Using Steam Tables Pt.

5
NORSU-CEA Lecture Notes

Engr. Winston Gomez

 This is a steam table. It is just one of the many
pages in the book “Steam Tables” by Keenan, et.al.
This is used more frequently than the charts we
studied before. There are many steam tables
available in the market. We used this book
specifically because it has been the standard book
used in many universities in the Philippines. Board
examinations have taken reference to this book for
steam properties. Therefore, getting familiar with
this book will be helpful for the mechanical
engineering student in the future.

Figure 1: A steam table

Every steam table book in the market at least has
4 types of tables on it namely:
Table 1 – Saturation Temperatures
Table 2 – Saturation Pressures
Table 3 – Vapor
Table 4 - Liquid
Columns:
t – given saturation temperature
p – corresponding saturation pressure to the given temperature
vf – specific volume of saturated liquid at given temperature
vg – specific volume of saturated steam at given temperature
uf – internal energy of saturated liquid at given temperature
ufg – difference between ug and uf
ug – internal energy of saturated steam at given temperature
hf – enthalpy of saturated liquid at given temperature
hfg – difference between hg and hf
hg – enthalpy of saturated steam at given temperature
sf – entropy of saturated liquid at given temperature
sfg – difference between sg and sf
sg – entropy of saturated steam at given temperature

Table 1 – Saturation Temperatures

This is for water that is saturated either liquid or steam. When you are
given data of water that contains at least temperature, use this table to
get the properties you need.
Example #1
Water has a temperature of 117oC. Determine the following:
a. If saturated liquid, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy
b. If saturated steam, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy

Solution: Step 1:
From table 1, looking up for 117oC in the
temperature (t) column, we will find a row of
different property values as highlighted in
red. The corresponding pressure is 0.18038
MPa. Therefore, the pressure of the saturated
liquid or saturated steam is 0.18038 MPa.

Step 2a:
Saturated liquid properties are those columns
with subscript “f” on it. Therefore, starting
with specific volume,
103vf=1.0576 m3/kg
vf=(1.0576/103) m3/kg
vf=0.0010576 m3/kg
Internal energy, uf
uf= 490.77 kJ/kg
Enthalpy, hf
Observation: hf= 490.97 kJ/kg
It is observed that the entropy (sg) values are decreasing from Entropy, sf
the smallest value of t to the largest value of t in the table. sf= 1.4951 kJ/kg
What have you observed about the others (sf, hg, hf, and etc.)
Example #1
Water has a temperature of 117oC. Determine the following:
a. If saturated liquid, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy
b. If saturated steam, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy

Solution:

Step 2b:
Saturated steam properties are those
columns with subscript “g” on it. Therefore,
starting with specific volume,
103vg=975.6 m3/kg
vg=(975.6/103) m3/kg
vg=0.9756 m3/kg
Internal energy, ug
ug= 2,526.0 kJ/kg
Enthalpy, hg
hg= 2,701.9 kJ/kg
Entropy, sg
sg= 7.1616 kJ/kg
Example #1
Water has a temperature of 117oC. Determine the following:
a. If saturated liquid, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy
b. If saturated steam, find its pressure, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy

Solution:

Another thing to note are the columns with

subscript “fg” on it. These are just the
numerical difference between the g values
and the f values.
For example,
ufg=2,035.2 kJ/kg
This is just the same as that of ug-uf.
ufg= ug- uf = 2,526.0 – 490.77 = 2,035.23 kJ/kg
Completing the other properties,
hfg= hg- hf = 2,701.9 – 490.97 = 2,210.93 kJ/kg
sfg= sg- sf = 7.1616 – 1,4951 = 5.6665 kJ/kg-K

Also, hfg is also called the latent heat.

Columns:
p– given saturation pressure
t – corresponding saturation temperature to the given pressure
vf – specific volume of saturated liquid at given temperature
vg – specific volume of saturated steam at given temperature
uf – internal energy of saturated liquid at given temperature
ufg – difference between ug and uf
ug – internal energy of saturated steam at given temperature
hf – enthalpy of saturated liquid at given temperature
hfg – difference between hg and hf
hg – enthalpy of saturated steam at given temperature
sf – entropy of saturated liquid at given temperature
sfg – difference between sg and sf
sg – entropy of saturated steam at given temperature

Table 2 – Saturation Pressures

This is also for water that is saturated either liquid or steam. When you
are given data of water that contains at least pressure, use this table to
get the properties you need just like how we did it with table 1.
Example #2
Water having a pressure of 2.0 MPa has an enthalpy of 2,525 kJ/kg. Determine the following:
the state of the substance, temperature, specific volume, internal energy, and entropy

Solution:
Step 1: Note:
Since we are given with pressure, from table Wet steam values are found by the following formulas.
2, looking up for 2.0 MPa in the pressure (p)
column, we will find again a row of different
Specific volume, v
properties but we cannot pinpoint the correct v = v f + xv fg Step 3
values because we don’t know the state of In order to find the values of specific volume,
the substance yet except for the temperature. Internal energy, u internal energy, and entropy of the wet steam
The corresponding saturation temperature is at 2.0 MPa with an enthalpy of 2525 kJ/kg,
212.42 oC. Therefore, the water has a u = u f + xu fg we need to find first the value of x which is
temperature of 212.42 oC. Enthalpy, h quality.

