Using Steam Tables Pt.

4
NORSU-CEA Lecture Notes

Engr. Winston Gomez

 This is the second of the two charts found in the
steam tables book by Keenan, Keyes, Hill, and
Moore. It is called the h-s chart which means

Enthalpy, h
enthalpy-entropy chart. This chart is also known as
the Mollier chart. Just like the Ts chart, it also
gives the properties of water at certain given
conditions. All vertical lines represent entropy
while all horizontal lines represent enthalpy.
Practically, the Mollier chart is usually used for
properties of wet steam, saturated steam, and
superheated steam. The picture shows an actual
Mollier chart covering almost half of my bed!
That’s how large it is.
Entropy, s

Figure 1: h-s chart

The Mollier chart contains a small
table containing certain saturation
points of water. For example, at a
given pressure of 0.02 MPa, it has a
saturation temperature of 60.06oC.
This means the equivalent boiling
temperature for a surrounding
pressure of 0.02 MPa is 60.06oC.

This table is not really used that much

in actual use because we have steam
tables book which contains a lot more
of information than this.
 Superheated steam region

Wet steam region

The red line is a portion of the saturated steam

curve. The area above it is the superheated steam
region. On the other hand, the area below it is the
wet steam region.
The green lines are some of the many constant
moisture lines which are found in the wet steam
region. The values it show are in percent. For
example, 1%, 2%, 3%, and so on.
 Superheated steam region

Wet steam region

The yellow lines are some of the many constant superheat lines which are found in the superheated
steam region. It looks like the constant moisture lines but differ only on the region they are located.
Constant superheat lines are only found in superheated region while the constant moisture lines are
only in the wet steam region.
The orange lines are some of the constant pressure
lines which stretches from the topmost part of the
superheated region until the bottom part of the
wet steam region.
The purple lines are some of the many constant temperature lines. In
the wet steam region, the constant temperature lines coincides with the
constant pressure lines. In the superheated steam region, these lines
never coincide with each other..
Example #1.
For water having a pressure of 0.06 MPa and moisture of 7%, determine its state, temperature, quality, enthalpy, and entropy.

Step 1:
Trace the 0.06 MPa pressure line
(orange), the 7% moisture line
(green), and the saturated steam
Wet steam region line (red).

Step 2:
Identify the region where the point
of intersection belongs to. It is
observed that it is below the
saturation curve hence it is in the
wet steam region. Therefore, the
state of the water substance is wet
steam.

Point of
Intersection
Example #1.
For water having a pressure of 0.06 MPa and moisture of 7%, determine its state, temperature, quality, enthalpy, and entropy.

Step 3:
oC
t=86
Trace the temperature (purple) line
starting from the point of
intersection. The temperature of
Wet steam region wet steam is approximately 86oC.

Step 4:
The quality of a wet steam is the
opposite of moisture content. The
basic principle here is that the sum
of the quality and moisture content
is always equal to 1 (or 100% in
percent form). Let x be quality
while y be moisture content. Both x
and y are in decimal form.
Point of
Intersection
Example #1.
For water having a pressure of 0.06 MPa and moisture of 7%, determine its state, temperature, quality, enthalpy, and entropy.

o
t=86 C Step 5:
Trace the enthalpy (neon blue) line.
Enthalpy lines are horizontal and
Wet steam region the values are found at either left
or right side of the Mollier chart.
The enthalpy is found to be 2,494
kJ/kg approximately. The good
thing about Mollier charts is that it
is more accurate than Ts chart.
Looking closely at the Mollier chart,
there are small gridlines (see
picture below) that resembles like
that of a graphing paper. This is
g
h=2,494 kJ/k useful when determining the values
of enthalpy and entropy accurately
Point of
than Ts chart. The blue box in the
Intersection
picture contains around 5x5
gridlines.

Gridlines
Example #1.
For water having a pressure of 0.06 MPa and moisture of 7%, determine its state, temperature, quality, enthalpy, and entropy.

o
t=86 C

Wet steam region

Step 5:
g
h=2,494 kJ/k
Trace the entropy (gold) line.
Entropy lines are vertical and the
Point of values are found at either the top
Intersection
or bottom side of the Mollier chart.
The entropy is found to be 7.09
kJ/kg approximately.

s=7.09 kJ/kg-K
Example #2.
For water having a pressure of 0.1 MPa and 120oC, determine its state, degrees of superheat, enthalpy, and entropy.

Superheated
steam region

Point of
Intersection

Step 1: Step 2:
Trace the 0.1 MPa pressure line Identify the region where the point of intersection
(orange), the 120oC temperature belongs to. It is observed that it is above the saturation
line (green), and the saturated curve hence it is in the superheated steam region.
steam line (red). Therefore, the state of the water substance is
superheated steam.
Example #2.
For water having a pressure of 0.1 MPa and 120oC, determine its state, degrees of superheat, enthalpy, and entropy.

Superheated
oC
0 steam region
1 2
t=
oC
20 oSH 1 00
=
t sat

Point of
Intersection

Step 3: Another way of getting the value for degrees superheat is to determine the
From the point of intersection, trace saturation temperature at the given pressure. For example, given pressure
the constant superheat (yellow) line. is 0.1 MPa, tracing the temperature (purple) broken line gives a saturation
The degrees of superheat is found to be temperature of 100oC. Applying the formula for degrees superheat,
20 oSH. This is how to write the unit for o
SH=(actual temperature)-(saturation temperature), we get the value of 20
degrees superheat. degrees superheat.
Example #2.
For water having a pressure of 0.1 MPa and 120oC, determine its state, degrees of superheat, enthalpy, and entropy.

k g
kJ/
, 716
h =2
Superheated
oC
0 steam region
1 2
t=
oC
20 oSH 1 00
=
t sat

Point of
Intersection

Step 4:
From the point of intersection, trace the enthaly (neon blue) line.
Enthalpy lines are HORIZONTAL so don’t be mislead by the picture. It
looks diagonal because of the orientation of the camera. The value of
enthalpy for the superheated steam is approximately 2,716 kJ/kg.
Example #2.
For water having a pressure of 0.1 MPa and 120oC, determine its state, degrees of superheat, enthalpy, and entropy.

k g
kJ/
, 716
h =2
Superheated
oC
0 steam region
1 2
t=
oC
20 oSH 1 00
=
t sat

s=7.47 k
Point of
Intersection
J/kg-K

Step 5:
From the point of intersection, trace the entropy (gold) line. Entropy
lines are VERTICAL so don’t be mislead by the picture again. The value
of entropy for the superheated steam is approximately 7.47 kJ/kg-K.
Assignment #5
Watch this video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hn-R4FmYMQ

Answer the following questions.

1) What information or meaning do we get from a certain value of entropy?

2) Water has a temperature of 170oC and an enthalpy of 2,400 kJ/kg. Using the Ts chart, determine the
state of the substance, the pressure, the specific volume, and the specific internal energy.

3) Water has a pressure of 1.3 MPa and a temperature of 240oC. Using the Mollier chart, determine
the state of the substance, the quality (if wet steam) or degrees of superheat (if superheated steam),
the enthalpy, and the entropy.

4) Water has an enthalpy of 2,510 kJ/kg and an entropy of 6.9 kJ/kg-K. Using the Mollier chart,
determine the state of the substance, the quality (if wet steam) or degrees of superheat (if
superheated steam), the pressure, and the temperature.

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