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Class - 10 - Social - Science - Geography 2 - Notes - For - Session - 2023 - 24 - Chapter

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Class - 10 - Social - Science - Geography 2 - Notes - For - Session - 2023 - 24 - Chapter

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ashashivu1973
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Artham

Resource Material
For Session 2023-24

Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 10
Social Science
100% updated Quick Revision,
as per 2023-24 tips, notes &
curriculum. mind maps.

To the point Easily


Answers Understandable &
effective language.
Social Studies
(Geography)
Chapter 2: Forest and Wildlife Resources
FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

Forest and Wildlife Resources


Forests are an important resource for any country. They not only provide a habitat to
various organisms but are also the primary producers of all resources on which all the other
living beings depend.
Flora and Fauna in India
India is known for its rich biodiversity. The term ‘biodiversity’ is used to describe various life
forms which are found on the Earth. This includes flora, fauna and various ecosystems in
which species live or depend on one another.
Because of deforestation, the demand for hides and horns of animals and for medicinal
plants, commercialisation etc., many species of plants and animals are on the verge of
extinction at present. According to their present numbers, various species of plants and
animals can be categorised into the following divisions:
Normal Species: Those species whose numbers are considered normal for their survival are
known as normal species. Some examples are sal, pine, rodents and cattle.
Extinct Species: Extinct species are those species of plants and animals which cannot be
found in the wild or in captivity in areas where they may occur. For example, the cheetah in
India and the dodo bird in the world have become extinct.
Endangered Species: Species which are facing a grave threat to their lives and are in danger
of becoming extinct are known as endangered species. Black buck and Indian rhino are
examples of such species.
Vulnerable Species: These species can become endangered if positive steps are not taken
to improve their numbers. Desert fox and Asiatic elephants are examples of such species.
Rare Species: Species which are very uncommon or scarce in numbers are called rare
species. They can become vulnerable or endangered if their numbers continue to decline.
Some examples of this species are wild Asiatic buffalo, hornbill and desert fox.
Endemic Species: These kinds of species are only found at a particular region, range or
location in the world. Andaman wild pig and Nicobar pigeon are examples of such species.
Factors Leading to the Depletion of Flora and Fauna
Factors which have contributed to the decline in various species of plants and animals:
• The Indian forests were greatly damaged during the colonial period. The British brought
many areas under cultivation to earn revenues. The expansion of railways led to the
destruction of huge chunks of forests. Reckless mining and commercial forestry have
further led to the destruction of forests.
• In the post-independence period, the expansion of cultivation continued. This also led to

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

the destruction of forests and consequently the depletion of various species.


• Many river valley projects have resulted in the loss of forest lands. For example, the
Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya Pradesh has resulted in the reduction of forest cover
of the region.
• Uncontrolled mining has resulted in deforestation. Mining not only disturbs the habitat
of many species but also blocks the migration route of several animals. For example,
dolomite mining has threatened the tigers in the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
• According to many environmentalists, the collection of fuel wood and the grazing of
animals have also depleted the forest ecosystems.

Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India


• Conservation is vital since it will help us to protect our environment and protect our
ecosystem which in turn helps to preserve the genetic diversity that the ecosystem has.
• The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, which made various
provisions for protecting habitats.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

