Chapter 5 Developmental Biology RE Section A: Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction, Sémpetence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development Section 8: Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, ‘embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, ‘establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination. nesis and organogenesis In animals : Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern ermation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick: organogenss = vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, Ye lens induction, limb developmentand regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of vrrrons, post embryonic. development: larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development: sex determination. s: Organization of shoot and root apical transition to flowering, Section ¢: Morphose ‘and organogenesis in plants leaf development and phyllotaxy: in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum Morphogenesis hoot and root developments loral development ‘aging and senescence section D: meristem: S floral meristems and fl Section E: programmed cell death, Scanned with CamScanner(220283301 LL0C INN zfe{ztete}-|e}yfete|-|r{el[r}sfzfz £ ulna liG the} -|rir{tr}-|-|rietrt ela [ed ie.) e{rj-|[ri[z}oi|e}zelele{e{rl{rfz ules eee eee ee | eee |e efr}riririzizir|-|rizcietets |e} r{ rir - EPENIMEN UA oPEIIon ene Ache clans Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER Developmental 4 : | j econ Homeotie genes are responsible f (0&¢ 2007) or (osc 2022 {GrDevelopment of anatomical structures 8 With respect to development of any ‘oroaiey ee ence ee ate en eat ee {@) Cell cycle regulation of development? (a) Adaptation to stress Un Reuive (2) yey. 0 osaie (4) Detntive 2. Homeotic genes are responsible for co (vec 2013) (2) Maintaining gaps in segments 9. With respect to development of any orgenism, (2) Provide gradient for anterior poster ‘conditional specification” would result in which type of embryo ior axis of hee ae {3) Codes secretory morphogens 42) Regulative (2) Mosaic (a}Formation of organ at defined locations Opes (4) Definitive (0c 2019) (0c 200 cllowing_statemen 3. Mossic developmental pattern is always (°° 7098) 30. Following, statements are being made regarding 48) Rutonomous (2) Non autonomous developments a {3} Conditional (a) Regutatve A During the course of commitment thecal ay oat ts ‘OUNE 2009) appear diferent from its nearest or most in an early embryonic transplantation ‘experiment distant neighbors in the embryo and show no prospective stin cells were transfered near future Visible signs of differentiation, but its muscle ell but then also it differentiates into skin eel developmental fate is restricted. Thecell would be termed 8, At the stage of specification, cell commitment is (1) Determined (2) Committed not labile (3) Totipotent (4) Differentiated C. Acellor tissue is determined when it is capable of (0c 2009) differentiating autonomously even when placed 5. In regulative development, the prospective potency of into another region of the embryo, ora cluster of cals differently spected cells ina pet dish (1) Equal to prospective fate D. Cytoskeletal arrangements maintain positioning of {2 More than prospective fate nuclel inthe syncytium, which enables (Lesser than prospective fate specication of these nucle!” by opposing (4) Not determined! morphogen gradients namely Bicoid and Caudal i (une 2017) Drosophila / & The ability of cells to achieve their respective fates by . Capacity for “mosaic* development allows cells fo interacting with other cells is known as acquire different functions as a result of (2) autonomous specification interactions with neighbouring cells. Diswearcrcigee cea Which of the above statements are correct? (induction (4) competence ()ABandc (28, Cando x (JUNE 2016) (2)¢, DandE AVR, Cand D Isl (DEC 2016) remove a set of cells from an early embryo, You Chserve thatthe adult crgenam lacks the structure that 1h Certain proteins or mRNAs that ae regionally localized ‘ould have been produced from those cells. Therefore, whi he fered ee nd rege developmen Organism seems to have undergone oer Tatoomousspectieation, (a) gene regulators 2) conditional specification. (2) morphometric determinants. Morphogeniespeciiat {GLeytoplasmic determinants. \ smenial spec Jay frosaic forming factors. "AS Pablican; ‘www.ifasonline.com ions ee Scanned with CamScanner(0EC 2016) 12, Cell to cell communication is important in development of an organism. The ability of cells to respond to a ‘specific inductive signal is called (4) Regional specificity of induction 2yCompetence (3) Juxtracrine signalling (4) Instructive interaction (FEB 2022-11) 413, Induction is an extrinsic process that depends on the Position ofa cell in the embryo. Its a process whereby fone cell or group of cells can influence the developmental fate of another, and Is a common strategy to control differentiation and pattern formation in development. The following statements were made regarding induction in 2 developing embryo. ‘A. The inductive signal can be a protein secreted from the inducing cells that binds to receptors of a responding cell 8. Response to inductive signals depends on competence of the inducing cell CC. Insteuctive induction occurs when the responding cells already committed to a certain fate. ©. Lateral inhibition is an induction that results in differentiation of individual cells in @ regularly spaced pattern, ‘Which one of the following combination of statements Is correct? (a)Aandc (2)B and ByAand D (4)Bandc (pec 2015) 14. In chick, development of wing feather, thigh feather and claws depends on epithelial specificity conferred by induction from mesenchymal components from different sources of the dermins. This may be attributed to? (2) Autocrine interaction {2¥Regional specificity of induction (3) Receptor activation by hormones (4) Inactivation of genetic interactions (FEB 2022.1) 15. Ina transplantation experiment, the area of Presumptive ectoderm from an early frog gastrula was transplanted to a region of the newt gastrula destined to become parts of the mouth. The resulting salamander larvae had frog like mouth parts (frog tadpole suckers) instead of balancers as observed during development of wild type newt embryo. This is an example of (2) Determination Genetic specificity of interaction (3) Regional specificity of interaction (4) Autonomous specification UNE 2016) 16. During development, if 2 cell has committed to & particular fate, its said to be (2) pluripotent (2 totipotent (3rdetermined 7 44)-differentiated PEE eens dete UNE 2g 37. Given are certain facts which define ‘determinant a developing embryo. ‘A. Cells have made a commitment to 2 differen program. : 8. A phase where specific biochemical actions ogy embryonic cells. . The cell cannot respond to differentiation signa | B.A phase where inductive signals trigger eg differentiation. oe Which ofthe above statements best dey determination? (1) Band aynandc 3) Only A nly ae une: 18, The fate of a cell or a tissue is specified when capable of differentiating autonomously on placed in a neutral environment with respect tot developmental pathway. An embryo will development pattern based on its type of specfiatng ‘Based on the above facts it con be sold thot poteneyy acellis: {) Equal tots normal fate in regulative development (6) Greater than its normal fate in repute development (©) Equal to its normal fate in mosaic development (0) Greater than its normal fate in mask development Which of the above statements are true? (2) (6) and (©) (2)(A) and (0) (3) (A) and (Cc) (4) (8) and (0) (Nov 20004 19. If the blastomeres of a 4 celled sea urchin embryo at isolated each blastomere can form a pluteus lanat Thisis example of (2) Autonomous specification (2) Conditional specification (3) Determination (4) Mosaic development JUNE 2013) 20. During early cleavage of Caenorabaltis elegoa embryos, each asymmetrical division produces oft founder cell which produces differentiated descendants and one stem cell. The very first cell division produc one anterior founder cell, namely AB and one postetit stem cell, namely Pi. When these blastomeres at experimentally separated and allowed to proceed further with development, one could get the follow possible outcomes; .{1) P1 cell would develop autonomously while the # would show conditional development. (2) Pi cells would show conditional developmett while AB would show autonomous development. (3) Both would show autonomous specification result in mosaic development, (4) Both would show conditional specification am result in regulative development. IFAS Publications www.ifasonline.com i Scanned with CamScannerPEST (WUNE 2014) tis elegans Goaatedand allowed to proceed n ever ealY ate ae ma ae jere (AB) made only a fraction ot z (2 ie conditional Deomosiend as (0) Both asymmetric division and cell-cell interactions (1)AandC (2)B and (3)AandD (4) Cand >. . anni of € gone ens rested FE (C) The AB cell in isolation generates a small fraction of (0) The AB cell in isolation generates a small fraction of ‘DW Aandc celled stage of iat the 2-2! Of Coenorabalt development the blastomeres. (2) Bande (4) Aand B Atw (DEC 2014) celled embryo is made of blastomeres A and 6. If thetwo blastomeres are experimentally separated, the ¥ bastomere generates al the cells it would normally ‘ake However, the 's'blastomere in isolation makes ' 2 small fraction of cells it would normally make *'on the above observations only, which one of the wing conclusions is correct? i blastomeres is autonomously specified while 1 Satonere'scandtonaly specified : lastomeres is conditionally specified while ‘8 Stomere is autonomously specified spsctndants of ‘A’ blastomeres are autonomously eed mectins of 8" blastomeres can either be "omously specified or conditionally specified. ws R ae iS 24. ‘pienditional 25. 