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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 23

2 Quadratic Equations and Expressions

QUICK LOOK Example: Solve x3 + x 2 + x = 84.
Here the equation is x3 + x2 + x − 84 = 0
Identity: f ( x ) = φ ( x ) is an identity if f ( x) and φ ( x) have the
We have to factorize x3 + x2 + x − 84.
same value for every real value in R. An equation with arbitrary
Trying x = 1, −1, 2, −2, etc., we get,
coefficients may be an identity under certain conditions.
when x = 4, x 3 + x 2 + x − 84 = 43 + 42 + 4 − 84 = 0
 ax2 + bx + c = 0 will be an identity (or can have more than
( x − 4) is a factor of x + x + x − 84.
3 2
two solutions) if coefficient of each power of x is separately ∴

zero, i.e., a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0. Dividing x + x + x − 84 by x − 4. We get x + 5x + 21.

3 2 2

 ax + bx + cx + d = 0
3 2
will be an identity if ∴ x3 + x2 + x − 84 = 0
a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0. ⇒ ( x − 4)( x 2 + 5 x + 21) = 0
∴ x−4 = 0 or x 2 + 5 x + 21 = 0
Polynomial equations and their solutions: If f ( x) is a −5 ± 25 − 84
∴ x=4 or x=
function of x then f ( x) = 0 is an equation in one unknown (or 2
variable) and zeros of f ( x) or roots of f ( x) = 0 are the values Exponential equations and their solutions: If the equation
of x which make f ( x) equal to 0. involves terms or factors of the type a f ( x) or {φ ( x) f ( x ) , it will be
(i) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the first degree in x then the an exponential equation.
equation f ( x) = 0 is of the first degree in one unknown. (iv) If the exponential equation is such that it can be put in the
ax + b = 0 is an equation of the first degree in x. Its solution (or form a f ( x ) = aψ ( x), a ≠ 1 a ≠ 1 then f ( x) = ψ ( x) will give the
root) is found like this: ax = − b; solution.
2

−b Example: Solve (2 2) x = 83 x.
∴ x= . A first degree equation has only one solution.
a 2
Here (2 2) x = {(2 2)2 }3 x
(ii) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the second degree in x then the 2
or (2 2) x = (2 2) 6 x
equation f ( x) = 0 is of the second degree (or quadratic
equation) in one unknown. ∴ x2 = 6x or x( x − 6) = 0;

ax2 + bx + c = 0 is an equation of the second degree in x where ∴ x = 0, 6.

a ≠ 0. (v) If the exponential equation cannot be put in the above
form, select an exponential as y so that the equation changes
−b ± b 2 − 4ac into a polynomial equation in y.
The roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are x = .
2a (vi) In the exponential ax, a is greater than 0. So, no negative
The roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 can also be found by value of ax is possible.
factorizing ax + bx + c and equating each factor to 0 separately.
2

A second degree equation has two solutions (different or equal). Logarithmic equations and their solutions: If the equation
(iii) If f ( x) is a polynomial of the degree three (or more) then involves logarithm of some function of the unknown then it
will be a logarithmic equation.
the equation f ( x) = 0 is cubic (or of higher degree) in one
 If the logarithmic equation is such that it can be put in the
unknown.
form log a f ( x) = log a φ ( x) then f ( x) = φ ( x) will give the
Such equations can be solved if f ( x) can be factorized in linear
solution. Only those values of x from f ( x) = φ ( x) will give
or quadratic factors.
An equation of the nth degree has n solutions (different or equal). admissible solutions which make both f(x) and g(x) greater
than 0.

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24 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 If the logarithmic equation cannot be put in the above form, The sign-scheme for ax + bx + c, x ∈ R
2

select a logarithm as y so that the equation changes into a It is as follows: Let the roots of the corresponding
polynomial equation in y.
equation ax + bx + c = 0 be α , β .
2
 If the bases of the logarithms are also functions of x, the
admissible solutions must make the values of the bases  If α , β are real and unequal (α < β ) then
greater than 0 but not equal to 1. sign in the same sign in opposite sign is the same
as that of a α to that of a as that of a
β
Equations Involving Modulus, Greatest Integer Function, ∴ if a > 0, ] (+ ) (−) (+ )
etc., and Their Solutions α β
 f ( x) =| x − a | is a piecewisely defined function whose (−) (+ ) (−)
if a < 0.
definition is f ( x ) = x − a, x ≥ a −( x − a), x < a α β

 f ( x) = [ x] is a piecewisely defined function whose  If α, β are real and equal then

definition is If a > 0, (+ ) (+ )

f ( x ) = n, n ≤ x < n + 1 where n is an integer. α =β

(−) (−)
 f ( x) = [ x + n] = [ x] + n, where n is an integer. If a < 0,
α =β
 If the definition of the function is not uniform over R, the
 If α , β are imaginary (non-real complex) then
set R of real numbers should be divided into subsets
sign is the same as that of a throughout
according to the definitions of the function and the equation
in the corresponding interval is to be solved. A solution will ∴ if a > 0, the expression is always positive
be admissible if it lies in the interval of definition of that If a < 0, the expression is always negative.
equation.
Note
In-equations and their Solutions | x |< a, (a > 0) holds when − a < x < a
Laws of inequality are as follows | x |> a, ( a > 0) holds when x > a or x < − a
 a+b > a+c ⇒ b>c
x2 > a2 holds when x > a or x < −a
and a > b ⇒ a + c > b + c.
x2 < a2 holds when −a < x < a.
 a>b ⇒ ca > bc if c > 0 ca < bc if c > 0
 ab > ac ⇒ b > c if a > 0 b < c if a < 0 Positive definiteness and negative definiteness of a quadratic
polynomial
 a > b and c > d ⇒ a + c > b + d.
 ax2 + bx + c > 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e. ax2 + bx + c is
 a > 0, b > 0 ⇒ a + b > 0 and ab > 0
a < 0, b < 0 ⇒ a + b < 0 and ab > 0 positive definite, if D < 0 and a > 0 where D = b2 − 4ac.

a > 0, b < 0 ⇒ ab < 0  ax2 + bx + c ≥ 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e., ax2 + bx + c is non-
negative, if D ≤ 0 and a > 0.
 ax > ay ⇒ x > y if a > 1 x < y if 0 < a < 1
 ax2 + bx + c < 0 holds for all x ∈ R, i.e., ax2 + bx + c is
f ( x ) > 0, f ( x) < 0, f ( x) ≥ 0, f ( x) ≤ 0 are all inequations in negative definite, if D < 0 and a < 0.
one variable if they hold for all x ∈ A ⊂ R. But if they hold for The sign-scheme for ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d , x ∈ R
all x ∈ R then they are inequalities. It is as follows: Let the roots of the corresponding equation
 ax + b > 0 is a linear inequation. For this inequation,
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 be α , β , γ .
−b −b
ax > −b, we have x > if a > 0 or x < if a < 0. The  If α , β , γ are real and unequal (α < β < γ ) then
a a
solution set is an infinite set (+ ) (−) (+ ) (−)
α β γ
 ax + bx + c > 0
2
(or < 0 or ≥ 0 or ≤ 0) is a quadratic
Where a value between β and γ makes the expression positive;
inequation. The solution of the inequation is the set of real
values of x for which the inequality is true. The set can be (−) α (+ ) β (−) γ (+ )
obtained conveniently by sign-scheme. Where a value between β and γ makes the expression negative.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 25
Note −b c
α +β = , αβ =
 The sign-scheme for fourth or higher degree polynomials is a a
also prepared as above by detecting the sign of the value of Sign of real roots
the polynomial for x belonging to an interval determining When D ≥ 0, both roots are positive if
by two consecutive roots and then setting alternate signs in α β
−b c
the other intervals. α +β = > 0, αβ = > 0
a a O
 If two roots of f ( x) = 0 for the in-equation f ( x) > 0 be real
both roots are negative if
and equal to α then ( x − α ) 2 is a factor of f ( x), which is −b c
α +β = < 0, αβ = > 0
positive for all real x except x = α where f ( x) is zero. a a β α O

∴ The solution of f ( x) > 0 will be the same as When D > 0, one root is positive and one root is negative if
c
f ( x)
> 0. So the omission of the factor (x –α)2 from f
αβ = <0 α β
a O
( x − α )2
(x) will not affect the solution of the in-equation. Location of real roots:
α β
 If two roots of f (x) = 0 for the in-equation be complex When D ≥ 0,
conjugate α ± i β then ( x − α ) + β is a positive factor of
2 2
both roots are greater than k k

f ( x). So the omission of the factor ( x − α ) 2 + β 2 from f (x) ⇒ α − k > 0, β − k > 0

will not affect the solution of the in-equaiton. ⇒ (α − k ) + ( β − k ) > 0, (α − k )( β − k ) > 0
 The solution of an in-equation f ( x) > 0 or < 0 or ≥ 0 or ⇒ α + β − 2k > 0, αβ − k (α + β ) + k 2 > 0
≤ 0 is directly dependent on the solution of the both roots are less than k
corresponding equation f (x) = 0. ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k < 0 β α k

Quadratic equation and its roots: If ax + bx + c = 0, ( a ≠ 0)

2
⇒ (α − k ) + ( β − k ) < 0, (α − k )( β − k ) > 0
be a quadratic equation whose only two roots are α,β then both roots lie between k and l (k < l )
−b ± b − 4ac
2
⇒ α − k > 0, β − k > 0, α − l < 0, β − l < 0
 Roots α , β = ,
2a ⇒ α − k + β − k > 0, α − l + β − l < 0
where b2 – 4ac is the discriminant D. (α − k )( β − k ) > 0, (α − l )( β − l ) > 0
 The nature of the roots will be as follows :
α β
D > 0 ⇔ roots are equal and unequal (a, b, c being real)
D = 0 ⇔ roots are real and equal (a, b, c being real) k l

D < 0 ⇔ roots are non real conjugate complex (a, b, c being (b) When D > 0,
real) (i) one root is less than k and the other greater than k
D is a perfect square ⇔ roots are rational (a, b, c being real) ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k > 0
α β
D is a perfect square ⇔ roots are rational (a, b, c being ⇒ (α − k )( β − k ) < 0 k
rational) (ii) one root is less than k and the other greater than l (k<1)
D is not a perfect square (but positive) ⇔ roots are ⇒ α − k < 0, β − k > 0, α − l < 0, β − l > 0
conjugate irrational (a, b, c being rational)
⇒ (α − k )( β − k ) < 0, (α − l )( β − l ) < 0
Note
If any of the coefficients a, b, c is normal complex and p + iq is α k l β
a complex root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the other root need not
be p – iq. If any of the coefficients a, b, c is irrational and Equations of higher degrees and their roots
2
p + q be an irrational root of ax + bx + c = 0 then the other a0 x n + a1 x n −1 + a2 x n − 2 + .... + an = 0, when a is are real
root need not be p − q . The above notes hold for equation of (a0 ≠ 0), is an nth degree polynomial equation in one variable
higher degrees also. If a + b +c = 0 then the equation ax2 + bx + x. It has n roots (unequal or equal) which are either real or
c = 0 has the root x = 1. nonreal complex.

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26 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS a. x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 0 b. x 2 + 4 x − 1 = 0
Identity and Polynomial c. x 2 − 4 x + 1 = 0 d. None of these

1. Both the roots of given equation ( x − a )( x − b) + 10. If one of the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 +
bx + a = 0 is coincident. Then the numerical value of
( x − b)( x − c ) + ( x − c)( x − a) = 0 are always:
(a + b ) is:
a. Positive b. Negative
a. 0 b. – 1
c. Real d. Imaginary
c. 2 d. 5
2. If 3 is a root of x2 + kx – 24 = 0, it is also a root of :
a. x 2 + 5 x + k = 0 b. x 2 − 5 x + k = 0 Properties of Quadratic Equation
c. x 2 − kx + 6 = 0 d. x 2 + kx + 24 = 0
11. The value of ‘a’ for which one root of the quadratic
3. For what values of k will the equation equation (a 2 − 5a + 3) x 2 + (3a − 1) x + 2 = 0 is twice as large
x − 2(1 + 3k ) x + 7 (3 + 2k ) = 0 have equal roots?
2
as the other is:
a. 1, –10/9 b. 2, –10/9 a. 2/3 b. – 2/3
c. 3, –10/9 d. 4, –10/9 c. 1/3 d. – 1/3

Equations of Higher Degrees and Their Roots Quadratic Expression

2
4. If the difference between the corresponding roots of x + 12. If x be real, then the minimum value of x 2 − 8 x + 17 is:
ax + b = 0 and x2+ bx + a = 0 is same and a ≠ b, then: a. 0– 1 b. 0
a. a + b + 4 = 0 b. a + b − 4 = 0 c. 1 d. 2
c. a − b − 4 = 0 d. a − b + 4 = 0
Solution of Quadratic Equations and Nature of Roots
5. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to the sum of the squares of their 13. The roots of the equation a( x 2 + 1) − (a 2 + 1) x = 0 are:
reciprocals, then a / c, b / a , c / b are in: 1
a. a, b. a, 2a
a. A.P. b. G.P. a
c. H.P. d. None of these 1
c. a, d. None of these
2a
6. If the roots of the equation x − 5 x + 16 = 0 are α, β and
2

14. The roots of the equation ix 2 − 4 x − 4i = 0 are:

the roots of equation x 2 + px + q = 0 are α 2 + β 2 , αβ / 2 ,
a. – 2i b. 2i
then:
c. –2i, –2i d. 2i, 2i
a. p = 1, q = − 56 b. p = − 1, q = − 56
15. The number of roots of the quadratic equation
c. p = 1, q = 56 d. p = − 1, q = 56
8sec2 θ − 6secθ + 1 = 0 is:
7. If one root of the equation x + px + q = 0 is the square of
2
a. Infinite b. 1
the other, then: c. 2 d. 0
a. p 3 + q 2 − q (3 p + 1) = 0 b. p 3 + q 2 + q (1 + 3 p ) = 0 16. The number which exceeds its positive square root by 12
c. p 3 + q 2 + q (3 p − 1) = 0 d. p 3 + q 2 + q (1 − 3 p ) = 0 is:
a. 9 b. 16
8. Let α and β be the roots of the equation x 2 + x + 1 = 0 , the c. 25 d. None of these
equation whose roots are α19, β7 is:
17. If x 2 / 3 − 7 x1/ 3 + 10 = 0, then x = ?
a. x 2 − x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 − x + 1 = 0
a. {125} b. {8}
c. x 2 + x − 1 = 0 d. x 2 + x + 1 = 0
c. φ d. {125, 8}
1 2
9. If one root of a quadratic equation is ,then the 18. The solution set of the equation xlog x (1− x ) = 9 is:
2+ 5
a. {– 2, 4} b. {4}
equation is:
c. {0, – 2, 4} d. None of these

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 27
19. The number of real roots of the equation e sin x
−e − sin x
−4 Relation between Roots and Coefficients
= 0 are: 28. If one root of 5 x 2 + 13 x + k = 0 is reciprocal of the other,
a. 1 b. 2 then k = ?
c. Infinite d. None a. 0 b. 5
1 c. 1/6 d. 6
20. The solution of the equation x + = 2 will be:
x 29. If the product of the roots of the equation
1 (a + 1) x 2 + (2a + 3) x + (3a + 4) = 0 be 2, then the sum of
a. 2, –1 b. 0, –1, −
5
roots is:
1
c. −1, − d. None of these a. 1 b. –1
5
c. 2 d. –2
21. If 3x 2 − 7 x − 30 + 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5 = x + 5 ,then x is equal to: 30. If α , β are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then
a. 2 b. 3 1 1
the equation whose roots are α + and β + , is:
c. 6 d. 5 β α
a. acx 2 + ( a + c)bx + (a + c) 2 = 0
22. If x1 , x2 , x3 are distinct roots of the equation
b. abx 2 + ( a + c)bx + (a + c) 2 = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 then:
c. acx 2 + (a + b)cx + (a + c) 2 = 0
a. a = b = 0, c ∈ R b. a = c = 0, b ∈ R
d. None of these
c. b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0 d. a = b = c = 0
31. If α and β be the roots of the equation
2 x + 2( a + b) x + a + b = 0 , then the equation whose
2 2 2
23. The value of x = 2 + 2 + 2 + ..... is:
a. –1 b. 1 roots are (α + β ) 2 and (α − β ) 2 is:
c. 2 d. 3 a. x 2 − 2abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0 b. x 2 − 4abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0

24. The equation e x − x − 1 = 0 has: c. x 2 − 4abx + ( a 2 − b2 ) 2 = 0 d. None of these

a. Only one real root x = 0 32. If the sum of the roots of the equation λ x 2 + 2 x + 3λ = 0
b. At least two real roots be equal to their product, then λ = ?
c. Exactly two real roots a. 4 b. −4
d. Infinitely many real roots
c. 6 d. None of these
25. A real root of the equation log 4 {log 2 ( x + 8 − x )} = 0 is: 33. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2 x 2 − 3 x + 4 = 0 ,
a. 1 b. 2 then the equation whose roots are α 2 and β 2 is:
c. 3 d. 4
a. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 16 = 0 b. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 6 = 0
c. 4 x 2 + 7 x + 1 = 0 d. 4 x 2 − 7 x + 16 = 0
26. If the roots of the equations px 2 + 2qx + r = 0 and
qx 2 − 2 pr x + q = 0 be real, then: 34. If the ratio of the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 be
p : q , then:
a. p = q b. q 2 = pr
a. pqb 2 + ( p + q) 2 ac = 0 b. pqb 2 − ( p + q) 2 ac = 0
c. p 2 = qr d. r 2 = pq
c. pqa 2 − ( p + q) 2 bc = 0 d. None of these
27. If a > 0, b > 0, c > 0 then both the roots of the equation
35. If α , β be the roots of the equation x 2 − 2 x + 3 = 0 , then
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ?
1 1
a. Are real and negative the equation whose roots are and is:
α2 β2
b. Have negative real parts
c. Are rational numbers a. x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 b. 9 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
d. None of these c. 9 x − 2 x + 1 = 0
2
d. 9 x 2 + 2 x − 1 = 0

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28 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
36. If α , β be the roots of x − px + q = 0 and α ′, β ′ be the
2
43. If α , β are the roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and α + β ,
roots of x 2 − p′x + q′ = 0, then the value of α 2 + β 2 , α 3 + β 3 are in G.P., where ∆ = b 2 − 4ac , then:
(α − α ')2 + ( β − α ′) 2 + (a − β ′)2 + ( β − β ′) 2 is: a. ∆ ≠ 0 b. b∆ = 0
a. 2{ p − 2q + p′ − 2q′ − pp′}
2 2 c. cb ≠ 0 d. c∆ = 0

b. 2{ p 2 − 2q + p′2 − 2q′ − qq′} 44. If 3 p 2 = 5 p + 2 and 3q 2 = 5q + 2 where p ≠ q , then the

c. 2{ p 2 − 2q − p′2 − 2q′ − pp′} equation whose roots are 3 p − 2q and 3q − 2 p is:

d. 2{ p 2 − 2q − p′2 − 2q′ − qq′} a. 3 x 2 − 5 x − 100 = 0 b. 5 x 2 + 3 x + 100 = 0

c. 3 x − 5 x + 100 = 0
2
d. 5 x 2 − 3 x − 100 = 0
37. If α , β are the roots of ( x − a )( x − b) = c, c ≠ 0, then the
roots of ( x − α )( x − β ) + c = 0 shall be: Condition for Common Roots, Quadratic Expressions and
a. a, c b. b, c Position of Roots
c. a, b d. a + c, b + c 45. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a –3 = 0 are real
and less than 3, then:
1 1 1 a. a < 2 b. 2 ≤ a ≤ 3
38. If the roots of the equation + = are equal in
x+ p x+q r c. 3 < a ≤ 4 d. a > 4
magnitude but opposite in sign, then the product of the
roots will be: 46. If both the roots of k (6 x 2 + 3) + rx + 2 x 2 − 1 = 0 and

p2 + q2 ( p2 + q2 ) 6k (2 x 2 + 1) + px + 4 x 2 − 2 = 0 are common, then 2r − p is

a. b. –
2 2 equal to:
p −q2 2
(p −q )
2 2 a. –1 b. 0
c. d. –
2 2 c. 1 d. 2

39. Ifα,β are roots of x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0, then the equation whose 47. If the two equations x 2 − cx + d = 0 and x 2 − ax + b = 0
1 1 have one common root and the second has equal roots,
roots are , is: then 2(b + d ) = ?
α −2 β −2
a. x 2 + x − 1 = 0 b. x 2 + x + 1 = 0 a. 0 b. a + c
c. ac d. −ac
c. x 2 − x − 1 = 0 d. None of these