• The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals,
which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the
Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles – fresh water crocodile, saltwater
crocodile and the Gharial are some of the animals. Under the Wildlife Act of 1980 and
1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added
to the list of protected species.
• The government has also provided partial or full legal protection to animals such as
Indian elephants, black buck, snow leopard etc. to protect them from extinction.
Types of Forests in India
Forests in India are controlled by the Indian Forest Department, which has divided forests
into
• Reserved Forests: In India, more than half of the total forest land has been declared as
reserved forests.
• Protected Forests: Protected forests are protected from any further destruction of
forest cover.
• Unclassed Forests: This class of forests include the forests and wetlands which are
owned by the Government, privately or jointly by communities.
Reserved and protected forests are also known as permanent forest estates. Madhya
Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests.
Biodiversity is the variety of life found on the Earth. An ecosystem which has rich
biodiversity has several species of plants and animals which are closely connected to each
other through biotic and abiotic factors.
Biodiversity helps in boosting the productivity of the ecosystems in which each species plays
an important role. For example, a large number of plant species results in greater varieties
of crops. Similarly, many microorganisms play an important role in biodiversity. They
fertilise the soil and play a role in recycling of many minerals (e.g. carbon) in the
environment. This helps in sustaining and improving human lives.
Conservation of Forests and Wildlife in India
Efforts of the Government towards Protecting Forests and Wildlife in India
• In 1972, the Indian Wildlife Act was passed. In this Act, various provisions were made to
preserve the endangered species of animals by banning hunting, restricting trade in
wildlife and providing legal protection to wildlife habitats.
• As a result, many wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks were established by the state and the Central
Government to preserve the habitat of many wild
animals.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

• Many animals such as tigers, one-horned rhinoceros, saltwater crocodile, black buck and
snow leopard have been give protection against hunting and trading in the country.
• Many conservation projects of the Government are now focusing on the preservation of
biodiversity of the country rather than just protecting certain species of plants and
animals.
Role of Communities towards Conservation
• In India, apart from the Government and
Forest Departments, various communities
have played an important role in conserving
and protecting forests. The Chipko Movement
was an example of communities coming
together to save forests from the reckless
felling by private contractors.
• Sacred groves are an example of the conservation of forests by tribal and village
communities. Many forest areas are considered sacred by these communities, and any
kind of activity or human interference in these patches of forests is banned.
• Similarly, villagers of the five villages in the Alwar district have declared 1,200 hectares
of forests protected and do not allow any kind of interference, hunting or poaching in
the forest area.
• In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the
Wildlife Protection Act.
• Mahua is worshipped by the the Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region while
tamarind and mango are worshipped by the tribes of Odisha and Bihar during weddings.
In Indian Hindu society, peepal trees is considered sacred.
• Blackbuck, peacocks and nilgai are seen as an integral part of the Bishnoi villages in
Rajasthan and aren’t harmed or killed.
• Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya has promoted people to stop using
synthetic chemicals as sufficient crop harvest can be produced even without the use of
chemical fertilizers.
• Joint Forest Management is a programme in India which involves local communities in
the management of forest lands. In this programme, local village communities undertake
management of degraded parts of forests which are managed by the Forest Department.
In return for their help, the communities are allowed to have a share in non-timber and
timber products which are harvested by the joint efforts of the local communities and
the Forest Departments. Odisha was the first state in India to pass the Joint Forest
Management programme.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. Which one of the following is not considered a sacred tree in India [CBSE 2011]
(a) Peepal
(b) Neem
(c) Banyan
(d) Mango
2. Which one of the following is an example of endemic species? [CBSE 2011]
(a) Nicobar Pigeon
(b) Asiatic Buffalo
(c) Horn Bill
(d) Black buck
3. Periyar Tiger reserve is located in
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Kerala
4. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal has been threatened about the loss of
habitat of many species due to
(a) Industrial development
(b) Agricultural expansion
(c) Port activities
(d) Mining
5. Which one of the following statements is not true with regard to depletion of
flora and fauna?
(a) Land required for housing
(b) Agricultural expansion
(c) Mining activities
(d) Shifting agriculture
6. What was the aim of Chipko movement? [CBSE 2011]
(a) Human rights
(b) Political rights
(c) Agricultural expansion

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

(d) Forest conservation


7. Most of the forests in the North eastern states belong to the category of
__________ .
(a) Wastelands
(b) Protected forests
(c) Unclassed forests
(d) Mangroves
8. The Mundas and Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region worship which one of the
following trees?
(a) Mahua
(b) Mango
(c) Peepal
(d) Tamarind
9. Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and
fauna? (Textbook)
(a) Agricultural expansion
(b) Large-scale development projects
(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection
(d) Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation
10. Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve
community participation? (Textbook)
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries
11. The species which are in danger of extinction are called:
(a) Vulnerable species
(b) Rare species
(c) Endangered species
(d) Normal species
12. The forest cover in our country has recently increased due to:
(a) Increase in natural forest growth
(b) Increase in net sown area
(c) Plantation by different agencies