26, 27: ¢, (EC 2017) elegans embryo uses both auténomous and modes af specification. Conditional Specification at the 4-cell stage can be seen in the development of the endoderm cell ineage and also in the establishment of dorsal-ventral axis. Following are few statements regarding this: JAY If the Ps cell is removed at the early 4-cell stage, the EMS cell wil divide into two MS cells and no endoderm will be made. BF In pop-t deficient embryos, both EMS daughter cells become E cel. (©) When the position of ABa and ABp was reversed, their fates get reversed and no normal embryo forms (D) In embryos whose mother have mutant glp-2, ABP is transformed into ABa cell. Which of the above statements are true? AYA, Band © (2), Band (3)8,CandD (a), Cando (UNE 2019) When &-cell embryo of tunicates is separated into 4 blastomere pairs and allowed to grow independently in culture medium, then each blastomere pair can form most the cell types; however, cells for nervous system ‘are not developed. The following statements are formed from the above observations: (A) Nervous system development autonomous specification. (8) The other tissue types are formed due to conditional specification, (c) All the tissue types, except nervous tissues that demonstrated developed demonstrated autonomous specification (0) Nervous system development demonstrated conditional specification. The correct combination of statements that explains the above result is: (1) Aand 8 {8)CandD (2)Bandc (4) Aand D (Dec 2013) When the prospective neurons from an early gastrula of 2 frog were transplanted into the prospective epidermis region, the donor cells differentiated into ‘epidermis. However, when a similar experiment was done with the late gastrula of frog, the prospective neurons developed into neurons only. These observations could possibly be explained by the following phenomena. (a) The early gastrula show conditional developrient whereas the late gastrula shows autonomous development. (8) The early gastrula show autonomous development whereas the late gastrula shows conditional development. JC) The prospective neurons from the early gastrula ‘are only specified whereas those from the late gastrula are determined. ‘www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanneroa 27. 28. )) Which of (0) The prospective neurons from the early gastrula ‘te determined whereas those from the late astrula are specified, ‘Which of the conclusions drawn above are correct? ()Aande (2}Kand c (3)AandD. (4) Band (une 2013) ‘Which of the inferences (A-D) given below would you draw from the following tissue transplantation experiments performed with the early and late gastrula stages of the newt? rr ro rece ns ‘of donor tissue EARLY GASTRULA (i) | Prospective | Prospective | Epidermis neurons | epidermis Gi)" Prospective | Prospective | Neuron epidermis _| neurons LATE GASTRULA () [Prospective | Prospective | Neuron neurons | epidermis (i | Prospective | Prospective _ | Epidermis epidermis | neurons (A) Cells of early newt gastrula exhibit conditional development. (8) Ces of early newt gastrula exhibit autonomous development (C) Cells of late newt gastrula exhibit conditional development. (0) Cells of late gastrula exhibit autonomous development, ‘The correct inferences are: (4) (4) and (0) (2){8) and (c) )(A) only (4) (0) only (MoveL PAPER) When prospective neuroectoderm from an. early amphibian gastrula is transplanted in the prospective epidermal region of a recipient (early gastrula) embryo, the donor tissue will give rise to _-(1) neural tube, (2) epidermis. (3) neural tube and notochord, (4) neural tube and epidermis, (ope paper) the following cannot be used for determination of tissue lineage of a given progenitor cell population in an animal? (2) Marking progenitor cells with vital dye (2) Transplanting equivalent progenitor cells from immunologically distinct but related organism, (3) Marking progenitor cells by genomie recombination ‘coupled with reporter gene expression, (4) Marking progenitor cells by reporter gene expression under the control of @ promoter ~ enhancer element specific for the given progenitor population. & 34, 32, WUNE 2013 In anexperiment, the cells that would normally been) the middle segment of a Drosophila leg were remoy from the leg forming area of the larva and were places in the tip of the fhy's antenna. Based on the "Fre flag’ analogy for the operation of a gradient q positional information, which of the fllovng statements is true? (4) The transplanted cells retain their commitey status as leg cells, but respond to the poston, information oftheir environment by becoring ig tip cells-.e,, claws The transplanted cells are determined as leg and therefore would form a complete limb insteag ofanantenna (3) The transplanted cells would intermingle with the cells present in the new environment and devel accordingly to give rise to an antenna. (4) The transplanted cells retain their comity status as leg cells and would develop to form 3 chimeric structure having proximal region made ct antenna and the distal region ending in 2 complete leg 2 {DEC 2015) Following are certain statements regarding morphogen tradients and cell specification, (A) Morphogens are always transcription factors, (8) Morphogens can be paracrine factors that are produced in one group of cells and travel to ‘another population of cells (C] When the concentration of a morphogen drops below a certain threshold cells stop differentiating and never get determined to ancther fie. (D) Morphogen gradients are involved in condition specification. Which combination of the above statements is true? (1) Aand 8 (2) Bando. (3)CanéD (@)Aandc (oec 2015) Instructive and permissive interactions are two maja ‘modes of inductive interaction during developmen. ‘The following compares some properties of cell line {and cord blood stem cells. Cell lines which are stored in Tiguié nitrogen, can be retrieved for experiments, ‘where they behave as per their original self. Cord blocd can also be retrieved from liquid nitrogen for procutng stem cells. Unlike cell lines, the stem cells can be ‘additionally induced to undergo differentiation into desired lineage, which are very different from thet original self, The behaviour of cell ines and stem cells is analogou ‘to which of the interactions? (1) Both cell lines and stem cells show instrucié Interaction (2) Cell lines show instructive interaction wheres stem cells how permissive interaction {3 Cell lines show permissive interaction wheres ‘tem cells show instructive interaction (4) Both types of cells show permissive instruction IFAS Publications ‘www.lfasonline.com d Scanned with CamScannerYR ere 4, te to mal Properties Of stem cas arg, VUNE 2001) 3 ee tpimtedselerenewal ang differentiation multi potent (9) ited page and transformation (2 nidecionaldiferentatin on ©) ietedife san and senescence commitment (8 2022.49 which one of the following statements about arc, calsiscorrect? ‘stem cells cannot be maintained in euture (2) Ney required a distinct in vivo oe tne [pr During asymmetric ter cell dvsion, only one of the daughter cells is etained asa stern cel fa) Stem eet derived transt-ampliving cells are differentiated cells which retain the capacny te divide further (a) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are totipatent stem cells pec sh skin al are converted Into induced stem eine theyean ii) Only duplicate {2} Only differentiate {3} Diferentiate and duplicate i) Diferentiate and duplicate such that number of stem cells remains constant (oc 2010) 46, Which statement is true about progenitor eels? {i) They are sameas stem cells (2) They are totipotent cells {3} They can divide but donot remain undifferentiated (4) They cannot eivide (0c 2019) 7 The cells of inner cell mass of a blastocyst stage mammalian embryo are {t)totipotent {@)muttiotent {2) pluripotent (4) unipotent (FB 2022-10) 38. The embryonic stem cells in mammals are derived from: (0) Blastocoel @)Trophoectoderm {2) inner cell mass (4) Trophoendoderm (0Ec 2016) 38. Following statement were given regarding decisions taken during development of mammalian embryos (4) Pluripotency of inner cell mass is maintain by @ «cove of three transcription factors, Oct 4, Sox 2 and nang. (9) Prior to blastocyst formation each blastomere expresses both Cdx 2 and the Oct 4 transcription factors and appears to be capable of becoming (a Ser or trophoblast Both cm and trophoblast cells synthesize to {atEtibton factors Cdx2. 4 activates Cdx2 expression enabling some cells to become trophoblast and other cells 0 wbtome cn of the above statement are true? Ra ions i JAY Rand 8 () Bandd (2)Aandc (4) Band c (0€c 2011) 40. The decision to become either a trophoblast or inner Cell mass blastomere is one of the first decisions taken bby any mammalian embryo. Below is 2 diagrammatic Fepresentation of the different cells formed during. development from the morula with the help of different molecules. Identify the molecules 1-4, sequentiaty. Morula ——_, inner cell Epiblast, mass f Embryonic HK d 1G) Steam cells Trophoblast layed 2, Oct 4, Nanog, Stat 3 (2) cdx 2, Nanog, Stat 3, Oct 4 {G)cdx 2, Nanog, Oct 4 Stat 3 (a) dx 2, Oct 4 Stat 3, Nanog Hypoblast (WuNe 2017) 41, The following are certain statements regarding stem cells (A) All types of stem cells have the ability to give rise toa complete embryo. (8) multipotent stem cells are those whose commitment is limited to a relatively small subset of ak possible cell types. (C) Stem cell niches allow controlled self-renewal and also survival ofthe cells that leave the niche (0) The pluripotency of the stem cells in an embryo is ‘essentially maintained by Fgf8, Nanog and TGF. (€) Adult cells may be reprogrammed to gain pluripotency by modifying the following genes: Oct 3/4, S0x2, c-Myc, kif. ‘Which one of the following combinations of statements Is correct? (1) A, Band D (2yBande (a) CandE (4), Cand D. (UNE 2019) 42, The following demonstrates proposed functions of different genes which determine the decision to ither trophoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) become ei blastomere during early mammalian development: ‘MORULA ‘TROPHOBLAST icm—{ Oo BDADY, aes based on the above figuce, which