University of Cambridge

Local Examinations Syndicate

DATA BOOKLET
for
v
CHEMISTRY MODULES (482A-4827 and 4846)
(Advanced Supplementary and Advanced Level)

cHEMTSTRY (9254)
(Advanced Levet and Higher School Certificate)
il cHEMISTRY (8405)
(Advanced Supplementary)

CAf,IBRIDEE isili-
iT0DULAR Ii"=T
I fiuEG t.*"tv''{++F
For usg'ii,'all papers for the above syllabuses/m'odules, except pradir:al examinations, after January 1995

'&.
 T:ABLES i}} CHEIJIICAL DATA

standards
lmportant values' constants and
R. = 8.31 J K'rnol-t
molar gas constant
F = 9.65 x 100 C
rnol-t
the FaradaY conslant
the Avogadro constant
t = 6.02 x 104
nrol-t

'tl =6.93x losJs

the Planck @nstanl
=3O0x 10sms-t
speed ol light in a vacuum ..'
fr, = 1.67x tO-nkg
rest mass ol Proton, ln :

mn = 1.67x t0-u kg
rest mass ol n€utron, l"
ma = 9.11 x 1O-3tkg
rest mass ol electron, -le
e =-1.60x 1dt'C
electronic charge
at s.t.P.
vm =.22.4dm3 mol-t
molar volume of gas under room conditions '
\1 = aa drn3mol-l

(where s.t.p. is expressed as 101

kPa' approximately' ard273 K (0"C))

water K
"w = 1.00 x 1O-1o
rnol?dm*
ionic product ot
i;;;, K [2s"c])
t
water =l'18-kJ kg Kt
specific heat capacity ol
(=4.18 Jg-tKt)
 lonlsatkln energles (tst, 2nd, 3rd ard ,0th) ot selec{ed elements, ln kJ moFr
Proton
nurnber Firsl Second Third Fourth
H 1 1310
He 2 2370 5250 - :
Li 3 519 7300 1 1800
B€ 4 900 1760 14800 21000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25000
c 6 1090 2350 46't0 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
o 18 1310 a390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 daro
NE 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
zNa 11 494 ,[560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7:740 10500
AI 13 577 1820 2740 1 1600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 €60
P 15 1060 1900 2924 4960
s 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
ct 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7'110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V L' 649 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 .653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400
,Go 27 757 1640 3230 51 00
-Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Gu 29 745 1960 3350 5690
'
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390
Br 35 1 140 2080 3460 4850
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 ,
5440 -
Sn 50 707 1410 '2940 3930
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Ba 55 502 966 3390
Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080

..r '''vt
Standard eleclrode and redox polenilats, e'e at 2ggK (2S.C)
For ease ol reference, two tabulations are given:

(a) an extended list in alphabeticatorder:

(b) a shorter list in decreasing order of magnituoe, ie a redox series.
(a) Er in atphabticat order
Eleclrode reaction g-^rv
+ Loda'r ov# +iace
uq *W$q [r{t
rs
Ag'+e* As +0.80
oriztu ctatc.
Af+3e <* AI
sviltu*j 4
-1.66
.r ox$'ul
Ba2'+ ze- Ba -2.90
Br"+2{ 2Br +1.07
Caz. +Ze- <* 0a -2.87
C\+ze T- 2Cr +1.36
l

2HOCI + ZH' + Ze- <+ ct+ 2Hp +1.64

cot'+ 2e- Co -.0.28
^3+ +
Co- cot' +1.82
[Co(NH.).J?'+ 2e- Co + 6NH. 4.43
cr" +ze- Cr {.91
Cr} + 3e- Cr 4.74
Cr$ + e- cr" -{.41
Ar"Ol + 14H'+ 6€- ZCr$+ 7Hp +1.33
Cu" + e- Cu +0.52
cuz'+ 2e Gu +0.34
cuz'+ g- Cu' +0.15
[Cu(NHr)olz'+ 2e- r* Cu + 4NH.
-0.05
Fr+2e- E* 2{ +2.87
Fe't + ze- Fe 4.44
Fet* + 3e- Fe
-0.04
_3+ *2+
Fe +e he +Al7
[Fe(CN)rJ] + e- :* tFe(CN)Ja- +0.36
Fe(OH).+ e- Fe(OH)r+ OH- -o.56
2H" +2e- H. 0.00
lr+ 2e 2t- +0.54
K. + e- t*.r K
'2.92
Li'+ e- Li
-3.04