40. If α and β are the roots of 6 x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0, then the value of

48. If every pair of the equations x 2 + px + qr = 0,

1 1 x 2 + qx + rp = 0, x2 + rx + pq = 0 have a common root,

[ a + bα + cα 2 + dα 3 ] + [ a + bβ + c β 2 + d β 3 ] is:
2 2 then the sum of three common roots is:
1 a b c d −( p + q + r ) −p +q+r
a. ( a + b + c + d ) b. + + + a. b.
4 1 2 3 4 2 2
a b c d c. −( p + q + r ) d. − p + q + r
c. − + − d. None of these
2 2 3 4
49. If the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and x2 + qx + p = 0 , have a
x−m x+n
41. If the roots of the quadratic equation = are common root, then p + q + 1 = ?
mx + 1 nx + 1
reciprocal to each other, then: a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. – 1
a. n = 0 b. m = n 50. x − 11x + a and x − 14 x + 2a will have a common factor,
2 2

c. m + n = 1 d. m 2 + n 2 = 1 if a = ?
1 1 a. 24 b. 0, 24 c. 3, 24 d. 0, 3
42. If a and b are roots of x 2 − px + q = 0 , then + =?
a b 51. If x 2 − 3 x + 2 be a factor of x 4 − px 2 + q, then ( p, q ) = ?
1 1 1 p
a. b. c. d. a. (3, 4) b. (4, 5)
p q 2p q
c. (4, 3) d. (5, 4)

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 29
x+2 60. If for real values of x, x − 3 x + 2 > 0 and x − 3 x − 4 ≤ 0 ,
2 2
52. If x is real, the expression takes all value in
2 x + 3x + 6
2
then:
the interval: a. −1 ≤ x < 1 b. −1 ≤ x < 4
 1 1  1 1 c. −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4 d. 2 < x ≤ 4
a.  ,  b.  − , 
 13 3   13 3 
 1 1 Equation and In-equation Containing Absolute Value
c.  − ,  d. None of these 61. The roots of | x − 2 | 2 + | x − 2 | − 6 = 0 are:
 3 13 
a. 0, 4 b. –1, 3 c. 4, 2 d. 5, 1
53. If x, y , z are real and distinct, then u = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 −
6 yz − 3 zx − zxy is always: 62. The set of all real numbers x for which x − | x + 2 | + x > 0 ,
2

a. Non-negative b. Non-positive is:

c. Zero d. None of these a. (−∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞) b. (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)
( x − a )( x − b) c. (−∞, − 1) ∪ (1, ∞) d. ( 2 , ∞)
54. If x is real, the function will assume all real
( x − c)
63. Product of real roots of the equation t 2 x 2 + | x | + 9 = 0 (t≠ 0)
values, provided:
a. a > b > c b. a < b < c a. Is always +ve b. Is always –ve
c. Does not exist d. None of these
c. a > c < b d. a < c < b
55. If the roots of the equation x − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0 are real
2 64. The number of solution of log 4 ( x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3) ?
and less than 3, then: a. 3 b. 1
a. a < 2 b. 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 c. 2 d. 0
c. 3 < a ≤ 4 d. a > 4
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
56. If a, b, c are real numbers such that a + b + c = 0, then the
More than One Answer
quadratic equation 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 has:
65. Let a∈R and f :R→R be given by
a. At least one root in [0, 1]
b. At least one root in [1, 2] f ( x) = x − 5 x + a. Then:
5

c. At least one root in [−1,0] a. f(x)has three real roots, if a >4

d. None of these b. f(x)has only one real root, if a > 4
57. If the equation an x n + an−1 x n−1 + .... + a1 x = 0 a1 ≠ 0 , n ≥ 2 , c. f(x)has three real roots, if a < –4
d. f(x)has three real roots, if –4 a < 4
has a positive root x = α , then the equation nan x n−1
66. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all
+ (n − 1) an−1 x n−2 + .... + a1 = 0 has a positive root, which is
real x. If g ( x) = f ( x) − f '( x) + f ''( x), then for any real x:
a. Greater than or equal to α b. Equal to α ?
c. Greater than α d. Smaller than α a. g ( x) > 0 b. g ( x) ≥ 0
c. g ( x) ≤ 0 d. g ( x) < 0
Descarte's Rule of Signs
67. The real values of λ for which the
58. The maximum possible number of real roots of equation
equation, 3 x3 + x 2 − 7 x + λ = 0, has two distinct real roots
x 5 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0 is:
in [0, 1] lie in the interval: (s)
a. 0 b. 3
c. 4 d. 5 a. (−2,0) b. [0,1]
c. [0,2] d. (−∞, ∞)
Calculus in Problems of Equations and Expressions
68. The roots of the equation, ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x (3 x 2 + 4 x + 3), are
2x 1
59. If > , then: given by:
2 x2 + 5x + 2 x + 1
a. 2 − 3 b. (−1 + i 3) / 2, i = −1
a. −2 > x > −1 b. −2 ≥ x ≥ −1
c. −2 < x < −1 d. −2 < x ≤ −1 c. 2 + 3 d. (−1 − i 3) / 2, i = −1

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30 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
69. If A, G and H are the Arithmetic mean, Geometric mean 75. Assertion: If a,b,c ∈R– {0}, then at least one ax 2 + bx + c
and Harmonic mean between two unequal positive 2
= 0, bx + cx +a=0 and cx + ax + b =0 has imaginary
2
integers. Then the equation Ax – |G| x – H = 0 has: roots.
a. both roots are fraction
Reason: If a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0, then imaginary roots of the
b. at least one root which is negative fraction
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 occur in conjugate pair.
c. exactly one positive root
d. at least one root which is an integer x x 2 x3 x 4
76. Assertion: The equation f ( x)1 + + + + = 0 has
1 2! 3! 4!
70. If a, b, c ∈ R and the equality ax 2 − bx + c = 0 has complex two pairs of repeated roots.
roots which are reciprocal of each: Reason: Polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has a repeated root
a. | b |≤| a | b. | b |≤| c | α if P(α) = 0 and P' (α) = 0.
c. a = c d. b ≥ a 77. Assertion: If all the four roots of x4 – 4x3 + ax2 – bx + 1 = 0
71. The equation | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 can have real are positive, then a = 6 and b = 4.
Reason: If polynomial equation P(x) = 0 has four positive
solution for x, if a belongs x to:
roots, then the polynomial equation P'(x) = 0 has 3 positive
a. (−∞, −1] ∪ [3, ∞) b. [1 − 5,1 + 5]
roots.
c. [1 − 5, −1] ∪ [3,1 + 5] d. none of these
78. Assertion: If a, b, c ∈ Q & 21/3 satisfies a + bx + cx 2 = 0,
72. The equation x 2 + a 2 x + b 2 = 0 has two roots each of then a = 0, b = 0, c = 0.
which exceeds a number c, then: Reason: A polynomial equation with rational coefficients
a. a 4 > 4b 2 b. c 2 + a 2c + b 2 > 0 cannot have irrational roots.
c. − a 2 / 2 > c d. none of these 79. Let a, b, c ∈ R, a>0 and function f : R → R be defined by
73. A quadratic equation whose difference of roots is 3 and f ( x) = ax 2 + 2bx + c.
the sum of the squares of the roots is 29 is given by: Assertion: b 2 < ac ⇒ f ( x) > 0 for every value of x
a. x + 9 x + 14 = 0
2
b. x + 7 x + 10 = 0
2
Reason: f is strictly decreasing in the interval (–∞, b/a)
c. x − 7 x − 10 = 0
2
d. x 2 − 7 x + 10 = 0 and strictly increasing in the interval (–b/a, ∞)

74. If a, b, c are distinct number in arithmetic progression, 80. Assertion: If a, b, c ∈ R and 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then the
then both the roots of the quadratic equation
equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in [0, 1]
(a + 2b − 3c) x + (b + 2c − 3a ) x + (c + 2a − 3b) = 0 are:
2
Reason: If a continuous function f defined on R assumes
a. real b. positive both positive and negative values, then it, vanishes at least
c. negative d. rational once.

Assertion and Reason 81. Assertion: Let f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a, b, c ∈ R. If f(x)

assumes real values for real values of x and non-real
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
values of for non-real values of x, then a = 0
the correct option out of the options given below:
Reason: If a, b, c are complex numbers, a ≠ 0 then
a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion. a + iβ , β ≠ 0 is a root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 if and only if
b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the α − i β is a root of ax 2 + bx + c = 0
correct explanation of the assertion.
c. If assertion is true but reason is false. 82. Assertion: If a ≠ 0 and the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has
d. If the assertion and reason both are false. two roots α and β such that α < −2 and β > 2, then
e. If assertion is false but reason is true. a + | b | +c and a have the opposite signs.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 31
Reason: If a >0 and γ , δ (γ < δ ) are the roots 88. The area bounded by the curve y = f ( x) and the lines
of ax + bx + c = 0,
2
then graph of the parabola x = 0, y = 0 and x = t , lies in the interval:

y = ax 2 + bx + c, for γ < x < δ lies below the x-axis. 3   21 11 

a.  ,3  b.  , 
4   64 16 
83. Let a, b, c, p, q be the real numbers. Suppose α, β are the
 21 
1 c. (9,10) d.  0, 
roots of the equation x + 2px +q = 0and α ,
2
are the roots  64 
β
89. The function f '( x ) is:
of the equation ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0, where β 2 ∉ {−1, 0,1}.
 1  1 
Assertion: ( p 2 − q )(b 2 − ac) ≥ 0 and a. increasing in  −t , −  and decreasing in  − , t 
 4   4 
Reason: b ∉ pa or c ∉ qa.  1  1 
b. decreasing in  −t , −  and increasing in  − , t 
 4   4 
Comprehension Based c. increasing in (−t , t )
Paragraph-I d. decreasing in (−t , t )
Read the following passage and answer the questions. If a
continuous f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and
Match the Column
negative values in R, then the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in
90. A Observe the following columns:
R. For Illustration:, if it is known that a continuous function f Column I Column II
on R is positive at some point and its minimum values is
(A) A The number of 1. m is the AM of n and p
negative, then the equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in R. Consider solution of the system
f ( x ) = ke x − x for all real x where k is real constant. of equations x + 2y =
6 and |x – 3| = y is m,
84. The line y = x meets y = ke x for k ≤ 0 at:
then.
a. no point b. one point (B) If x and y are integers 2. n is the GM of m and p
c. two points d. more than two points and (x–8)( x – 10)=2y
85. The positive value of k for which ke x − x = 0 has only one the number of solution
root is: is n, then.
1 (C) The number of 3. p is the HM of m and n
a. b. 1
e integral solution for
c. e d. log e 2 the equation x + 2y =
2xy is p then.
86. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which
m p + pm
ke x − x = 0 has two distinct roots, is: 4. n =
mp
 1 1 
a.  0,  b.  ,1
 e e  m = n p n p n....∞
1 
c.  , ∞  d. (0,1) a. A→1,5; B→2,4; C→3
e  b. A→2,5; B→5, l C→1
c. A→3,4; B→1,3; C→2,4
Paragraph-II d. A→2,3; B-3,4; C→1,4
Consider the polynomial f ( x ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 4 x 3 . Let s be the
91. Observe the following columns:
sum of all distinct real roots of f ( x) and let t =| s |
Column I Column II
87. The real numbers s lies in the interval: (A) If a + b + 2c = 0, c ≠ then 1. at least one root in
 1   3  3 1  1 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 (–2, 0)
a.  − ,0  b.  −11, −  c.  − , −  d.  0, 
 4   4  4 2  4 has

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32 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
(B) Let a, b, c ∈ R such that 2a 2. at least one root in Integer
– 3b 6c = 0, then equation (–1, 0)
93. If α,β are the roots of the equation λ(x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0.
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
If λ1 and λ2 are two values of λ for which the roots α,β are
(C) Let a, b, c be zero real 3. at least one root in
numbers such that (–1, 1) α β 4 λ λ
related by + = , then the value of 1 + 3 must be
1 β α 5 λ2 λ1
∫ (1 + cos x) (ax2 + bx + c)
8
0

2
equal to:
dx= ∫
0
(1 + cos8 x) (ax2 +
94. If α,β,γ are such that α + β +γ = 4, α2 + β2 +γ2 = 6, α3 +
bx +c) dx, then the
equation ax2 + bx +c = 0 β3 +γ 3 = 8, then the value of [α4 + β4 +γ4] must be equal
has to: (where [⋅] denotes the greatest integer function)
4. at least one root in
(0, 1) 95. Sum of all roots of the equation
5. at least one root in
(0, 2) x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 3 x = x must be equal to:

n radical signs
a. A→3,4,5; B→1,2,3; C→3,4,5
b. A→1,2,3; B→1,3,5; C→3,4,5
96. In copying a quadratic equation of the form x2 + px + q = 0
c. A→1,2,5; B→1,5,3; C→3,2,5
d. A→2,5,3; B→1,4,5; C→2,1,5 then coefficient of x was wrongly written as –10 in place
of –11 and the roots were found to be 4 and 6. If α, β are
92. Observe the following columns:
the roots of the correct equation, then the value of α4 + β 4
Column I Column II
must be equal to:
(A) If a, b, c, d are four non 1. a + b + c ≠ 0
zero numbers such that(d
97. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 and
+ a – b)2 +(d + b – c)2 =
0 and roots of the α β
also x3900 + p1950 x1950 + q1950 = 0 and if , are the roots
equation a(b – c)x2 +b(c β α
– a)x + c(a – b) = 0 are of x n + 1 + ( x + 1) n = 0, then the value of n must be equal to:
real and equal, then
(B) If a, b, c are three non 2. , b, c are in AP 98. The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the
zero real numbers such equation x 2 − 8kx + 16( k 2 − k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct and
that the roots of the
have values at least 4, is:
equation
(C) If the three equations x2 3. a, b, c are in GP 99. Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates satisfying
+ px + 12 = 0, x2 + qx + the system of homogeneous equations 3x – y – z = 0, –3x
15 = 0 and x2(p + q)x +
+ z = 0, –3x + 2y + z = 0 Then the number of such points
36 = 0have a common
for which x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ 100 is:
positive root and a, b, c
be their other roots, then
2π 2π
4. a, b, c are in HP 100. Let ω be the complex number cos + i sin . Then
3 3
5. a = b = c
the number of district complex number z satisfying
a. A→1,2,3,4,5; B→1,2; C-1
z +1 ω ω2
b. A→2,1,4,3,5; B→1,3; C-1
ω z + ω2 1 = 0 is equal to:
c. A→2,1,3,5,4; B→3,2; C→2
ω2 1 z +ω
d. A→5,2,3,4,1; B→1,2; C→5

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 33
ANSWER 4. (a) α + β = −a , αβ = b
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
⇒ α − β = a 2 − 4b and γ + δ = −b , γδ = a
c c b a c b d d b d
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ⇒ γ − δ = b2 − 4a
a c a c d b d a d d According to question, α − β = γ − δ
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
⇒ a 2 − 4b = b 2 − 4 a
c d c a a b b b b a
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
⇒ a+b+4=0
b d a b b a c b c b 5. (c) As given, if α, β be the roots of the quadratic equation, then
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
1 1 (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ
a d d a a b c a a b ⇒ α +β = + =
α 2
β 2
α 2β 2
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
b b 2 / a 2 − 2c / a b 2 − 2ac
d b a d a a d b c c ⇒ − = =
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
a c2 / a 2 c2
a b c b b,d a,d All All b,c a,b,c 2a b 2 b ab 2 + bc 2
⇒ = + =
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. c c2 a ac 2
b,c a,b,c b,d a,b b d b c b b ⇒ 2a 2 c = ab 2 + bc 2
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 2a b c c a b
⇒ = + , , are in A.P.
c a b a a a c a b a b c a a b c
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. a b c
⇒ , , are in H.P.
a a 254 7 3 4177 1950 k =2 7 1 c a b

SOLUTION 6. (b) Since roots of the equation x 2 − 5 x + 16 = 0 are α, β.

αβ
Multiple Choice Questions ⇒ α + β = 5, αβ = 16 and α 2 + β 2 + = −p
2
1. (c) Given equation ( x − a )( x − b) + ( x − b)( x − c) +
αβ
⇒ (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ + = −p
( x − c )( x − a ) = 0 can be re-written as 3x 2 − 2(a + b + c) x 2
+ (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 16
⇒ 25 − 2(16) + = −p
2
D = 4[(a + b + c) 2 − 3(ab + bc + ca )]
 αβ 
= 4[a 2 + b 2 + c 2 − ab − bc − ac] ⇒ p = −1 and (α 2 + β 2 )  =q
 2 
= 2[(a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] ≥ 0 αβ
⇒ [(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ] =q
Hence both roots are always real. 2
⇒ (25 − 32)8 = q
2. (c) Equation x 2 + kx − 24 = 0 has one root as 3,
⇒ 3 2 + 3 k − 24 = 0 ⇒ q = −56
⇒ k =5 7. (d) Let α and α2 be the roots then α + α 2 = − p , α .α 2 = q
Put x = 3 and k = 5 in option
Now (α + α 2 )3 = α 3 + α 6 + 3α 3 (α + α 2 )
Only (c) gives the correct answer i.e.
⇒ 3 2 − 15 + 9 = 0 ⇒ − p 3 = q + q 2 − 3 pq ⇒ p3 + q 2 + q(1 − 3 p) = 0
⇒ 0=0 8. (d) Roots of x 2 + x + 1 = 0 are
3. (b) Since roots are equal then [−2(1 + 3k )]2 −1 ± 1 − 4 −1 ± 3i
x= , = = ω,ω 2
= 4.1.7(3 + 2k ) 2 2

⇒ 1 + 9k 2 + 6k = 21 + 14k Take α = ω , β = ω 2

⇒ 9k 2 − 8k − 20 = 0 ∴ α 19 = w19 = w, β 7 = ( w2 )7 = w14 = w2
Solving, we get k = 2, − 10 / 9 ∴ Required equation is x 2 + x + 1 = 0

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34 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

1 2− 5 17. (d) Given that x 2/3

− 7 x1/ 3 + 10 = 0 . Given equation can be
9. (b) Given root = = = −2 + 5
2+ 5 −1 written as ( x ) − 7( x1/ 3 ) + 10 = 0
1/3 2

∴ Other root = −2 − 5 Let a = x1/ 3 , then it reduces to the equation

Again, sum of roots = – 4 and product of roots = – 1. a 2 − 7a + 10 = 0 ⇒ (a − 5)(a − 2) = 0 ⇒ a = 5, 2
The required equation is x + 4 x − 1 = 0
2
Putting these values, we have a3 = x ⇒ x = 125 and 8.
10. (b) If α is the coincident root, then x + a α + b = 0 and
2

18. (a) x log x (1− x )2 = 9

α2 α 1
α 2 + bα + a = 0 ⇒ = = ⇒ log x (9) = log x (1 − x) 2 (∵ a x = N ⇒ log a N = x)
a 2 − b2 b−a b−a
α 2 = −( a + b) , α = 1 ⇒ 9 = (1 − x) 2 ⇒ 1 + x 2 − 2 x − 9 = 0
⇒ − ( a + b ) = 1 ⇒ ( a + b ) = −1 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2)( x − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = −2, 4 .

11. (a) Let the roots are α and 2α 19. (d) Given equation esin x − e− sin x − 4 = 0
1 − 3a 2 Let esin x = y , then given equation can be written as
Now, α + 2α = 2 , α .2α = 2
a − 5a + 3 a − 5a + 3
y2 − 4 y −1 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 ± 5
1 − 3a 2
⇒ 3α = 2 , 2α 2 = 2
a − 5a + 3 a − 5a + 3 But the value of y = esin x is always positive, so
 1 (1 − 3a)2  2 y = 2 + 5 (∵ 2 < 5)
⇒ 2 2
= 2
 9 ( a 2
− 5a + 3)  a − 5a+3
⇒ log e y = log e (2 + 5) ⇒ sin x = log e (2 + 5) > 1
(1 − 3a) 2 Which is impossible, since sin x cannot be greater than 1.
⇒ = 9 ⇒ 9a 2 − 45a + 27 = 1 + 9a 2 − 6a
a 2 − 5a + 3 Hence we cannot find any real value of x which satisfies
⇒ 39a = 26 ⇒ a = 2 / 3 the given equation.
12. (c) Since a = 1 > 0 therefore its minimum value is 1 1
20. (d) x + = 2 ⇒ x + − 2 = 0 (∵ x ≠ 0)
4ac − b2
4(1)(17) − 64 4 x x
= = = =1
4a 4 4 ⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1,1 .
13. (a) Equation a( x 2 + 1) − (a 2 + 1) x = 0
21. (c) 3 x 2 − 7 x − 30 + 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5 = x + 5
⇒ ax 2 − (a 2 + 1) x + a = 0
3 x 2 − 7 x − 30 = ( x + 5) − 2 x 2 − 7 x − 5
1
⇒ (ax − 1)( x − a ) = 0 ⇒ x = a , .
a on squaring, 2x2 − 7 x − 5 = 5

14. (c) We have ix 2 − 4 x − 4i = 0 2 x − 7 x − 30 = 0 ⇒ x = 6 .