one of the following assumptions is correct? ‘www.ifasoniine.com Scanned with CamScanner43, The pluripotency of the inner cell mass mn (2) The interplay between Cdx2. and Octé can influence the formation of ICM (2) The ICM would form even if expression of Octa was inhibited. (2) YAP and TEADS are upstream components of Cax2 and can be inhibited by Nanog. (4) The expression of Stat3 is optional for maintaining pluripotency of the ICM, (WUNE 2015) mammal is maintained by @ core of three transcription factors namely, AA¥0ct 4, Sox 2 and Nanog (2) Oct 4, Sox 2 and Céx2 (8)Sox 2, Nanog and Cdx2_ (4) Oct 4, Cex? and Nanog (occ 2019 ASSAM) 44. Hippo pathway is responsible for the trophoblast and 1 Inner cell mass (ICM) differentiation during mammalian development. Which one of the following is true for IeM formation? (2) The Teads transcription factor, when active, promotes transcription of Céx2 gene leading to ICM formation. (PY Mf LATS kinase phosphorylates the YAP transcriptional coactivator, the phosphorylated form of YAP does not enter the nucleus and gets degraded which leads to ICM formation. (3) In the absence of functional LATS protein, the YAP transcriptional cofactor can bind to Teada to activate Cdx2 gene promoting ICM (4) ‘Synthesis of Cdx2 upregulates Oct4 and Nanog leading to ICM formation, ction 2 EELS (WuNE 2002) Sperms are morphologically fit but are unable to actively swim (hyper activation) due to lack of (2) spermatogenesis (2) Spermiogenesis (3) Prostrate glands $8) Capacitation (QUNE 2003) Which of the following isthe last to occur after the binding of a sea urchin sperm to an ega? (2) Intation of mRNA synthesis (2) Increase in cytosolic pH {3} nereasein intracellular calcium concentration 4} Exocytosis of cortical pranules Pree (a Aer fertton meny eH Et fa devon : occa insite icone for capctaton? Ie tat of antalan ema ty ' ‘entering into oviduct of female. (a) eetcason negate penevaton ey Clason egln xu er fetter (esr oa er matron (otc: ‘The major funetion of cortical granules in cytoplasm exist (1) Early block to polyspermy {2} Late block to polyspermy (3) Allowing meiosis to complete (a) Helping in reorganization of sperm UNE 2019 Species-specific adhesion of sperm to the egg dug sea urchin fertilization, involves the interaction ofthe sperm adhesive protein (a Bindin (2) Avidin, (2) Ferilin (8) Cortical granule (NOV 20204 In echinoderms sperm direction is provided by (1) Cakeineurie (2) Bindin 18) Resact (a) aR (une 201) In case of sea urchin, which of the following is the correct sequence of events taking place during the interaction of sperm and egg? (1) Chemo-attraction of sperm to the egg by soluble molecules secreted by the egg > exocytosis ofte sperm acrosomal vesicle to release its enzymes > binding of the sperm to the extracelitar matricl the egg > passage of sperm through ths extracellular matrix fusion of ege and spermedl membranes. (2) Chemo-attraction of sperm to the egg by soube molecules secreted by the egg ~ binding of te Sperm to the extracellular matrix of the eg8 > exocytosis of the sperm acrasomal ves © release its enzymes > passage of sperm throu cell membranes. (8) Chemo-attraction of sperm to the egg by soe molecules secreted by the ege binding of te sperm to the extracellular matrix of the e assage of sperm through this extracellat matrix exocytosis of the sperm acrosomal vestt to release its enzymes Husion of egg and sett cell membranes, Chemo-attraction of sperm to the egg by sohtt molecules secreted by the egg passage of se through this extracellular matrix>binding of sperm to the extracellular matrix of the et? exocytosis of the sperm acrosomal vesicle ® release its enzymes “fusion of egg and sperm membranes “ (oc 2003) 3. Fertization happens when a sperm cell successfully meets an egg cell in the fallopian tube. Zygote formation by sperm and egg is result of - Af} membrane fusion (2) exoeytosis (3) Phagocytosis (4) Enucteation (0c 2007) 4. The biggest disadvantage of sexual reproduction against the asenual reproduction is (2) Only half of genetic material is passed to offspring from each parent (2y' Lot of energy and time is consumed in locating mate IFAS Publications ‘www.ifasontine.(4) >(C) (0) {3) (C) >{A) >(8) >(0) JI) 1A) 210) (MODEL PAPER) 7.) Amphibian oocytes remain for years in the diplotene | stage of meiotic prophase. Resumption of meiosis is initiated by | (1) gonodatropic hormone. (3) oestrogen. (2) growth hormone. (4) progesterone. (DEC 2012) 0) scr ater ses extn, {Bytes ace mie othe oct (tates pein inept ee (QUNE 2012) | directly placed in uterus of an ovulated female, she | became eran These cseraon suet (1) The sperm need to travel some distance to attain (2) The oocyte secrets some biochemicals or factors 1) te hormones nb eb sperm to tn fest sy {4) The contents of female reproductive tract interact } with sperm and activate it for fertilization (DEC 2013) The lfoung statements were made egg vs A temotal of cetera am pm es B. Removal of non-covalently bound glycoproteins. b. ecrsed perme of lam ons (1), 8, Cand (Q)A, Bando {af A.BandC (4), Cand 0 (UNE 2013) 21. During fertilization "in mammals, sperm-egg interaction is mediated by zona pellucida (2P) membrane proteins and their receptors present in sperm membrane, ZP3 hhas been identified to be the principle ZP protein ——E 2. 2. 24, 5 PE a whose post-translational modification is importan sperm - egg interaction. In a competitive inhibi assay the sperm is saturated with either active 2p3 its modified forms, before studVing sperma Interaction. Which of the following experiments will NOT inh, spermnegg-interaction tae Sytrate sperm with 2P3 protein prior tous, {2} Deslycosylate the 2P3 protein and use i jy saturation of sperm. (3) Phosphorvlate the 2P3 protein and use it jy saturation of sperm. (4) Dephosphorylate the 2P3 protein and use it iy saturation of sperm. (bec 201g Membrane-bound, Golgiderived structures contin proteolytic enzymes in sperms of sea urchin are cae, (1) cortical granules (2) micromeres. 43) acrosomal vesicles (4) macromeres. (082019 Human sperms are allowed to fertilize ova having ny functional ovastacin. The following possibilities maybe of significance in the fusion of these gametes: |. The sperms will nat fertlize ova B The sperms will bind and penetrate ty zonapellucida but will nt be able to fuse with ovn membrane. C. 202 will not be clipped by cortical granule protest. D. CD9 protein of ege membrane microvilli wil net be able to interact with sperm membrane protenst the absence of ovastacin. E. Polyspermy may occur frequently. Which combination of statements represent the outcome of the above event? (a) Aands (2)Cand€ (3) CandD (4) Band c (Dec 2019, During fertilization in mammals proteins Jzumo aré Juno are required for recognition of sperm and ext lzumo and Juno are found specifically in sperm art 8g, respectively. Which one of the following in vie experiments will demonstrate that /2umo and Ja interact with each other? (2) If sperms from a male mouse where fzumo ti been knocked out is used to fertilize eggs from normal female and no fertilization occurs. (2) Whole mount immunostaining for Izumo am Juno shows its presence on the sperm and & respectively (3) Ifa CFP fused izumo protein is mixed with fused Juno protein in a tube, FRET occurs, it when CFP is excited, emission of YFP is obser. (4) Two independent kidney cell ines are devel: ‘one expressing /zumo and the other Juno. It two cells are mixed, they tend to aggregate each other. Scanned with CamScannerree [2 it eo WUNE 2018) Ca** release tical granule ee tepentie Yor fertilization in Sea Urchin eggs in reactivation. The major molerye <2 releasing Ca* from intracellular (3) zonapellucida glycoproteins (2) protamines [py iosftol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (a) N-acetylelucosaminidase ‘Section 3: ar PSST Animals 1-wich te for amount fon denne 2 1} Mesolecithal and holoblastic cleavage . ‘embryogenesis, then the size of the embryo compared to zygote (JUNE 2017) (3) Holobastic radial (4) Meroblastic radial (820224) 4. Whats the pattern of cleavage observed in mammals? (a) Racal (2) spiral Prrotational (4) Bilateral (0e¢2013.6u) 5. Amphibian aygote will generally undergo (PHolobastc racial cleavage. (2) Holobastc rotational cleavage. {3} merobastc bilateral cleavage. (8) merobastc rotational cleavage. (oec2019), 5. Centrolecithal eggs show AT superficial cleavage (2) displaced raial cleavage (bilateral cleavage (4) discoigat cleavage (une 2022) 7. The pattern of embryonic cleavage specific to a species letermined by two msjor parameters. (8) The amount and distribution of yolk protein within the cytoplasm, (9) The factors in the cytoplasm that influence the angle mitotic spindles and the timings of Its formation Which of the following statements are true? P 'AS Publications ~~ 10. 281 (1) Species having teloecithal egg follow a holoblastic cleavage. BI Species having isolecithal egg follow a holoblastic cleavage. (8) Species having centrolecithal egg follow 2 holobiastic cleavage. : (4) Species having isolecithal egg follow a meroblastic cleavage. (0c 2037) Match the following cleavage patterns with the species in which they occu | Flatworm ‘Meroblastic discoidal B. | Frog ‘Meroblastic superficial | Birds Holobiastic displaced radial D. | insect Holoblastic spiral i, i, Dsl (2) Ail, Bi, Cv, Dat (8) Adi, Bei, C4, Dav (8) Aci, Biv, Cl, DF (une 2012) Given below are fate map of two organisms and the pattern by which embryos undergo cleavage. Which of ‘the following is/are the right combination(s)? 2@0® (2)Band a (4) Band (2) Bonly (3) Aandc (oEc13.Gu) Gradients of morphogens determine the future dorsal- ventral and anterior-posterior axes of the developing. embryo in many organisms. How js the anterior~ posterior axis developed in C. elegans? (1) Sperm entry leads to reorganization of the cytoskeleton and redistribution of naturally packed PAR proteins, which in turn determine the anterior- posterior axis, 2) ter fertilization B-catenin gets localized into the nucleus of the future anterior cells, (2) The P-granules are localized in a way consistent with a role as a morphogenetic determinant and they act through translational regulation to initiate anterior-posterior axis. (4) The localization of the maternally expressed polypeptide SKN-1 is responsible for the anterior- posterior axis. www.ifasoniine.com Scanned with CamScanner(ec 2011) 11. The figure above represents a late zebrafish gastrula, 2. 