CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY – BEC403

PROCEDURE TO RUN PROGRAMS IN MATLAB:

1. Click on the MATLAB Icon on the desktop.

2. MATLAB window open.
3. Click on the ‘FILE’ Menu on menu bar.
4. Click on NEW M-File from the file Menu.
5. An editor window open, start typing commands (Program).
6. Now SAVE the file in directory.
7. Then Click on DEBUG from Menu bar and Click Run.
8. If any error occurs in the program correct the error and Run it again.
9. For the output see command window or Figure window.

LIST OF BUILT IN MATLAB FUNCTIONS COMMONLY USED IN THE LAB.

Input Title Ones Asin Hold

FFT
Stem Grid Axis Hamming
Conv IFFT
Plot Cconv Ifft shift
Freq0z
Subplot Impz Circshift Imag
Deconv Max
Disp Conj Kaiser

Length Filter Butter Corrcoef Legend

Buttord
Fftshift Xcor Det Mean
Cheby1ord
abs Fir1 Dfilt Median

zeros Fliplr Cheby1 Min

Department of ECE VKIT Page 3

CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

EXPERIMENT - 1
Implement Block Diagram Reduction Technique to Obtain Transfer Function a Control
System.

AIM: To Implement Block Diagram Reduction Technique to Obtain Transfer Function a

Control System.

THEORY:
Block diagram reduction is a fundamental technique in control system theory used to simplify
complex control system diagrams. The goal is to reduce the system into a single transfer
function that accurately represents the input-output relationship.
The steps for block diagram reduction are:
i) Feedback Loop Reduction: If there is a feedback loop, break it and introduce a new
variable.
ii) Series Reduction: Combine blocks in series by multiplying their transfer functions.
iii) Parallel Reduction: Combine blocks in parallel by adding their transfer functions.
iv) Transfer Function Calculation: After reducing the block diagram, calculate the overall
transfer function.

a) Series Circuit

clc
clear all
close all
p=4
q=[1 1 2]
a=tf(p,q)

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CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

r=[1 0]
s=[1 2]
b=tf(r,s)
c=series(a,b)
ans=feedback(c,1,-1)
RESULT:

a=
4

s^2 + s + 2

b=
s

s+2

c=
4s

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 4 s + 4

ans =

4s

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 8 s + 4

b) Parallel circuit

clc
clear all
close all
p=4
q=[1 1 2]
a=tf(p,q)
r=[1 0]
s=[1 2]
b=tf(r,s)
c=parallel(a,b)
ans=feedback(c,1,-1)

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CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

RESULT:

a=
4

s^2 + s + 2

b=
s

s+2

c=
s^3 + s^2 + 6 s + 8

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 4 s + 4

ans =
s^3 + s^2 + 6 s + 8

2 s^3 + 4 s^2 + 10 s + 12

Conclusion/Inference: (To be written by students)

Faculty Signature:

Department of ECE , VKIT 3

CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

EXPERIMENT - 2
Implement Signal Flow graph to obtain transfer function a control system

AIM: To implement Signal Flow graph to obtain transfer function a control system

THEORY:
The Mason's Gain Formula is commonly used to calculate the overall transfer function of a
system represented by a signal flow graph. This formula takes into account all forward paths,
loops, and combinations of non-touching loops. Here's a simple MATLAB code that
illustrates the use of Mason's Gain Formula for a generic signal flow graph with a few paths
and loops. Let's consider a graph with:
Two forward paths
Two individual loops
One pair of non-touching loops
• Symbolic Definitions: The transfer functions (P1, P2, L1, L2) represent paths and
loops. Modify these based on your graph.
• Delta Calculation: Delta considers all loops and combinations of non-touching loops.
Here, it includes the individual loops and their product because they are non-touching.
• Path Deltas: Delta1 and Delta2 are computed for each path. They are adjusted based
on loops that do not touch the specific path, though in this simple example, all loops are
considered non-touching.
• Mason's Gain Formula: The overall transfer function TF is computed by weighing
paths with their respective Delta values and normalizing by the global Delta.