2

⇒ x 2 + 4 ix − 4 = 0 ⇒ x 2 + 2 ix + 2 ix − 4 = 0 22. (d) Since quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has three

⇒ ( x + 2 i)( x + 2 i) = 0 ⇒ x = −2i, − 2i . distinct roots so it must be an identity.
So, a = b = c = 0 .
1
15. (d) 8 sec 2 θ − 6 sec θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ sec θ = 23. (c) x = 2 + x ⇒ x 2 − x − 2 = 0
2
1 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, −1
or sec θ = , but sec θ ≥ 1 or sec θ ≤ −1 .
4
But 2 + 2 + ..... ≠ −1 , so it is equal to 2.
Hence the given equation has no solution.
x x2
16. (b) Let the required number is x 24. (a) e x = x + 1 ⇒ 1 + + + ...... = x + 1
1! 2!
So, x = x + 12 ⇒ x − 12 = x ⇒ x 2 − 25 x + 144 = 0 x 2 x3
⇒ + + ...... = 0 ; x 2 = 0, x3 = 0, ...... x n = 0
⇒ x − 16 x − 9 x + 144 = 0 ⇒ x = 16
2
2! 3!
Since x = 9 does not hold the condition. Hence, x = 0 only one real root.
By inspection, since 16 exceeds its positive square root Check the equation with options then only option (a)
i.e.,4 by 12. satisfies the equation.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 35

{
25. (a) log 4 log 2 ( x + 8 − x ) = 0 } = αβ + 1 + 1 +
1
=2+
c a
+ =
2 ac + c + a
=
2 2
(a + c) 2

αβ a c ac ac
⇒ 40 = log 2 ( x + 8 − x ) ⇒ 21 = x + 8 − x
Hence required equation is given by
⇒ 4 = x + 8 + x − 2 x + 8x ⇒ 2 x + 8x = 2x + 4
2 2
b (a + c)2
x2 + (a + c)x + =0
⇒ x + 8x = x + 4 + 4 x ⇒ 4 x = 4 ⇒ x = 1 .
2 2 ac ac
⇒ acx 2 + (a + c)bx + (a + c)2 = 0 .
26. (b) Equations px 2 + 2qx + r = 0 and
Trick: Let a = 1 , b = −3, c = 2 , then α = 1, β = 2
qx 2 − 2( pr ) x + q = 0 have real roots, then from first 1 3 1
∴ α+ = and β + = 3
4q 2 − 4 pr ≥ 0 ⇒ q 2 − pr ≥ 0 ⇒ q 2 ≥ pr . . .(i) β 2 α

and from second 4( pr ) − 4q 2 ≥ 0 (for real root ) Therefore, required equation must be
( x − 3 )( 2 x − 3 ) = 0 i.e. 2 x 2 − 9 x + 9 = 0
⇒ pr ≥ q 2 . . . (ii)
Here (a) gives this equation on putting a = 1, b = −3 , c = 2 .
From (i) and (ii), we get result q 2 = pr .
a2 + b 2
27. (b) The roots of the equations are given by 31. (b) Sum of roots α + β = −(a + b ) and αβ =
2
−b ± b 2 − 4ac ⇒ (α + β ) 2 = (a + b ) 2 and (α − β ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 − 2αβ
x= Let b 2 − 4ac > 0, b > 0
2a = 2 ab − (a 2 + b 2 ) = −(a − b) 2
Now if a > 0, c > 0, b − 4ac < b 2 2
Now the required equation whose roots are
⇒ The roots are negative. (α + β ) 2 and (α − β ) 2
Let b − 4ac < 0, then the roots are given by
2
x 2 − {(α + β )2 + (α − β )2 } x + (α + β )2 (α − β )2 = 0
−b ± i (4ac − b ) 2
⇒ x 2 − {(a + b) 2 − (a − b) 2 } x − (a + b) 2 (a − b)2 = 0
x= , (i = −1)
2a
⇒ x 2 − 4abx − (a 2 − b 2 )2 = 0
Which are imaginary and have negative real part (∵ b > 0)
2 2
∴ In each case, the roots have negative real part. 32. (d) Under condition, − =3⇒ λ =−
λ 3
1 3
28. (b) Let first root = α and second root = 33. (a) α + β = and αβ = 2
α 2
1 k 9 7
Then α . = ⇒ k = 5. α 2 + β 2 = (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ = −4=−
α 5 4 4
3a + 4 Hence required equation x 2 − (α 2 + β 2 ) x + α 2 β 2 = 0
29. (b) It is given that αβ = 2 ⇒ =2
a +1 7
⇒ x2 + x+4=0
⇒ 3 a + 4 = 2 a + 2 ⇒ a = −2 4
2a + 3 ⇒ 4 x 2 + 7 x + 16 = 0
Also α + β = −
a +1
34. (b) Let pα , qα be the roots of the given equation
Putting this value of a, we get sum of roots
2a + 3 −4 + 3 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 .
=− =− = −1 .
a +1 − 2 +1 b c
Then pα + qα = − and pα .qα =
a a
b c
30. (a) Here α + β = − and αβ = b
a a From first relation, α = −
1 1
a( p + q)
If roots are α + ,β + , then sum of roots are
β α Substituting this value of α in second relation, we get
 1  1 α+β b b2 c
=  α +  +  β +  = (α + β ) + =− (a + c) × pq =
 β   α  αβ ac a ( p + q)2
2
a

 1  1 ⇒ b 2 pq − ac( p + q )2 = 0
and product = α +   β + 
 β  α Students should remember this question as a fact.

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36 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
35. (b) α , β be the roots of x − 2 x + 3 = 0 , then α + β = 2
2
−3αβ (α + β )]
and αβ = 3 Now required equation whose roots are b 1  2 1 1  1
= a+ + c (1) − 2.  + d  (1)3 − 3. 
  2 2  6 2  6
1 1 1 1 1
, is x 2 −  2 + 2  x + 2 2 = 0
α 2
β 2
α β  α β a b c d
= + + + .
1 2 3 4
 2 1
⇒ x2 −  −  x + = 0 ⇒ 9 x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 .
 9 9
41. (a) Given,
x −m
=
x +n
36. (a) As given, α + β = p, αβ = q,α ′ + β ′ = p′, α ′β ′ = q ' mx + 1 nx − 1
⇒ x 2 (m − n) + 2mnx + (m + n) = 0
Now, (α − α ' )2 + (β − α ' )2 + (α − β ′)2 + (β − β ′)2
1 1 m +n
= 2(α 2 + β 2 ) + 2(α ' 2 + β ' 2 ) − 2α ' (α + β ) − 2 β ' (a + β ) Roots are α, respectively, then α . =
α α m −n
{
= 2 (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ + (α ′ + β ′) 2 − 2α ' β '−(α + β )(a ′ + β ' ) } ⇒ m−n = m+n ⇒ n = 0.
= 2{p 2
− 2q + p ′ − 2q ′ − p p ′ .
2
}
42. (d) Roots of given equation x 2 − px + q = 0 is a and b
37. (c) As given, α + β = a + b , αβ = ab − c or ab = αβ + c .
i.e., a + b = p . . . (i)
Then the required equation is x 2 − x (α + β ) + αβ + c = 0
and ab = q . . . (ii)
⇔ x 2 − x (a + b) + ab = 0 , whose roots are a, b.
1 1 a+b p
38. (b) Given equation can be written as Then + = = .
a b ab q
x 2 + x ( p + q − 2r) + pq − pr − qr = 0 . . . (i)
whose roots are α and −α , then the product of roots 43. (d) (α 2 + β 2 ) 2 = (α + β ) (α 3 + β 3 )
2
− α 2 = pq − pr − qr = pq − r( p + q ) . . . (ii)  b2 − 2ac   −b   −b 2 + 3abc 
 2  =   
p+q  a   a  a3 
and sum 0 = p + q − 2r ⇒ r = . . . (iii)
2
⇒ 4 a 2 c 2 = acb 2 ⇒ ac (b − 4 ac) = 0
2
From (ii) and (iii), we get
As a ≠ 0 ⇒ c∆ = 0
− α 2 = pq −
p+q
2
1
{
( p + q ) = − ( p + q) 2 − 2 pq
2
}
44. (a) Given roots are 3 p − 2q and 3q − 2 p .
2 2
(P + q ) 5
=− .
2 Sum of roots = (3 p − 2q ) + (3q − 2 p ) = ( p + q) =
3
39. (c) α , β are the roots of the equation x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0
Product of roots = (3 p − 2q ) (3q − 2 p )
∴ α + β = 3 and αβ = 1
= 9 pq − 6 q 2 − 6 p 2 + 4 pq = 13 pq − 2(3 p 2 + 3 q 2 )
1 1 α +β −4 3−4
S = + = = =1  −2 
α − 2 β − 2 αβ − 2(α + β ) + 4 1 − 2 .3 + 4 = 13   − 2(5 p + 2 + 5 q + 2)
 3 
1 1
and P = = = −1 −2  5 
(α − 2)(β − 2) αβ − 2(α + β ) + 4 = 13   − 2 5   + 4 
 3  3
   
1 1
Hence the equation whose roots are and are
α−2 β −2 −26  25  −100
= −2 + 4 =
3  3  3
x 2 − Sx + P = 0 ⇒ x 2 − x − 1 = 0 .
Hence, equation is 3 x 2 − 5 x − 100 = 0.
40. (b) α , β are the roots of the equation 6 x 2 − 6 x + 1 = 0
⇒ α + β = 1, αβ = 1/ 6 45. (a) Given equation is x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0
If roots are real, then D ≥ 0
1 1
∴ [a + bα + cα 2 + d α 3 ] + [ a + b β + c β 2 + d β 3 ] ⇒ 4a 2 − 4(a 2 + a − 3) ≥ 0
2 2
1 1 1 ⇒ −a + 3 ≥ 0
= a + b(α + β ) + c (α 2 + β 2 ) + d (α 3 + β 3 )
2 2 2 ⇒ a −3≤ 0
1 1 1 ⇒ a≤3
= a + b + c[ (α + β ) 2 − 2αβ ] + d [(α + β )3
2 2 2 As roots are less than 3, hence f (3) > 0

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 37
9 − 6a + a + a − 3 > 0
2 52. (b) If the given expression be y, then
⇒ a 2 − 5a + 6 > 0 y = 2 x 2 y + (3 y − 1) x + (6 y − 2) = 0
⇒ (a − 2)(a − 3) > 0 If y ≠ 0 then ∆ ≥ 0 for real x i.e. B 2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
⇒ a < 2, a > 3 . or – 39 y 2 + 10 y + 1 ≥ 0 or (13 y + 1)(3 y − 1) ≤ 0
Hence a < 2 satisfy all the conditions. ⇒ −1/13 ≤ y ≤ 1/ 3
46. (b) Given equation can be written as If y = 0 then x = −2 which is real and this value of y is
(6 k + 2)x 2 + rx + 3 k − 1 = 0 . . . (i) included in the above range.
2
and 2(6 k + 2)x + px + 2(3 k − 1) = 0 . . . (ii) 53. (a) x, y , z ∈ R and distinct.
Condition for common roots is
Now, u = x 2 + 4 y 2 + 9 z 2 − 6 yz − 3zx − 2 xy
12 k + 4 p 6k − 2
= = = 2 or 2r − p = 0 1
6k + 2 r 3k − 1 = (2 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 18 z 2 − 12 yz − 6 zx − 4 xy )
2
47. (c) Let roots of x 2 − cx + d = 0 be α , β then roots of
2
=
2
{
1 2
x − 4 xy + 4 y 2 ) + (x 2 − 6 zx + 9 z 2 ) + (4 y 2 − 12 yz + 9 z 2 )}
x − ax + b = 0 be α , α
1
∴ α + β = c, αβ = d , α + α = a, α 2 = b =
2
{( x − 2 y)2 + ( x − 3z)2 + (2 y − 3z)2 }
Hence 2(b + d ) = 2(α + αβ ) = 2α (α + β ) = ac
2
Since it is sum of squares. So u is always non- negative.
48. (a) Let the roots be α , β ; β , γ and γ , α respectively. ( x − a)( x − b)
54. (d) Let y = or y ( x − c) = x 2 − (a + b) x + ab
∴ α + β = − p, β + γ = − q, γ + α = − r ( x − c)
Adding all, we get Σα = −( p + q + r ) / 2 etc. or x 2 − ( a + b + y ) x + ab + cy = 0

49. (a) Let α is the common root, so α 2 + p α + q = 0 . . . (i) ∆ = (a + b + y ) 2 − 4(ab + cy )

and α 2 + q α + p = 0 . . . (ii) = y 2 + 2 y (a + b − 2c) + (a − b) 2
from (i) – (ii), Since x is real and y assumes all real values, we must have
⇒ ( p − q )α + (q − p ) = 0 ⇒ α = 1 ∆ ≥ 0 for all real values of y. The sign of a quadratic in y
Put the value of α in (i), p + q + 1 = 0. is same as of first term provided its discriminant
B 2 − 4 AC < 0
50. (b) Expressions are x 2 − 11x + a and x 2 − 14 x + 2a will have
This will be so if 4(a + b − 2c) 2 − 4(a − b) 2 < 0
a common factor, then
or 4(a + b − 2c + a − b)(a + b − 2c − a + b) < 0
x2 x 1
⇒ = = or 16(a − c)(b − c) < 0 or 16(c − a)(c − b) = − ve
−22a + 14a a − 2a −14 + 11
∴ c lies between a and b i.e., a < c < b . . . (i)
x2 x 1 8a a
⇒ = = ⇒ x2 = and x = Where a < b , but if b < a then the above condition will be
−8a − a −3 3 3
2 b < c < a or a > c > b . . . (ii)
 a  8a a 2 8a
⇒   = ⇒ = ⇒ a = 0, 24 . Hence from (i) and (ii) we observe that (d) is correct
3 3 9 3
answer.
Trick: We can check by putting the values of a from the
55. (a) Given equation is x 2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0
options.
If roots are real, then D ≥ 0
51. (d) x 2 − 3 x + 2 be factor of x 4 − px 2 + q = 0 ⇒ 4a 2 − 4( a 2 + a − 3) ≥ 0 ⇒ − a + 3 ≥ 0
Hence ( x 2 − 3x + 2) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ a −3 ≤ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3
⇒ x = 2,1, putting these values in given equation As roots are less than 3, hence f (3) > 0
So, 4 p − q − 16 = 0 . . . (i) 9 − 6 a + a 2 + a − 3 > 0 ⇒ a 2 − 5a + 6 > 0
and p − q − 1 = 0 . . . (ii) ⇒ (a − 2)(a − 3) > 0 ⇒ either a < 2 or a > 3
Solving (i) and (ii), we get (p, q) = (5, 4) Hence a < 2 satisfy all.

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38 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
56. (a) Let f ′(x ) denotes the quadratic expression From eq. (i) and (ii), x ∈ [ −1,1) ∪ (2 4]
f ' ( x ) ≡ 3 ax 2 + 2bx + c , whose antiderivative be denoted ⇒ −1 ≤ x < 1 or 2 < x ≤ 4
3 2
by f ( x ) = ax + bx + cx 61. (a)We have | x − 2 | 2 + | x − 2 | − 6 = 0
Now f (x ) being a polynomial in R, f ( x ) is continuous and
Let | x − 2 | = X ; X 2 + X − 6 = 0
differentiable on R. To apply Rolle's theorem.
We observe that f (0 ) = 0 and f (1) = a + b + c = 0, by − 1 ± 1 + 24
⇒ X= = 2, − 3
2
hypothesis. So there must exist at least one value of x, say
⇒ X = 2 and X = −3
x = α ∈ (0,1) such that f ′(α ) = 0 ⇔ 3 aα 2 + 2b α + c = 0
∴ | x − 2 | = 2 and | x − 2 | = −3 , which is not possible.
That is, f ′(x ) = 3 ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 has at least one root in
⇒ x −2 = 2
[0, 1].
or x − 2 = −2
57. (d) Let f ( x) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 + .... + a1 x ; ∴ x =4

f (0) = 0; f (α ) = 0 or x =0

⇒ f ′( x ) = 0 , has atleast one root between (0, α ) 62. (b) Case (i): If x + 2 ≥ 0
n −1 n−2 i.e. x ≥ −2 ,
i.e., equation na n x + (n − 1)a n −1 x + .... + a1 = 0
We get x 2 − x − 2 + x > 0
has a positive root smaller than α .
+ +
–√2
58. (b) f ( x) = x − 6 x − 4 x + 5 = 0
5 2
√2
+ − − +
⇒ x2 − 2 > 0
2 changes of sign ⇒ maximum two positive roots.
⇒ ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) > 0
f ( x) = x 5 − 6 x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0
− − + + ⇒ x ∈ (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)
1 changes of sign ⇒ maximum one negative roots. But x ≥ −2
⇒ total maximum possible number of real roots = 2 + 1 = 3. ∴ x ∈ [−2, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 ∞) . . . (i)
2x 1 Case (ii): x + 2 < 0 i.e. x < −2 ,
59. (c) Given − >0
2x 2 + 5 x + 2 x +1 then x 2 + x + 2 + x > 0
2x2 + 2x − 2x2 − 5x − 2 −3 x − 2 ⇒ x2 + 2x + 2 > 0
⇒ >0⇒ >0
(2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 1) (2 x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 1) ⇒ ( x + 1) 2 + 1 > 0 . Which is true for all x
−3( x + 2 / 3) ( x + 2 / 3) ∴ x ∈ (−∞, − 2) . . . (ii)
⇒ >0 ⇒ <0
( x + 1)( x + 2)(2 x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2)(2 x + 1) From (i) and (ii),
Equating each factor equal to 0, we get, x ∈ (−∞, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞)

+ + + 63. (c) Expression is always +ve,

–2 – –1 –2/3 – –1/2 so t 2 x 2 + | x | + 9 ≠ 0 .
We get x = −2, − 1, − 2 / 3, − 1/ 2 Hence roots of given equation does not exist.
∴ x ∈ ] − 2, − 1[ ∪ ] − 2 / 3, − 1 / 2 64. (b) We have log 4 (x − 1) = log 2 ( x − 3)
⇒ − 2 / 3 < x < − 1 / 2 or −2 < x < −1 (x − 1) = ( x − 3)2
60. (c) x − 3 x + 2 > 0 or ( x − 1)( x − 2) > 0
2
⇒ x – 1 = x2 + 9 – 6x
∴ x ∈ ( −∞ ,1) ∪ (2, ∞ ) . . .(i) ⇒ x2 – 7x + 10 = 0
⇒ (x – 5) (x – 2 ) = 0
Again x 2 − 3 x − 4 ≤ 0 or ( x − 4)( x + 1) ≤ 0
x = 5 or x = 2
∴ x ∈ [−1, 4 ] . . .(ii)
But x – 3 < 0, when x = 2.
+ + ∴ Only solution is x = 5.
–
–1 4 Hence number of solution is one.

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 39
NCERT Exemplar Problems 67. (a, b, c, d) Given equation is 3 x + x − 7 x + λ = 0
3 2

More than One Answer Let f ( x) = 3 x3 + x 2 − 7 x + λ

65. (b, d) Plan: Concepts of curve tracing are used in this ∴ f '( x ) = 9 x 2 + 2 x − 7
question.
= 9( x + 1)( x − 7 / 9)
Number of roots are taken out from the curve traced.
For max or min f '( x) = 0
Let y = x 5 − 5 x
7
(a) As x → ∞, y → ∞ and as x → −∞, y → −∞ ∴ x = −1, x = 7/9 ∈ [0,1]
9
(b) Also, at x = 0, y = 0, thus the curve passes through the
Hence Eq. (i) has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] for all
origin. values of λ
dy
(c) = 5 x 4 − 5 = 5( x 4 − 1) 68. (a, b, c, d) Given equation is ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x (3 x 2 + 4 x + 3)
dx
⇒ x 4 − 3 x3 − 2 x 2 − 3 x + 1 = 0
 3 1 
⇒ x 2  x 2 − 3x − 2 − + 2  = 0
= 5( x 2 − 1)( x 2 + 1) = 5( x − 1)( x + 1)( x 2 + 1)  x x 
dy ⇒ x≠0
Now, > 0 in (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ ), thus f ( x ) is increasing in
dx 1  1
∴ x2 + x+ −2=0
dy x2 − 3  x
these interval. Also, < 0 in (–1, 1), thus decreasing in
dx  1
2
 1
⇒  x +  − 3 x +  − 4 = 0
(–1, 1).  x  x
(d) Also, at x = −1, dy / dx its sign from +ve to –ve.  1  1 
⇒  x + − 4  x + + 1  = 0
∴ x = −1 is point of local minima.  x  x 
(–1,4)
Or ( x 2 − 4 x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1) = 0
 1 3
2
-1 Or {( x − 2) 2 − 3}  x +  +  = 0
 2  4 
(1,–4) 
Local maximum value, y = (−1)5 − 5( −1) = 4 −1 ± i 3
∴ x = 2 ± 3,
Local minimum value, y = (1) − 5(1) = −4 5 2

Now, let y = −a 69. (b, c) Given equation is

As, evident from the graph, if − a ∈ (−4, 4) Ax 2 − | G | x − H = 0 . . .(i)
i.e., a ∈ ( −4, +4) |G | H
Let α, β are the roots then α + β = and αβ = −
Then, f ( x ) has three real roots and if −a > 4 A A
|G | H
Or −a < −4, then f ( x ) has one real root. i.e., for a < −4 or Since, A >| G |> H or 1 > >
A A
a > 4, f ( x) has one real root. Hence, A is positive
∴ α + β and αβ has positive and negative fraction respectively.
66. (a, d) Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c > 0.∀x ∈ R
Also, | G |2 = AH . . .(ii)
⇒ b 2 − 4ac < 0
And a > 0 . . .(i) Discriminant of Equation (i) = (− | G |) − 4 ⋅ A ⋅ (− H )
2

Now, g ( x) = f ( x ) − f '( x) + f ''( x) =| G |2 +4 AH = 5 | G |2 > 0 [From Equation (ii)]

= ax 2 + (b − 2a ) x + (2 a − b + c ) Hence roots of Eq. (i) are and distinct.