13 14. ‘The following concepts may be proposed during further development of the embryo. A. The concentration of FGF decreases from the yolk towards the epidermis, along with the increase of [BMP activity from the dorsal to the ventral axis. B. Increase in FGF activity in the epidermis with concomitant decrease in BMP activity towards the ventral axis. C. Neural induction in zebrafish is independent of the ‘organizer and depends on activation of BMP signaling, . In comparison, both Xenopus and chick embryos: require activation of FGF for neural induction to ‘occur in addition to BMP inhibition. Which of the above statements are true? (a)Aandc (2)Bandc (3) AandD. (a)CandD (DEC 2019 Assam) Compaction during early embryonic development involves activation of actin filaments. Which one of the following inhibitors would prevent formation of the blastula from the morula? (1). An inhibitor that would block the action of Glin, (2) A specific inhibitor for stabilizing the function of axin, (3) Aspecific inhibitor for GSK38 (4) An inhibitor which would block Smad4. (une 2013) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is known to facilitate attachment of blastocyst to uterus. In women, with mutation in hCG gene, biologically Inactive hCG ‘was formed but implantation occurred. When heG was immune-neutralized in the uterus of normal woman, implantation failed. This suggests that for implantation in humans: (2) biologically active circulating hCG is not required, (Q) blastocyst can produce the required hCG, which helps locally in uterine attachment. (3) trophoblastic cells do not require hCG for the invasion of uterus. (4) extra-embryonic tissue is not responsible for the attachment of embryo to uterus (JUNE 2009) ‘The rolling of sheets of endodermal and mesodermal cells from the surface of embryo into its interior is called as 415, 16. 1. 18. 19. 20. 21, 2, 23. EEN (1) Epiboly {3} Involution (2) ngression (4) Delamination (ec: ‘Alveolar cells of the lung arise from which one of following layer(s)? (a) Mesoderm (2) Endoderm (3) Ectoderm (2) Both ectoderm and endoderm | UNE ni Bones of vertebrates embryonic are derived from (2) ectoderm (3) mesoderm (2) epiderm 7 (4) endoderm une Inward movement of an expanding outer spreading over the internal surface during gastruatiy, Is termed as (1) invagination {)involution (2) ngression (4) delamination (Dec: ‘The splitting or migration or one sheet of cells int tip sheets as seen during hypoblast formation in bid embryogenesis is termed as {1) delamination (8) involution (2) ngression (4) invagination {DEC 2n Migration of individual cells from the surface into te ‘embryo's interior is termed as ()ingression (3) invagination (2) involution (8) delamination (ec 20 ass Which one of the following is NOT a typical tmovernent pattern chserved during gat ulation? (a) involution (2) Enboly erence {@} Delemnation (FEB 20224) Movernent of epithelial sheet spreading #6 at enclose deeper layers ofthe embryos termed ss, Cheon (2) emboly 1 vouton (a Ingrenon eT ynezit ‘Which one of the following developmental processes animales re dependent on celular moveren? (i) pattern formation @)merghogenest (B)elidferenation (a) growth (4) er reo ‘Which one of the following statements with respet™ evelopment in amphibians is correct? (2) Gastrulation begins with the invagination ofa cells, followed by coordinated involution mesodermal precursors and the epibol! prospective ectoderm (2) The organizer induces the Nieuwkoop c2n® (3) The organizer is formed by the accumulation catenin (8) In the absence of MP inhibitors ectoder™ form neural tube BMP ae IFAS Publications -wonerasontne = Scanned with CamScanneri) Movement of | epithelial cells as a unit to enclose deeper layers of the embryo. A) Spilting of one 17) Eetoderm Ta] i) Hypobiast in | birds i) Beto cellular sheet into two woe | _parale! sheets aa ion | i ntolaing of pe — folding of epithelium | i Mesoderm iy amphibians snsaniation |W) Weston of inaianal tay See celsfromauraceinto | Insea ani interior ofthe embryo abel v) Inward movement of | v) Mesoderm In cxpending outer loyer |” sesarcin sothat spreads over the internal surface of remaining external cel 24, Which one of the following is the correct combination? (2) At), Bt), CE) (2) atv), i, CQ) (3) Ki, liv), Cv) (4) Aly), Bi, CUT) (0ec 2011) 25, With respect to the extra embryonic structures formed inthe mammals, the possible functional attributes have been designated: A. Allantoin stores urinary waste and helps mediate gas exchange. It is derived from splanchnopleure at the caudal end of the primitive streak. 8, Amnion is a water sac and protects the embryo and its surrounding amniotic fluid. This epithelium is derived from somatopleure. ©. Chorion is essential for gas exchange in amniote ‘embryos. It is generated from the splanchnopleure. ©. Yolk sac is the fast embryonic membrane to form and is derived from somatopleure. Which of the above statements are correct? ()AandB (2)AandC —(3)BandC (4) AandD (DEC 2016) 2% Driesch performed famous “pressure _ plate” ‘aperments volving intrieate recombination with 8 GiledSe urchin embyo, This procedure eshte the fuel tat normally would Rave been inthe Fsion terined to form endoderm into. the presumptive Sttoderm of nuclear region, if segregation determinants had occurred, resulting embryo should have been disordered, However, Driesch obtained normal “nae form these embryos posible interpretations regardin celled sea urchin Seerenins reparding the Sol 4 The prospective potency of an isolated blastomere ‘rete than it actual prospective fate prospective potency and prospective {ate of omer were identical "AS Pubcctions & 2, 283 . Sea-urchin embryo is @ “harmoniously equipotent system” because all of its potentially independent parts interacted together to form single embryo. D. Regulative development occurs where location of 2 cell in the embryo determines its fate. Which ofthe interpretation(s) is/are true? (1) only (2) only (8) Only Aand 8 (4) A,cand > {NOV 2020-11) Drelsch performed the “pressure plate experiment” to alter the distribution of nuclel in a 8-cell sea urchin embryo. He obtained normal larvae from these embryos. Following possible conclusions could be ‘drawn: A. Prospective potency of the blastomeres is less ‘than the actual prospective fate. 8, Sea urchin embryo is a "harmonious equipotential system” implying that cel interaction is ertieal for normal development. C. Prospective potency of the blastomere is greater than the actual prospective fate. D. Prospective potency of the blastomere is equal to the prospective fate. Which one of the following combinations of statements represents the correct inference from the experiment? (a) AandB(2)Bandc —(3)Bonly (4) Donly (UNE 2035) 128. Which one of the following about development of sea urchin embryos is TRUE? (1) Each blastomere of a 4-cell stage possesses 2 portion of the original animalvegetal axis and if isolated and allowed to develop will form a complete but smaller sie larva. (2) Each blastomere of a 8-ccll stage has the capacity to form a complete embryo but by the 16-cell stage, blastomeres will develop according to their presumptive fate, (3) Any blastomere isolated tll the pluteus larva formation will regulate to go on and develop into a full sized embryo. (4) After an intricate recombination at the 16 cell stage, the resulting embryo looses its ability to form 2 complete larva. (une 2017) 29, When the 4 blastomere pairs of the 8-cell stage tunicate embryo are dissociated, each forms most of the structures it would have formed had it remained in the embryo, However, the notochord and nervous system get specified only if different blastomeres get the chance to interact. Given below are certain interpretations formulated from the above results: ‘A. Each pair of blastomeres forming respective structures indicate autonomous specification B. Each pair of blastomeres forming respective structures indicate conditional specification ¢. The notochord and nervous system development indicate autonomous specification ‘www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanner7] 1D. The notochord and nervous system development indicate conditional specification. Which combination of interpretations is appropriate? (2) Aand¢ (2) 8 and most ()AandD (4) Bandc (pec 2017) 30, In a given experiment, transplantation of micromeres from the vegetal pole of a 16-cell sea urchin embryo fonto the animal pole of a host 16-cell sea urchin ‘embryo would initiate: (2) The transplanted micromeres to invaginate into the blastocoe! to create 2 new set of skeletogenic mesenchyme cells (2) The transplanted micromeres to ingress into the blastocoe! to create a new set of skeletogenic ‘mesenchymal cells (3) ‘The transplanted micromeres will mingle with the host mieromeres to ingress into the blastocoe! to create skeletogenic mesenchyme cells (a) The transplanted micromeres will secondary archenteron form the (Fe6 20224) 132. During normal development of sea urchin, P-catenin ‘accumulates predominantly in the micromeres, which Gre fated to become endoderm and mesoderm. If GSK- 3s blocked in the developing embryo. (a) scatenin accumulation in the nuclei of large micromeres will be inhibited leading to formation of ectodermal ball. (2) B ceatenin will accumulate in the nuclei of ll blastula cells leading to an ectodermal ball. (3) B catenin wil accumulate in the nuclel of ll blastula cells leading to animal cells getting spetified as endaderm and mesoderm. (4) B catenin which accumulate in the nuclei of large rmicromeres will be inhibited leading to animal cells getting specified as endoderm and mesoderm. (UNE 2018) 32, Given below are few statements regarding the role of Disheveled (Dsh) and B-catenin (B-cat) in the development of sea urchin. ‘A. Dsh is localized in the vegetal cortex of the oocyte before fertilization and in the region of the 16-cell embryo about to become the micromeres. £8, Dsh Is localized in the cytosol of the oocyte during. ‘cogenesis. and in the micromere forming blastomeres of a 16- cell embryo. . Brat accumulates predominantly in the micromeres ‘and somewhat in the vegatier cells. D. Treatment of embryos with lithium chloride does rot allow the accumulation of -cat in the nuclei of all blastula cells, and the animal cells thus become specified as endoderm and mesoderm. E. When B-cat is prevented from entering the nucleus, the embryo develops as a ciliated ectodermal ball. Which one of the following options represents a combination of correct statements? 