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

(d) None of the above


13. The species whose population has declined to a level from where it is likely to
move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors
continue to operate are called:
(a) Endemic species
(b) Extinct species
(c) Vulnerable species
(d) Normal species
14. The Himalayan brown bear is an example of:
(a) Vulnerable species
(b) Rare species
(c) Endemic species
(d) Extinct species
15. Substantial parts of the tribal belts in north¬eastern India, have been
deforested by:
(a) Shifting cultivation
(b) Mining
(c) Infrastructure development
(d) None of the above
Very Short-
1. Name any four Normal Species.
2. Name any four Endangered Species
3. Name any four Vulnerable Species
4. Name any four Rare Species
5. Name any four Endemic Species.
6. Name any four Extinct Species.
7. When and in which state was the program of joint forest management first
adopted?
8. Which species of India’s flora and fauna are on the verge of extinction?
9. Which state has the largest are under permanent forests?
10. What is the share of India in the total number of species in the world?
Short Questions-
1. How does deforestation affect eco system? Give two reasons.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

2. Depletion of forests leads to disappearance of wild life as well as many wild


varieties of plants. How is Afforestation helpful in maintaining ecological
balance?
3. What is a National Park? Name any two national parks of India?
4. What is Wildlife Sanctuary? How is it different from National Park?
5. What are Biosphere Reserves?
6. Why is the Himalayan Yew in trouble?
7. What steps have been adopted under the Indian Wildlife Act to protect
endangered species of animals?
8. What are the three types of forests as identified by Forest Department?
9. Large scale development projects have significantly to the loss of forests. Give
reasons to support this statement.
10. How mining is responsible for the loss of forests. Give reasons.
Long Questions-
1. What were the views of foresters and environmentalists regarding the
degrading factors behind the depletion of forest resources?
2. Write down the features of JFM.
3. What steps must be taken to preserve the natural vegetation?
4. What are the steps taken by Government to conserve flora and fauna of the
country?
5. Highlight the trees and animals which are worshiped by Indian societies in
different parts of India?
6. Write a short note on Beej Bachao Andolan in TehriNavdanya.
7. Mention the negative factors which since pre-independence to present period
have contributed significantly to the fearful depletion of flora and fauna in India.
8. The destruction of forests and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The
biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity. Elucidate.
Assertion and Reason Questions-
1. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not
correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement, but reason is wrong statement.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

d) Both assertion and reason are wrong statements.


Assertion (A): Forests plays a key role in the ecological system.
Reason (R): Forest are the primary producers on which all other living beings
depend.
2. In these questions, a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d) Both assertion and reason are wrong statements.
Assertion (A): Neglect of our environment has led to the destruction and
extinction of many species of animals and plant life.
Reason (R): Decreasing Forest cover area is a major reason of destruction of
species.
MCQ Answers-
1. Answer: b
2. Answer: a
3. Answer: d
4. Answer: d
5. Answer: a
6. Answer: d
7. Answer: c
8. Answer: a
9. Answer: d
10.Answer: d
11.Answer: c
12.Answer: c
13.Answer: c
14.Answer: b
15.Answer: a
Very Short Answers-
1. Ans. Cattle, Sal, Pine and Rodent