∵ α + β > 0 and αβ < 0
Discriminant = (b − 2a ) − a (2 a − b + c )
2

One root is positive and other is negative and at least one

= (b 2 − 4 ac ) − 4 a 2 < 0 (from Eq. (i)] root is a fraction. So, the equation has a negative fraction
⇒ g ( x) > 0, ∀x ∈ R ⇒ g ( x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ R. root.

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40 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
1 77. (b) Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 be four positive roots of x 4 − 4 x3 + ax 2
70. (a, b, c) If roots is α ,
α −bx + 1 = 0, then x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 4 and x1 x2 x3 x4 = 1.
c 1
∴ α⋅ = ⇒ c=a 1
α a ⇒ ( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 ) = ( x1 x2 x3 x4 )1/ 4
4
Since, (| a | − | b |) 2 ≥ 0 or | a |≥| b |
That is A.M. = G.M. This is possible if and only if
But a = c, ∴ | c |≥| b | . x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = 1. Thus the given equation becomes

71. (b, c) | x + 1|| x − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 ( x − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ a = 6, b = 4.

⇒ | x 2 − 1|= a 2 − 2a − 3 Reason follows immediately from the Rolle’s theorem.

∴ a 2 − 2a − 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ (a + 1)(a − 3) ≥ 0 78. (c) By multiplying a,b,c by an appropriate natural number,

we may assume that a, b, c are integers. We may further
∴ a ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ [3, ∞ )
assume that a, b, c have no factor in common.
72. (a, b, c) Roots are real Now, a + b21/ 3 + c 22 / 3 = 0
∴ B − 4 AC > 0 ⇒ a > 4b , (a) is correct.
2 4 2
⇒ a 3 = −2(b + 21/ 3 c)3 = −2(b 3 + 2c3 − 3abc)
If f ( x ) = x + a x + b (∵ c lie outside the roots)
2 2 2
⇒ 2 | a 2 ⇒ 2 | a ⇒ a = 2a1 for some a1 ∈ I.
∴ f (c) > 0, then c + a c + b > 02 2 2
Thus, 4a13 = −(b3 + 2c 3 − 6a1bc)
(b) is correct. Also (x- coordinate of vertex) > c ⇒ b 3 = −2(2a13 + c 3 − 3a1bc)
a2
⇒ − >c ⇒ 2 | b3 ⇒ 2 | b ⇒ b = 2b1 for some b1 ∈ I.
2
∴ (c) is correct. Therefore 4b13 = −(2a13 + c3 − 6a1b1c)
⇒ c3 = −2(a13 + 2b13 − 3a1b1c)
73. (b, d) | α − β |= 3 and α 2 + β 2 = 29. | α − β |2 = 9
⇒ 2 | c 3 ⇒ 2 | c.
⇒ α 2 + β 2 − 2αβ = 9
1
∴ αβ = 10 (∵α 2 + β 2 = 29) This is a contradiction. Reason is false as 2 3 is irrational
Then (α + β ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 + 2αβ = 29 + 20 = 49 but is a root of x3 − 2 = 0.
∴ α + β = ±7  b
79. (b) We have f '( x) = 2ax + 2b = 2a  x + 
∴ Required equation is x ± 7 x + 10 = 0 2
 a

74. (a, b) Let A = a + 2b − 3c, B = b + 2c − 3a, Not that f ’(x)=0 for x = −b / a and f '( x) < 0 for

C = c + 2a − 3b x < −b / a. and f '( x) > 0 for x > −b / a

∴ A+ B +C = 0 This shows that f is strictly decreasing on (−∞, −b / a ) and
C strictly increasing on (−b / a, ∞).
Hence, roots are 1 and .
A Also note that f has a local minimum at x = −b / a.
Assertion and Reason  −b  b − ac
2
We have min f ( x ) = f   =
75. (b) If each of the three equation has real roots, then  a  a
b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0, c 2 − 4ab ≥ 0 and a 2 − 4ab ≥ 0 If b 2 − ac > 0 and a > 0, then f ( x) ≥ min f ( x) > 0
⇒ a 2b 2c 2 ≥ 64a 2b 2 c 2 . A contradiction. Thus, Assertion is true and Reason is true. However,
Reason alone is not the complete explanation for Reason.
76. (d) If α is a repeated root of f ( x) = 0, then f (α ) = 0 and
1 1
80. (b) Consider f: R→R defined by f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx 2 + cx
f '(α ) = 0. 3 2
α α2 α3 α4 α α2 α3 Then is f continuous and differentiable on R and
∴ 1+ + + + = 0 and 1 + + + =0 1 1 1
1 2! 3! 4! 1 2! 3! f (1) a + b + c = (2a + 3b + 6c ) = 0 and f (0) = 0. By the
2 2 2
α4
⇒ = 0 ⇒ α = 0. But α = 0 does not satisfy f ( x) = 0. Rolle’s theorem there exists α ∈ (0,1) such that f '(α ) = 0
4!

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 41
But f '( x) = ax + bx + c α + β α
2

Again, now pa = −   a = − (α + β )
Thus, ax + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
2  2  2
Reason is true but its not the correct explanation of a 1
and b = −  α + 
Assertion. 2 β
81. (c) If a ≠ 0, we rewrite f ( x) as follows: Since, pa ≠ b
1
 b  4ac − b 2 
2
 b c
f ( x) = a  x 2 + x +  = a  x +  + ⇒ α+ ≠α +β
 β
 a a  2a  4a 2 
⇒ β 2 ≠ 1, β ≠ {−1, 0,1}, b which is correct. Similarly, if
 b   4ac − b 2   4a − b 2 
f  − + i  = a (i) 2 + 2  = a 1 +  c ≠ qa
 2a   4a   4a 2 
α
Which is real? This contradicts our assumption that is non ⇒ a ≠ aαβ
β
real for non-real x. Therefore, a = 0. Reason is false since
–i is a root of x 2 + x + 1 + i = 0 but i is not a root of  1
⇒ α β − ≠0
x + x + 1 + i = 0.
2  β 
1
82. (a) α , β are roots of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇔ α , β are roots of ⇒ α ≠ 0 and β − ≠0
β
b c
x2 + x + = 0. As coefficient of x 2 > 0, graph of the ⇒ β ≠ {−1, 0,1}
a a
Reason is true. Both Assertion and Reason are true. But
b c
parabola y = x 2 + x + for α < x < β lies below the x-axis. Reason does not explain Assertion.
a a
b c b c
As −1,,∈ (α , β ), (−1) 2 + ( −1) + < 0 and 12 + < 0 Comprehension Based
a a a a
84. (a) y
b c b c
⇒ 1 − + < 0 and 1 + + < 0
a a a a
1
⇒ ( a + | b | + c) < 0 x' x
a
Thus, a + | b | + c and a have the opposite signs.
y'
83. (b) Given, x 2 + 2 px + q = 0
Let y = x intersect the curve y = ke x at exactly one point
∴ α + β = −2 p . . .(i)
when k ≤ 0.
αβ = q . . .(ii)
85. (a) Let f ( x) = ke x − x
and ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
f '( x ) = ke x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = − In k
2b 1
∴ α+ =− . . .(iii) f "( x ) = ke x
β a
α c ∴ [ f "( x)]x =− In k = 1 > 0
and = . . .(iv)
β a Hence, f (− In k ) = 1 + In k
Now, ( p 2 − q )(b 2 − ac ) For one root of given equation
 2
 1
1  1 + In k = 0 ⇒ k =
 α + β  2
 
α+  α e
 β
=   − αβ    −  a2
 −2    2  β 86. (a) For two distinct roots,
 
   1 + In k < 0 (k > 0)

(α − β )2
 1
2
In k < −1 k < 1/ e
= α −  . a ≥ 0
2

16  β  1
Hence, k ∈  0, 
∴ Assertion is true.  e

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42
y
Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
87. (c) Given, f ( x ) = 4 x + 3 x + 2 x + 1 3 2
(B) Since, 2 is positive for all values of y, then ( x − 8)( x − 10)
f '( x ) = 2(6 x + 3 x + 1)
2 should be positive, Therefore, x > 10 or x < 8
D = 9 − 24 < 0 Since, 2 y is a power of 2, x − 10 and x − 8 should be both
Hence, f ( x) = 0 has only one real root. powers of 2.
∴ x = 12 and x = 6 are only values of x that fit for this
 1 3 4
f  −  = 1 −1+ − > 0 condition.
 2 4 8
Hence, (12, 3) and (6, 3) are the only solutions.
 3 6 27 108 64 − 96 + 108 − 108 ie, n=2
f  −  = 1− + − = <0
 4  4 16 64 64
(C) x + 2 y = 2xy ⇒ x = 2 y ( x − 1)
 3 1
f ( x) changes its sign in  − , −  , hence x 1
 4 2 or 2y = =1+
x −1 x −1
 3 1 ∴ x − 1 = 1, −1 or x = 2,0
f ( x) = 0 has a root in  − , − 
 4 2 Then 2 y = 2,0 ⇒ y = 1,0
88. (a) Hence, the only solutions are (2, 1) and (0, 0) ie, p = 2
n+ p 2+ 2
P→m= + = 2, Q → n = np = 4 = 2,
2 2
2 mn 8 22 + 22
R→ p= = = 2, S → n = = 2.
m+n 4 4

1 3 T → n p n p n...∞ = 2 2 2 2... = 21/ 2+1/ 4+1/8+

2 4
1
1/ 2 t 3/ 4 2

∫
0
f ( x)dx < ∫ f ( x)dx <
0
∫
0
f ( x)dx =2 1−1/ 2
=2=m

91. (a) (A)Let f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c

Now, ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ (1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x3 )dx
Then f (1) = a + b + c = −c (∵ a + b + 2c = 0) and f (0) = c
= x + x 2 + x3 + x 4
1/ 2
∴ f (0) f (1) = − c 2 < 0 (∵ c ≠ 0)
15 3
⇒ ∫
0
f ( x)dx = >
16 4
∴ Equation f ( x) = 0 has a root in (0, 1)
3/ 4 ∴ f ( x) = 0 has a root in (0, 2) (T) as well as in (–1, 1).
530
∫
0
f ( x)dx =
256
<3 (B) Let f '( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c
ax 3 bx 2 (2 ax 3 + 3bx 2 + 6cx )
89. (b) ∴ f ( x) = + + cx + d = +d
1
3 2 6
∴ f (0) = d
(-1,4)
( −2 a + 3b − 6c ) (2 a − 3b + 6c )
and f ( −1) = +d =− +d
S 6 6
−3 −1 1 3 = 0 + d (∵ 2a − 3b + 6c = 0) = d
4 2 2 4
Hence, f (0) = f (−1)
Figure is self explanatory
Hence, f '( x) = 0 has at least one root in (–1, 0).
Match the Column ∴ f ( x) = 0 has a root in (–2, 0) (P) as well as in (–1 1).
90. (a) (A) Case (i): If x > 3, the x + 2 y = 6, x − 3 = y We
(C) Let f ( x ) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + bx + c ) dx
get x = 4, y = 1
Given f (1) − f (0) = f (2) − f (0) ⇒ f (1) = f (2)
x + 2 y = 6
Case (ii):If x < 3, then  y = 3, x = 0 ⇒ f '( x) = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
3−4 = y 
Hence, the only solution are (0, 3) and (4, 1) i.e, m = 2 ⇒ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + b + c ) = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)

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Quadratic Equations and Expressions 43
⇒ ax + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
2 Integer
93. (254) The given equation can be written as
∴ ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a root in (0,2) (T) as well as in (–1, 1)
λ x 2 − (λ − 1) x + 5 = 0
92. (a) (A) a(b − c) + b(c − a) + c(a − b) = 0
λ −1 5 α β 4
∴ x = 1 is a root of a (b − c ) x 2 + b(c − a ) x + c ( a − b) = 0 ∴ α +β = , αβ = but given + =
λ λ β α 5
∵ Roots are equal then other root is also 1. or 5(α 2 + β 2 ) = 4αβ
c ( a − b)
∴ Product of roots = =1
 λ − 1  10  20
2
a (b − c ) 5{(α + β ) 2 − 2αβ } = 4αβ or 5 
or  − =
2ac  λ  λ  λ
∴ b= ⇒ a, b, c an in HP.
a+c or λ 2 − 16λ + 1 = 0
Also, ( d + a − b) + ( d + b − c ) = 0 which is possible only when
2 2
It is a quadratic equation in λ , let roots be λ1 and λ2 ,
d + a − b = 0, d + b − c = 0 then λ1 + λ2 = 16, λ1λ2 = 1
∴ b−a = c−b = d λ1 λ2 λ12 + λ22 (λ1 + λ2 )2 − 2λ1λ2
∴ + = =
ie, 2b = a + c λ2 λ1 λ1λ2 λ1λ2
⇒ a, b, c are in AP
(16) 2 − 2.1
= = 256 − 2 = 254
∵ a, b, c are in AP and HP then a = b = c then a, b, c are also 1
in GP
94. (7) We have
∵ a=b=c
(α + β + γ ) 2 = α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα )
∴ a + b + c ≠ 0 (P)
⇒ 16 = 6 + 2(αβ + βγ + γα )
(B) (b − c) + (c − a ) + (a − b) = 0
∴ αβ + βγ + γα = 5
∴ x = 1 is a root of (b − c ) x 2 + (c − a ) x + ( a − b) = 0
Also, α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − βγ − γα )
∵ Roots are equal
∴ Other root is also 1. α 3 + β 3 + γ 3 − 3αβγ = (α + β + γ )(α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 − αβ − βγ − γα )
a −b ⇒ 8 − 3αβγ = 4(6 − 5)
Then product of roots = =1
b−c
or 3αβγ = 4 or αβγ = 4 / 3
a+c
b= ⇒ a, b, c are in AP. Now, (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 ) 2 = Σα 4 + 2Σβ 2γ 2 = Σα 4 + 2{(Σβγ 2 ) − 2αβγ Σα }
2
and a + b + c ≠ 0 (P) (α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 )2 = Σα 4 + 2Σβ 2γ 2 = Σα 4 + 2{(Σβγ 2 ) − 2αβγ Σα}
(C) Let α be a common positive root, then  4 
(6) 2 = Σα 4 + 2  25 − 2 ⋅ ⋅ 4 
α 2 + pα + 12 = 0 . . .(i)  3 
α 2 + qα + 15 = 0 . . .(ii) 64 64 22
Σα 4 = 36 − 50 + = − 14 =
and α 2 + ( p + q )α + 36 = 0 . . .(iii) 3 3 3
Applying Eqs. (i) + (ii) – (iii) , we get  22 
∴ [α 4 + β 4 + γ 4 ] =   = 7
3
α + 27 − 36 = 0
2

or α 2 = 9 ⇒ α = 3 (∵α is positive) 95. (3) Rewrite the given equation

Let other root of Eq. (i) is a (given)
x + 2 x + 2 x +… + 2 x + 2 x + 2x = x . . .(i)
then a × 3 = 12
⇒ a=4 On replacing the last latter x on the LHS of equation (i) by
Let other root of Eq. (ii) is b (given) then b × 3 = 15 the value of x expressed by equation (i) we obtain
⇒ b=5
x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x
and let other root of Eq. (iii) is c (given) then c × 3 = 36   
(2 n radical signs)
⇒ c = 12
Further, let us replace the last latter x by the same
∴ a + b + c = 21 ≠ 0
expression; again and again yields

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44 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
or α + β = −( − p )
n n n
. . .(iii)
∴ x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2x
   From equation (ii) and (iii), we get n = 1950
(3 n radical signs)

98. (k = 2) Given, x 2 − 8kx + 16(k 2 − k + 1) = 0

x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 ( x + 2 x)
 Now, D = 64{k 2 − (k 2 − k + 1)} = 64(k − 01) > 0
(4 n radical signs)

b 8k
We can write x = x + 2 x + 2 x + … − >4⇒ > 4 ⇒ k >1
2a 2

= lim x + 2 x + 2 x + … + 2 x + 2 x (N radical signs) f (4) ≥ 0 16 − 32k + 16(k 2 − k + 1) ≥ 0

N →∞

If follows that, ⇒ k 2 − 3k + 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k − 2)(k − 1) ≥ 0

( )
⇒ k ≤ 1 or k ≥ 2 Hence, k = 2.
x = x + 2 x + 2 x +… = x + 2 x + 2 x + … = x + 2x 99. (7) Given, 3 x − y − z = 0 . . .(i)
Hence, x 2 = x + 2 x ⇒ x 2 − 3x = 0 −3x + 2 y + z = 0 . . .(ii)
Therefore, x = 0, 3 ∴ Sum of roots = 0 + 3 = 3 and −3 x + z = 0 . . .(iii)
On adding Equation (i) and (ii), we get y = 0
96. (4177) Correct equation is x 2 − 11x + q = 0 . . .(i) So, 3 x = z
Incorrect equation is x − 10 x + q = 0
2
. . .(ii) Now, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 100 ⇒ x 2 + (3 x)2 + 0 ≤ 100
Given roots of equation (ii) are 4 and 6 ⇒ 10 x2 ≤ 100 ⇒ x 2 ≤ 10 x = −3, − 2, − 1, 0,1, 2,3
∴ Product of roots of the incorrect equation is 4 × 6 So, Number of such 7 points are possible.
i.e., q = 4 × 6 = 24
1 ω ω2 
From equation (i), correct equation is x 2 − 11x + 24 = 0  
100. (1) Let A =  ω ω2 1 
∴ x = 3, 8 i.e., α = 3, β = 8 ω 2 1 ω 

∴ α 4 + β 4 = 34 + 84 = 81 + 4096 = 4177
0 0 0 
97. (1950) α , β are the roots of x + px + q = 0 2 Now, A2 = 0 0 0  and Tr ( A) = 0, | A |= 0
Then α + β = − p , αβ = q . . .(i) 0 0 0

Also α , β are roots of x 3900

+p 1950 1950
x +q
1950
=0 ∴ A3 = 0

∴ α 1950 + β 1950 = − p1950 and α 1950 β 1950 = q1950 . . .(ii) z +1 ω ω2

⇒ ω z + ω2 1 =| A + zI |= 0
Now, α / β is a root of x n + 1 + ( x + 1) n = 0
ω2 1 z +ω
n n
α  α 
Then   + 1 +  + 1 = 0 ⇒ α n + β n + (α + β ) n = 0 ⇒ z3 = 0
β
  β 
⇒ z = 0, the number of z satisfying the given equation is 1.
⇒ α n + β n + ( − p ) n = 0 (∵ α + β = − p )

***

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 431

19 Coordinates and Straight lines

QUICK LOOK Axis of x: The line XOX' is called axis of x.
Axis of y: The line YOY' is called axis of y.
Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates of a Point
Co-ordinate axes: x axis and y axis together are called axis of
Co-ordinates of a point are the real variables associated in an co-ordinates or axis of reference.
order to a point to describe its location in some space. Here the Origin: The point ‘O’ is called the origin of co-ordinates or the
space is the two dimensional plane. The work of describing the
origin.
position of a point in a plane by an ordered pair of real
Oblique axes: If both the axes are not perpendicular then they
numbers can be done in different ways.
are called as oblique axes.
The two lines XOX' and YOY' divide the plane in four Let OL = x and OM = y which are respectively called the
quadrants. XOY, YOX', X' OY', Y'OX are respectively called the abscissa (or x-coordinate) and the ordinate (or y-coordinate).
first, the second, the third and the fourth quadrants. We assume
The co-ordinate of P are (x, y).
the directions of OX, OY as positive while the directions of
OX', OY' as negative.
Note
Y
 Co-ordinates of the origin is (0, 0).
Quadrant II Quadrant I
(–,+) (+,+)  The y co-ordinate of every point on x-axis is zero.
 The x co-ordinate of every point on y-axis is zero.
X X
Quadrant IIIO Quadrant IV
(–,–) (+,–)  Polar Co-ordinates : Let OX be any fixed line which is
usually called the initial line and O be a fixed point on it. If
Y distance of any point P from the O is 'r' and ∠ XOP = θ , then (r,
Figure: 19.1
θ) are called the polar co-ordinates of a point P.
Quadrant x-coordinate y-coordinate point Y
P(r,θ)
First quadrant + + (+,+)
r
Second quadrant – + (–,+)
θ
Third quadrant – – (–,–) X′ X
O
Fourth quadrant + – (+,–)
 Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates of a Point: This is the
most popular co-ordinate system. Let us consider two Y′
intersecting lines XOX' and YOY', which are perpendicular Figure: 19.3
If (x, y) are the cartesian co-ordinates of a point P, then
to each other. Let P be any point in the plane of lines. Draw
the rectangle OLPM with its adjacent sides OL, OM along  y
x = r cos θ ; y = r sin θ and r = x 2 + y 2 θ = tan −1  
the lines XOX', YOY' respectively. The position of the point  x
P can be fixed in the plane provided the locations as well as Distance Formula
the magnitudes of OL, OM are known.  If P = ( x1 , y1 ) and Q = ( x2 , y2 ) then the distance between P
Y
and Q = PQ = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + ( y1 − y2 ) 2
x P(x, y)
M
y Section Formula
X′
O L
X  If A = ( x1 , y1), B =( x2 , y2) and P =( x, y ) divides the line segment
λ x2 + x1 λ y2 + y1
AB in the ratio λ :1 then x = ,y = where
λ +1 λ +1
Y′
λ > 0 if P divides AB internally in the ratio λ :1 and
Figure: 19.2 λ < 0 if P divides AB externally in the ratio λ :1.