33. 34 eee Pe ‘ore 4 pow of cls an wes wee tse see weed pet NCROMERE REST OF THE CELLS Maternal factors ‘OF BLASTULA, ‘Otx Beatenin f fy Pmart Pmart Hest 4 4 oz fea | ir fod Thr es, Activation Repression Below, column | lists the experiments carried wit, manA/antisense RNA of different genes injected inn Single-celled sea urchin embryo while column I ists the ‘Match the following rn “L. All cells will start ingressing into the blastocoet 2 BZ Skeleton mesenchim| wil not be formed 'A- mRNA of Part mRNA of Hest [[c. Antisense of Pmart D. Antisense of HesC Which of the following combinations is correct? (a) 82, 84,4, 0-2 (3) 4-1, B2, C2, Dad (eB 20004 ‘The specification of sea urchin micromeres Invalvestie activation of a repressor protein Pmari, wit ‘represses the expression of hesC, which also encodes? repressor protein. One of the genes controlled by Hi is Delta, whose expression is used as a matter ® micromere lineage. The image below represents 3% urchin embryo. on which whole mount in hybridization (\MISH) was performed using probe, indicated by the area ‘A’. The rest of the emt is labeled ‘ ey so} {Image from Revila-Domingo et al (2007), PMS (1)8,Cande (2)4, cand 0 (G)A.Cande (4)8,Dande 12383-12386) IFAS Publications cwamwriasonine A Scanned with CamScanner—_—_—_—_—_————__$+ Eee ‘The table below summarizes a, to oe (column A) and the area in cbserved (column 8) 2 Set of experiments Which hybridization is ‘A._| WMISH with hesC probe : B. | WMISH with te following — microinject Se BT mRNA nt fred op EP WIMISH with dea peeks following microinjection of = cea antisense RNA to hecC into a feted eges © [Nene nore Which one of the following options Is a corn between columns A and 8? Soar ete (a) Asi, Bll, C1 (AK Bi, (2) As, Bail, civ " (4) As, Bai ca (2) Hensen’s node (2) Primitive grove {2) Animal pole (4) Vegetal pole 26. The grating ofthe dorsal lp ofthe bastopare fom an early Xenopus gastrula onto the ventral side of an early embryo will resuit in two complete embryos. Thus dorsal can be designated as (1) Primary organizer (2) cytoplasmic determinant (3) Morphogen (4) Commitment (UNE 2010) 37, The lateral separation of amphibian embryo at two celled stage will result in (1) léentical twins (2) Two embryos joined at belly region {3) single embryo (4) Two embryos missing various organs (UNE 2016) 38, The initial dorsal-ventral axis in amphibian embryos Is determined by (a) the point of sperm entry. (2) gravity. (2) the point of contact with the uterus, (4) genetic differences in the cells. (05C 2011) 39. The blastopore region of amphibian embryo that secretes BMP inhibitors and dorsalizes the surrounding, tissue is known as (1) Brachet's cleft (3) Hensen's node (2) Nieuwkoop center {4) Spemann's organizer (QUNE 2012) 40. Incase of is Xenopus levis which cells make up the Kewkoop center and Spemann’s organizer? (2) endodermal and mesodermal, respectively (2) mesodermal and endodermal, respectively £3) endodermal and ectodermal, respectively (8) ectodermal and endodermal, respectively "AS Publications 4a 2, 43, 45, 46, 47. (UNE 2033) Which protein secreted by the amphibian organizer induces neural tissue formation by inhibiting Bone Morphogenetic Protein? (1) Beeatenin (2) Dickkopf. (2) Nogein (4) Disheveled {oec 2014) ‘The group of cells of amphibian blastula capable of inducing the organizer is called as (1) Hensen’s node (2) Nleuwkoop centre (2) Dorsal blastopore in (4) Hypoblast (wov 20201) Which one of the following statements regarding amphibian development is correct? (2)" The Nieuwckoop centre is formed on the dorsal side ‘of the embryo due to accumulation of B-catenin which helps activate the siamois and twin genes (2) The entodermal ces form neural tissues in the presence of BMP molecules. (3) Brain formation requires the activation of both Wnt and SMP pathway. (4) There is a gradient of Nodal-related protein across the endoderm with low concentration on the dorsal side ofthe embryo (une 2017) ‘The dorsalmost vegetal cls ofthe amphibian embryo that is capable of inducing the organizer is called as Nieuwhoop centre and is marked by the presence of (1) Choeain (2) B-catenin (3) Goosecoid (4) Nanos: (une 2022) In amphibian oocyte, the germplasm which gets Segregated during cleavage to give rise to primordial germ cells (PGC's) is normally (1) distributed evenly throughout the oocyte. (2) localized at animal pole. (2) localized at vegetal pole. (8) aggregated in central part of oocyte. (une 2017) ‘The presence of B-catenin in the nucle of blastomeres in the dorsal portion of the amphibian embryo is one of the determinants for laying down the dorsoventral ‘axis, What will be the outcome of expressing a dominant negative form of GSK3 in the ventral cells of ‘early embryo? {2) The dorsal cells will be ventralized (2) Asecond axis will be formed {G) The primary organizer will not be formed {4) The embryo will develop normally (UNE 2019) In Xenopus embryos, B-catenin plays an important role in the Dorsal/Ventral axis development, What would you expect if the endogenous glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is knocked out by a dominant negative form of {G5K3 in the ventral cells ofthe early embryos? (1) Blocking of GSK3 on the ventral side has no effect. ‘Annormal embryo will form, (2) The resulting embryo will only have ventral sides ‘www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanner(8) Asecond axis will orm (4) The dorsal fate is suppressed. (oec 2016) 48. ‘a case amphibians, the dorsal cells and. their derivatives are called as “Speman - Mangold organizer”. Following statements are related to the “organizer” were made: ‘A. It induces the host’s ventral tissues to change ther fates to form neural tube and dorsal mesodermal tissues. 5. It cannot organize the host and donor tissues into @ secondary embryo. C. It does not have the ability to sef-differentiate into, dorsal mesoderm D. It has ability to initiate the movements of gastrulation. E. Both B-catenin and Chordin are produced by the organizer Which of the above statements are correct? (a)Aand (2)Dande. ()Aande, (4) Band (une 2018) 149. Which one of the following statements with respect to amphibian development is correct? (2) The organizer is itself induced by the Nieuwkoop Centre located in the dorsal most mesodermal cells. (2) The organizer functions by secreting proteins like ‘Noggin, Chordia and Follistatin that blacks BMP signal that would otherwise dorsalize the mesoderm, (3) In the presence of BMP activators the ectodermal cells form neural tissue. (4) Wot signalling causes a gradient of B-catenin along the anterior-posterior axis of the neural tube that appears to specify the regionalization of the neural tube. (UNE 2017) 50. Injection of Noggin mRNA in cells that will Become the future ventral side of a frog embryo mimics the effect ‘of an organizer graft to the ventral side. This experiment demonstrates that A. Noggin isa transcription factor B. Noggin induces ventral fates C. Noggin is involved in organizer fate D. Noggin is required to induce a secondary axis Which one of the following options represents correct combination of statement/s? (1) Aand ¢ (2) Cand D. (3)AandB (4) Band c (Nov 20204) 51. to Xenopus, the Noggin protein, accomplishes two major functions of the organizer: it induces dorsal ectoderm to form neural tissues, and it dorsalizes mesoderm cells. Which one of the following observations is correct with respect to Noggin? (1) If a plasmid clone expressing Noggin protein is microinjected into a lithium chloride treated Xenopus gastrula, it should rescue the 52 53, PENI ‘abnormalities induced by lithium —chlorige treatment, (2) If-a plasmid clone expressing Nowgin protein i imieroinjected into UV-treated embryo whic, Goes not give rise to neural tube, It will rescye the abnormality. (2) RNA in situ hybridization of noggin CONR 9, Xenopus embryo will show its presence in 9) regions except the dorsal blastopore lip. 4) Microinjection of noggin MRNA Into the embye fegion fated to make the ventral part yi, promote its ventralization. (0c 2019 ‘A *morphogen” can determine the fate of 2 cell by iy concentration. Given below are some statements oy the experiment performed to study the gradien, dependent effect of the merphogen, activin on cel fi by placing activin (4 am-secreting beads on unspecieg ceks from an early Xenopus embryo: A. Beads without activin did not elicit expression of either Xbra or goosecold genes. 8. Cells nearest to the beads getting highes concentration of activin induced goosecoid gene whose product is a transcription factor, specifies the frog's dorsal-most structures. C. Cells nearest to the beads getting highet concentration of activin induced Xbra gene whose product isa transcription factor, specifies the So's orsal-most structures. . Cells farthest from the beads getting neglghle activin activate Xbra gene and become blood veses and heart , Cells farthest from the beads getting neglste activin, activated neither Xbra nor goosecoid ol the default gene expression instructed the calla become blood vessels and heart. Which of the above observations and conclusion drawn are correct? (1) ABandc (2)8, Cand (@) CDande (4) A, Bande (FEB 202241 4n an experiment, activin-secreting beads were pac! ‘on unspecified cells from an early Xenopus embryo. The activin then diffused from the beads. If the beads contained 1nM of activin, it elicited expression of Xo jgenein cells near to the beads. If the beads contained! 