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

2. Ans. Black Buck, crocodile, Indian Ass, Indian Rhino


3. Ans. Blue Sheep, Asiatic Elephant, Gangetic Dolphin.
4. Ans. Himalayan Brown Bear, Wild Asiatic Buffalo, desert Fox and Hornbill.
5. Ans. Andaman Teal, Nicobar Pigeon, Andaman Wild Pig, Mithun in Arunachal
Pradesh.
6. Ans. . Asiatic Cheetah, Pink head Duck
7. Ans. . In 1988, in Odisha the program of joint forest management was first
adopted.
8. Ans. Among the animals, the cheetah, Pink Headed Duck, Mountain Quail,
Forest Spotted Owl etc. And among the plants, wild variety of Mahua
(Madhuca Insignies), a wild species of grass (Hepaneuron) is on the
threatened list.
9. Ans. . Madhya Pradesh
10.Ans. 8 per cent
Short Answers-
1. Ans.
1. Deforestation or cutting of trees affecting the eco system in many ways. It
is responsible for climatic change.
2. It accelerates soil erosion and affects underground flow of water
deforestation.
2. Ans.
1. Afforestation plays a major role in enhancing the quality of environment.
They modify local climate. They influence air temperature and reduce wind
forces.
2. Afforestation helps in controlling soil erosion.
3. It provides natural environment for wild life.
4. Afforestation helps in enhancing the quality of rainfall.
3. Ans.
1. A national Park is relatively a large area where several ecosystems exist
freely and are not disturbed materially by human exploitation and
occupation, and where plants and animal species, aesthetic sites and
habitats are of special scientific, educational and recreational interest.
2. There are 89 National parks in the country. The Corbett national Park in
Uttarakhand.
3. Dudwa National Park in U.P.
4. Ans.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

1. A wildlife sanctuary is like a national park but the difference is that in a


sanctuary certain types of activates might be permitted. Livestock grazing
and collection of forest produce, for instance, may be allowed.
2. In a national park, conservation of species is mostly left to nature, with the
least human activities, but in a sanctuary conservation of species is
affected by manipulative management.
5. Ans.
1. Biosphere Reserves are multipurpose protected areas created to deal with
the issue of conservation of bio-diversity and sustainable use.
2. In a biosphere reserves, local communities, management agencies,
scientists, cultural groups and non government agencies work together to
manage and substantially develop the area resources.
3. Here even agricultural activities are allowed to the local communities and
bonafide employment is provided to them. Tourism is allowed to boost
revenue.
6. Ans.
1. The Himalayan Yew, locally known as the Thuner is a medicinal plant. Its
biological name is Texus wallachiana.
2. It is found in certain parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
3. This wonder plant has a chemical compound taxol which is extracted from
its twigs, roots, bark and needles. This chemical is used to manufacture a
drug which is used to manufacture a drug which is the largest anti-cancer
drug in the world today
4. Over the past 10 years this plant has been over-exploited resulting in
drying up of trees which could have survived and served their use for more
years.
7. Ans.
1. In response to the conservationist’s demand for national wildlife
protection program in 1960s and 1970s, the Indian Wildlife Protection Act
was implemented in 1972.
2. It contained many provisions for protecting habitats. The main focus was
on protecting the remaining population of certain endangered species.
3. For this to be accomplished hunting was banned, legal protection was
given to their habitats and trade in wildlife was restricted.
4. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries was setup.
8. Ans.
1. Reserved Forests: These are the forests which are permanently earmarked
for production of either timber or other forest produce.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

2. Protected Forests: As the name indicates these forests are protected from
further depletion.
3. Unclassed Forests: This consists of inaccessible forests or unoccupied
wastes.
9. Ans.
1. Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the
loss of forests.
2. Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects.
3. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar
Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of
forests.
10 Ans.
1. Mining is important factor behind deforestation.
2. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in west Bengal is seriously threatened by the
ongoing dolomite mining.
3. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the
migration route of several others, including the great Indian Elephant.
Long Answers-
1. Ans.
1. Manu foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest
degrading factors behind the depletion of forests resources are grazing and
fuel wood collection.
2. Though there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact
remain that a substantial part of the fodder demand is met by lopping
rather than by felling entire trees.
3. The forest ecosystems are repositories of some of the country’s most
valuable forest products, minerals and other resources that meet the
demands of the rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy.
4. These protected areas, thus mean different things to different people, and
therein lays the fertile ground for conflicts.
2. Ans.
1. In India Joint Forest Management program furnishes a good example for
involving local communities in the management and restoration of
degraded forests.
2. The program has been in formal existence since 988 when the state of
Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
3. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

