Class - 10 - Social - Science - Geography 2 - Notes - For - Session - 2023 - 24 - Chapter
Class - 10 - Social - Science - Geography 2 - Notes - For - Session - 2023 - 24 - Chapter
Resource Material
For Session 2023-24
Best Notes
CBSE
CLASS 10
Social Science
100% updated Quick Revision,
as per 2023-24 tips, notes &
curriculum. mind maps.
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FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
02
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• The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals,
which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the
Kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles – fresh water crocodile, saltwater
crocodile and the Gharial are some of the animals. Under the Wildlife Act of 1980 and
1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles, and one dragonfly have been added
to the list of protected species.
• The government has also provided partial or full legal protection to animals such as
Indian elephants, black buck, snow leopard etc. to protect them from extinction.
Types of Forests in India
Forests in India are controlled by the Indian Forest Department, which has divided forests
into
• Reserved Forests: In India, more than half of the total forest land has been declared as
reserved forests.
• Protected Forests: Protected forests are protected from any further destruction of
forest cover.
• Unclassed Forests: This class of forests include the forests and wetlands which are
owned by the Government, privately or jointly by communities.
Reserved and protected forests are also known as permanent forest estates. Madhya
Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests.
Biodiversity is the variety of life found on the Earth. An ecosystem which has rich
biodiversity has several species of plants and animals which are closely connected to each
other through biotic and abiotic factors.
Biodiversity helps in boosting the productivity of the ecosystems in which each species plays
an important role. For example, a large number of plant species results in greater varieties
of crops. Similarly, many microorganisms play an important role in biodiversity. They
fertilise the soil and play a role in recycling of many minerals (e.g. carbon) in the
environment. This helps in sustaining and improving human lives.
Conservation of Forests and Wildlife in India
Efforts of the Government towards Protecting Forests and Wildlife in India
• In 1972, the Indian Wildlife Act was passed. In this Act, various provisions were made to
preserve the endangered species of animals by banning hunting, restricting trade in
wildlife and providing legal protection to wildlife habitats.
• As a result, many wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks were established by the state and the Central
Government to preserve the habitat of many wild
animals.
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• Many animals such as tigers, one-horned rhinoceros, saltwater crocodile, black buck and
snow leopard have been give protection against hunting and trading in the country.
• Many conservation projects of the Government are now focusing on the preservation of
biodiversity of the country rather than just protecting certain species of plants and
animals.
Role of Communities towards Conservation
• In India, apart from the Government and
Forest Departments, various communities
have played an important role in conserving
and protecting forests. The Chipko Movement
was an example of communities coming
together to save forests from the reckless
felling by private contractors.
• Sacred groves are an example of the conservation of forests by tribal and village
communities. Many forest areas are considered sacred by these communities, and any
kind of activity or human interference in these patches of forests is banned.
• Similarly, villagers of the five villages in the Alwar district have declared 1,200 hectares
of forests protected and do not allow any kind of interference, hunting or poaching in
the forest area.
• In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the
Wildlife Protection Act.
• Mahua is worshipped by the the Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region while
tamarind and mango are worshipped by the tribes of Odisha and Bihar during weddings.
In Indian Hindu society, peepal trees is considered sacred.
• Blackbuck, peacocks and nilgai are seen as an integral part of the Bishnoi villages in
Rajasthan and aren’t harmed or killed.
• Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya has promoted people to stop using
synthetic chemicals as sufficient crop harvest can be produced even without the use of
chemical fertilizers.
• Joint Forest Management is a programme in India which involves local communities in
the management of forest lands. In this programme, local village communities undertake
management of degraded parts of forests which are managed by the Forest Department.
In return for their help, the communities are allowed to have a share in non-timber and
timber products which are harvested by the joint efforts of the local communities and
the Forest Departments. Odisha was the first state in India to pass the Joint Forest
Management programme.
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice questions-
1. Which one of the following is not considered a sacred tree in India [CBSE 2011]
(a) Peepal
(b) Neem
(c) Banyan
(d) Mango
2. Which one of the following is an example of endemic species? [CBSE 2011]
(a) Nicobar Pigeon
(b) Asiatic Buffalo
(c) Horn Bill
(d) Black buck
3. Periyar Tiger reserve is located in
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Kerala
4. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal has been threatened about the loss of
habitat of many species due to
(a) Industrial development
(b) Agricultural expansion
(c) Port activities
(d) Mining
5. Which one of the following statements is not true with regard to depletion of
flora and fauna?