1M activin, the expression of Xbra was elicited in es but only at a distance of several cell diameters awe? from the beads. In the latter case, expression Go0secoid gene was observed near the source best Beads with no activin did not elicit the expression of tht two genes, Following statements were made regarding OE cbservations and the role of activin in determining fate, ‘A. High concentration of activin activates goose paired > toilless ~ patched 1 aaneoee > even-skipped > fushi toro > (0) edd-skipced Giant ~ poired ~ winglese toiless > bairy ~ fushi torazu > gooseberry Which of the above sequence(s) of genes expressed from early to late embryo is/are correct? (a)(0)only (2) (4) and (a) {3) (Chand (8) 44) (8) and (0) (UNE 2014 tngaled expression in Dresophio nitenssare defines {a) anterior margin of the segment, {@) anterior compartment of each segment. {3) posterior margin of each para-segment. “fay posterior compartment of each segment (0EC 2015) the following are statements regarding the development and maintenance of anterior and posterior compartments in each segment of Drosophila: ‘A. Expression of wingless and engrailed is activated by pairrule genes 8. continued expression of wingless and engrailed is ‘maintained by interaction between the cells expressing engroiled and wingless proteins . Hedgehog is expressed wingless expressing cells and forms short range gradient 0. Hedgehog is a transcription factor E. Engroied is a secretory factor and binds with the patched receptor of the wingless expressing cells. Which one of the following combination of above statements is correct? (a)cand€ (2)C, Dandé ()Dande (a)Aand 8 (Nov 2020-11) The continued expression of engrailed and wingless Is ‘maintained by interactions between the Engrailed- and Wingless-expressing cells. The following Statements are given towards the initiation of the 24cade of events that occur for this interaction: A. The engrailed gene is expressed in cells where neither even skipped nor fushi tarazu gene is axtive. The wingless gene is expressed in those cells that Contain high concentration of either Even skipped OF Fushi tarazu, "5 Publications ~ v7, 18 19. os G-Wingless is a secreted protein, diffuses to the surrounding, binds with the Frizzled and Lrp6 receptor proteins and activates engrailed gene Vid Armadillo, D. Hedgehog protein activates the transcription of tengrailed and also activates its own transcription. Hedgehog protein diffuses from cells and binds to Patched receptor on neighbouring cells and ‘enables transcription of wingless gene. Which combination of above statements correctly represent the maintenance of engrailed and wingless expression? ()Aands (2) Bando (3)Aanéo ayCand (JUNE 2015) What will happen if wingless ANAM Is expressed in Wingless expressing cells from the stage when this gene initiates its expression in 2 developing Drosophila embryo? A. The enhdnced expression of wingless thus caused vill beoaden the area of engrailed expression. 8. Since wingless protein makes a long range gradient, Its effect will not be seen in the seme segment. . The posterior compartment of each future segment will got affected. D. Since engrailed expression is initiated by pair rule ‘genes, the posterior segment will not be affectes. Which one of the following will most appropriately answer the question? (1) Aandc (3) Bando 2yonlyc (a) Only {0&c 2019) ‘The anterior-posterior compartment of each segment of Drosophila is defined by wingless and engrailed genes, The following statements are given towards explaining their regulation: A, Wingless isa secretory factor B. Engrailed is a secretary factor and forms a long- range concentration gradient . Engrailed regulates Wingless through Hedgehog which forms a short-range concentration gradient D. Breatenin homologue is the signalling molecule Upstream of Engrailed, which gets cleaved by GSK3 homologue €. Cubitus interruptus is an intracellular signalling, molecule in the Engrailed expressing cells. Which one of the following options has all the correct statements towards the regulation of anterior - posterior compartment of segments? (1) Bonly {2)C only (3) Band € ()A,Cand 0 (JUNE 2019) The following statements regarding the generation of dorsal/ventral axis in Drosophila was made: A. Gurken protein moves along with the oocyte nucleus and signals follicle cells to adopt the ventral fate. B. Maternal deficiencies of either the gurken or torpedo gene cause ventralization of the embryo. ‘www.ifasoniine.com Scanned with CamScanner290) . Gurken is active only in the oocytes, Torpedo is active only in the somatic follicle cells. D. The Pipe protein is made in the dorsal follicle cells. E, The highest concentration of Dorsal is in the dorsal cell nuclei, which becomes the mesoderm, Which one of the following combination of the above statements is true? (2) Aand w (2)Cando Band C (4) Bande (bec 2017) 20. Following are the events that might take place during demo-ventral axis specification in early embryonic evelopment of Drosophile: A. "Torpedo' receptor activation B. ‘Pipe’ synthesis, . Acascade of protease activity D. ‘Cactus’ dephosphorylation E, Entry of ‘Dorsal’ in the nuclei of syncytial blastoderm stage embryo. Which combination of the above events will occur in the presumptive dorsal side of the embryo deficient in maternal gurken? (2) Aonly (2)8andconly (G18, Cand€ only 18)8, ¢,DandE only (8 2022+) 21. The Dorsal protein is involved in generating the dorsal- ventral (OV) polarity in Drosophila, The following Statements were made regarding the activity of the Dorsal protein in establishing the DV polarity A. In embryos that lack Gurken protein, the Dorsal protein is not translocated to the nucleus of the follicle cells which then causes ventralization of the embryo 8. Though Dorsal protein acts as a morphogen, it is found throughout the syncytial blastoderm of the early Drosophila embryo. . In embryos that lack Cactus protein the Dorsal protein can be found in the nucleus of cells with a ventral fate. ©. If the Dorsal protein is blocked from entering the nucleus, the genes responsible for specifying dorsal cell types are not transcribed, ‘Which of the above statements are correct? (1)AandB (2)Bandc (3)CandD (4) Aandc (UNE 2014) 22, Torpedo is a trans-membrane receptor on follicle cells that binds with Gurken protein located in the presumptive dorsal surface of the oocytes and inhibits a cascade leading to nuclear localization of the Dorsal Protein. In an experiment, Drosophila germ line chimeras were made by interchanging pole cells (germ line precursors) between wild type embryos and embryos from mother homozygous for a mutation of torpedo gene. These transplants produced: ji) wild type females whose egg came from mutant mother, and ii) torpedo deficient females whose egg came from wild type mother, 23, 24, x PEPE ee ‘The possible outcome of this experiment can be: A Torpedo deficient exus developed In Wil ype oan induced normal embryos. 8. Wild type eggs developed in Torpedo deficient vay produced ventralized embryos. €. Torpedo deficient eggs developed in wild type oan produced ventralized embryos. D. Dorsal protein enters in the nucle of dorsal side gy ‘embryos which came from wild type eggs develop, In Torpedo deficient ovary. E. Dorsal protein remains cytoplasmic in the dovsy side ofthe embryos which came from wild type ea developed in Torpedo deficient ovary. Which of the above combination is correct? 41)A;8 and 0 42)B,Cande (3) 8, DandE (aA, Cande GUNE 2018) Torpedo, is known to serve as a receptor for Gurie, Deficiencies of the torpedo gene in Drosophila cau, ventralization of the embryo. In an experiment, the germ cell precursors from a wild type embryo wer ‘transplanted into embryos whose mother carried the torpedo mutation. Also, the reverse experiment, Le, transplantation of germ cell precursors from torpes) ‘mutants into wild type embryos was done. The torpeds deficient germ cells developed in a wild type femak showed normal dorso-ventral axis, while the wild tpe germ cells developed in a torpedo deficient female showed ventralzed egg. Some of the follovig statements are drawn from the above experiments ad some from known facts to understand the functionag of Torpedo. ‘A. Zygotic contribution of Torpedo fs essential forthe development of dorso- ventral axis. 8, Maternal contribution of Torpedo is essential forte development of dorso- ventral axis, Since Torpedo is a receptor for Gurken and foie cells surround the part of the oocyte where Gurkt 's expressed, itis likely that Torpedo is expressed ® follicle cells, . Gurken signalling intially dorsalizes the follicle cl which in turn send signal to organize the don ventral polarity in oocyte. Surken signalling initially dorsalizes the nurse cb which help in generation of dorso-ventral polarivit oocyte ‘Which one of the following combination of statemer is most appropriate? YB. CandD (3)B, Cand e « (Ka cand 0 WADande ail During embryogenesis, » Drosophila dre wih? mutation ina homeotie gene shows (1) changed polarity of each segment. (2) defects in dorso-ventral polarity. (3) deletion of several segments in row. {4}teplacement of one body part by another body P#* IFAS Publications ‘www.ifasontine.o* | Scanned with CamScannerPTET LRy eerrerre 2, which of he flowing statements yl MODEL PAPER) eee ee the nurse cells, ted by prevent venting the for to the nucleus of dorsal cells *meobox containing genes (0) Homeobox containing genes pay aero in (1 (4). (8) and (©) (2) 14,08), (€) a {3)(A) and (0) w@}anctey 36. A mutant was experimentally generated wher wid) had reduced to hater lke structure. 