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432 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 The middle point M of the line segment joining Slope of a Line Determined by two Points: If A = ( x1 , y1 ) and
 x + x y + y2  B = ( x2 , y2 ) then the slope m of the line AB is given by
A = ( x 1 , y1 ) and B = ( x 2 , y2 ) is M =  1 2 , 1 .
 2 2  y1 − y2
m= = tan θ is the angle made by AB with the positive
x1 − x2
Centroid and Incentre of a Triangle direction of the x-axis.
A (x1, y1) A (x1, y1)

2
Condition for Collinearity: If A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and
1 b
c
C = ( x3 , y3 ) are three points then they will be collinear if
1 G I
 AB ± AC = BC (using distance formula)
2 2
1  Areal λ, positive or negative, can be obtained such that
B (x2, y2) a C (x3, y3)
B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)
Figure 19.4 Figure 19.5 λ x3 + x1 λ y3 + y1
x2 = , y2 = (using section formula)
λ +1 λ +1
If the vertices of a ∆ABC are A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and
 ar (∆ABC ) = 0(using area formula)
C = ( x3 , y3 ) then
y1 − y2 y1 − y3
 x + x + x3 y1 + y2 + y3   = (using slope formula)
 The centroid G =  1 2 ,  x1 − x2 x1 − x3
 3 3 
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
 The incentre I =  1 ,  Locus and its Equation
 a+b+c a+b+c 
 A point P ( x, y ) changes its position on the x − y plane as x
where BC = a, CA = b, AB = c.
or y or both change. x and y may change independently or
 In a ∆ ABC , the orthocentre H, centroid G and circumcentre one depending on the other. When P ( x, y ) changes its
M are collinear and G divides HM internally in the ratio 2 : 1.
A position under some rule (imposed by geometrical
condition), y becomes a function of x, say y = f ( x) and the
point P traces a locus. This functional relation
y = f ( x) between x and y is called the equation of the locus
H
and it is satisfied by all points ( x, y ) lying on the locus.
G
M
 In order to find the equation of a locus of a point P, take
B C
Figure 19.6 P = (α , β ) in any position. Then obtain a relation between
Areas of Triangle and Polygon α, β using the condition under which the point P moves.
 If A = ( x1 , y1 ), B = ( x2 , y2 ) and C = ( x3 , y3 ) are the vertices Finally replace α , β by x, y respectively in the relation to
of a triangle ABC then get the cartesian equation of the locus.
x1 y1 1
1 Parametric Equation of a Locus
ar ( ∆ABC ) = x2 y2 1
2  The rule by which a point P ( x, y ) moves to trace the locus
x3 y3 1
may be expressed by writing x as well as y as functions of a
1  x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3  third variable (or arbitrary constant) θ .
=  + + 
2  x2 y2 x3 y3 x1 y1  x = φ (θ ) 
Example: 
x = ψ (θ ) 
1
= { x1 ( y2 − y3 ) + x2 ( y3 − y1 ) + x3 ( y1 − y2 )} Such equations of a locus give the parametric equations of
2
the locus and any point on the locus can be taken as
 If Ar ( xr , yr ); r = 1, 2, 3,......, n be the vertices of a polygon,
(φ (θ ), ψ (θ )).
taken in order then the area of the polygon A1 A2 A3 ..... An
 To obtain the cartesian equation of a locus whose
x y1 x y2 x3 y3 x yn −1 xn yn 
= 1  1 + 2 + + ... + n −1 + 
parametric equations are x = φ (θ ), y = ψ (θ ), eliminate θ
2  x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 xn yn x1 y1 
from the relations x = f (θ ), y = ψ (θ ).

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 433
Equation of a Straight Line  If the acute angle between the lines y = mx + c and x = k be
 Two-point form: The equation of the straight line passing π
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is φ then φ = − θ where m = tan θ .
2
x y 1
y1 − y2
y − y1 = ( x − x1 ) or x1 y1 1 = 0 Conditions for Perpendicularity and Parallelism: Two
x1 − x2
x2 y2 1 straight lines y = m1 x + c1 and y = m2 x + c2 are
 Point-slope form: The equation of the straight line passing
 parallel if m1 = m2
through the point ( x1 , y1 ) and having the slope m is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ).  perpendicular if m1m2 = −1, i.e., m2 = −1 .
m1
 Slope-intercept form: The equation of the straight line
whose slope is m and which cuts off an intercept c on the y- Line Parallel or Perpendicular to a Given Line: Line a given
axis is y = mx + c. line be ax + by + c = 0.
 Intercept form – The equation of the straight line which  Any line parallel to it has the equation ax + by = k where k
cuts off intercepts a, b on the x and y-axes respectively is
is an arbitrary constant whose value can be obtained by
x y
+ = 1. using an additions geometrical condition.
a b
 Any line perpendicular to it has the equation
 Normal form: The equation of the straight line for which
bx − ay = λ where λ is an arbitrary constant whose value
the length of the normal from the origin to the line is p and
the normal is inclined with the positive direction of the x- can be obtained by using an additional geometrical
condition.
axis at an angle θ , is x cos θ + y sin θ = π .
 Parametric form (or distance form): The equation of the
Intersection of Lines
line passing through ( x1 , y1 ) and inclined at an angle θ with
 The point of intersection of the lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
x − x1 y − y1
the positive direction of x-axis is = ( = r ) and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is obtained by solving the equations
cos θ sin θ
simultaneously.
any point on the line at a distance r from ( x1 , y1 ) is
 The equation of any line passing through the intersection of
( x1 ± r cos θ , y1 ± r sin θ ) the lines L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 is
 General equation: The general equation of a straight line L1 + λ L2 = 0 i.e., a1 x + b1 y + c2 + λ (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
is ax + by + c = 0 (a first degree equation in x,y), for which :
where λ is an arbitrary constant whose values can be
−a obtained by using an addition geometrical condition.
the slope m =
b The equation a1 x + b1 y + c2 + λ (a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0
−c
intercept on x-axis = (obtained by putting y = 0 in where λ is a parameter, represents a family of straight
a
lines passing through a fixed point which is the point of
ax + by + c = 0 )
intersection of the fixed lines a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and
−c
intercept on y-axis = (obtained by putting x = 0 in a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
b
Concurrency of Lines: The lines
ax + by + c = 0 ).
L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
 The equation of the x-axis is y = 0 and that of the y-axis is
L3 ≡ a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0 are concurrent lines if any one of the
x = 0.
following holds :
Angle between two Lines  The point of intersection of L1 = 0, L2 = 0 satisfies the
 If the acute angle between the straight lines y = m1 x + c1 and equation L3 = 0.
m1 − m2 a1 b1 c1
y = m2 x + c2 be φ then tan φ =
1 + m1m2  The three equations are consistent i.e., a2 b2 c2 = 0
provided none of the line is parallel to the y-axis. a3 b3 c3

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434 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
 L1 + λ L2 = 0 is identical with L3 = 0 for some real λ , and the equation of the bisector of the angle not containing
i.e., (a1 + λ a2 ) x + (b1 + λ b2 ) y + c1 + λ c2 = 0 is identical with a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
the origin is =−
a3 x + b3 y + c3 = 0, i.e., a12 + b12 a22 + b22

a1 + λ a2 b1 + λ b2 c1 + λ c2  The bisector of the angle containing the origin is also the

= = holds for some λ. bisector of the acute angle between the lines
a3 b3 c3
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 , if (i) c1 , c2 are of
 If three non-zero constant λ , µ ,ν can be found such
the same sign and (ii) a1 a2 + b1b2 < 0.
that λ L1 + µ L2 + ν L3 ≡ 0,
i.e., λ a1 + µ a2 + ν a3 = 0,
Joint Equation of two Lines (Pair of Lines)
λ b1 + µ b2 + ν b3 = 0,  If L1 ≡ a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and L2 ≡ a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be the
λ L1 + µ c1 + ν c2 + ν c3 = 0. equation of two straight lines then their joint equation is
L1 ⋅ L2 ≡ (a1 x + b1 y + c2 )(a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) = 0, which is an
Location of Points with Respect to a Given Line: Let given equation of the second degree in x and y.
line be L ≡ ax + by + c = 0.  If S ≡ ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be the equation
 The point P( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) are on the same side of of a pair of lines S can be factorized into two linear factors
the above line if L ( x1 , y1 ), i.e., ax1 + by1 + c and and each factor equated to zero gives the separate equation
L( x2 , y2 ),
of a line belonging to the pair.
 The second degree homogeneous equation
i.e., ax2 + by2 + c are of the same sign.
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 , represents a pair of straight lines
 The points P( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) are on the opposite sides
passing through the origin.
of the above line if  If the joint equation of a pair of lines be
L( x1 , y1 ), i.e., L( x2 , y2 ) are of opposite signs. ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 = 0 then their separate equations are
 If c > 0 then P( x1 , y1 ) and the origin are on the same side of y = m1 x + and y = m2 x
the line when L ( x1 , y1 ) > 0. −2h
where m1 + m2 =
 If c > 0 then P( x1 , y1 ) and the origin are on the opposite b
sides of the line when L( x1 , y1 ) < 0. a
and m1 m2 = .
b
Length of the Perpendicular From a Point to a Line  If the joint equation of a pair of lines be
 The length of the perpendicular from the point P( x1 , y1 ) to ax + 2hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, then their separate
2 2

ax1 + by1 + c equations are l1 x + m1 y + n1 = 0 and l2 x + m2 y + n2 = 0

the line ax + by + c = 0 is .
a2 + b2 Where l1l2 = a, m1 m2 = b, n1 n2 = c,
l1m2 + l2 m1 = 2h, m1 n2 + m2 n1 = 2 f ,
Equations of Bisectors of Angles between two Lines: If l1n2 + l2 n1 + = 2 g .
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 be two straight lines
then Condition for the General Equation of the Second Degree
 The equation of bisectors of the angles between the two to Represent a Pair of Lines
lines are
The general equation of the second degree ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2

a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2
=± ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , will represent a pair of straight lines if
a12 + b12 a22 + b22
 if c1 > 0, c2 > 0 then the equation of the bisector of the ∆ ≡ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch2 = 0
Formulae for the Pair ax + 2hxy + by = 0
2 2
angle containing the origin is
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 x + b2 y + c2  For the pair of straight lines whose joint equation is
=
a12 + b12 a22 + b22 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 435

2 h 2 − ab  If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are rotated about the origin by an

 the angle between the lines = tan −1
a +b angle φ in the anticlockwise sense such that the new
 the lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0 coordinates of P become ( x ', y ') then the equations of
 the lines are coincident if h = ab 2
transformations will be x = x ′ cos φ − y ′ sin φ
 the joint equation of the bisectors of the angles between the
y = x ′ sin φ + y ′ cos φ
x2 − y 2 xy
lines is = . Y′
a −b h
Y
 The angle between the pair of lines P (x, y)
(x′, y′)
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 and that between the pair of lines
X′
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 are equal.
φ
O X
To Fined the Point of Intersection of the Pair of Lines Figure 19.9

 If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are shifted parallel to the original

axes so that the new origin is (α , β ) and then the axes are
rotated about the new origin (α , β ) by an angle φ in the
anticlockwise sense such that the new coordinates of P
(0, 0)
Figure 19.7 become ( x ', y ') then the equations of transformation will be

ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 x = α + x′ cos φ − y ′ sin φ

Denoting the equation by S = 0, the point of intersection is y = β + x ′ sin φ + y ′ cos φ
∂S ∂S Y′
P (x, y)
obtained by solving = 0 and =0 Y
(x′, y′)
∂x ∂y X′

Pair of Lines Through the Origin and Intersection of a Line φ

O′ (α, β)
With a Second Degree Curve
The equation of the pair of lines, passing through the origin and X
O Figure 19.10
the points of intersection of the line L = 0 and the curve
S = 0, is obtained by making S = 0 second degree
If P = ( x, y ) and two mutually perpendicular lines
homogeneous with the help of L = 0.
ax + by + c = 0 and bx − ay + d = 0 are taken as new axes
Transformation of Equation Due to Change of Axes such that new coordinates of P are ( x ', y ') then the
Y
Y′ equation of transformation will be
P (x, y)
(x′, y′)
bx − ay + d ax + by + c
x′ = , y′ =
b +a
2 2
a 2 + b2
O′ (α, β) X′
Y Y′ P (x, y)
O X
Figure 19.8 (x′, y′)
 If P = ( x, y ) and the axes are shifted parallel to the original
ax − by + c = 0
axes so that the new origin is (α , β ) and the new X′
coordinates of P are ( x ', y ') then the equation of
bx − ay + d = 0
O′
transformation (i.e., relation between the old and the new
O X
coordinates) will be x = x '+ α , y = y '+ β . Figure 19.11

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436 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. The incentre of the triangle with vertices (1, 3), (0,0)
Distance Formula and (2, 0) is:
1. If the point (x, y) be equidistant from the points  3 2 1 
a.  1, b.  ,
(a + b, b − a) and (a − b, a + b) , then:  2  3 3

 
a. ax + by = 0 b. ax − by = 0 2 3  1 
c.  , d.  1,
c. bx + ay = 0 d. bx − ay = 0  3 2  

3
 
2. If cartesian co-ordinates of any point are ( 3,1) , then its
10. The vertices of triangle are (0, 3) (– 3, 0) and (3, 0). The
polar co-ordinates is: co-ordinate of its orthocentre are:
a. (2, π / 3) b. ( 2, π / 6) a. (0, – 2) b. (0, 2)
c. (2,π/6) d. None of these c. (0, 3) d. (0, –3)

Geometrical Conditions Area of Some Geometrical Figures.

3. ABC is an isosceles triangle. If the co-ordinates of the 11. The area of the triangle formed by the points
base are B(1,3) and C (– 2,7) the co-ordinates of vertex A (a, b + c),(b, c + a ),(c, a + b) is:
can be:
a. abc b. a 2 + b 2 + c 2
 1 
a. (1, 6) b.  − ,5  c. ab + bc + ca d. 0
 2 
12. Three points are A(6, 3), B(– 3, 5), C(4, – 2) and P (x, y)
5 
c.  , 6  d. None of these is a point, then the ratio of area of ∆PBC and ∆ABC is:
6 
x+ y−2 x− y+2
4. A triangle with vertices (4, 0); (–1, –1); (3, 5) is: a. b.
7 2
a. Isosceles and right angled
x− y−2
b. Isosceles but not right angled c. d. None of these
7
c. Right angled but not isosceles
d. Neither right angled nor isosceles 13. The points (1, 1); (0, sec 2 θ ); (cosec 2θ , 0) are collinear for:
a. θ = nπ / 2 b. θ ≠ nπ / 2
Section Formulae
c. θ = nπ d. None of these
5. The co-ordinate of the point dividing internally the line
14. The points (0, 8/3) (1, 3) and (82, 30) are the vertices of:
joining the points (4,–2) and (8,6) in the ratio 7: 5 will be:
a. An equilateral triangle b. An isosceles triangle
 19 8   8 19 
a. (16, 18) b. (18, 16) c.  ,  d.  ,  c. A right angled triangle d. None of these
 3 3 3 3 

6. The line joining points (2,–3) and (–5, 6)is divided by y- Transformation of Axes and Locus
axis in the ratio: 15. The point (2,3) undergoes the following three
a. 2 : 5 b. 2 : 3 c. 3 : 5 d. 1 : 2 transformation successively,
Some Points of a Triangle. A. Reflection about the line y = x .
7. The centroid of a triangle is (2,7)and two of its vertices B. Transformation through a distance 2 units along the
are (4, 8) and (–2, 6) the third vertex is: positive direction of y-axis.
a. (0, 0) b. (4, 7) c. (7, 4) d. (7, 7) C. Rotation through an angle of 45o about the origin in the
anticlockwise direction. The final coordinates of points
8. If the vertices of a triangle be (2, 1); (5, 2) and (3,4) then
are
its circumcentre is:
 1 7   −1 7 
 13 9   13 9  a.  ,  b.  , 
a.  ,  b.  ,   2 2   2 2 
 2 2  4 4
 1 −7 
 9 13  c.  ,  d. None of these
c.  ,  d. None of these  2 2 
4 4 

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 437
16. The point (3, 2) is reflected in the y-axis and then moved Point of Intersection of Two Lines
a distance 5 units towards the negative side of y-axis. The
24. The equation of straight line passing through point of
co-ordinate of the point thus obtained are:
intersection of the straight lines 3 x − y + 2 = 0 and
a. (3, –3) b. (–3, 3) c. (3, 3) d. (–3, –3)
5 x − 2 y + 7 = 0 and having infinite slope is:
17. Let A (2,–3) and B(–2,1) be vertices of triangle ABC. If
a. x = 2 b. x + y = 3
the centroid of this triangle moves on the line 2 x + 3 y = 1 ,
c. x = 3 d. x = 4
then the locus of the vertex C is the line:
a. 3 x − 2 y = 3 b. 2 x − 3 y = 7
Angle between Two non-parallel Lines and Equation of
c. 3 x + 2 y = 5 d. 2 x + 3 y = 9 Straight line through a given point making a given Angle
Straight Line, Slop and Equations of Straight Line with a given Line
18. The gradient of the line joining the points on the curve 25. Angle between the lines 2 x − y − 15 = 0 and 3 x + y + 4 = 0
y = x 2 + 2 x , whose abscissae are 1 and 3, is: is:
a. 6 b. 5 a. 90° b. 45° c. 180° d. 60°
c. 4 d. 3 26. To which of the following types the straight lines
19. Equation to the straight line cutting off an intercept 2 represented by 2 x + 3 y − 7 = 0 and 2 x + 3 y − 5 = 0 belongs:
from the negative direction of the axis of y and inclined at a. Parallel to each other
30° to the positive direction of x, is: b. Perpendicular to each other
a. y + x − 3 = 0 b. y − x + 2 = 0 c. Inclined at 45° to each other
d. Coincident pair of straight lines
c. y − 3 x − 2 = 0 d. 3y − x + 2 3 = 0
27. The equation of the lines which passes through the point
20. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices
(3,–2) and are inclined at 60º to the line 3 x + y = 1 ?
P (2,2), Q (6, − 1) and R(7, 3). The equation of the line
a. y + 2 = 0, 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0
passing through (1, – 1) and parallel to PS is:
a. 2 x − 9 y − 7 = 0 b. 2 x − 9 y − 11 = 0 b. x − 2 = 0, 3 x − y + 2 + 3 3 = 0
c. 2 x + 9 y − 11 = 0 d. 2 x + 9 y + 7 = 0 c. 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0
Straight line equation Transformation in Standard Forms d. None of these
21. The equation of the line passes through (a, b) and parallel 28. If the lines y = 3 x + 1 and 2 y = x + 3 are equally inclined
x y to the line y = mx + 4 , then m = ?
to the line + = 1 , is:
a b
x y x y 1+ 3 2 1− 3 2
a. + = 3 b. + = 2 a. b.
a b a b 7 7
x y x y 1+ 3 2 1± 5 2
c. + = 0 d. + + 2 = 0 c. d.
a b a b 7 7
22. A line passes through (2, 2) and is perpendicular to the 29. The angle between the lines whose intercepts on the axes
line 3 x + y = 3 . Its y-intercept is: are a, – b and b, – a respectively, is:
1 2 4 a2 − b 2 b 2 − a2
a. b. c. 1 d. a. tan −1 b. tan −1
3 3 3 ab 2