3
 Electode reaclion fu
Mg?'+ 2e-
-=+ Mg -2.38
:

Mn2'+ 2e- <--' Mn '

-1.18 I

Mn$+ e- <-- lrlnt' +1.49 I

MnOr+ 4H' + 2e- {- Mnz'+ 2H.O +1.23

MnO. + e- =-* MnOl +0.56
MnO. + 4H'+ 3e- +1.67
MnO. + 8H'+ 5d <-^ Mnz'+ 4H.O +1,52
NO, + 2H'+ e- F-. NO.+ Hp +0-81
NO. + 3H'+ 2e- +0.94
NOI+ 10H'+8e- +0.87
Na'+ e- -2.71
Ni2'+ 2e- -0.25
[Ni(NH.)rt2'+ 2e- S{'+ 6NH. -0.51
H.% * 2H' + 2e- 2\q +1.77

Q+ 4H'+ 4e- F.- zHzO +1.23

O.+ 2HrO + 4e- r-^ 4OH- +0.40
Or+2H'+Ze- HrO, +0.68
ZH.-O +2e-
-: Hr+ 2OH- {.83
pba'+ze-
-o.13
Pbt+ 2e- +1.69
PbQ + 4H' + 2e- Pb2'+ 2HrO +1.47
SOf+4H'+2e- --"' SQ+2H.O +0.17
SrOf,+ 2e =====+ 2So:- +2.01
S.Of,+ 2e- +0.09
snt'+2e- -:+ sn 4.14
sno'+ 2e- Snt' +0.15
\f'+Ze- -* V
-1.2
f*e- V2'
-0.26
voi* 2H'+ e- +0.34
VO]+ 2H'+ e- VO?+ HrO + i.00
VO]+ 4H'+ e- - VO2'+ zHrO +1.00
znz'+ze- zn -0.76
All ionic states refer to aqueous ions but other state syrnbols have been omitted.
 ,'f

(b) f in decreasing order ot oxidising Wwer

{see also the extended alphabetic list on page g)
,.
. t
tvq f,a,r ;t"\
Electrode reaclion eolv
Fr+2e- 2F- r' +2.87
l'
SrOi+
"_ 2e 2so:- ' +2.01
HrQ* 2H'+2e- ''
2H2O "t' +1.77
MnO. + 8H'+ 5e- Er-i Mn"+ ctqo +1.52'
Pb%* 4H'+ 2e- Pb?'+ gH;O +1.47
Cl+ 2e 2Cr +1.36
--
CrrOf + 14H'+ 6e- r=
rr. tl

2Cr&+7,Hp +1.33
Br"+2e- <r 2Br-
rt';-i'l
+1.O7
NO.+2H'+e- NQ+ HrO +0.81
-==
A€ +0.80
Fe21 ,., ,
+0.77
2l- :,.rr. +0.54
4911' '-; ' ': +0.40
'':.'
cu ,,.:, +0.34
sn2' +0.15
SQ+ 2HrO +0.'17
2S.Of,: r", +0.09
H. 0.00
!,. i

Pb .';:-:: -0.13
Sn. -o.14
\_/ Fe
t,..!.
4.44
Zn: -o.76
Mg
-2.38
Ca. -2.87
K
'2-92

i
;l
1.r. '
it
I
Bond energtes
f'I
i' (a) Diatomb n:ntecutes
i,
iiia Bond
:
H_H
rD !'
N-N
O-O
F-F
crcr
Br--8r, ,

I-I
l{-F'
F[-{t .

H-Br
H-I
(b) Polyatomicmoteates
Bond

c--c ,
fa
lv-\,
-/
A-A
v-v
Q'-$ (!962sns;
H{
Hl
a'
.

C-Br
c-I :.!.
c-o 360 'i11:

C:N
':!i
I
610
C-N 890
tnl '

. c--o 360 .r;l:.