2 The following statements are put forward regarding phenotype: earding this A ltrobithorox gene ectopically expressed in secon thoracie segment i eile ei 8. ontennapedia gene ectopically expressed in second thoracic segment c. Ahomeotic mutation, D. Amutation in gap gene The fallowing combination of statements wil be most appropriate explaining the molecular basis of mutant phenotype: ()Aand 8 (2) Bande (a)cand (a)Aandc (UNE 2017) 27, Antennapedia complex in Drosophila contains five sgenes, lab, pb, of, ser and Antp and they express in parasegments 1 to 5, respectively in a non-overlapping ‘manner. In the larva or in later stages of development, the region of Antp (Antennapedia) expression corresponds to a part of second thoracic segment. ‘mutation in Antp is known to cause transformation of antenna to leg-like structures. Below are certain statements made in respect to the functions of Antennapedia’ Ain the above described Antp mutation, the gene ectopically expresses in the head region 8. One of the functions of Antp is torepress genes that Induce antenna development ©. Antp expresses in thorax and forms a concentration gradient in the posterior-anterior direction, thus affecting head development DA homozygous recessive mutation of Ante expected to transform the leg to antenna in the second thoracic segment. Which combination of the above statements correctly describes the function of Antennapedia? WA Bande (2) Band 8) CandD JAVA, Band D a ‘What is the observed phenotype when the trait ty nero genes deleted in Drosophila? tht thoracic segments transformed! inte ancth second thoracic segment resulting in 2 fly with four wings. : ° "8 Pubicotions _ 29, 1 ps ‘ond thoracic segment, (2) Since it specifies the sec men of the head instead of antenna leg grows Out socket (8) Since it specifies the third thoracte segment, 3 t¥ with two pairs of haters develop. (4) Since this gene falls to be expressed in the second thoracic segment, the antennae sprout in the leg position. {pec 2019 ASSAM) The table given below provides categories and names ‘of genes involved n Drosophila development 1] Pair rule gene. ‘A_| abdominal A | Homeotic gene B | gooseberry. | Gap gene. C_[fushitaramu v_[ Segment polarity gene | D_| giant. Which one of the following options is 2 correct match between the categories and gene names? (2) 14,18, tc, W- (2) FD, IHC, mB, 1V-A G),18,11-D, ma, Vc (4) FC, A, LD, VB (0c 2033) ‘The change in the state of specification of imaginal dise ‘of Drosophila to that ofa different disc type is known as (a) Trans-determination _(2) trans-differentiation (2) transformation (@) transduction oe eee Animals (JUNE 2010) ‘The myxamoebae are in the vegetative stage where they feed on bacteria but enter the aggregation stage during nutrient starvation finally forming fruiting body with two types of differentiated cells. Its best example of evolution of (2) Mutticellutarity (3) Embryonic development eee (2) Social behaviour (a) Pattern formation (JUNE 2021) cAMP signalling plays a very important role in the development and differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum. This morphogen' is synthesized by different ladenyl cyclases expressed at different stages of its life cycle. The following statements (AD) refer to the effect (of mutations in different adenyl cyclase genes: (A) aca deficient cells can be allowed to aggregate by exposing them to pulses of cAMP. (8) acb deficient cells would form normal fruiting bodies and the spores can germinate when exposed to favourable conditions. (C) ace deficient cells develop normally and the spores {germinate in the spore head itself. (0) Spores formed from the acg deficient cells will germinate irrespective of the osmotic conditions. Which of the above statements are correct? (1)AandD. (2)Aonly (3)AandB (@)CandD ‘www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanner292 3. (UNE 2018) CAMP signalling plays a very important role in the development of Dictyosteliumaiscoideum. Below are few statements related to it A. Every amoeba at the time of aggregation has the potential to make, receive and relay cAMP. 8. acb* mutants develop normally but the spores formed appear glassy and are unable to germinate. CC. The spores formed by the acg’ mutants germinate in the sorus itself. D. Rega is an extracellular phosphodiesterase. E. cAMP Is continuously secreted in nanomolar amounts during aggregation. Which combination of the above statements is correct? “a Questions PEE W the three central vulval precursor are dest the three outer cells, which normally fom hypodermis, take the fate of vulval cells instead, Following are certain statements regarding vuiy formation: ‘A. Anchor cells acts as an inducer 8. Six hypodermal cells with the potential to form vulva form an equivalence group. . Three, out of six, hypodermal cells participate , vulva formation . The central cel functions as the 1° cell and the twe cells on bath side act as the 2° cells E, The 1° cell secretes a short range juxtacrine signal Which combinations of the above statements have a) Aa an Glaonde ta)bando teen drives rom the above exermentl resi? {0E¢ 2006) (2) A,Band (2) A,B and 0 Fusion of precursor cellsis an essential phenomenon In (@)Dande (4)8, DandE development of (0Ec136y (2) Nerve (2) Skeletal muscle 8. The following experiments related to wha (3) Spleen (Liver development in C. elegans were performed: {oec 2007) ‘© When the anchor cell was killed by laser beam a 5. The first organ system to develop during organogenesis early embryonic development and embryo was isthe avowed to develop, a vulva did not form, (1) integumentary system ‘+ When any three out of the SIX hypoderma ces {2) Respiratory system ‘were killed and embryo was allowed to develop, (2) Excretory system normal vulva formed. (4) Cardiovascular system + When any four out of six hypodermal cells were (UNE 2009) kiled and embryo was allowed to develop a noral 6. The model organism to study cellineage is vulva did not form. (1) Xenopus When anchor cell as well as anyone of the sit (2) Yeast hypodermal cells were killed, the vulva did not form, (3) Caenorhabeits elegans Based on the above observations the following (4) Drosophita conelusions were made: (movet PAPER) A. Out of six hypodermal cells, any three get invohed 7. A group of six cells called ‘equivalence group cells’ involve formation divide to form the vulval structure in Caenorhabditis 8. The fourth hypodermal cell plays a major role a elegans. They are called so because vulva formation, (2) they have similar fates during development of . Anchor cell as well as the middle three hypoderma vulva cells only has the ability to participate in wiv {2} all the six cots are competent to form vulva and formation. can replace each other under various experimental . Anchor cells essential for vulva formation. conditions. Which of the above statement or combination of (3) they are all under the influence of the anchor cell, ane ee ar signals from which initiate vulval development. (i) AandB Ge (4) they interact with each other to form the vulval (@)AandD neue structure. oec202l {bec 2015) 20. In C. elegans during embryogenesis, an anchor ell 8. In elegans, an anchor cell and a few hypodermal cells 6 hypodermal vulval precursor ces (vPCs) get Ivol take part in the formation of vulva. The experiment in forming the vulva. If 3 of the hypodermal VPCS 3 performed to understand the role of these ces in vulva illed' bya Taser Beata, o/eeraiel yobs mil tm formation and the results obtained are as follows: This could be due to the following possible reasons = Ifthe anchor cel skilled by laser beam, hypodermal A Six hypodermal VPCs form equivalence 610% cells do not participate in vulva formation and no cells, out of which only 3 participate in vulva develops. formation and 3 cells remain as reserve cel: = If six hypodermal cells closely located with anchor B. When 3. fypodermal VPCs are killed, 2 cell (called vulval precursor cells) are killed, no vulva neighboring hypodermal non- vecs get develops recruited. IFAS Publications werwifasonline.co™ ) 4 Scanned with CamScannerpp as GEE ‘c_ Anchor cel functions as an ing epithelial cells of the gonag compensate forthe loss, 1. Anchor cell acts 25 an inducer induce only 3 hypodermal ce which combination of the above s (2)AandB (@)cand D ‘ucer which can induce to get recruited to ae em ()Bande oe (4) Aando induction of @ small number of cells by oe the signals from a single inducing cell. With reference os this following statements were put forward, development no vulva formed. bee fil) ua formed bt he sence use ¢. Acell adopting a primary fate inhibits adjacent cells anchor cell Which of the above statements is true? ()aand (2)Aandc ()AandD (4) Band D. (vec 2017) uring vulva development in C. elegans, the anchor cell produces Lin-3 protein which interacts with the Let-23, protein present on the six vulval precursor cells (YPCs) that form an equivalence group. ‘he central lineage cell (P6.p) adopts the primary fate, the adjacent VPCs (P5.p and P7.p) adopt the secondary fate and the rest VPCs adopt the tertiary fate. Few mutants (Column A) and phenotypes (Column 8) em emone ‘| Loss of function Pp, PGp and PP of lin adopt primary fate, Pap and PBp adopt secondary fate 8 Loss of funetion | (i) | Multivulva of lin-B and gain of function of let23 CP Reduced Tid] Pep adopt primary fate function of fin-3 and the rest of the VPCS adopt tertiary fate [Overexpression | (i) | All VPCs adopt tertiary oF in fate Match “the correct mutant with the observed ineneyee I Ai Bat Bah Ci, D4 (2) A, Bil, C4, OF i, Civ, D4 (4) Ali, Ba, Ci, OV "AS Pibications _ 13 coy 415, Fa (UNE 2018) Following statements were made regarding vulval {evelopment in Caenorhabaitis elegans: A. The sic vulval precrsor cells (VPCs) are influenced by the anchor eel to form an equivalence group. 