Tissue

Tissue is group of cells similar in structure and work together to achieve particular function.
Study of internal structure of plants or animals is called Anatomy.
Study of tissues is known as Histology. The word was coined by Mayer. Marcello Malpighi is
regarded as the “father of animal histology”.
In multicellulars division of labour increase the efficiency of performing any function.

The plant tissues

Depending upon the capacity to divide, plant tissues have been classified into two
fundamental type meristems meristematic tissues and permanent tissues.

Meristematic tissues
It is the portion of embryonic tissues, which persist in the plant, throughout the life and are
responsible for the formation of new cells are known as meristematic tissues. Nageli (1885)
called meristematic tissue as meristems.tissue as merstems.

The cells are immature and are capable of dividing indefinitely.

They are small and thin walled cells, without intercellular spaces.

The cells are generally isodiametric (almost of same length and breadth) and are rounded a
or oval in outline.

They have thin elastic cell wall, made up with cellulose.

The vacuoles are absent; plastids are in proplastid stage, do not store food, They have large
and prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm with large number of mitochondria.

These cells are mother cells from which other types of cells are formed.

On the basis of origin meristems are of three types –promeristem (these are localized group
of merstematic cells in germinating embryo), primary meristem (these are derived from
promeristem) and secondry meristem (these are formed from permanent tissues by the
process of dedifferentiation).

On the basis of position they are of three types-apical (it is present at the up tip of stem and
roots), intercalary (they are located along the lateral sides of stems and root). Lateral
meristems: of two types vascular cambium and cork cambium.
On the basis of function they are of three types protoderm (it is outermost layer of
promeristmes and give rise the epidermal tissue system. Ground merstem (it give rise to the
ground tissue system) and procambium (it give rise to the vascular tissue).

The tissue systems are continuous throughout the plant. For example. The vascular tissue
system in a leaf is continuous with the vascular tissue system in the stem to which it is
attached.
 Permanent tissues
They are formed by the division and differentiation of meristematic tissue. Cells of
permanent tissues have lost the power of division temporarily or permanently.

Simple permanent tissue- These tissues are homogenous in nature and made up of similar
type of cells. The main type of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma and
sclerenchyma.
 Parenchyma

It is living and basis packing tissue or universal tissue or first evolved permanent tissue
which consist of relatively unspercialised cells.

Tissue systems, tissues, and cell types of flowering plants

Tissue System Tissue Cell types Main Functions of Tissue
Ground tissue Parenchyma tissue Parenchyma cells Storage, secretion.
system photosynthesis
Collenchyma tissue Collenchyma cells Support, flexibility
Sclerenchyma tissue Sclerenchyma cells Support, strength
(sclerieds or other)
Xylem Tracheids Conduction of water and
nutrient, mineral, support
Vessel elements Conduction of water and
nutrient, minerals, support
Xylem parenchyma cells Storage
Fibers (Sclerenchyma cells) Support strength
Vascular Phloem Sieve tube elements Conduction of sugar in
tissue system solution, support
Companion cells May control functioning of
sieve tube elements,
loading sugar into sieve
tube elements
Phloem parenchyma cells Storage

Epidermal cells Protective covering over

Surface of soft herbaceous
part of plant body

Epidermis Guard cells Regulate stomata opening

or closing
Dermal tissue Trichome Variable function
system Cork cells Protective covering over
surface of woody parts of
Peiderm plant body
Cork cambium cells Meristematic (for new cells)
Cork parenchyma cells Storage
 Parenchyma cell
Description
Living, actively metabolizing thin primary cell walls
Functions
Storage, secretion: photosynthesis
Location and comments
Throughouts the plant body: shows is a cross
section of Part of a buttercup (Ranunculus) root:
note the starch grains filling the cells

Collenchyma cell
Description
Living unevenly primary cell walls Functions Elastic
support Location and comments just under stem
epidermis: shown is a cross section of an elderberry
(Sambucus) stem; note the unevenly thickened cell
walls that are especially thick in the corners, making
the cell contents assume a rounded shape in cross
section

(i) Cell are thin, elastic cell wall made up with cellulose, isodiametric.
(ii) Intercellular spaces present in between the cells.
(iii) A typical parenchyma is meant for storage of food, provide turgidity to softer tissues.
(iv) Parenchyma cells may contain chloroplast to take part in photosynthesis, such cells are
called chlorenchyma. The chlorenchyma if leaves us termed as mesophyll which is
differentiated in palsied and spongy parenchyma in dicots and only spongy
parenchyma in monocots.
(v) In aquatic plants, the parenchyma consists of loosely arranged cells with large air
cavities, it is known as aerenchyma which provides buoyancy.
Collenchyma
(i) Cells possess uneven thickening of the cell wall.
(ii) The thickening is made up with cellulose and pectin.

(iii) No intercellular space present between the cells.

(iv) It provides both mechanical strength and elasticity to the organs.

(v) Some time cells posses chloroplast and are photosynthetic in function.
(vi) It is present below the epidermis of leaf margin and stalk of dicot leaves but totally
absent in monocots.
(vii) Absent in monocot and roots of dicot.

Sclerenchyma
(i) On maturity, cells of sclerenchyma becomes dead due to the thickening of lignin on
the cell walls.
(ii) Several unthickend areas called pots often present on the walls.
(iii) Sclerenchyma has two types of cells-sclerenchyma fibers and sclerieds (grit or stone
cells)
(iv) Fibers are much elongated, narrow;spindle shaped and ponted tapering ends.
(v) They are the source of natural fibers like jute, hemp, coir, etc.
(vi) Sclerotic cells are short highly thick walled, Commonly present in hard covering of
seeds and nuts, pulp of fruits like guava, pear and sapota etc and give them grittiness.
(vii) Main function of all types of sclerenchyma is to give mechanical strength to the plant.