Selection of Co-ordinate of a Point on a Straight line b 2 − a2

c. tan −1 d. None of these
2 ab
23. If we reduce 3 x + 3 y + 7 = 0 to the form x cos α + y sin
α = p , then the value of p is: 30. A straight line ( 3 − 1) x = ( 3 + 1) y makes an angle
75° with another straight line which passes through
7 7 3 7 7
a. b. c. d. origin. Then the equation of the line is:
2 3 3 2 3 2
a. x = 0 b. y = 0 c. x + y = 0 d. x − y = 0

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438 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
31. The inclination of the straight line passing through the Length of Perpendicular and Position of a Point or two
point (–3, 6) and the midpoint of the line joining the point points with respect to a Line
(4, –5) and (–2, 9) is:
40. If the length of the perpendicular drawn from origin to the
a. π / 4 b. π / 6 c. π / 3 d. 3π / 4 line whose intercepts on the axes are a and b be p, then:
32. The angle between the straight lines x − y 3 = 5 and 1
a. a 2 + b 2 = p 2 b. a 2 + b 2 = 2
p
3 x + y = 7 is:
1 1 2 1 1 1
a. 90° b. 60° c. + = d. + =
a2 b2 p2 a2 b2 p2
c. 75° d. 30°
41. The point on the x-axis whose perpendicular distance
33. The angle between the lines xy = 0 is equal to:
x y
a. 45° b. 60° from the line + = 1 is a, is:
a b
c. 90° d. 180°
a  b 
a.  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ),0  b.  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ),0 
34. If the line 2 x + 3 ay − 1 = 0 and 3 x + 4 y + 1 = 0 are mutually b  a 
perpendicular, then the value of a will be: a 
c.  (a ± a 2 + b 2 ),0  d. None of these
1 b 
a. b. 2
2
42. The vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, –1) and the
1
c. − d. None of these equation of its base is x + 2 y = 1 .The length of its sides is:
2
4 2
35. If the line passing through (4, 3) and (2, k) is a. b.
15 15
perpendicular to y = 2 x + 3 , then k = ?
4
a. –1 b. 1 c. d. None of these
3 3
c. – 4 d. 4
Concurrent Lines and Reflection on the Surface
36. Let P(−1,0), Q(0,0) and R (3,3 3) be three points. Then
the equation of the bisector of the angle PQR is: 43. If the lines ax+by +c = 0, bx+cy+a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0
3 be concurrent, then:
a. x+ y =0 b. x + 3 y = 0
2 a. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3abc = 0 b. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − abc = 0
3 c. a + b + c − 3abc = 0
3 3 3
d. None of these
c. 3x + y = 0 d. x +
y=0
2 44. If the lines 4 x+3 y =1, y = x+5 and 5 y + bx = 3 are concurrent,
37. Equation of angle bisectors between x and y -axes are:
then b equals:
a. y = ± x b. y = ±2 x
a. 1 b. 3
1 c. 6 d. 0
c. y = ± x d. y = ±3 x
2
45. The straight lines 4ax + 3by + c = 0 where a + b + c = 0 ,
38. The bisector of the acute angle formed between the lines
will be concurrent, if point is :
4 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3 x − 4 y + 14 = 0 has the equation:
1 1
a. x + y + 3 = 0 b. x − y − 3 = 0 a. (4, 3) b.  , 
 4 3
c. x − y + 3 = 0 d. 3 x + y − 7 = 0
1 1
c.  ,  d. None of these
Equations of the bisectors of the Angles between two  2 3
Straight lines Image of a Point in Different cases
39. The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between 46. The reflection of the point (4,–13) in the line 5 x + y + 6 = 0
the lines 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 and 12 x + 5 y − 2 = 0 is:
is:
a. 21x + 77 y − 101 = 0 b. 11 x − 3 y + 9 = 0 a. (–1, –14) b. (3, 4)
c. 31x + 77 y + 101 = 0 d. 11x − 3 y − 9 = 0 c. (1, 2) d. (–4, 13)

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 439
47. The image of a point A(3,8) in the line x + 3 y − 7 = 0 , is: 55. The lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of
a. (–1, –4) b. (–3, –8) the circle x 2 + y 2 = 3 and the line x + y = 2 are:
c. (1, –4) d. (3, 8) a. y − (3 + 2 2) x = 0 b. x − (3 + 2 2) y = 0
c. x − (3 − 2 2) y = 0 d. y − (3 − 2 2) x = 0
Equation of Pair of Straight lines
48. If the sum of the slopes of the lines given by 56. The pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of
x −2cxy−7 y =0 is four times their product. Then c has the
2 2 intersection of the line y = 2 2 x + c and the circle
value: x 2 + y 2 = 2 are at right angles, if:
a. – 2 b. – 1 a. c 2 − 4 = 0 b. c 2 − 8 = 0
c. 2 d. 1 c. c 2 − 9 = 0 d. c 2 − 10 = 0

49. If the equation 12 x 2−10 xy + 2 y 2+11x−5 y + K = 0 represent

Removal of Terms and Distance between the Pair of
two straight lines, then the value of K is: parallel Straight lines
a. 1 b. 2
c. 0 d. 3 57. The new equation of curve 12 x 2 + 7 xy − 12 y 2 − 17 x − 31 y
−7 = 0 after removing the first degree terms:
Angle between the Pair of Lines and Bisectors of the Angles a. 12 X 2 − 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 b. 12 X 2 + 7 XY + 12Y 2 = 0
between the Lines c. 12 X + 7 XY − 12Y = 0
2 2
d. None of these
50. The angle between the lines x 2 − xy − 6 y 2 − 7 x +31 y − 18
58. Distance between the pair of lines represented by the
= 0 is: equation x 2 − 6 xy + 9 y 2 + 3 x − 9 y − 4 = 0 ?
a. 45° b. 60°
15 1 5 1
c. 90° d. 30° a. b. c. d.
10 2 2 10
51. The angle between the pair of straight lines represented
by 2 x 2 − 7 xy + 3 y 2 = 0 is: Some Important Results
a. 60º b. 45º 59. The coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from
c. tan–1 (7/6) d. 30º (2, 4) to the line x + y = 1 is:
1 3  1 3
52. The equation of the bisectors of the angles between the a.  ,  b.  − , 
3 2  2 2
lines represented by x 2 + 2 xy cot θ + y 2 = 0 is:
4 1  3 −1 
a. x 2 − y 2 = 0 b. x 2 − y 2 = xy c.  ,  d.  , 
 3 2 4 2 
c. ( x 2 − y 2 ) cot θ = 2 xy d. None of these
60. The area enclosed within the curve | x | + | y |= 1 is:

Point of Intersection of Lines and Equation of the Lines a. 2 b. 1 c. 3 d. 2

joining the Origin to the Points of Intersection of a given 61. The area of the triangle formed by the lines 4 x 2−9 xy −9 y 2
Line and a given Curve
= 0 and x = 2 is:
53. The point of intersection of the lines represented by the 10 20
a. 2 b. 3 c. d.
equation 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 7 xy + 8 x + 14 y + 8 = 0 is: 3 3
a. (0,2) b. (1,2) NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
c. (–2, 0) d. (–2,1) More than One Answer
54. If the pair of straight lines xy − x − y + 1 = 0 and line 62. Three lines px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and rx + py +q = 0
ax + 2 y − 3 = 0 are concurrent, then a =? are concurrent, if:
a. – 1 b. 0 a. p + q + r = 0 b. p2 + q2 + r2 = pr + rq
c. 3 d. 1 c. p3 + q3 + r3 = 3pqr d. None of the above

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440 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
63. All points lying inside the triangle formed by the points 70. Equation of the straight line, inclined at 30° to the axis of
(1, 3), (5, 0) and (–1, 2) satisfy: x such that the length of its (each of their) line segment
a. 3x + 2y ≥ 0 b. 2x + y – 13 ≥ 0 between the coordinate axes is 10 units, is: (are)
c. 2x – 3y – 12 ≤ 0 d. – 2x + y ≥ 0 y 5
a. x − 3 y − 5 3 = 0 b. x − − =0
64 Let L1 be a straight line passing through the origin and L2 3 3
be the straight line x + y = 1. If the intercepts made by the y 5
c. x − 3 y + 5 3 = 0 d. x − + =0
circle x2 + y2 – x + 3y = 0 on L1 and L2 are equal, then 3 3
which of the following equation can represent L1? 71. Let L be the line 2 x + y = 2. If the axes are rotated by
a. x + y = 0 b. x –y = 0 45°, then the intercept made by the line L on the length of
c. x +7y = 0 d. x –7y = 0 new axes are respectively:

65. The equation (b−c) x+(c−a) y + a −b = 0,(b3− c3 ) x + (c3−a3 ) a. 2 and 1 b. 1 and 2

2 2 2 2
y + a 3 − b3 = 0 will represent the same line if: c. 2 2 and d. and 2 2
3 3
a. b = c b. c = a
c. a = b d. a + b +c = 0 Assertion and Reason
Note: Read the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) carefully to mark
66. Consider the straight lines x+2y+4= 0 and 4x + 2y –1 = 0.
the correct option out of the options given below:
The line 6x + 6y +7 = 0 is: a. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
a. bisector of the angle including origin correct explanation of the assertion.
b. bisector of acute angle b. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
c. bisector of obtuse angle correct explanation of the assertion.
d. none of the above c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
67. Two roads are represented by the equations y − x = 6 and d. If the assertion and reason both are false.
x + y = 8. An inspection bunglow has to be so constructed e. If assertion is false but reason is true.
that it is at a distance of 100 from each of the roads. 72. Consider the lines L1:p2x + py –1=0; L2: q2x +qy +6=0;L1
Possible location of the bunglow is given by: passes through the point (3, 2) and L2 passes through the
a. (100 3 + 1,7) b. (1 − 100 2,7) point (2, 7):
Assertion: If the product of the slopes of L1 and L2 is 2
c. (1,7 + 100 2) d. (1,7 − 100 2) then they intersect at the point (–4, –5)
68. The equation of the bisector of the angles between the two Reason: L1and L2 are neither parallel nor perpendicular
x −3 y +5 x−3 y+5 73. Assertion: Consider the point A(0,1) and B(2,0) and P be
intersecting lines = and = are
cosθ sin θ cos φ sin φ point on the line 4x+ 3y + 9= 0, then the coordinates of P
x −3 y +5 x−3 y +5  24 17 
= and = , then: such that |PA –PB| is maximum is  − , 
cos α sin α β γ  5 5
θ +φ Reason: If A and B are tow fixed point and P is any point
a. α = b. β = − sin α
2 in a plane, then |PA –PB| ≤ AB.
c. γ = cos α d. β = sin α 74. Assertion: If the circumcentre of a triangle lies at the
69. A line which makes an acute angle θ with the positive origin and centroid is the mid point of the line joining the
direction of x-axis is drawn through the point P(3,4) to points (2,3) and (4,7), then its orthocenter line 5x – 3y = 0.
meet the line x = 6 at R and y = 8 at S, then: Reason: Circumcentre, centroid and orthocenter of a
a. PR = 3 sec θ triangle lie on the same line.
b. PS = 4 cosec θ 75. Assertion: If the perpendicular bisector of the line segment
2(3sin θ + 4cosθ ) joining P(1,4) and Q(k,3) has y-intercept equal to –4, then
c. PR + PS =
sin 2θ k2 – 16 = 0
9 16 Reason: Centroid of an isosceles triangle ABC lies on the
d. + =1
( PR) 2 ( PS ) 2 perpendicular bisector of the base BC where B = C.

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 441
x1 y1 1 a1 b1 1 83. If st = 1, then the tangent at P and the normal at S to the
76. Assertion: If x2 y2 1 = a2 b2 1 , then the two parabola meet at a point whose ordinate is:
(t 2 + 1) 2 a(t 2 + 1) 2
x3 y3 1 a3 b3 1 a. 3
b.
2t 2t 3
triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) and (a1, b1),
a(t 2 + 1) 2 a(t 2 + 2) 2
(a2, b2), (a3, b3) must be congruent c. 3
d.
t t3
Reason: Two congruent triangles have the same area.
Paragraph –II
77. Let A(2,–3) and B(–2,1) be the vertices of a triangle ABC:
Let P(x, y) be the Cartesian coordinates with respect to axes
Assertion: If the centroid of the triangle moves on the
OX and OY, then (r,θ) be its polar coordinates with respect to
line x + y =5, the vertex moves on the line x + y = 17.
pole O and initial line OX i.e., OP = r (radius vector) and
Reason: If the centroid of the triangle moves the line
∠XOP = θ (vectorial angle). Now let p be the length of
x – y + 1 = 0 (x ≠ 0), the triangle is either isosceles or
perpendicular form O upon straight line (through A, B) ie., OM
equilateral.
= p and ∠XOM = α We, have OM = OP cos (θ – α) or p = r cos
78. Assertion: x 2 y − 3 xy − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 4 y + 8 = 0 represents three (θ – α) which is the required equation to the given line.
straight lines two of which are parallel and the third is 84. Cartesian form of the curve r = a sin (θ / 2), ∀ a > 0 is:
perpendicular to the other two a. 4(x2 – y2)(x2 + y2 + ax) = a2y2
Reason: xy − 2 x + y − 2 = 0 represents a pair of straight lines b. 4(x2 – y2)(x2 + y2 – ax) = a2y2
one of which is common to the pair of straight lines c. 4(x2 + y2)(x2 + y2 + ax) = a2y2
xy + 2x – y = 0 d. 4(x2 + y2)(x2 + y2 – ax) = a2y2
79. Assertion: If x +ky = 1and x = a are the equations of the 85. Polar form of the curve x3 + 3x2 y – 3xy2 – y3 = 5kxy is:
hypotenuse and a side of a right angled isosceles triangle a. 2r (cos 3θ + sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
then k = ± a. b. r (cos 3θ + sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
Reason: Each side of a right angled isosceles triangle c. 2r (cos 3θ – sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
makes an angle π/4 with the hypotenuse. d. r (cos 3θ – sin 3θ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
80. Assertion: 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = 0 represents a pair of 2 1
perpendicular lines through the origin. 86. Locus of the point P ( r , θ ), if = − + 4cosθ is an:
r 2
Reason: ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 = 0 represents a pair of coincident a. circle b. parabola c. ellipse d. hyperbola
lines if h2 = ab. l
87. If = f (θ ), where f (θ ) = a cos(θ + α ) + b cos(θ + β ), represents
81. Assertion: x2y2 – x2 – y2 + 1 = 0 represents the sides of a r
square of area 4 square units. a straight line and that any line perpendicular to it is:
Reason: 3x2 + λxy – 3y2 = 0 represents a pair of l  π
a. = J θ + 
perpendicular lines for all values of λ. r  2
l  π
b. = f  θ + 
r  2
Comprehension Based
λ  π
Paragraph –I c. = J  θ +  , where λ is a parameter
r  2
Let a,r,s,t be non-zero real numbers. Let P(at2, 2at), Q,R(ar2,
λ  π
2ar), and S(as2,2as) be distinct point on the parabola y2 = 4 ax. d. = f  θ +  , where λ is a parameter
r  2
Suppose that PQ is the focal chord and line QR and PK are
parallel, where K is the point (2a, 0). 88. If (1, π/6), (2, π/3) and (3, π/2) be the angular points of a
triangle. Then the area of the triangle is:
82. The value of r is:
 13 − 3 3   11 − 3 3 
1 t2 +1 a.   sq unit b.   sq unit
a. − b.  4   4 
t t
 10 − 3 3   8−3 3 
1 t 2 −1 c.   sq unit d.   sq unit
c. d. 4
t t    4 

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442 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Match the Column Integer
89. Consider the lines given by L1: x + 3y – 5 = 0; L2: 3x – ky 91. If a triangle has its orthocenter at (1, 1) and circum centre

at  ,  and if centroid and nine point centre are (α,β) and

– 1 = 0; L3: 5x + 2y – 12 = 0 3 3
Column I Column II 2 4

(A) L1, L2, L3 are concurrent, if 1. k = –9 (γ , δ ) respectively, then the value of 6α +12β + 4γ +8δ
must be:
(B) One of L1,L2,L3 is parallel to 6
2. k =
at least one of the other 5 92. If m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation
two, if x + ( 3 + 2) x + ( 3 − 1) = 0 and if area of the triangle
2

(C) L1 , L2 , L3 form a triangle, if 5 formed by the lines y = m1 x, y = m2 x2 , and y = c is

3. k =
6
(a + b)c 2 , then the value of 2008 (a 2 + b 2 ) must be:
(D) L1 , L2 , L3 do not form a 4. k = 5
triangle, if 93. If (λ , 2) is an interior point of ∆ABC formed by
a. A→4, B→1,2 C→3, D→1,2,4 x + y = 4, 3x − 7 y = 8 and 4 x − y = 31 then λ ∈ (a, b), the
b. A→1,2, B→4, C→3, D→1,4 value of 6a + 8b must be:
c. A→1,3, B→2, C→4, D→1,3,4
d. A→4, B→2,3, C→4, D→2 94. Consider the two lines L1 ≡ x − y = 0 and L2 ≡ x + y = 0
and a moving point ( x, y ). Let d ( P, Li ), i = 1, 2 represents
90. Match the statement of Column with those in Column II:
Column I Column II the distance of the point ‘P’ from Li . If point ‘P’ moving
2
(A) For the line 1. A : 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0 in certain region ‘R’ in such a way ∑ d ( P, Li ) ∈ [2, 4] . If
4x + 3 y − 6 = 0 and i=1

5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0, acute the area of region ‘R’ is λ sq unit then the value of

angle bisector and λ must be:
obtuse angle bisectors 95. P1 , P2 , P3 ,...Pn are points on the line y = x lying in the
represented by A and
OPn
O respectively, then positive quadrant such that = n, O being the origin.
OPn −1
(B) For the line 2. A : 7 x − 9 y + 3 = 0
If OP1 = 1 then the coordinates of P8 are (3a 2, 3a 2 ),
4x − 3 y − 6 = 0 and
then the value of a must be:
5 x − 12 y + 9 = 0, acute
angle bisector and 96. If the area of the triangle formed by the lines y2 –9xy +
obtuse angle bisectors 18x2 = 0 and y = 9 is λ sq unit, then the value of 4λ must
be:
represented by A and
O respectively, then 97. If the angle between the pair of straight lines
(C) For the straight line 3. A : 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 y 2 sin 2 θ − xy sin 2 θ + x 2 (cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 is φ, then the
4x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and value of sin 3 φ + 32sin φ + 9 must be:
5 x − 12 y − 9 = 0, acute
98. Equation ax3 − 9 x 2 y − xy 2+ 4 y 3= 0 represents three straight
angle bisector and
lines. If the two of the lines are perpendicular, then a – a2
obtuse angle bisectors
must be:
represented by A and
O respectively, then 99. The value of λ for which the equation 12x2 – 10xy + 2y2 +
(D) 0 4. O : 9 x + 7 y − 41 = 0 11x – 5y + λ = 0 represent a pair of straight lines, must be:

5. O : 9 x − 7 y − 41 = 0 100. The lines joining the origin to the common points of

a. A→3,5, B→1,2 C→2,4 b. A→3,5, B→1,4, C→2 ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 = c 2 and 4 x + 3 y = 24 are at right angles,
c. A→1,4 B→3,2 C→2,4 d. A→1,4, B→2,3, C→3 then the value of c2 must be:

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 443
ANSWER 4. (a) Let A(4,0); B(–1, –1); C(3,5) then
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. AB = 26, AC = 26 , BC = 52 ; i.e. AB = AC
d c c a c a b b d c So, Triangle is isosceles and also (BC)2 = (AB)2 + (AC)2.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Hence ∆ABC is right angled isosceles triangle.
d a b d b d d a d d
5. (c) Let point (x, y) divides the line internally.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
m1 x2 + m2 x1 7(8) + 5(4) 19
b d d c b a a d c a Then x = = =
m1 + m2 12 3
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
d a c c d c a c b d m1 y2 + m2 y1 7(6) + 5(−2) 8
y= = = .
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. m1 + m2 12 3
a b c c b a a c b b
6. (a) Let ratio be k : 1 and coordinate of y-axis are (0,b).
51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
k (−5) + 1(2) 2
b a c d All c c c b d Therefore, 0 = ⇒k =
k +1 5
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
c a,c a,c a,c All a,b All a,b,c All a,c 7. (b) Let the third vertex (x, y)
71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. x+4−2 y +8+ 6
c,d c a a b d b c d d
2= ,7= , i.e. x = 4, y = 7
3 3
81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. Hence third vertex is (4, 7).
b d b c b d c d a b
8. (b) Let circumcentre be O(x,y) and given points are
91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100.
A(2,1); B(5,2); C(3,4) and OA2 = OB2 = OC2
30 5222 110 24 6720 27 42 20 2 25
∴ (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 5)2 + (y – 2)2 . . . (i)
SOLUTION 2 2 2
and (x – 2) + (y – 1) = (x – 3) + (y – 4)2
. . . (ii)
Multiple Choice Questions 13 9
On solving (i) and (ii), we get x = ,y=
1. (d) Let points P( x, y), A (a + b, b − a), B( a − b, a + b) . 4 4
According to Question, PA = PB , i.e., PA2 = PB 2 9. (d) Here AB = BC = CA
(1, √3)
⇒ (a + b − x) + (b − a − y ) = (a − b − x) + (a + b − y )
2 2 2 2
A
⇒ ( a + b ) 2 + x 2 − 2 x ( a + b ) + (b − a ) 2 + y 2 − 2 y (b − a )
= (a − b) 2 + x 2 − 2 x(a − b) + ( a + b) 2 + y 2 − 2 y (a + b)
2 2
⇒ 2 x(a − b − a − b) = 2 y (b − a − a − b)
60o
⇒ − 4bx = − 4ay ⇒ bx − ay = 0 B C
(0, 0) 2 (2, 0)
2. (c) We know that x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ ∴ The triangle is equilateral.
So, the incentre is the same as the centroid.
∴ 3 = r cos θ , 1 = r sin θ r = ( 3) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 ,
 1+ 0 + 2 3 + 0 + 0   1 
 1  ∴ Incentre = 
 ,  =  1, .
θ = tan −1   =π /6  3 3   3
 3
10. (c) Here, AB ⊥ BC. In a right angled triangle, orthocentre
Polar co-ordinates = (2,π/6).
is the point where right angle is formed.
3. (c) Let the vertex of triangle be A(x, y). Then the vertex
A(x, y) is equidistant from B and C because ABC is an B (0,3)

isosceles triangle, therefore ( x − 1) 2 + ( y − 3) 2

= ( x + 2) 2 + ( y − 7) 2 ⇒ 6 x − 8 y + 43 = 0
C A
Thus, any point lying on this line can be the vertex A except (– 3, 0) O (3, 0)
 1  5 
the mid point  − , 5  of BC. Hence vertex A is  , 6 
 2  6  ∴ Orthocentre is (0, 3)