protection activities mostly on degraded forest land managed by the forest


department.
4. In return, the members of these communities are entitled to intermediary
benefits like non timber forest produces and share in the timber harvested
by successful protection.
3. Ans.
1. Cutting of the trees in the forests must be stopped. The government has
taken adequate steps in this direction. Forest department has been
created for this purpose. Laws have been implemented to punish the
persons who are found guility of cutting of trees. Awareness among the
people is more important. Without this awareness result cannot be
satisfactory.
2. The people must cooperate to check the feeling of trees. Their active
participation is most important in this regard. Many persons have must
come forward for this task.
3. Necessary wood for industrial purposes and for other activities must be
acquired in a well planned manner, so that industrial growth and
environment protection both can be achieved.
4. Wherever the trees have been cut for any reason, new saplings of trees
must be planted to maintain the ecological balance.
5. Festivals like Vanmahotsava should be celebrated everywhere. It would
help in growing the awareness.
4. Ans.
1. To protect flora and fauna, the Indian wildlife protection Act was
implemented in 1972, with various provisions for protecting habitats.
2. An all–India list of protected species was also published. The thrust of the
program was towards protecting the remaining population of certain
endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their
habitats and restricting trade in wildlife.
3. Central and many stage governments established national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries.
4. The central government announced several projects for protecting specific
animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one
horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodile-
freshwater crocodile, saltwater crocodile and the Gharial, the Asiatic lion,
and others.
5. Most recently, the Indian elephant, black buck, the great Indian bustard
and the snow leopard, etc. have been full or partial legal protection against
hunting and trade throughout India.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

5. Ans.
1. The Mundas and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region worship the mahua
and kadamba tree.
2. The tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees
during auspicious accessions such as weddings.
3. The peepal and banyan tree are considered sacred all over the country.
4. Certain animals such as macaques and langurs are treated as a part of
temple devotees.
5. In Rajasthan nilgai, peocock and chinkara are an important part of the
community and no one can think of harming them
6. Ans.
1. Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya-Save the seed movement
searches, reintroduces, collects, tests, distributes and popularizes every
indigenous variety of mountain crops available.
2. It has also been able to successfully revive the free exchange of seeds
within the community and has proved to be a lifeline of traditional
mountain agriculture.
3. It advocates the discontinuation of the use of chemical dependent seeds
and synthetic chemicals.
4. These measures, they argue, are also economically viable as diversified
crop production in adequate quantities have been achieved.
7. Ans.
1. Colonial forest policies were responsible for depletion of forests, as
enrichment plantation which promoted a few favoured species eliminated
the others.
2. Between 1951 and 1980 large areas of forests were transformed into
agricultural land. It is estimated that more than 26,200 sq. km of forest
area was used for this purpose.
3. Expansion of railways, commercial and scientific forestry, mining activities
and agriculture have contributed toward depletion of flora and fauna.
4. Agricultural practices such as slash and burn popular in the tribal belts
have also contributed towards depletion of flora and fauna.
5. Development projects such as the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya
Pradesh have also led to the loss of forests.
8. Ans.
1. Deforestation and destruction of wildlife is not just a simple problem. It
has other related issues. This biological loss correlates highly with the loss
of cultural diversity.

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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02

2. These losses have had a deep and lasting impact on the forest dependent
communities. These indigenous communities are directly dependent on
forests for their food, medicines, spirituality and other needs. Due to
deforestation these communities have become marginalized and
impoverished.
3. Here again women are more affected than man. In most societies women
shoulder the responsibilities of collection of basic substance needs such as
fuel, fodder, water, etc.
4. Women faces sever drudgery if their resources get depleted or scare and
their health deteriorates as they have to traverse long distances to collect
these resources.
5. Deforestation also leads to floods and drought which hits the economically
backward strata very hard. This includes more poverty.
Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
Explanation: The plants, animals and micro-organisms re-create the quality of the
air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without
which we cannot survive. Thus, we are very much dependent on this system for our
own existence.
2. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Vanishing forests are the major reason for the extinction of
species of animals and plant life. Thus, neglecting our environment has led to
dire consequences.

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