanalyse/psychoanalyze
(sy-koh-an-uhl-yz), psychoanalysis (sy-koh-uh-nal-uh-sis),
psychoanalytic (sy-koh-an-uhl-i-tik/sy-koh-an-uhl-i-tik),

22
 psychology (sy-kol-uh-ji/sy-kah-luh-ji), psychologist (sy-kol-uh-jist/
sy-kah-luh-jist), psychopath (sy-kuh-path), psychosis (sy-koh-sis),
psychosomatic (sy-koh-suh-mat-ik/sy-koh-suh-mat-ik), psychotic
(sy-kot-ik/sy-kah-tik) refuse (ri-fyooz)(v)/ (ref-yoos)(n); resinous
(rez-i-nuhs)(adj); sachet (sash-ay/sash-ay)<Fr>; seizure(see-zhuh/
see-zhuhr); Sinn Fein(shin fayn)<Irs>; socialise/socialize
(soh-shuhl-yz/soh-shuh-lyz), socialism (soh-shuhl-i-zuhm), socialist
(soh-shuhl-ist); sure (shaw/shawr/shuur)(adj/adv); surreptitious
(sur-uhp-tish-uhs/sur-uhp-tish-uhs)(adj); tsar/czar/tzar
(zah/zahr)<Rus>, tsarina/czarina/tzarina (zah-ree-nuh/
zahr-ee-nuh)<Rus>; use (yoos)(n)/(yooz)(v);
Wednesday (wenz- day)(n);
ts (tuhsuh/uhtuhs) [ts], Alzheimer’s (alts-hy-muhz/ahlts-hy-muhrz)<Grm>; craftsman
(krahfts-muhn/krafts-muhn), governance (guv-uhn-uhnts/
guv-uhr-nuhnts); hertz (huuhhts/hurts); kunzite (kuunts-yt);
Leibniz (lib-nits)<Grm>; nuts (nuts); oats (ohts);
ordnance (aw-d-nuhnts/awrd-nuhnts)(n); pestilence (pes-ti-luhns/
pes-tuhl-uhnts)(n); sports (spawts/spawrts), sportsman
(spawts-muhn/spawrts-muhn), sportsmanlike (spawts-muhn-lyk/
spawrts-muhn-lyk), sportsmanship(spawts-muhn-ship/
spawrts-muhn-ship), sportsperson (spawts-puuhh-suhn/
spawrts- pur-suhn), sportswear (spawts-weu/spawts-weur/
spawrts-wer), sportswoman (spawts-wuum-uhn/
spawrts-wuum-uhn); tsunami (tsoo-nah-mi)<Jap>; Yahrzeit
(yaw-tsyt/yawr-tsyt)/Jahrzeit (yaw-tsyt/yawr-tsyt)<Heb>;
Zeitgeist (tsyt-gyst/zyt-gyst)<Grm>, zizith (tsit-sis);

w (wuh) [w], narwhal (nah-wuhl/nahr-wuhl)<Dan>; wardrobe (waw-drohb/

wawr-drohb)(n); Wednesday (wenz-day)(n); whale (wayl)(n), whaler
(way-luh/way-luhr)(n), (way-ling)(n), what (wot/waht), whatever
(wot-ev-uh/wot-ev-uhr/wah-tev-uhr), whatsoever/whatever
(wot-soh-ev-uh/wot-soh-ev-uhr/waht-soh-ev-uhr)(adv), wheat
(weet), wheel(weel)(n/v), wine (wyn); wistle(wis-uhl); woe (woh);
won (wun)(pst/ppt), woman (wuum-uhn); women (wimin);

ks (uhkuhs) [ks], axe (aks), box (boks/bahks), coax (kohks), equinox (ek-wi-noks/
ek-wi-nahks)<Lat>, flux (fluks), hoax (hohks), lox/salmon
(loks/lahks)(n), minx (mingks), mixed (mikst), quincunx
(kwing-kungks), sphinx (sfingks), vertex (vuuhh-teks/vur-teks),