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444 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
a b+c 1 a a+b+c 1 Y
1 1
11. (d) Area = b c + a 1 = b b + c + a 1 , P (3, 2)
2 2 Q
c a +b 1 c c+a+b 1 (–3, 2) 2
X′ X
a 1 1 O
a +b+c
(Applying C2 → C1 + C2 ) = b 1 1=0 3
2
c 1 1 (– 3, – 3) R Y′

1 17. (d) Let third vertex C be (α , β )

Area of ∆PBC 2 [
−3(−2 − y ) + 4( y − 5) + x(5 + 2) ]
12. (a) =  2 − 2 + α −3 + 1 + β 
Area of ∆ABC 1 ∴ Centroid =  , 
[ 6(5 + 2) − 3(−2 − 3) + 4(3 − 5)]  3 3 
2
7 x + 7 y − 14 x+ y−2 α β −2
= = i.e.  , 
49 7 3 3 
α   β − 2 
13. (b) The given points are collinear, if Area of According to question, 2   + 3   =1
3  3 
1 1 1
1 ⇒ 2α + 3β − 6 = 3
∆= 0 sec θ 1 = 0
2

2 ⇒ 2α + 3β = 9
cosec2θ 0 1
Hence, locus of vertex C is 2 x + 3 y = 9 .
⇒ 1(sec 2 θ ) + 1(cosec 2θ ) + 1( − cosec 2θ .sec 2 θ ) = 0
18. (a) The points are (1, 3) and (3, 15)
1 1 1
⇒ + − =0 y2 − y1 12
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ Hence gradient is = = =6
x2 − x1 2
1 1
⇒ − =0 ⇒0=0
sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ sin 2 θ .cos 2 θ 19. (d) Let the equation of the straight line is y = mx + c Here
Therefore the points are collinear for all value of θ, except
1
nπ nπ m = tan 30° = and c = – 2
only θ = because at θ = , sec 2 θ = ∞ (Not defined). 3
2 2
1
Hence, the required equation is y = x−2
14. (d) Here A = (0, 8 / 3), B = (1,3) and C = (82,30) 3
AB = 1 + 1/ 9 = 10 / 9 , ⇒ 3y − x + 2 3 = 0 .
10  6 + 7 −1 + 3   13 
BC = (81) 2 + (27) 2 = 27 10 = 81 , 20. (d) S = mid point of QR =  ,  =  ,1
9  2 2   2 
10 2 − 1 −2
AC = (82) 2 + (30 − 8 / 3) 2 = 82 ∴ Slope (m) of PS = =
9 13 9
2−
2
10 10
Since AB + BC = (1 + 81) = 82 = AC . −2
9 9 ∴ The required equation is y + 1 = ( x − 1)
∴ Points A, B, C are collinear. 9
⇒ 2x + 9 y + 7 = 0
15. (b) (a) The new position after reflection is (3,2)
x y
(b) After transformation, it is (3, 2+ 2), i.e, (3, 4) 21. (b) The equation of parallel line to given line is + =λ .
a b
(c) Rotation makes it (3cos45°−4sin45°,3sin45°+4cos45°) ,
This line passes through point (a, b).
 −1 7  a b
i.e.  ,  ∴ + =λ
 2 2 a b
16. (d) Reflection in the y-axis of the point (3,2) is (–3, 2) ⇒ λ=2
when it moves towards the negative side of y- axis through x y
Hence, required line is + = 2.
5 units, then the new position is (–3, 2– 5) =(– 3, – 3) a b

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 445
22. (d) The equation of a line passing through (2, 2) and 28. (d) If line y = mx + 4 are equally inclined to lines with slope
1 1
perpendicular to 3 x + y = 3 is y − 2 = ( x − 2) m1 = 3 and m2 =
3 2
or x − 3y + 4 = 0 .  1 
 3−m   2 −3 
4
Putting x = 0 in this equation, we obtain y = . then   = − 1 
3  1 + 3m   1+ m 
 2 
4
So y-intercept = . 1± 5 2
3 ⇒ m=
7
23. (d) Given equation is 3 x + 3 y + 7 = 0 , Dividing both sides
x y x y
29. (c) Equation of lines are − = 1 and − = 1
by 32 + 32 a b b a
3x 3y 7 b a
⇒ + + =0 ⇒ m1 = and m2 =
3 +32 2
3 +3 2 2
3 +3
2 2 a b
b a
3 3 −7 −7 7 −
⇒ x+ y= , ∴ p= = . b2 − a 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 Therefore θ = tan a b = tan −1
−1
.
b a 2ab
1+ .
24. (c) Required line should be, a b
(3x − y + 2) + λ (5 x − 2 y + 7) = 0 . . . (i) 3 +1
30. (a) We know that = tan 75°.
⇒ (3 + 5λ ) x − (2λ + 1) y + (2 + 7λ ) = 0 3 −1
 3 + 5λ  2 + 7λ Hence the line makes an angle of 75° with y- axis, so the
⇒ y= x+ . . . (ii)
 2λ + 1  2λ + 1 equation of y-axis is x = 0 .
−1 31. (d) Midpoint of the line joining the point (4, − 5) and
As the equation (ii) has infinite slope, 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ λ =
2
 4 − 2 −5 + 9 
−1  −1  (−2,9) is  ,  i.e. (1, 2).
Putting λ = in equation (i),We have (3 x − y + 2) +    2 2 
2  2 
∴ Inclination of straight line passing through point (–3,6) and
(5 x − 2 y + 7) = 0 ⇒ x = 3
2 − 6 −4
mid point (1, 2) is m = = = −1 = tan θ .
a2 b1 − a1b2 (3) (−1) − (2) (1) 1+ 3 4
25. (b) tan θ = = 3π
a1a2 + b1b2 (3) (2) + (−1) (1) ⇒ θ= .
4
−3 − 2 −5
⇒ tan θ = = = | − 1|
6 −1 5 32. (a) As a1a2 + b1b2 = (1) ( 3) + (− 3) (1) = 0
θ = tan | −1|= tan 1 = 45° .
−1 −1
∴ Lines are perpendicular, ∴ θ = 90° .

33. (c) The line xy = 0 represents the equation of coordinate

a1 b1 c1 2 2 7
26. (a) Here, = ≠ ; = ≠ . axis i.e., x = 0 , y = 0 .
a2 b2 c2 3 3 5
Hence, lines are parallel to each other Hence angle between them is 90 ° .

27. (a) The equation of lines passing through (3, –2) is  −2   −3 

34. (c)     = −1
( y + 2) = m ( x − 3) . . . (i)  3a   4 
−1
The slope of the given line is − 3 . or a= .
2
m − (− 3)
So, tan 60° = ± . On solving, we get m = 0 or 3  k −3
1 + m(− 3) 35. (d)   (2) = −1
2−4
Putting the values of m in (i), the required equation is y + 2 = 0
⇒ 2k − 6 = 2
and 3x − y − 2 − 3 3 = 0 . ⇒ k =4

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446 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS

3 3−0 bh + 0 − ab
36. (c) Slope of QR = = 3 i.e., θ = 60° 41. (a) Let the point be (h,0 ) then a = ±
3−0 a 2 + b2
Y
a
O R(3, 3√3) ⇒ bh = ± a a 2 + b 2 + ab ⇒ h = (b ± a 2 + b 2 )
b
60o a 
X′ X Hence the point is  (b ± a 2 + b 2 ), 0 
P(–1, 0) Q(0, 0) b 

2 − 2 −1 1
Y′ 42. (b) | AD |= =
1 +2
2 2
5
Clearly, ∠PQR = 120°
A
OQ is the angle bisector of the angle, so line OQ makes
120o with the positive direction of x-axis. Therefore
equation of the bisector of ∠PQR is y = tan120° x
or y = − 3 x i.e., 3x + y = 0 .

37. (a) Equations of angle bisectors between x and y-axis are 60o
B D C
x + y = 0 and x − y = 0 , (∵θ = 45° or 135°) x+ 2y – 1 = 0
or y = ±x . AD
∵ tan 60° =
BD
38. (c) The equation of bisector of acute angle formed
between the lines 4 x − 3 y + 7 = 0 and 3 x − 4 y + 14 = 0 is
1/ 5
4x − 3y + 7 3 x − 4 y + 14 ⇒ 3=
=− BD
16 + 9 16 + 9
1 2
⇒ 7 x − 7 y + 21 = 0 ⇒ x − y + 3 = 0 . ⇒ BD = ⇒ BC = 2 BD =
15 15
39. (b) Bisector of the angles is given by 43. (c) Here the given lines are, ax + by + c = 0,
3x − 4 y + 7 12 x + 5 y − 2
=± bx + cy + a = 0 , cx + ay + b = 0
5 13
⇒ 11x − 3 y + 9 = 0 . . . (i) a b c
The lines will be concurrent, iff b c a = 0
and 21x + 77 y − 101 = 0 . . . (ii)
c a b
Let the angle between the line 3 x − 4 y + 7 = 0 and (i) is α ,
⇒ a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0
3 11
−
m1 − m2 35 44. (c) If these lines are concurrent then the intersection point
then tan α = = 4 3 = < 1 ⇒ α < 45°
1 + m1m2 3 11 45 of the lines 4 x + 3 y = 1 and y = x + 5 , is (–2, 3), which
1+ ×
4 3
lies on the third line.
Hence 11x − 3 y + 9 = 0 is the bisector of the acute angle between Hence, 5 × 3 − 2b = 3 ⇒ 15 − 2b = 3 ⇒ 2b = 12 ⇒ b = 6
the given lines.
45. (b) The set of lines is 4ax + 3by + c = 0, where a +b +c=0
x y
40. (d) Equation of line is + =1 Eliminating c, we get 4ax + 3by − (a + b) = 0
a b
⇒ bx + ay − ab = 0 ⇒ a (4 x − 1) + b(3 y − 1) = 0

Perpendicular distance from origin to given line is They pass through the intersection of the lines 4 x − 1 = 0
1 1 1 1
− ab a2 + b2 1 a2 + b2 1 and 3 y − 1 = 0 i.e., x = , y = i.e.,  , 
p= ⇒ = ⇒ = 2 4 3  4 3
a2 + b2 ab p a 2b 2 p
1 1 1 46. (a) Let Q(a, b) be the reflection of P (4, − 13) in the line
⇒ + =
a 2 b2 p 2 5x + y + 6 = 0 .

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 447
 a + 4 b − 13  2 h 2 − ab
Then the point R  ,  lies on 5 x + y + 6 = 0. 51. (b) Angle between the lines is, θ = tan −1
 2 2  a+b
 a + 4   b − 13 
∴ 5 +  +6=0  7
2
 2   2  2  −  − (2)(3)
⇒ 5a + b + 19 = 0 . . . (i)  2
= tan −1
2+3
Also PQ is perpendicular to 5 x + y + 6 = 0 .
 b + 13   −5 
Therefore  ×  
 a−4   1  2 5
⇒ θ = tan −1  .  = tan −1 (1)
⇒ a − 5b − 69 = 0 . . . (ii) 5 2

Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = −1, b = −14 . ⇒ θ = 45°

47. (a) Equation of the line passing through (3, 8) and x 2 − y 2 xy

52. (a) Equation of bisectors is given by = or
perpendicular to x + 3y – 7 = 0 is 3x – y – 1 = 0. The a −b h
intersection point of both the lines is (1, 2). Now let the x2 − y2 xy
=
image of A(3,8) be A′( x1 , y1 ) . 0 cot θ
x1 + 3 ⇒ x2 − y 2 = 0
The point (1, 2) will be the midpoint of AA′ . =1
2
53. (c) Let φ ≡ 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 7 xy + 8 x + 14 y + 8 = 0
y1 + 8
⇒ x 1 = −1 and =2 ∂φ ∂φ
2 = 4 x + 7 y + 8 = 0 and = 6 y + 7 x + 14 = 0
⇒ y1 = 4 . ∂x ∂y

Hence the image is (–1, –4). On solving these equations, we get x = −2, y = 0
If the equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
−2h a
48. (c) We know that, m1 + m2 = and m1m2 = . The points of intersection are given by
b b
 hf − bg hg − af 
Given, m1 + m2 = 4m1m2  , 2 
.
 ab − h ab − h 
2

− 2c  1  Hence point is (– 2, 0)
⇒ = 4 
7  −7 
54. (d) Given that equation of pair of straight lines
⇒ c=2
xy − x − y + 1 = 0
49. (b) Condition for pair of lines, abc + 2fgh–af 2– bg2 – ch2 = 0
⇒ ( x − 1)( y − 1) = 0
Here a = 12, h = −5, b = 2,
⇒ x − 1 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
g = 11/ 2,
The intersection point of x − 1 = 0, y − 1 = 0 is (1,1)
f = −5 / 2, c = K
∴ Lines x − 1 = 0, y − 1 = 0 and ax + 2 y − 3 = 0 are concurrent.
2 2
−5 11  −5   11 
Then, 12 × 2 × K + 2 × × −12 ×   − 2 ×   − K (−5)2 = 0 ∴ The intersecting points of first two lines satisfy the third line.
2 2  2 2 Hence, a + 2 − 3 = 0
On solving, we get K= 2.
⇒ a =1
2 h − ab
2
50. (b) Angle between the lines is θ = tan −1 55. (a,b,c,d) Make homogenous the equation of circle, we get
a+b
x 2 − 6 xy + y 2 = 0
2
 −1  1 6 y ± (36 − 4) y 2 6 y ± 4 2 y
2   − 1× (−6) 2 +6 ⇒ x= = = 3y ± 2 2y
 2  4 2 2
= tan −1 = tan −1
1 + (−6) 1 + (−6)
Hence, the equation are x = (3 + 2 2) y and x = (3 − 2 2) y
Also after rationalizing these equations becomes
π y − (3 + 2 2) x = 0 and y − (3 − 2 2) x = 0 .
= tan −1 | −1|= tan −1 (1) = , 45°
4

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448 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
56. (c) Pair of straight lines joining the origin to the points of 60. (d) The given lines are ± x ± y = 1 i.e., x + y = 1 , x − y = 1 ,
intersection of the line y = 2 2 x +c and the circle x + y = −1 and x − y = −1. These lines form a quadrilateral
x + y = 2 are
2 2
whose vertices are A(−1,0), B(0, − 1), C (1, 0) and D(0,1) .
2 Obviously ABCD is a square. Length of each side of this
 2 2x − y 
⇒ x2 + y 2 + (−2)   = 0 square is 12 + 12 = 2 . Hence, area of square is
 −c 
2 × 2 = 2 sq. units.
⇒ x2 + y2 −
2
c2
( )
8 x 2 + y 2 − 4 2 xy = 0
61. (c) The area of triangle formed by the lines
 16   2  8 2 xy ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 = 0 and lx + my + n = 0 is given by
⇒ x 2  1 − 2  + y 2 1 − 2  + =0
 c   c  c2
n 2 h 2 − ab
16 2 am 2 − 2hlm + bl 2
If these lines are perpendicular, 1 − +1− 2 = 0
c2 c
9
2c 2 − 18 Here a = 4, b = −9, h = − , l = 1, m = 0, n = −2, then area of
⇒ =0 2
c2 2
⇒ c2 − 9 = 0 .
 −9  −9 81 36
( −2) 2   − 4 × 4 +
triangle =
 2  2
= 4 2 = −30
57. (c) Let φ ≡ 12 x2 + 7 xy − 12 y 2 − 17 x − 31y − 7 = 0 . . . (i) −9 × (1) 2 −9 9
∂φ ∂φ
∴ ≡ 24 x + 7 y − 17 = 0 and ≡ 7 x − 24 y − 31 = 0
∂x ∂y
10
Their point of intersection is ( x, y ) ≡ (1, −1) =
3
Here α = 1, β = −1
Shift the origin to (1, –1) then replacing x = X + 1 and NCERT Exemplar Problems
y = Y − 1 in (i), the required equation is More than One Answer
12( X + 1) 2 + 7( X + 1)(Y − 1) − 12(Y − 1) 2 − 17( X + 1) 62. (a, c) Given lines Px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and
−31(Y − 1) − 7 = 0 i.e., 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 rx + py + q = 0 are concurrent.
Here α = 1 and β = −1 and g = −17 / 2, f = −31/ 2, c = −7 p q r
17 31 ∴ q r p =0
∴ gα + f β + c = − × 1 − × −1 − 7 = 0
2 2 r p q
∴ Removed equation is aX 2 + 2hXY + bY 2 + (gα + f β + c) = 0 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 and taking common from R1
i.e., 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 + 0 = 0 1 1 1
⇒ 12 X 2 + 7 XY − 12Y 2 = 0 . ⇒ ( p + q + r) q r p
58. (c) The distance between the pair of straight lines given r p q
g 2 − ac ⇒ ( p + q + r ) ( p 2 + q 2 + r 2 − pq − qr − pr ) = 0
by ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is 2 ,
a ( a + b)
⇒ p 3 + q 3 + r 3 − 3 pqr = 0.
3 Therefore, (i) and (iii) are the answers.
Here a = 1, b = 9, c = 4, g =
2
63. (a, c) Since, 3 x + 2 y ≥ 0 . . .(i)
9 25
− ( −4) where (1, 3) (5, 0) and (–1, 2) satisfy equation (i)
4 5
= 2× = 2× 4 =
1(1 + 9) 10 2 ∴ Option (a) is true. Again, 2x+y–13 ≥ 0 is not satisfied by
(1, 3),
59. (b) Applying the formula, the required co-ordinates is ∴ Option (b) is false. 2x–3y–12≤ 0, is satisfied for all points,
 12 × 2 − 1× 1 × 4 + 1 12 × 4 − 1 × 1× 2 + 1   −1 3  ∴ Option (c) is true. And –2x+y ≥0, is not satisfied by (5, 0),
 ,  = , 
 12 + 12 12 + 12   2 2 ∴ Option (d) is false.