Note: h = h f + xh fg To find x :
Wet steam values are always in between the
f and g values. Entropy, s h = h f + xh fg
h - hf
Step 2: s = s f + xs fg x=
Given enthalpy, h=2,525 kJ/kg h fg
At 2.0 MPa,
2525 - 908.79
hf=908.79 kJ/kg x=
hg=2,799.5 kJ/kg 1890.7
Since 2525 kJ/kg is in between 908.79 and x = 0.8548 or 85.48%
2,799.5 kJ/kg then it is wet steam.
Example #2
Water having a pressure of 2.0 MPa has an enthalpy of 2,525 kJ/kg. Determine the following:
the state of the substance, temperature, specific volume, internal energy, and entropy

Solution:
Step 4: To find internal energy, u :
Using the computed value of x, calculate the
rest of the properties needed. u = u f + xu fg
u = 906.44 + (0.8548)(1693.8)
To find specific volume, v : u = 2,354.3 kJ/kg
v = v f + xv fg
v = v f + x (v g - v f ) To find entropy, s :
v = 0.0011767 + (0.8548)(0.09963 − 0.0011767 ) s = s f + xs fg
v = 0.08533 m 3 /kg s = 2.4474 + (0.8548)(3.8935)
s = 5.7756 kJ/kg - K
Table 3 – Vapor
This is for superheated steam. You need to have the value of pressure
together with another property in order to use this table and get the
properties you need. Also, the italicized values are NOT TO BE USED!
Example #3
Water with a pressure of 0.3 MPa has a temperature of 214oC. Determine the following:
the state of the substance and the enthalpy.

Solution:
Step 2: P=0.30 MPa
Note: Since it is a superheated steam, we will refer
Superheated steam values are always to table 3 and looked up to 0.3 MPa.
greater than the g values.
Subcooled liquid values are always lesser
than the f values.

Step 1:
Since we are given with pressure, from table
2, looking up for 0.3 MPa in the pressure (p)
column, the corresponding saturation
temperature is 133.55 oC. The given
temperature is 214oC which is greater than
133.55oC. Therefore, the substance is hotter
than the saturation point hence it is
superheated steam.
 Example #3
Water with a pressure of 0.3 MPa has a temperature of 214oC. Determine the following:
the state of the substance and the enthalpy.

Solution:
Step 3:
Since the table does not contain values for 214oC, we P=0.30 MPa
will apply the concept of linear interpolation to find h.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0R8-rYed0I

t=214 oC

h − 2886.1 214 − 210

=
2906.5 − 2886.1 220 − 210
 214 − 210 
h= (2906.5 − 2886.1) + 2886.1
 220 − 210 
h = 2894.26 kJ/kg
Table 4 – Liquid
This is for subcooled. Just like superheated steam, you need to have the
value of pressure together with another property in order to use this
table and get the properties you need. Also, the italicized values are
NOT TO BE USED!
Assignment #6

Watch these videos.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHUwFuHuCdw

Carnot Cycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRiDJBqVRIw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qi3m9sD5w-A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELR1Hx4qymo

Questions:
1) What is the second law of Thermodynamics?

2) What does it mean by thermal efficiency and how significant is it?

3) In the following video, based on what you have learned about the second law, do you think this is
true or not? Why?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCxi5YtK9r0
4) Which do you prefer to use, steam charts or steam tables? Why?

Problems:

5) If a steam engine is operating between 100C and 500C. What is the theoretical maximum thermal
efficiency?

6) A Carnot engine extracts 50 kW from a hot reservoir. The engine produced 20 kW power. If the
temperature
of the cold sink is 27.5C, what is the temperature of the hot reservoir?
7) A water substance with a pressure of 0.121 MPa has an entropy of 6.465 kJ/kg-K. Determine the following:
a. enthalpy
b. internal energy
c. specific volume
d. temperature
e. moisture content if wet steam or degrees of superheat if superheated steam
8) A water substance with a temperature of 254.5oC and has an enthalpy of 2700 kJ/kg. Determine the following:
a. entropy
b. internal energy
c. specific volume
d. moisture content if wet steam or degrees of superheat if superheated steam
e. pressure
9) Saturated steam has an entropy of 4.8673 kJ/kg-K. Determine the following:
a. pressure
b. enthalpy
c. temperature
d. internal energy
e. specific volume
f. moisture content if wet steam or degrees of superheat if superheated steam
10) A water substance with a pressure of 8.24 MPa has a temperature of 491oC. Determine the following:
a. state of the substance
b. enthalpy
c. entropy

11) A water substance with a pressure of 15.0 MPa has a temperature of 215oC. Determine the following:
a. the state of the substance
b. enthalpy

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