(a) Land required for housing
(b) Agricultural expansion
(c) Mining activities
(d) Shifting agriculture
6. What was the aim of Chipko movement? [CBSE 2011]
(a) Human rights
(b) Political rights
(c) Agricultural expansion
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2. Protected Forests: As the name indicates these forests are protected from
further depletion.
3. Unclassed Forests: This consists of inaccessible forests or unoccupied
wastes.
9. Ans.
1. Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the
loss of forests.
2. Since 1951, over 5,000 sq km of forest was cleared for river valley projects.
3. Clearing of forests is still continuing with projects like the Narmada Sagar
Project in Madhya Pradesh, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of
forests.
10 Ans.
1. Mining is important factor behind deforestation.
2. The Buxa Tiger Reserve in west Bengal is seriously threatened by the
ongoing dolomite mining.
3. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and blocked the
migration route of several others, including the great Indian Elephant.
Long Answers-
1. Ans.
1. Manu foresters and environmentalists hold the view that the greatest
degrading factors behind the depletion of forests resources are grazing and
fuel wood collection.
2. Though there may be some substance in their argument, yet, the fact
remain that a substantial part of the fodder demand is met by lopping
rather than by felling entire trees.
3. The forest ecosystems are repositories of some of the country’s most
valuable forest products, minerals and other resources that meet the
demands of the rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy.
4. These protected areas, thus mean different things to different people, and
therein lays the fertile ground for conflicts.
2. Ans.
1. In India Joint Forest Management program furnishes a good example for
involving local communities in the management and restoration of
degraded forests.
2. The program has been in formal existence since 988 when the state of
Orissa passed the first resolution for joint forest management.
3. JFM depends on the formation of local (village) institutions that undertake
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5. Ans.
1. The Mundas and the Santhals of Chhota Nagpur region worship the mahua
and kadamba tree.
2. The tribals of Orissa and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango trees
during auspicious accessions such as weddings.
3. The peepal and banyan tree are considered sacred all over the country.
4. Certain animals such as macaques and langurs are treated as a part of
temple devotees.
5. In Rajasthan nilgai, peocock and chinkara are an important part of the
community and no one can think of harming them
6. Ans.
1. Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya-Save the seed movement
searches, reintroduces, collects, tests, distributes and popularizes every
indigenous variety of mountain crops available.
2. It has also been able to successfully revive the free exchange of seeds
within the community and has proved to be a lifeline of traditional
mountain agriculture.
3. It advocates the discontinuation of the use of chemical dependent seeds
and synthetic chemicals.
4. These measures, they argue, are also economically viable as diversified
crop production in adequate quantities have been achieved.
7. Ans.
1. Colonial forest policies were responsible for depletion of forests, as
enrichment plantation which promoted a few favoured species eliminated
the others.
2. Between 1951 and 1980 large areas of forests were transformed into
agricultural land. It is estimated that more than 26,200 sq. km of forest
area was used for this purpose.
3. Expansion of railways, commercial and scientific forestry, mining activities
and agriculture have contributed toward depletion of flora and fauna.
4. Agricultural practices such as slash and burn popular in the tribal belts
have also contributed towards depletion of flora and fauna.
5. Development projects such as the Narmada Sagar Project in Madhya
Pradesh have also led to the loss of forests.
8. Ans.
1. Deforestation and destruction of wildlife is not just a simple problem. It
has other related issues. This biological loss correlates highly with the loss
of cultural diversity.
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2. These losses have had a deep and lasting impact on the forest dependent
communities. These indigenous communities are directly dependent on
forests for their food, medicines, spirituality and other needs. Due to
deforestation these communities have become marginalized and
impoverished.
3. Here again women are more affected than man. In most societies women
shoulder the responsibilities of collection of basic substance needs such as
fuel, fodder, water, etc.
4. Women faces sever drudgery if their resources get depleted or scare and
their health deteriorates as they have to traverse long distances to collect
these resources.
5. Deforestation also leads to floods and drought which hits the economically
backward strata very hard. This includes more poverty.
Assertion and Reason Answers-
1. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
Explanation: The plants, animals and micro-organisms re-create the quality of the
air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil that produces our food without
which we cannot survive. Thus, we are very much dependent on this system for our
own existence.
2. a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
Explanation: Vanishing forests are the major reason for the extinction of
species of animals and plant life. Thus, neglecting our environment has led to
dire consequences.
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