23
 THE CHART OF ADDITIONAL IPA REFLECTED IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF FOREIGN ORIGIN
letter(s) in the spelling/Ponetic Illustrations
sound/Author’s phontic sound/
[IPA](Trspt)
(à)(a/ah/uh) (ahuh/ahh/uh)[à] à la carte (al-uh-kaht/al-uh-kahrt)<Fr>,
à la mode (al-uh-mohd)<Fr>, déjà vu (day-zhah voo)<Fr>,
ménage à trois (mayn-ahzh-ah-trwah) <Fr>,
pied-à-terre (pi-ay-dat-euh/pi-ay-dat-euhr/pi-ay-dat-er)<Fr>,
tête-à-tête (tayt-ah-tayt)<Fr>, vis-à-vis (viz-uh-vee)(prep)<Fr>,
voilà (vwah-lah)(exclm)<Fr>,

(ài)(oi)(ouhy)[ɔI] Dáil (doil)<Irs>,

(â)(a/ah)(ahuh/ahh)[â] coup de grâce (koo duh grahs)<Fr>, pâté (pat-ay/pat-ay)<Fr>,

pâté de foie grast (pat-ay duh fwu grah/
pat-ay duh fwu grah)<Fr>,

(ā)(a)(ahuh)[ā] doppelgānger (dop-uhl-gang-uh/dop-uhl-gang-uhr/

dah-puhl-gang-uhr)<Grm>,
(aî)(ay)(auhy)[eI] maître d’hõtel (may-truh doh-tel)<Fr>,

(in)(æ/an/in/on/ahn)(ahuhng/ absinthe/absinth(ab-sæth/ab-sinth)<Fr>, augratin

ahuhn/euhn/ouhn/ahhuhn) (oh grat-an/oh grah-tuhn)<Fr>, Bedouin (bed-uu-in)<Fr>,
[ ] cabin (kab-in)<Fr>, chagrin (shag-rin)(n)<Fr>,
coq au au vin (kok oh væ /kohk oh væ /kahk oh væ )<Fr>,
dauphin (doh-fæ)<Fr>, frankincense (frang-kin-sens)<Fr>,
harlequin(hah-luh-kwin/hahr-luh-kwin)<Fr>,
javelin (jav-lin)<Fr>, lingerie (lon-zhuhr-i/lahn-zhuh-ray)<Fr>,
vinaigrette (vin-i-gret)<Fr>, vinegar (vin-i-guh/
vin-i-guhr)(n)<Fr>, vintage (vin-tij/vin-tij)<Fr>,