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 449
64. (a, c) Let equation of line L1 be y = mx. Intercepts made θ +φ 
68. (a, b, c) One bisector makes an angle   with x-axis,
by L1 and L2 on the circle will be equal ie, L1 and L2 are at  2 
the same distance from the centre of the circle.
θ +φ 
Centre of the given circle is (1/2, –3/2). Therefore, then other bisector makes an angle 90° +   with x-
 2 
m 3 axis,
+
|1/ 2 − 3/ 2 − 1| 2 2
=
1+1 m2 + 1 φ −θ 
 
 2 

2 | m+3|
⇒ =  φ −θ   φ +θ 
2 2 m2 + 1 φ
θ + =
 2   2 


(3, –5) θ
⇒ 8m 2 + 8 = m 2 + 6m + 9
⇒ 7 m 2 − 6m − 1 = 0 ⇒ (7 m + 1)(m − 1) = 0
∴ Equations of bisectors are
1
⇒ m = − ,m =1 x −3 y+5
7 = . . .(i)
 θ + φ  θ +φ 
Thus, two chords are x + 7y = 0 and y – x = 0 cos   sin  
 2   2 
65. (a, b, c, d) The two lines will be identical if their exists
x −3 y+5
some real number k such that b3– c3 = k(b – c), c3 – a3 = and =
 π θ +φ   π θ +φ 
k(c – a) cos  +  sin  + 
2 2  2 2 
and a3 – b3 = k(a – b)
x−3 y +5
⇒ b – c = 0 or b2 + c2 + bc = k ⇒ = . . .(ii)
 θ + φ  θ +φ 
c – a = 0 or c2 + a2 + ca = k − sin   cos  
and a – b = 0 or a2 + b2 + ab = k  2   2 
⇒ a = b or b = c or c = a x −3 y +5
But given bisector are =
or b2 + c2 + bc = c2 + a2 + ca cos α sin α
θ +φ
⇒ b = c or c = a or a = b or a + b + c = 0 ∴ α= [from equation (i)] . . .(iii)
2
66. (a, b) x + 2 y + 4 = 0 and 4 x + 2 y − 1 = 0 x−3 y+5
and =
⇒ x + 2 y + 4 = 0 and −4 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 β γ
Here, (1) (–4) + (2) (–2) = – 8 < 0 θ +φ 
∴ β = − sin   = − sin α [from equation (ii)]
∴ Bisector of the angle including the acute angle bisector  2 
x + 2 y + 4 (−4 x − 2 y + 1) θ +φ 
and origin is = And γ = cos 
5 2 5  = cos α
 2 
⇒ 6x + 6 y + 7 = 0
69. (a, b, c, d) Equation of any line through P(3,4) making an
67. (a, b, c, d) Let position of bunglow is P(x1,y1) then PM =
angle θ with the positive direction of x-axis is
100 and PN = 100.
x−3 y −4
Y = =r . . .(i)
cos θ sin θ
(0, 8) (0, 6) Where r is the distance of any point on the line form P.
M Therefore, coordinates of any point on the line (i) are
N
y−x=6 y+ x =8 (3 + r cosθ , 4 + r sin θ ) . . .(ii)
P (x, y)
X
If equation, (ii) represent R, then 3 + r cos θ = 6
(–6, 0) (8, 0)
3
x1 + y1 − 8 x − y +6 ⇒ r= = PR
∴ = ± 100 and 1 1 = ± 100 cosθ
2 2 If equation (ii), represents S, the 4 + rcos θ = 0
After solving, we get x1 = 1 ± 100 2,1 and y1 = 7,7 ± 100 2
⇒ r = 4 = PS
Hence, (1 +100 2,7),(1 −100 2, 7), (1, 7 +100 2),(1, 7−100 2) sin θ

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450 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
Hence, PR = 3sec θ , PS = 4 cosec θ perpendicular. Also as p ≠ q of any falue, they are not
3sin θ + 4cosθ 2(3sin θ + 4cosθ ) parallel.
PR + PS = = Thus the reason is true, Next, if the product of the slope is
sin θ cosθ sin 2θ
and (3/ PR ) 2 + (4 / PS ) 2 = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 2 then p = –1, q = – 2 and the equation of L1and L2 are
respectively x – y – 1 = 0 and 4x – 2y + 6 = 0
9 16
⇒ + =1 Which intersect at (–4, –5) so the assertion is also true but
( PR) ( PS ) 2
2
does not follow form assertion.
70. (a, c) A ≡ (−5 3, 0), B ≡ (0, 5), C ≡ (5 3, 0), D ≡ (0, − 5) 73. (a) From geometry |PA – PB| < AB and |PA – PB| = AB if
Y P line on extended line segment AB so reason is true.
Using in assertion, |PA – PB| is maximum if P lies on AB
B
whose equation is x + 2y = 2.
10 The given line is 4x + 3y + 9 = 0, on solving we get the
30° 30°
A X
O 30° C  24 17 
10 required coordinates of P as  − ,  and hence
D  5 5 
x y assertion is also true.
Equation of AB is + = 1 or x − 3 y = −5 3
−5 3 5 74. (a) From geometry, reason is true. Using it in assertion,
x y orthocenter lies on the line joining (0,0) and
Equation of CD is − = 1 or x − 3 y = 5 3
5 3 5  4+2 7+3
 ,  i.e., (3, 5) which is 5x – 3y = 0 and so the
Which is clearly an irrational point.  2 2 
reason is also true,
71. (c, d) Equation of given line is 2x + y = 2 . . .(i)
When axes are rotated by an angle of 45º in anticlockwise 75. (b) Any point L(x, y) on the perpendicular bisector in
direction then equation of the line with respect to new assertion is equidistant from P and Q. Locus of L is
axes will be (x –1)2 + (y – 4)2 = (x – k2) + (y – 3)2
2(x cos 45º – y sin 45º) + (x sin 45º + y cos 45º) = 2 k2 −8
⇒ 2(k + 1)x – 2y = k2 – 8y-intercept = − = −4
Or 3x − y = 2 2 . . .(ii) 2
length of intercepts made by this line on new axes are ⇒ k 2 − 16 = 0
So, Assertion is true but does not follow form reason, which
2 2
and 2 2 is also true, as the perpendicular bisector of BC is also the
3
median through A.
When the axes are rotated by an angle of 45º in clockwise
direction, the equation of line (i) with respect to new axes 76. (d) Assertion is true, but two triangles having the same area
will be may not be congruent for example, the triangles with
2( x cos 45°+ y sin 45°) +(− x sin 45°+ y cos 45°) = 2 . ..(iii) vertices (0,0), (4,0), (4,2) and (0, 0), (2, 0), and (1, 4) have
same area but are not congruent and thus assertion is false.
or x + 3y = 2 2
77. (b) In assertion, let the vertex C be (α,β), then centroid
Length of intercept of line (iii) on new axes are 2 2 and
 α + 2 − 2 β − 3 +1
2 2 is  ,  which lies on x+ y = 5
.  3 3 
3
⇒ α + β = 17
In reason, x–y+1 = 0 is the equation of the perpendicular
Assertion and Reason
bisector of AB which is also the median through C.
72. (c) we have 3p2 + 2p – 1 = 0 and 2q2 + 7q + 6 = 0
78. (c) Assertion is true, as lines are x+1 = 0, y–2 = 0, x–4 = 0
1 −3
⇒ p = −1 or and q = −2 or and Reason is false as the two sets of lines are x+1 = 0,
3 2
y–2=0
Slope of L1=–p, slope of L2 =– q, product of the slopes =
and x – 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0
pq ≠ – 1 for any values of p and q. So L1 and L2 are not

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 451
79. (d) Reason is True, using it in assertion hypotenuse 85. (b) x + 3 x y − 3 xy − y = 5k xy
3 2 2 3

makes an angle π/4 with x = a which is parallel to y-axis,

⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3x 3 + 3 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 + 3 y 3 = 5k xy
so it makes an angle π/4 with x-axis also and then the
slope of the hypotenuse is ± 1 ⇒ k = ±1. ⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3( x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 − y 3 ) = 5k xy
⇒ 4( x3 − y 3 ) − 3( x 2 + y 2 )( x − y ) = 5k xy
80. (d) Assertion is false, the lines are coincident as the reason
is true and assertion satisfies the condition in reason. ⇒
4(r 3 cos3 θ − r 3 sin 3 θ ) − 3(r 2 cos 2 θ + r 2 sin 2 θ )
2 2
81. (b) In assertion (x –1) (y –1) = 0 ⇒ x = ±1, y = ±1which
(r cos θ − r sin θ ) = 5kr 2 cos θ sin θ
enclose a square of each side equal 2, so assertion is true.
Reason is also true as the sum of the coefficients of x2 and ⇒ r{(4cos3 θ − 3cos θ ) + (3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ ) = 5k sin θ cos θ
y2 is zero but does not imply assertion. ⇒ r (cos3θ + sin 3θ ) = 5k sin θ cosθ

Comprehension Based 2 1
86. (d) = − + 4cosθ
r 2
82. (d) If PQ is focal chord, then coordinates of Q will be
r
 a 2a  ⇒ 2 = − + 4r cosθ
 2 ,−  2
t t  ⇒ 4 + r = 8r cosθ
2a ⇒ r = (8r cosθ − 4)
2ar +
Now, slope of QR = slope of PK t = 2at
a at 2 − 2a ⇒ ( x 2 + y 2 ) = (8 x − 4)
ar − 2
2

t
Squaring both sides, then x 2 + y 2 = 64 x 2 − 64 x + 16
r + 1/ t t
⇒ = ⇒ 63 x 2 − y 2 − 64 x + 16 = 0 , which is a hyperbola
r 2 − 1/ t 2 t 2 − 2
1 t l
⇒ = 87. (c) = f (θ ) = a cos(θ + α ) + b cos(θ + β )
1 t2 − 2 r
r−
t
⇒ l = ar (cosθ cosα − sinθ sinα ) + br(cosθ cos β − sinθ sinα )
1 t2 − 2 2
⇒ t− = =t− ⇒ l = a(r cosθ cosα − r sinθ sinα ) + b(r cosθ cos β − r sinθ sinα)
t t t
⇒ l = a ( x cos α − y sin α ) + b( x cos β − y sin β )
1 t 2 −1
⇒ r =t− = = x(a cos α + b cos β ) − y (a sin α + b sin β )
t t
l = Ax + By . . .(i)
x
83. (b) Tangent at P : ty = x + at or y = + at
2
Where A,B are constants. The equation of any line
t
perpendicular to the line (i) is Bx − Ay = λ , where λ is a
x 2a a
Normal at S : y + = + parameter.
t t t3
⇒ Br cos θ − Ar sin θ = λ
2a a a (t 2 + 1) 2
Solving, 2 y = at + + ⇒ y= λ
t t3 2t 3 or = B cos θ − A sin θ
r
84. (c) r = a sin(θ / 2) squaring both sides, then λ
or = A(− sin θ ) + B (cos θ )
r
r = a sin 2 (θ / 2)
λ π  π   π
⇒ 2r = a (2sin 2 θ / 2) = a (1 − cos θ ) or = A cos  + θ  + B sin  + θ  = J  θ + 
r 2  2   2
or 2r 2 = a (r − r cos θ ) 88. (d) If (r1,θ1), (r2,θ2) and (r3,θ3) be the angular points of a
⇒ {2r 2 + a (r cos θ )}2 = a 2 r 2 triangle, then area of that triangle is given by
1
⇒ [2( x 2 + y 2 ) + ax ]2 = a 2 ( x 2 + y 2 )
2
∑ r1r2 sin(θ1 − θ 2 )
4( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 + a 2 x 2 + 4ax( x 2 + y 2 ) = a 2 x 2 + a 2 y 2 π π π
Here, r1 = 1, θ1 = ; r2 = 2, θ 2 = and r3 = 3, θ 3 =
or 4( x 2 + y 2 )( x 2 + y 2 + ax) = a 2 y 2 6 3 2

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452 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
π π π  −4 x + 3 y + 6   5 x − 12 y + 9 
∴ θ 2 − θ1 = , θ3 − θ 2 = and θ1 − θ3 = − ∴ Bisectors are   =±  
6 6 3  5   13 
1 1 3 ⇒ (−52 x + 39 y + 78) = ± (25 x − 60 y + 45)
⇒ sin(θ 2 − θ1 ) = , sin(θ3 − θ 2 ) = and sin(θ1 − θ3 ) = −
2 2 2 O : (−52 x + 39 y + 78) = −(25 x − 60 y + 45)
1 1 1 − 3 or 27 x + 21 y − 123 = 0
Required area = (1× 3) + (2)(3) × + (3)(1) ×
2 2 2 2
or 9 x + 7 y − 41 = 0
8−3 3  ∴ O : 9 x + 7 y − 41 = (4)
=   sq unit.
 4  And A : ( −52 x + 39 y + 78) = (25 x − 60 y + 45)
or 77 x − 99 y − 33 = 0 or 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0
Match the Column
∴ A : 7 x − 9 y − 3 = 0 (1)
89. (a) (A) Solving equations L1 and L3,
(C) 4 x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x − 12 y − 9 = 0
x y 1
= = or −5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0
−36 + 10 −25 + 12 2 − 15
∴ x = 2, y = 1 ∵ (4)(−5) + (−3)(12) = −56 < 0
L1 , L2 , L3 are concurrent, if point (2, 1) lies on L2  4x − 3y + 6   −5 x + 12 y + 9 
∴ Bisectors are   =±  
∴ 6 − k −1 = 0 ⇒ k = 5  5   13 
(B) Either L1 is parallel to L2 , or L3 is parallel to L2 , then ⇒ (52 x − 39 y + 78) = ± (−25 x + 60 y + 45)

1 3 3 −k −6 O : (52 x − 39 y + 78) = −(−25 x + 60 y + 45)

= or = ⇒ k = −9 or k = .
3 −k 5 2 5 or 27 x + 21 y + 123 = 0
(C) L1 , L2 , L3 form a triangle, if they are not concurrent, or not or 9 x + 7 y + 41 = 0
parallel. ∴ O : 9 x + 7 y + 41 A : (52 x − 39 y + 78) = (−25 x + 60 y + 45)
6 −5 or 77 x − 99 y + 33 = 0
∴ k ≠ 5, − 9, − ⇒ k =
5 6 or 7x − 9 y + 3 = 0
6 ∴ A : 7 x − 9 y + 3 = 0 (2)
(D) L1 , L2 , L3 do not form a triangle, if k = 5, − 9, − .
5
90. (b) (A) 4 x + 3 y − 6 = 0 Integer
91. (30) Since, centroid divides the orthocenter and circum
⇒ −4 x − 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x + 12 y + 9 = 0
center in the ratio 2 : 1 (internally) and if centroid
∵ (−4)(5) + (−3)(12) = −56 < 0
2 1 3 2
 −4 x − 3 y + 6   5 x + 12 y + 9  G ( x, y ), then O (1, 1) G ( x, y ) C , 
∴ Bisectors are   =±   2 4
 5   13 
3 3
⇒ (−52 x − 39 y + 78) = ± (25 x + 60 y + 45) 2 × + 1× 1 2 × + 1× 1
2 4 4 5
x= = and y = =
O : (−52 x − 39 y + 78) = −(25 x + 60 y + 45) 2 +1 3 2 +1 6
or 27 x − 21 y − 123 = 0 or 9 x − 7 y − 41 = 0 4 5
∴ Centroid is  ,  and nine point centre is the mid point
3 6
∴ O : 9 x − 7 y − 41 = (5)
of orthocenter and circumcentre.
And A : ( −52 x − 39 y + 78) = (25 x + 60 y + 45)
 1 + ( 3/ 2 ) 1 + ( 3/ 4 )  5 7
or 77 x + 99 y − 33 = 0 or 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 ∴ Nine point centre is  ,  , i.e.,  , 
 2 2  4 8
∴ A : 7 x + 9 y − 3 = 0 (3)
4 5 5 7
(B) 4x − 3y − 6 = 0 ⇒ a = , β = and γ = , δ =
3 6 4 8
⇒ −4 x + 3 y + 6 = 0 and 5 x − 12 y + 9 = 0 ∴ 6α + 12β + 4γ + 8δ
∵ (−4)(5) + 3(−12) = −56 < 0 4 5 5 7
= 6 × + 12 × + 4 × + 8 × = 8 + 10 + 5 + 7 = 30
3 6 4 8

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Coordinates and Straight Lines 453
92. (5522) Since m1 and m2 are the roots of the equation 2

x 2 + ( 3 + 2) x + ( 3 − 1) = 0
94. (24) Given ∑ d ( P, L ) ∈ [2, 4]
i=1
i

2
Then m1 + m2 = − ( 3 + 2), m1 m2 = ( 3 − 1)
⇒ 2 ≤ ∑ d ( P, Li ) ≤ 4
i =1
∴ m1 − m2 = (m1 + m2 )2 − 4mm
1 2 = (3 + 4 + 4 3 − 4 3 + 4) = 11
⇒ 2 ≤ d ( P, L1 ) + d ( P, L2 ) ≤ 4
and coordinates of the vertices of the given triangle are
(0, 0) (c/m1, c) and (c/m2, c) x− y x+ y
⇒ 2≤ + ≤4
2 2
1 c c
Hence, the required area of triangle = ×c − ×c 2 2 ≤ x− y + x+ y ≤4 2
2 m1 m2 ⇒
Case (i): if x − y > 0, x + y > 0
1  1 1  1 2 m2 − m1 1 11
= c2  − = c = c2
2 m m 2 m m 2 ( 3 − 1) then 2 2 ≤ ( x − y ) + ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
 1 2  1 2

1 11( 3 + 1)  33 + 11  2 ⇒ 2 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4 2
= c2 =  c
2 ( 3 − 1)( 3 + 1)  4  or 2≤ x≤2 2
Case (ii): If x − y > 0, x + y < 0
33 11
On comparing, a = ,b=
4 4 then 2 2 ≤ ( x − y ) − ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
11 33 ⇒ 2 2 ≤ −2 y ≤ 4 2
Or a= ,b=
4 4 or − 2 ≥ y ≥ −2 2
33 11 44 11 11
∴ a2 + b2 = + = = ⇒ 2008(a 2 + b 2 ) = 2008 × or −2 2 ≤ y ≤ − 2
16 16 16 4 4
= 502 ×11 = 5522 Case (iii): If x − y < 0, x + y > 0
then 2 2 ≤ − ( x − y ) + ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
93. (110) Let P ≡ (λ , 2)
⇒ 2 2 ≤ 2 y ≤ 4 2 or 2≤ y≤2 2
First draw the exact diagram of ∆ABC the point P(λ, 2)
Y
move on the line y = 2 for all λ.
Y B 2 2
3x − 7 y = 8 A
A
B′
D − 2 A′
B P E X′ X
2 2 2 2
X′ X −2 2
− 2 D′
x+ y=4 4 x + y = 31 C′
C
C −2 2 D

Y′ Y′
Now D and F are the intersection of 3x –7y = 8, y = 2 Case (v): If x − y < 0, x + y < 0 then
and 4x – y = 31, y = 2 respectively. 2 2 ≤ −( x − y ) − ( x + y ) ≤ 4 2
 22   33 
∴ D ≡  , 2  and E ≡  , 2  ⇒ 2 2 ≤ −2 x ≤ 4 2
 3   4 
Thus the points on the line y = 2 whose x-coordinates lies or − 2 ≥ x ≥ −2 2
22 33 or −2 2 ≤ x ≤ − 2
between and lie within the ∆ABC.
3 4 Combining all case, we get,
22 33 x ∈ [−2 2, − 2 ] ∪ [ 2, 2 2 ]
Hence, <λ <
3 4
and y ∈ [−2 2, − 2 ] ∪ [ 2, 2 2 ]
 22 33  22 33
i.e., λ ∈  ,  ⇒ a = and b = Hence, are of the required region
 3 4  3 4
22 33 = (4 2) 2 − (2 2) 2 = 32 − 8 = 24 sq unit
∴ 6a + 8b = 6 × + 8× = 44 + 66 = 110
3 4 ∴ λ = 24

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454 Quick Revision NCERT- MATHEMATICS
95. (6720) OPn = nOPn −1 OP8 = 8 ⋅ OP7 = 8 ⋅ 7 OP6 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 OP5 Then, sin φ + 32sin φ + 9 = (1)3 + 32(1) + 9 = 42
3

= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 OP4 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 OP3
98. (20) ax3 − 9 x 2 y − xy 2 + 4 y 3 = ( x 2 + pxy − y 2 )(ax − 4 y )
= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 OP2 = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 OP1
On comparing the similar terms, then −9 = ap − 4 . . .(i)
= 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 . . .(i)
and −1 = 4 p − a . . .(ii)
Coordinates of P8 (OP8 cos 45°, OP8 sin 45°)
−5 a − 1
From equation (i) and (ii) =
 OP OP  OP8 a 4
or P8 ≡  8 , 8  but given = 3a 2
 2 2  2 ⇒ −20 = a 2 − a
or OP8 = 6a . . .(ii) ⇒ a 2 − a + 20 = 0
From equation (i) and (ii), we get 6a = 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 Or a − a 2 = 20
∴ a = 6720
99. (2) For represent a pair of straight lines ∆ = 0
96. (27) y 2 − 9 xy + 18 x 2 = 0 ⇒ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 = 0
⇒ ( y − 6 x)( y − 3x) = 0 2 2
−5 11  −5   11 
⇒ 12 × 2 × λ + 2 × × ×−5 −12 ×   − 2 ×   − λ(−5)2 = 0
∴ y = 6 x, y = 3x 2 2  2 2
Vertices of the triangle formed by the lines y = 6x, y = 3x ∴ λ=2
And y = 9
100. (25) Making ( x − 3) 2 + ( y − 4) 2 = c 2 homogeneous with
3 
are A(0, 0), B  , 9  and C (3, 9) the help of 4 x + 3 y = 24, then
2 
2
0 0 1  4x + 3 y  2  4x + 3y 
1 1 27 27 x 2 + y 2 − (6 x + 8 y )   + (25 − c )   =0
∴ Required are λ = | 3/ 2 9 1 | = − =  24   24 
2 3 9 1 2 2 4
Now, coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of y 2 = 0
∴ 4λ = 27
(25 − c 2 ) (25 − c 2 )
⇒ 1−1 + + 1−1+ =0
97. (42) Coefficient of x 2 + coefficient of 36 64
or 25 − c 2 = 0
y 2 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
π ∴ c 2 = 25
∴ φ= ⇒ sin φ = 1
2

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