8. In the loss of function lin-12 mutants, both cells become uterine whereas in gain of function ‘mutants, both become anchor cell . I the anchor cell's destroyed early in development, all the six VPCs divide once and contribute towards the formation of hypodermal cell. . The anchor cell/ventral uterine precursor decision is due to Notch-Delta mediated mechanism of restricting adjacent cell fates. E, The paracrine factor secreted by the anchor cell directly activates the Notch-delta pathway. Which one of the following options represents 2 combination of correct statements? (a) A, Cand D (2)A, Band D ()C,Dandé (4)B, DandE : (DEC 2019 ASSAM) The two cell types, Anchor cell and vulval precursor cells are involved In vulva formation in C. elegans. The following statements are given towards understanding the roles of these two cell types and. their signaling activities: |A. Anchor cell is a germ cell from the gonad, which sends induction signal to vulva for maintaining differentiation states, B. The six vulval precursor cells, Influenced by anchor cell, form an equivalence group . The cell directly beneath the anchor cell divides to form the central vulval cels, while the two flanking cells divide to become the laterat vulval cells D. The three cells further away from anchor cell generate hypodermal cells Ling signal from anchor cell forms a gradient and activates. vulva. forming genes in central and lateral cells f. The Notch-Delta mediated mechanism of restictig adjacent cek fates is called Lateral inhibition, Which combination of the above statements is correct towards vulva formation in C. elegans? (1A, Band E only (2)4, 8, €and F {3)A,8, CandD (a), 0, Band F (wov 20204) In C. elegans the SKN-1 protein controls the fate of the EMS blastomere which generates the posterior pharynx With reference to the above which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? () The MS blastomeres able pharyngeal tissue even in isolation (2) Embryos from skn-1 (skin. excess) deficient mothers lack both pharyngeal mesoderm and endoderm derivatives of EMS to generate ‘www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanner294) (3), Embryos which are skn-1 nul mutants will always make extra hypodermal (skin) and body wall tissue. (4) SKN-1 activates MED transcription factors whose level of activity controls the fate of EMS lineage (UNE 2014) 16, During lens formation in the Xenopus, the following statements have been proposed: ‘A. Lens induction ean be achieved in the absence of optic vesicle after priming of head ectoderm by the anterior neural plate. 8. The optic vesicle can induce the presumptive trunk ectoderm to form the lens. . Only the head ectoderm can respond to direct signals from the optic vesicle form the lens. D. The anterior neural plate primes the head ectoderm via BMPA and Fef8 prior to signals from the optic vesicle ‘Which of the above combinations is correct? (a)cané (2)B and D (3)AandD (a)Aandc (UUNe 2012) 117. The functionality of the paxS gene in the formation of optic and nasal structure may be attributed to the following (A) Pax6 makes the optic vesicle competent and allows lens formation. (8) ‘The optic vesicle can induce any part of the head ‘ectoderm to form the nasal and optic structures, due to presence of Pax6. (0) Paxé renders the head ectoderm competent 10 receive signals from optic vesicle. (0) Apart from the optic vesicle, the head ectoderm may also be induced by SMP and FGF, so pax6 is not exclusive for lens formation. Which of the above attributes are true? (2) (a) and (0) (2){(C)and (0) (3) (8) ante) (4) (C)only (DEC 2019 ASSAM) 18, Following are some statements given for vertebrate eye lens induction: A. Paired box6 (Pax6) is a transcription factor synthesized in specific region of head surface ectoderm. B, Pax6 is secreted by optic vesicle. ©. Optic vesicle serves as an inducer for competent head surface ectoderm. D. Studies on amphibians suggest that the first inducers of lens may be the foregut endoderm and heart forming mesoderm, E. The genes for lens proteins get induced in the surface ectoderm of optic vesicle. Which combination of the above statements is correct towards vertebrate eye lens induction? (AGO QUA GE (3)8,€ (4)8,¢,0 2g Sy mh ener he te 0) sa esr rcs 2 retononcametne 19, Lens fort (0EC2013) when due to some injury, the eye lensi, fully differentiated iris cells qq Tt is achieved through the poste 20. in Amphibians, damaged, the regenerate the lens. processes: Pers cells through some signaling under Gedifferentiation and trans-differentiation into len, cells to regenerate the lens. 2, iniseells transform into lens cells spontaneousy, ©. Iris cells induce in a stepwise manner, specific gens fesponsible for their dedifferentiation and the, ‘conversion to lens cells. . stem calls present in iris tissue differentiate inte lens calls. Which of the following is correct? (a)AandB (2)Aandc (3)BandD. (4) Band c (WUE 2003) 21. The limb bud of a tetrapod is specified by (a) Hox genes only (2) retinoic acid only (3) both Hox genes and retinoic (a) fibroblast growth factor (UNE 2010 22. Anterior-postesior limb axis and dorsal ventral rene plate is determined by (1) Bicoid (2) sonic hedgehos (2) Pax (4) cactus | (occa 23, Which one of the following statements regaring int development in mice is true? (2) The gene encoding Tbx5 is transcribed in the lin? fields of the hindlimbs (2) The gene encoding Thed is transcrived inthe i? fields ofthe forelimbs. (3) Genes encoding islet 1, Thx4 and Pix are expres | in the presumptive hindlimb (4) Genes encoding islet 1, Texd and Pit ae eres in the presumptive fore presumptive forelimb. est 24, Over-expression of a dominant negative FGF rrecepil during amphibian development would P* formation of (2) trunk and tail (2) head and trunks. (3) trunk and fore limbs, (4) head and forelimbs. ey Scanned with CamScannermae ; limb development. Which of the following pt ferential fr the formation of tureusoering, NOT (1) Thxgenes and Wat (2) Androstero (2) Fibroblast erowth factor (4) Apopotc gone WUNE 2016) 26, What would happen as a result of a transplantation experiment ina chick embryo where the. leg sesenchyme is placed directly beneath the wing apiea ‘ectodermal ridge (AER)? ae {1) Distal hind limb structures develop at the e ae P at the end of (2) Acomplete hinslim® wil form in the region wher the forelimb should be. coca {a) The forelimb would form normal {a Neither a forelimb nor a hindlim® would form since the cells are already determined (moet PAPER) 27. During vertebrate limb development, a specialized ectodermal structure, called Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER), forms at the dorso-ventral ectodermal boundary atthe distal tip of the developing limb bud, The following experimental facts about the AER Is available (A) FGF 2,4, and 8 are expressed in the AER (8) Removal of the AER causes cessation of limb growth (©) Removal of AER along with implantation of beads soaked in FGF 8 or (0) FGF 4 or FGF 2 protein rescues the AER removal phenotype and gives rise to normal limb Which of the following statements cannot be made based on the above facts? (1) FGF 2, 4, and & are secreted proteins (2) FGF 2,4, and 8 are necessary and sufficient for AER function (2) FGF 2, 4, and 8 are sufficient for AER function (4) FGF 2,4, and 8 have largely redundant functions (WUNE 2034) differentiation of the 28. The proximal distal growth an series of tetrapod limb bud are made possible by & Interactions between the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and limb bud mesenchyme directly beneath it. Some of the interactions performed in chick demonstrated the following results A When the AER was removed at any time of development, further development of distal limb skeletal elements ceased. 8B, When leg mesenchyme was ol the wing AER, distal hindlimb atthe end of the wing. When limb mesenchyme was replac limb mesenchyme beneath the AER, developed ©. When an extra AER was grafted onto 2° limb bud, the development of the limb ceased Which of the above combinations is correct? (AandB (2}Aandc (3) Bando (4) Bandc laced directly beneath structures developed sed by a non- the limb stil ing IFAS Publications (pec 2013) 29. A set of experiments that were corried out to a4, demonstrate the effect of Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER) of the chick limb bud on the underlying mesenchyme are enlisted below, along with their expected outcomes: ‘A. Removal of the AER of forelimb leads t lim development. 8. I an extra AER is placed in the forelimb bud, duplication of the elstal region of the wing takes ales . cessation of place. . I an extra AER is placed in the forelimb bud, develops instead of 2 wing, D. WAER of forelimb bud is rela in FGF2, a normal wing develops. . if'a mon limb mesenchyme is placed below an AER. the AER directs the mesenchyme to form 8 normal wing. .ced with beads soaked Which of the above statements ae correct? (1)A, Cand (2)¢ Dandé ()8, Dende (@) A, Band D (UUNE 2022) In the context of the proximal-distal growth and differentiation of a tetrapod limb following experiments were visualized {a) If the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is removed at ‘any time during the limb development, further evelopment of distal limb skeletal elements ceases. [8) If leg mesenchyme is placed directly beneath the ‘wing AER, proximal hind limb structures develop at the end of the limb (c) Han extra AER is grafted onto an existing imb bud, supernumerary structures are formed usually at the distal en of the limb, (0) i leg mesenchyme is placed directly beneath the ‘wing AER, proximal hind limb structures develop at the end of the limb Which of the above experiments would show the possible interactions between the AER and the limb mesenchyme directly beneath it during limb ‘development? (2) (A) and (8) only {2} C) and (0) only (2)(8) and (C) ont (4) (A) and (C) only (UNE 2019) During wing development in chick I Apia Ectormal Ridge AER) Is removed, the limb development ceases, onthe ther hend placing leg mesenchyme. drecty beneath the wing AER, cstal hindi. structres develops atthe end of the wing, and i vepaced By nonin mesncyme sheath AEN, the AER egresse. ‘Ths may demonstrate that {A thelimb mesenchyme cellsinduce and sustain AER BL the mesenchyme cells specify the type: wing or ib, €. the AER is responsible for spectyng the type: wi bahay specifying the type: wing D. the AER i esponlbe for sustained outgrowth an development of the limb. oo www.ifasonline.com Scanned with CamScanner