C==O ' 740
rH{ 390
*i
l\-/

N_N 160
N:N 4{0 i.lf i

o--H 460
o-o 150
SrcI 359 )l
SH{ 320
src 4'14
si-si 2n
s-ct 250
s-+r 347
s-s 264

6
 Atomb and bntc radlt
(a) Perbd 3
alomictnm ionic/nm
metallic NA ,g.lsg, Na' 0.095
Mg 0.160 Mgt' 0.065
AI 0.1€ Af 0.050
single covalent sa 0.117 si" 0.041
P 0.110 P3- o.2lz
s 0.104 sF 0.i84
ct 0.099 cr 0.181
van der Waals Ar 0.192
(b) Group ll _____
metallic
\\
Be 4.112 Be* 0.031
Mg 0.160 Mg* o.o6s
Ca 0.197 ca?' o.ogg
Sr 0.215 sf. 0.110
N-, Ba 0.217 Ba2* 0.1g5
Ra 0.220 Ra& o.t4o
Group lV
single covalent c 0.077
si 0.f i7 Sio' 0.041
Ge 0.122 Ge" o.og3
metallic Sn 0.162 sn2' 0.112
Pb 0.175 Pbt' 0.120
(d) Group Vil
single covalenl F 0.072 F 0.136
ct 0.099 ci- 0.181
Br 0.114 Bi 0.195
t 0.133 I- 0.216
AI 0.140
(e) First nwtransitbn elements
single covalent Sc 0.1U sc3' o.ogl
Ti 0.132 Ti2' 0.090
V 0.122 f' o.ot4
Cr 0.117 cr* o.oa9
Mn 0.117 Mnt' o.ogo
Fe 0.116 Fe2' 0.076
Fe* o.o&t
Co 0.116 cot' o.o7g
Ni 0.115 Nf' 0.078
Cu 0.117 cuz' 0.069
7n 0.125 znt' 0.074

4_
 SPECTROSCOPY OPTION

.
. ·•,.

Characteristic. values for Infrared absors>tloh (due¥·to stretching vibrations In organic

-_ ("\ -�}

molecules)
;l'

Characteristic ranges
Wavenumber
,· (reciprocal wavelength)
Bond /cm·1
C-Cl 700 to 800
C-0 alcohols, ethers, esters 1000 to 1300
C=C 1610 to 1680
C=O -alde'hydes, ketones, acids, esters 1680 to 1750
C=C ·.c··. 2070 to 2250
C==N ,:,(
·2200 to 2280
0-H 'hydrogen-bonded' in acids 2500 to 3300
C-H alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 to 3095
0-H 'hydrogen-b<;mded' in alcohols, phenols. 3230 to 3550
N-H primary amines ..:,;_ 3350· to 3500
0-H 'free' 3580 to 3670

f' _,,;

..
.,
,·
I

-· · __ ___
.. ·-----· ---- ··--- ·"'_ . - ·-· -------- ..........
 ,-

Typical proton chemical shift values (o) relative to T.M.S.:::O ·

Type of proton Chef!lic,al shift (ppm)

r-1
R-CH3 0;9

R-CH2-R _, 1.3

R3CH 2.0
t.

.... ':
R • CH3
'\./ - 2.1
C
" .
.. ;

R-C� 2.6

R-CH2-Hal 3.2-3.7

R-O-CH3 - 3.8
R--0--H 4.S-

RHC=CH2 4.9
RHC==CH2 ,, 5.9
�
--- --- -- . -··· - ·1
i

.9.r

0
-/
R-C
- "
0-H
·Sensitive to solvent, substituents, concentration
,..
'

9
;
·
•

.... ·,-�.....-.......... ••.·· -;·:· :· :• _.. ,............ .. .

·•
• ..,., •• ,._ ;, ••�• ,r ••-,<'�•.•�•
.,,.. _.· .
 Group

I ll il IV V VI vil 0
4.0

H;

6.9 9.O r0.8 12.0 r 4.0 r6.o 19.0 n.2

Ll. Be B c N o F Ne
3 5 6 7 I 9 r0

7J.O 21-3 ?7.O 29.1 3r.0 32.1 35.5 39.9

Na Mg AT SI P S cl Ar
t1 12 't3 t.l 't5 r8 t7 t8
ar.r 40.1 .5.0 17.9 50.9 5?.0 5a.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.a 89.7 72;6 71.9 79.0 7!3 83.8