(ç)(s)(suh)[ç] façade/facade (fuh-sahd)(n) <Fr>, Provençal (prov-on-sahl/

prah-vahn-sahl)<Fr>,

(œi)(oi)(ouhy) [ɔI:] trompe ’œil (trom - ploi/trawm-ploi)<Fr>,

[pl. trompe ’œils (trom - ploi/trawm-ploi)]<Fr>,

24
(é)(ay/i/e/euh/uh)(auhy/euh/ Poincaré (pwan-ka-ray)<Fr>, ancien régime
auh/auhuh/uh)[é] (on-syan-ray-zheem/ahn-si-an-ruh-zheem)<Fr>, ainé (e-nay),
appliqué (uh-plee-kay) <Fr>, attaché (uh-tash-ay)<Fr>,
béchamel (bay-shuh-mel)<Fr>, bouclé (boo-klay)<Fr>,
café/cafe (ka-fay) <Fr>,cafetiére (kaf-uh-tyeuh/kaf-uh-tyeuhr/
kaf-uh-tyer) <Fr>, canapé (kan-uh-pay)<Fr>, cause célèbre
(kawz sel-eb-ruh/kahz sel-eb-ruh)<Fr>, cliché (klee-shay) <Fr>,
communiqué (kuh-myoo-ni-kay), consommé
(kuhn-som-ay/kuhn-sahm-ay, coup d’état (koo day-tah)<Fr>,
coupé/coupe (koo-pay/kuu-pay) <Fr>, debut/début
(day-byoo)<Fr>, décolletage (day-kol-i-tahzh/
day-kah-luh-tahzh)<Fr>, décolleté/décolletée (day-kol-tay/
day-kahl-tay)<Fr>, déjà vu (day-zhah voo)<Fr>,
denouement/dénouement (day-noo-mo/day-noo-mah)<Fr>,
détente (day-tont/day-tahnt)(n)<Fr>, diamanté
(dIuh-mon-tay/dIuh-mahn-tay)<Fr>, divorcé (di-vaw-say/
di-vawr-say)<Fr>, divorcée (di-vaw-see/di-vawr-say)<Fr>,
éclair (i-kleuh/i-kleuhr/i-kler)<Fr>, émigré /émigré
(em-i-gray)<Fr>, entrée (on-tray/ahn-tray)(n)<Fr>,
épée (ep-ay/ep-ay)<Fr>, exposé (ek-spoh-zay/
ek-spuh-zay)<Fr>, fiancé (fi-on-say/fee-ahn-say)<Fr>,
fiancée (fi-on-say/fee-ahn-say), glacé (glas-ay/glas-ay), habitué
(ha-bit-yoo-ay)(n)<Fr>, ingénue (an-zhay-nyoo/
an-juh-noo)<Fr>, jeté (zhe-tay)<Fr>, lamé (lah-may)<Fr>,
manqué (mong-kay/mahng-kay)<Fr>, matinée/matinee
(mat-i-nay/mat-uhn-ay)<Fr>, mélange/melange (may-lahnzh)
<Fr>, ménage (may-nahzh) <Fr>, ménage (may-nahzh)<Fr>,
ménage à trois (mayn-ahzh-ah-trwah)<Fr>, métier
(met-i-ay/met-i-ay)<Fr>, moire (mwah/mwahr)/moiré
(mwah-ray)<Fr>, negligee/negligée (neg-li-zhay/
neg-li-zhay)<Fr>, outré (oo-tray)<Fr>, passé (pah-say/
pas-ay)<Fr>, pâté (pat-ay/pat-ay)<Fr>, pâté de foie grast
(pat-ay duh fwu grah/pat-ay duh fwu grah)<Fr>,
piéce de résistance (pi-es-duh- ray-zi-stahs),
Poincaré (pwan-ka-ray)<Fr>, precis/précis (pray-si)<Fr>,
protégé (prot-uh-zhay/prah-tuh-zhay)<Fr>,
purée (pyuuuh-ray/pyuu-ray)<Fr>,
recherché (ruh-sheuh-shay/ruh-sher-shay)<Fr>,

25
 résumé (rez-yoo-may/rez-uu-may)<Fr>, retroussé
(ruh-troo-say)<Fr>, risqué (ri-skay)(adj) <Fr>,
rosé (roh-zay)<Fr>, roué (roo-ay), sauté (soh-tay/
saw-tay)<Fr>, séance (say-ons/say-ahns)<Fr>,
soigné (swahn-yay)<Fr>, soignée (swahn-yay)<Fr>,
soirée (swah-ray), soufflé (soo-flay/suu-flay)<Fr>,
touché (too-shay)<Fr>, toupée (too-pay)<Fr>,

(è)(e/euh/ay)(auh/auhuh/ cause célèbre(kawz sel-eb-ruh/kahz sel-eb-ruh)<Fr>,

auhy)[è] crèche (kresh)<Fr>, derrière (der-i-euh/der-i-euhr/
der-i-er)<Fr>, manège (ma-nayzh)<Fr>,
son et lumière (son ay loo-mi-euh/son ay loo-mi-euhr/
sahn ay loo-mi-er)<Fr>,

(ê)(ay/e)(auhy/auh)[ê] arête (uh-rayt)<Fr>, bête noire (bet nwah/bet nwahr)<Fr>,

crepe/crêpe (krep)<Fr>, fête (fayt)(n)<Fr>,
raison d’être (ray-zo det-ruh/ray-zawn det-ruh)<Fr>,
tête-à-tête (tayt-ah-tayt) <Fr>,