MATLAB Code:
% Define the transfer functions of the forward paths and loops
% Let's assume symbolic variables for general representation
close all;
clear all;
clc;
s = tf('s'); % Define the Laplace transform variable
% Forward paths
P1 = 1/(s + 1); % Path 1
P2 = 2/(s + 2); % Path 2
% Loops
L1 = -1/(s + 3); % Loop 1 (negative sign for feedback loop)

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CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

L2 = -1/(s + 4); % Loop 2 (negative sign for feedback loop)

% Non-touching loops
L12 = L1 * L2; % Product of loop 1 and loop 2
% Calculate Delta (1 - sum of all individual loop gains + sum of products of all non-touching
loops)
Delta = 1 - (L1 + L2) + L12;
% Calculate Delta1 for each forward path
% For Path 1, Delta1 excludes all loops touching Path 1 (none in this simple example)
Delta1 = 1 - (L1 + L2); % No loops touch Path 1
% For Path 2, Delta2 excludes all loops touching Path 2 (none in this simple example)
Delta2 = 1 - (L1 + L2); % No loops touch Path 2
% Calculate the overall transfer function using Mason's Gain Formula
TF = (P1 * Delta1 + P2 * Delta2) / Delta;
% Display the result
disp('Overall transfer function of the system using Mason''s Gain Formula:');

RESULT:

Overall transfer function of the system using Mason's Gain Formula:

TF = 3 s^9 + 94 s^8 + 1293 s^7 + 10243 s^6 + 51460 s^5 + 169827

s^4 + 367528 s^3 + 501696 s^2 + 390528 s + 131328

s^10 + 33 s^9 + 484 s^8 + 4150 s^7 + 23005 s^6 + 85993 s^5 + 219006 s^4 + 374080 s^3 +
408384 s^2 + 255744 s + 69120

Conclusion/Inference: (To be written by students)

Faculty Signature:

Department of ECE , VKIT 5

CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

EXPERIMENT - 3
Simulation of poles and zeros of a transfer function

AIM: To simulate poles and zeros of a transfer function

THEORY:

Simulation of poles and zeros of a transfer function is a crucial aspect of analyzing and
understanding the behaviour of linear control systems. In control system theory, a transfer
function is a mathematical representation of the relationship between the input and output
signals of a system in the frequency domain. The poles and zeros of a transfer function
provide valuable insights into the stability, frequency response, and transient response
characteristics of the system. Simulation of poles and zeros is a fundamental tool in control
system analysis and design, aiding engineers in designing stable, robust, and high-
performance control systems.

Poles:
 Poles are the roots of the denominator polynomial of the transfer function.
 Mathematically, poles are the values of 's' for which the denominator of the transfer
function becomes zero.
 Poles determine the stability of the system. A system is considered stable if all its
poles have negative real parts. If any pole has a positive real part, the system is
unstable.
 The location of poles also affects the transient response of the system. Poles closer to
the imaginary axis or on it indicate faster oscillations and potentially slower settling
time.
Zeros:
 Zeros are the roots of the numerator polynomial of the transfer function.
 Mathematically, zeros are the values of 's' for which the numerator of the transfer
function becomes zero.
 Zeros represent points where the transfer function output becomes zero for certain
input frequencies.
 Zeros influence the frequency response characteristics of the system. They determine
where the system's gain may increase or decrease and where it may exhibit resonance
or attenuation.

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CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

Simulation of poles and zeros involves plotting these points in the complex plane. Each pole
or zero is represented by a point with coordinates (real part, imaginary part). By analyzing the
distribution of poles and zeros, engineers can gain insights into the system's behaviour
without needing to solve complex differential equations.

The simulation of poles and zeros is typically performed as follows:

 Calculate the Transfer Function: Obtain the transfer function of the system either
analytically or through experimental identification.
 Identify Poles and Zeros: Determine the poles and zeros of the transfer function by
finding the roots of the numerator and denominator polynomials.
 Plot in the Complex Plane: Represent each pole and zero as a point in the complex
plane. Poles are usually denoted by 'x' marks, and zeros are denoted by 'o' marks.
 Analyze the Plot: Study the distribution of poles and zeros. Look for patterns such as
clustering, proximity to the imaginary axis, and symmetry. These patterns provide
insights into stability, frequency response, and transient response characteristics.

PROGRAM:
% Define the Laplace transform variable s
s = tf('s');
% Define the numerator and denominator of the transfer function
% Example: (s^2 + 2s + 3) / (s^3 + 4s^2 + 5s + 6)
numerator = s^2 + 2*s + 3;
denominator = s^3 + 4*s^2 + 5*s + 6;
% Create the transfer function
G = numerator / denominator;
% Calculate poles and zeros
poles = pole(G);
zeros = zero(G);
% Display poles and zeros
disp('Poles of the transfer function:');
disp(poles);
disp('Zeros of the transfer function:');
disp(zeros);
% Plot poles and zeros on the complex plane

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CONTROL SYSTEM LABORATORY - BEC403

figure;
pzmap(G);
title ('Pole-Zero Map');
RESULT:

Poles of the transfer function:

-3.0000 + 0.0000i
-0.5000 + 1.3229i
-0.5000 - 1.3229i
Zeros of the transfer function:
-1.0000 + 1.4142i
-1.0000 - 1.4142i

Conclusion/Inference: (To be written by students)

Faculty Signature:

Department of ECE , VKIT 8