K Ca Sc TI v Cr Mn Fe ca- NI Cu Zn Ge Ge As S€ Br Kr
t0 a 2l n 21 25 26 27 2A 29 3o 3r 32 33 v 35 30
"2
85.5 87.8 88.9 0t.? 9.9 95.9 r0t 103 r06 r@ 112 il5 il9 14, r28 t27 t3t
o Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag cd In Sn sb Te t Xe
37 38 39 40 6t 1? 43 u 45 46 17 a8 49 50 5r 5a 53 g
r3:t 137 La t78 t8t 1U r06 t90 192 r95 r97 20r 204 &7 ?09

Ca Ba lo Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI. Pb BI Po AI Rn
srt 58 Lu 72 73 71 75 le 77 76 79 8t) 8l 0i! 83 94 85 86

Ac
Ft Ra lo

67 88 Lr

r39 t40 14t 1U t50 t5? 157 r59 163 165 'r67 169 t?3 r75

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb LU
57 58 50 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 58 60 m 7'l

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm BK cf Es Fm Md No k
89 oot 9l s2 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 tm l0t r02 r03

l- . I a-rcltdvelloftic ma!.
x"v It x lr-*..* b. proron (eromtc, nunbet
I I

I
_._.-.+____.-=.
I
 T

TABLE I: COWURS OF SOLIDS

COWUR SOLID

Black C·> CoO; CuO; Fe 3o4; MnO2; NiO;

CoS; CuS; FeS; HgS; NiS;

Blue Anhydrous Co(U) salt; hydrated Cu(II) salts

� t:

Brown

Green 2CuCO3.tu(OH)i; Cr2o3; NiCO3; hydrated CuCl2 ;

hydrated Cr(III) salts; hydrated Fe(l1) salts (pale); hydrated Ni(Il) salts

Orange

Pink hydrated Co(li) salts; _hydrated Mn(II) salts

Purple/Viole t Cr(IIJ) alums {deep); Fe(III) alum (pale)

Red A g2Cr0 4 ; Ag2Cr 2O7; Cu2 O; H gO: Hgt2; Pb 3O4

Yellow AgBr; Ag l; Ag3P0 4 ; CdS; SnS2; S· PbO;

K2 CrO4; PbCr04 ; BaCr04; Fec2 o4
r
 TABLE II: COWURS OF SOLlITIONS

COWUR IONS PROBABLY PRESENT

Blue

Brown 1 (i.e . concentrate d solution of 1 in aqueous 1-); Fe 3+ (concentrated solution)

3 2

Green Cu2 + (concentrated CuCt solution); Cr 3+ ; Ni2 ;

+
Fe 2+ (pale); Cr(QH)�-
2

Orange Cr 20i-; aqueous Br 2 (concentrated solution) I \.__,/

Pink Co 2+ ; MnO4 (dilute solution); Mn2 +

:,
L
Purple/Violet Cr 3 (concentrated solution); MnO4
+

Yellow Fe 3+ (dilute solution); Croi-; 13 (dilute solution of 12 in aque ous 1-); i

aqueous Br2 ( dilute solution); aqueous CI2 ! ; ..
l

! . . ..
 Studentr rro rdvircd to u!. thc followlng trbh wlth crrc u ob*rvrdonr mry yrry rcordng to
cxperlnrentd condldonr, crpocidly ln cucr of mlxturer of rub*rnocr-

T BLE trI: ACTX)N OF HEAI ON SOLIDS

OBSERVATx)N INFERENCE

(D vapo[r c firmcl r:volvcd htor veporr from

G) #orf;r* condenres on coolerpart of (t) wet rolid or hydntcd relt
tc$ tubo (tl) hydroxtdcr excopt thor of K+,Na+
(l[) edd relt or badc rdt
o) colourlc', o$\1r",* ,$#m "
Oxypnfrun
glowlngrpltnt Q) oxtdc belowCu in E. C- S.
([) KNO3,NTNO3
(is) crci,BroJ,ro3
Ov)--llnoi
(t erfl7
(vt)*pcroxide

(e) colourlcrs, odourles, t rmc [tf,;' CO,' from

weter chdky (l) €O{'cxcopt thoe of K+,Nrt
\nF, *r'..tr^
(ir) KHco3,NficCI3
(d) colourleg. smcll of emmsrie NH3 frun emrnsrlum lelt

(c) colourles, bumr with a non-snroky

(l) CH3COCH3 from CH3 COO-

fhme (ll) Co frunc2of;

r..' ""t' !"'}
(f) 'pungont, firmcr in dr Hydrogc,n hrlldc from hydrrtod relt of hdldc