(ĩ )(ee)(ee)[ĩ] naive/naĩve (ny-eev)(adj)<Fr>, naively/naĩvely(ny-eev-li)(adv),

naivety/naiveté (ny-ee-vi-ti/ny-ee-vuh-ti)/(ny-eev-tay/
nah-eev-tay)(n),

(ô)(oh)(uhuhwuu/ouhwuu)[ô] maître d’hôtel (may-truh doh-tel)<Fr>,

table d’hôte (tah-bluh doht/tab-uhl doht) <Fr>,

(an/and/ant/en/ent/on) bon vivant (bo-vee-vo/bahn-vee-vahnt)<Fr>/

(o/on/ohn/ah/ahn)(ouhng/ bon veveur (bo-vee -vuuhh/bo-vee -vur/bahn vee-vur)<Fr>,
ouhn/ouhwuu/ahhuhng/ bouffant (boo-fo/boo-fahnt)<Fr>, bouillon (boo-yon/boo-yo/
ahhuhn) [ /Ɒn/Ɒʊ/ã:/a:n] buul-yahn)<Fr>, cordon bleu (kaw-do bluuhh/
kawr-dah bloo)<Fr>, croissant (kwa-so/kwah-sah/
kruh-sahnt)<Fr>, denouement/dénouement (day-noo-mo/
day-noo-mah)<Fr>, genre (zho-ruh/zhon-ruh/zhahn-ruh)<Fr>,
Grand Prix (gro pree/grah pree) <Fr>, penchant (po-sho/
pen-chuhnt)<Fr>, pension (po-syo/pahnsi-ohn)<Fr>,
rapprochement (ra-prosh-mo/ra-prohsh-mo/ra-prohsh-mahn/
ra-prahsh-mahn)<Fr>, sangfroid (so-frwah/sahng-frwah)<Fr>,
vol-au-vent (vol-uh-vo/vaw-loh-vah)<Fr>,

26
(ñ)(n-y)(uhn-yuh)[ñ] El Niño (el neen-yoh) <Spn>, mañana (man-yah-nuh)<Spn>,
señor (sen-yaw/sen-yawr)<Spn>, señora (sen-yaw-ruh/
sen-yawr-uh) <Spn>, señores(sen-yaw-rez/sen-yawr-ez)<Spn>,
señorita (sen-yuh-ree-tuh/sen-yuh-ree-tuh)<Spn>,

(ó)(o/oh)(ouh/uhuhwuu/ouhwuu) colón (kol-on/kuh-lohn)<CosR&ElS>, [pl.colónes (kol-on-es/

[ó] kuh-lohn-es)],

(õ)(o/e/oh){ouh/auh/ maître d’hõtel (may-truh doh-tel)<Fr>,

(ouh/auh/uhuhwuu/ roentgen/rõntgen (ront-guhn/rent-guhn)<Grm>,
ouhwuu)}[õ]

(ö)(uuhh)(uuhh)[ö] Möbius strip (muuhh-bi-uhs strip)<Grm>,

(ù)(oo)(uhwoo)[ù] ragù (rag-oo)<It>, tiramisù (tir-uh-mi-soo/tir-uh-mee-soo)<It>,

(ü)(oo/yuu/yuuuh)(uhwoo/ Führer (fyuuuh-ruh/fyuuuh-ruhr/fyuur-uhr)<Grm>,

yuhwuu/ yuhwuuuh)[ü] über-/uber- (oo-buh-/oo-buhr-)(prefx),
Yünnan (yoo-nan)<Chn>,

(ch/ugh)(k/x)(uhk/uhkh)[k/x] dreich (dreex)<Sct>, loch (lok/lox/lahk/lahx)<Sct>,

lough (lok/lox/lahk/lahx)<Irs>, Sassenach (sas-uh-nak/
sas-uh-nax)<Sct>, Taoiseach (tee-shuhk/tee-shuhx)<Irs>,
Toch (tohx)<Aust>, tocher (tox-uh/tox-uhr/tahx-uhr)<Irs>,

27