G) whitc choklng fumo SO2 frun

0)+soii-
0i) s4- 5.'.i,'2.;,

(il) s4- s"i i"";i'

0D w3- 1!* <--^ilrorr
(h) yellowlrecn,Fxrgent Cl2 from

0) Cl. with rn oddidng rgpnt

(il) cucl2

0) brown grr, pungent NO2 from nltrrtar exept thcc of K+; Nr+; NHf,

s) redirosn Fr,ptmgcnt Br2 frorn

,

0) Br- wtth rn oddldng rpnt

([) CuBr2

I
 OBSERVATION INFERENCE

C) purplc vrpour 12 from

(i) free 12
(tt) I- with an oxidiring agent
(rii) to]
it'-\.,,*!
$flhrt)a ftrmcd on coolcr prrt of tert
tubc
(r) whlta ammonlum calt

o) purplbh-bleck 12 from
(i) frce 12 -
(li) I- *'ith rn oxldiring agent
(rii) roJ

(m) Sdial chrnfF colour

g bluc to bleck ro jy,r'\gLo{. formation of CuO from Cu(lI) compound

(b) blue to white formation of anhydrous CuQl) compoundr frqn

hydrated Cu(II) compound

brown to yellow q\ "'iq' '' ( r' .1 formetion of PbO from PbO2

J4
(d) grcon to blrck formation of CuO or NiO from Cu(II) or
Ni(If) compound

(o) pab grcon to brown formation of Fe2O3 from ironQl) compound

(f) orm8c to grecn formation of Cr2O3 from'Cr2O]-

G) plnk to blue to black formation of CoO from hydrated CdlI) comPound

c) prh phk to blsck forrnation of MnO2 from manganeseQl) compound

rod to yallow formation of PbO fromPb3O4

.rt
v whltc to yollorr formstion of PtrO from Pb(II) compound

q) whlto to yollow but tumr to whitc ut formation of ZnO from zinc compound
./ coollng

0) rAlto to ctrerry redduc Orgrnic conpourrd

t03
 TABLE Vt: IDENTIFICATION OF GASES AND VAPOURS

GasorVapour Colour Odour Action on c""firi:$FF;t,

libnus {..} to bt*e
t
_./ NH3 colourless choking, alkaline Forms dense white fnmes with HC'l gar.
characteristic

I
i - coz colourless none slightly
acidic
Tums lime-water chalky.

, HCI colourless, pun8ent, acidic Forms dense white fumes withNH3 gas;
r HBr forms white choking HBr is usually accompanied by reddish-
HI fumes in moist brown bromine, and HI by black iodine
air or violet vapour.
,,/ Clz yellowish- choking acidic, then Tums moist starch-iodide paper blue-
Sreen characteristic bleaches
I.) violet, conden- pungent neutral Tums filter paper soaked in slarch solu-
sing to black tion dark-blue.
crystals

./ Btz reddishSrown, choking Tums fluorescein paper fiom yellow to

condensing to rose-pink. Forms yellow-orangp aqueorr
a reddishtrown solution which becomes colourless on
liquid addition of aqueous NaOH-
cfi2c'ry reddishirown, pungent Forms yellovr-orange aqueous solution
fumes in air which renains yellow on addition of
and condenses aqueou3 NaOH.
to a red liquid
Noz reddish$rown pungent Forms colourless aqueous solution
remaining colourless st addition of
aqueous NaOH.
:NO colourless, Forms a dark-brown solution when
turning red- bubbled into aqueous FeSO4.
brown qr
exposure to
air
,, so2 colourless pungent, acidic Turns acidified dichromate(Vl) paper
characteristic from orange to blueareen-
.. -H2S colourless characteristic slidttly Tums moist lead(Il) ethanoate paper
bad egg srrrll acidic black-
'02 colourless odourless neutral lgrrites a glowing splint.

.. Hz colourles* odourless neutral Ignites with a'poy' sound,burnswith a

paleSlue {lame-
--eo colourless odourless neutral Bums with a blue flame-
N2 colourless odourless neutral
Hzo colourless, odourless neutrrl Turns anhydrous cobalt clrlodde paper
curdensing from blue to pink, and mhydrous
to a colour- copper$I) nrlphate b!ue.
less liquid
Note: (i) HCl, lIBr, HI and Cl2 all give white fumes of NH4X with amrnonia:
HX+Nlt3*NH4X (X=Cl,Br,I)
3Clt+8NH3-N2*6NH4C;
;\ (ii) There is no confirmatory test for nitrogen. It extinguishes a lighted splint but so do a number of
otlrer gases,
llo

'\
L,-\,-..,
{r
\r !1,'. ("i\"i !

'Y..-rI , r f ,\
t, . i t.,^ /.ct J

'('"tof
" -'- -*:] i !,"(, --+ .tii,.Hii,\it,,-i
{-

TAILE W: REACTKTNS OF CATPNS WITH COMMON R.EJTCENTS

H2S to H2S to H2S to

NrOH I.{83(r) |9@r rcubl rsldified dkrline KI Ottcr Rrapn6
\""' ,\$'* \t lolution rolution solution
\-

Crtion\ ot
(NHa)*S
N$'!L\
+
Pb2 wNto ppt wiltc ppt whitc ppt blrck ppt black ppt black ppl yellow ppt (i) K2COa; yellow ppt soluble h HNO3
solublc in insolublo lnsoluble soluble on (ii) HCI : white ppt soluble on boiling
cxo?s in excors h cxces boiling (iii) H2SO4 : white ppt
(lv) NIOCI : brown ppt

ArL- browo ppt brown ppt yellow ppt blrck ppt blrck ppt blrck ppt yellow ppt (i) K2COa: reddish brown ppt solublc in NH3
rolublo ln insoluble in and HNO3
cxcegt NHr (ii) HCI : whitr ppt turning grey on expcure
io tight

cu2* bluo ppt bluc ppt bluo ppt black ppt black ppt bkck ppt brown sus. (i) KaFe(CN)5: reddish-brown ppt
t turnr blsck
on boilhg
soluble
?x clrr to
il turnr black
on boiling
pcnsion; turns
to white ppt
(ii) NH4SCN : black ppt turning white with SO
,
j

form dcep on sddhg

bluo olutibn No2S203

Al3+ whjt? ppt whit? ppt whito ppt whitc ppt (i) NarHPO4 i 'xhite ppt soluble in mrnerrl acids
soluble in insolublo in soluble in (ii) CH3COONai white ppt on boiling with.excess reageot
excegt NH4C!. exgegg (iii) Aluminon reagenl: red ppt ,/'

cr3+ bluc4reen Srey-g'een blue-green Srey-lteen (i) Na2HPOa : gr€cn ppt soluble in mineral acids
ppt soluble ppt soluble , Ppt ppt (ii) NaOH + H2Or : On boiling gves yellow solution,
in exces in ex cesytto' acidifying witlr CH3COOH, then
form pink adding Pb(NO3)2 givss yello\r, ppt
solution

- -te'l+ (i) KaFe(CN)5 : deep blue ppt

redd isir- redd ish. rcddkh. yellow ycllow bhck ppt brown solu.
brlown ppt brown ppt brown ppt depcit of dcposit of tion or ppt (ii) NH4SCN : deep red colorrtion
s s (iii) CH3COONT: rcddish-brown coloration, on boiling
I
reddirh.brown ppt
nl
 ,vuu,.u,·v•V"•• ..,,,, .

(
•.•··•-� ... . . ..,

H2Sto H 2S to H2 S to
NaOH NH3(aq) Na2C03 neutral acidified alkaline Kl Other Rearents
solution solution solution
n or
(NH4)xS
� ,,,

v Fr 2 • dirty1trecn di rry1trecn pale11reen black pp! K 3 Fe(CN)6: deep blue ppt

-· pp! ppl soluble pp!
in NH4CI

I/ Ni 2 • �reen ppl �reen ppl �reen ppl black ppl black ppt Dimethylglyoxime + NH3:-red ppt
✓
, soluble in
excess and
NH4CI

Mn 2 • white ppl white ppl buff ppt buff pp! (i) Pb0 2 + cone. HN03 :on boiling, violet red coloration
,urns to tums to (il) NaBiO3 + dil. HN03 : on shabng, violet red ..:oloralion
�/
brown brown (iti) K 2s208 /AgNO3 :on boilins, violet red coloration

.....,.

\
7.n 2 • white ppt white ppt white ppl w hite ppt while PPI (i) N1 2 HP04 + NH4C l:white ppl
soluble in soluble in ', insoluble (ii) K4Fe(CN)6 : whJt� ppt
excess excess and in excess (Iii) Rinmann's Test :Jreen ash
NH4Cl

c,2 ♦ whits ppl white ppt (i) (NH4)2c o4 :white ppt insoluble in CH3COOH
2
, but soluble in HCI; HN03
/ (ii) Saturated C.S04: no ppt
(iii) Flame test : brick red
...

.,,-� a,2♦ faJTII While

ppt or
cloudine15
white ppt (I) (NH4)2c2o4 : white ppt ,olubie in hot CH3COOH and HCI, HN0 .1
(ii) K 2cr04 : yellow ppt insoluble in CH3CO('H
but soluble In HCI, HN0 3
(iii) Saturated CaS04: white ppt
(iv) Flame test : apple gmn

M12♦ white ppl white ppt whJte ppt (i)!'<•2HP0 4 + NH 4CI+ NH3:while ppt
1
'
soluble in soluble in (ii) Magncson reasent + NaOH :blue coloration or ppt
. NH4CI NH4Cl

J
_ _..,/
-�-�-=--�
'
��"--·· 7
:··: ..-.-L.";'�·-i::-...;.::.;, ke:·--·� :.:+
:-
- s�-"--'"-.
· x:..._,.,_._....,,.
....... ··
-=--a-�..
:e
n= ·
 TABLE Y; REACTIONS OF ANIONS WITH COMMON REAGENTS

Di!. HO or OU. Cone, H2 so 4 e.a2 or AJN03 FeCl3 Pb(N03)z or Other Rea11ent1

HzS04 lb(N03): Pb(CH3COO)z
�-

with co�·
co5· CO2 CO2 white ppt yellow ppt red-brown pp! white ppt (iii) M1SO 4: co�- Jives a White ppt
/
,,./
and 1oluble in soluble in : HCOj g1...,, , whi� ppt on b<1ling
HC0 3 HCI, HN0 3 HN03

s2- H2S H2 S + S
, v··,.
black pp! black ppt black ppt (i) Acidified KMn04: decolouriled with S deposited

/
/
J
<'· o
(U) Ac:idlfiedK2Cr2 7 : turned JTOCn with S deposited
(ill) Na Fe(CN)5N0/Na0H: pvrple color1tion
2

white ppt
so5· so 2 S0 2 white pp!
soluble in
red-brown whlte ppt (i) Acidified KMn04: decolourilod
,/ soluble in (ti) Ac:idifiod K 2cr207: turned cn,en
' \s exce11 coloration
../
'' r HCl,HN0 3 or ppt (ill) 12 solution: doe<>louriled
�.I!
s05· ,olution

S205· so2 • s S02 + S white ppt white ppt transient white ppt (I) 1 2 solution: dee<>louriled
from cone, turns yellow, violet colo- tum, black on (il) Ammonium molybdate + co11c. H2 so4 : blue ring
solution, brown then ration boiling
/ -·r '>
black. Wnlte
'':·"\�\-,, :
ppt soluble in
HN03 and
excess s,05·
solution

,, N02 colourle" ga1

(N0)tumin&
N02 white ppt
,oluble in
red-brown
coloration
pale yellow
ppt
(i) Acidified KMn04: decolouriled
(ii) Acidified K2Cr207: tuniod ireen
/ brown (N02 ) HN03,NH3 or ppt (W) Oovarcla'1 .Uoy+ N10H: NH3 evolved
(iv) Acldlnod Kl: brown e<>loration or ppt of 12

. , .OCI"-· Cl :z Cl, white ppt red-brown ppt dark brown ppt (i) Kl: b rown e<>loration or ppt of 12
darken on boilin& (ii) Co(N03)2: black ppt on warming
on rtandin&

CH coo· CH3COOH CH3COOH white ppt red-brown c

(!) 2 H50H+ cone, H2 S04 : fnllt)' odour
✓
v 3 on wanninJ from e<>nc, color1tion on (IJ) Action of heat on iolid : CH3COCH3 evolved
,olution1 boilin1 brown
ppt
 e
-n
{

TABLE V: REACTIONS OF ANIONS wlTH COMMON REAGENTS

\ Reagent
Dil, HCI or Conc, H2SO4 BrCl2 or leN0r FeCl3 Pb(NO3)2 or Other Reagents
rnioN Dit, H2so4 Ba(NO3)2 Pb(cH3coob
- white ppt whito ppt
so: white ppi
/
insolubla in from very
HCt, HNOS conc. soln.

,.ed: white ppt yatto* p/ ycllowish white white ppt (i) Ammonium molybdate(s) + HNO3 ; yellow ppt
- soluble in soluble in ppt soluble in soluble h (ii) Magnesia mixture : white PPt
Hro]:"'
mineral acids HNO3 Nrrl nrineral acids mineral acids (iii) CaCIZ : white ppt

'-eflz{-, yellow ppt yollow ppt (i) Solid + NaCl(s) + conc. HrSO4 : CrO2Cl2 (red vapour)
orange . orlulgp.red reddishSrown
solution. solution soluble in ppt soluble in soluble in (ii) H2so4 + H?o2 I deep blue solution
'Qr7,4='
ot Ct2Ai' or cr2ol' HCl, HNOI HN03, NHI HNO3,NaOH; (iii) C2HSOH + HZSOa I aerid odour of CH3CHO on warming
ss with crO!- with crol- insoluble in insoluble in (iv) Acidified Kt : brown soluUon or pPt
cH3cooH cH3cooH

c.ol- so[d on widte ppt whrte ppt whits ppt (i) CaCl2 + aq, NH3 : white ppt
heating: solublp in soluble in (ii) Aci{ified KMnO4 ; decolourised on warming
CO + COt HCI; HNO, HNOI, NH3

HCOO- HCOOH on solid on white ppt rcd colora!ion, (i) CZHSOH + conc, H?SOc : fruitY odour
warming heating: CO turning black on boiling (ij) HgClr : white ppt on warming, with excess HCOO-
brown ppt " solution, white ppr !urns greY

'€6H5€eo-- white ppt white ppt white ppt buff ppt white ppt (i) CZH5OH + conc, H2SO4 : fruity odour
of of soluble on (ii) Sodo lime : C6H6 evolved on heating
c6H5cooH c6HscooH heating and
in NH3
 TABLE V: REACTIONS OF ANIONS WITH COMMON REAGENTS

N'
.r' cl-
til, HCI or
Dit, H2so4
Conc, H2SO4

HCr
BrCl" or
Ba(NO3)2
AgNO3

white ppt
FeCl3 Pb(NO3)2 or
Pb(CHsCooh

white ppt
Other Reagent

(i) Solid + MnO2(s) + conc. H2SO4 : Clr evolved

soluble in soluble on (ii) Solid + K2CrrOT(s) + conc H2SO4 : CrO2Cl. (red vapour)
NH: boilirg

Br- HBr + 8,2 pale yeUow 'white ppt (i) Solid + Mn02(s) + conc, H2SO4 : B12 evolved
pPt sparinSly soluble on (ii) HCI + NaOCI + CCl4 : red ornnp CCl4 layer
soluble in boiling
NH:

t- HI +12 yellow ppt brown oole yellowppt (i) CuSO4 : brown srspension
+ SO2 + H:S insoluble in coloration soluble on (ii) cl2 water + CCl4 : violet CCl4 layer
NHI or ppt boiling. On (in) CH3COOH + NaNOZ : brown coloration or ppt
cooling golden (iv) t1tg,, ; red PPt
yellow spangles
I
NO; HNO3, on (i) Devarda's sUoy + NsOH ; NH3 evolved on wanning
heating NO2 (ii) FcSOa + conc. H2SO4 : brown ring

-clo{_ ClO2 (sreen- (i) NaNO2 : wrrming iver Cl-;test with AeNO3
yellow) (ii) Aciditicd KI : brown solution or ppt

-8roj- Br2 + 02 white ppt (i) NaNO2 ; warming glves Br' ;test AgNO3
yeUow solution soluble in (ii) Acidifiod KI : brown solution or ppt
NHr (iii) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 t CCl4 : rcd CCl4 layer

-,€t- l2 evolvcd in white ppt whi& ppt (i) Acidificd Kl : brown solution or.ppt
presence of soluble in (ii) Na2SO3 + H2SO4 + CCl4 : violet CCl4 layer
Fe2+ or NH3
other reducing
aSent