Sclereid (sclerenchyma cell)

Description
May be living or dad at matunty : thick
fsecondary cell walls ; lacks secondary wall
at pits
Functions
Strength; scleried-rich tissue is hard and
inflexible shells of walnuts and cocont.

Fiber (sclerenchyma cell)

Description
Often dead at maturity: thick secondary cell
wall : fewer pits than in scrieids
Functions
Support: provides strength
Location and comments
Throughout the plant body : common in
stem and certain leaves a century plant
(Agave) leaf
 Complex permanent tissues (Heterogeneous tissue)
They are made up with more than one cells, working together as unit. The common complex
permanent tissues are xylem and phloem, also as conductive or vascular tissue.

Xylem
(i) It is complex tissue meant of conduction of sap (water and minerals) in the plant and
also provides mechanical support.
(ii) Xylem is called wood and forms the bulk of root and stem of vascular plants.
(iii) Xylem consist different types of cells both living and non-living-
(a) tracheids
(b) vessels
(c) xylem parenchyma and
(d) xylem fibers.
(a) Tracheids are elongated tubular dead cells with
narrow blunt ends. They posses hard lignified
walls and wide lumen. Some unthickend areas
called pots are present for movement
of sap from one cell to another.
(b) Vessels are much elongated tubular channels
with wide lumen. A vessel is composite structure
made up of number of vessel elements. These
are joining together and allow quick movement
of water or sap. End walls of xylem vessels are
highly perforated hence they form a channel which
allows continuous rise of water.They are present
only in flowering plants.
(c) Xylem parenchyma cells are associated with xylem. they stores food and help in
rateral conduction of sap

(d) Xylem fibers are sclerenchymatous fibers for the mechanical support to the xylem.

Phloem
(i) They are the main food conducting elements. It is also called bast or laptone.

(ii) Phloem consist of four types of cells

(a) sieve tube
(b) companion cells
(c) phloem parenchyma and
(d) phloem fiber.
(a) Sieve tubes are elongated tubular channels.
Each sieve tube is made up of several cells
called sieve tube members. Joined end to
end. the end walls have many large pores
known as sieve plates. Each sieve tubes is
always associated with a companion cell.
Sieve elements take part in the transport
of organic food. It is usually found in
pteridophytes & gymnosperms.
A mature sieve tube h s a peripheral cytoplasm without nucleus. So it is living cell
without nucleus.
(b) Companion cells are thin walled elongated cells. Which lie on the sides of sieve tubes.
They are closely associated with sieve tube by plasmodesmat so with the death of one,
 the other cell dies. Nuclei of companion cells control the metabolic activities of sieve
tube.
In non-flowering plants companion cells are absent, they have albuminous cells.
(c) Phloem parenchyma is ordinary cells which stores food and assist in the conduction of
food in lateral direction. Phloem parenchyma is absent in most monocots and some
herbaceous dicots.

(d) Phloem fibers are also called bast fibers which are sclerenchymatous: provide
mechanical strength used for making ropes, threads and course textiles.s

Protective tissue in plants

The protective tissue protects the plant from mechanical injury. heat and coo and form
undue loss of water these are epidermis and cork.

Epidermis

(i) Cells of epidermis are barrel shaped and without intercellular spaces.

(ii) Outer wall of cells has thon coat of water proof layer called cuticle.

(iii) Many cells bear unicellular and multicellular hair (trichome on the stem and root hairs
on roots) or glands (in insectivorous plants).

(iv) Leaves and green stems often have minute opening called stomata in epidermis
surrounded by guard cell which help in opening and closing of stomata.

Cork
(i) Cork is the outermost waterproof tissue present in older or mature woody stems and
roots.
(ii) It is made up with dead cells. Cork is dead because of deposition of suberin.
(iii) It provides insulation from extreme cold and hot.
(iv) Lenticels, the pores present on the outer surface of cork, allow exchange of gases.
 Animal tissues
The animal tissues have been classified into four major types depending on the function
they perform.
 Epithelial tissue

Simple epithelium

It is made up with single layer of cells which rest on the basement membrane.

(i) Simple squamous epithelium: It is formed of thin, flat, disc like polygonal cells, closely
fitted like the tiles in floor, Function from mechanical and chemicals injury and exchange
of gases. Ex. –alveoli, blood vessel, lymph vessel, esophagus, lining of mouth, skin.

(ii) Simple Cuboidal epithelium: This epithelium consists of square or cubical cells with
almost equal height and width. Their free surface may have microvilli so they are called
brush-bordered Cuboidal epitheliums. microvilli increase the surface area. It is present
in salivary and pancreatic duct, PCT of urinary tubule, part of gut lining etc.
(iii) Simple columnar epithelium: It consists of elongated cells which are placed side by side
like columns. Nuclei are elongated, have variable position. It is mainly for absorption and
secretion. Their free surface may have microvilli so they are called brush-bordered
columnar epithelium. Microwill increases the surface area. Some cells secrets the mucus
and are called goblet cells. They found in stomach, intestine and gall bladder.
(iv) Simple columnar epithelium: Columnar and Cuboidal both may bear hair like cilia on
their free ends and helps in the transport of materials. Ex Fallopian tube, terminal
bronchioles.
(v) Pseudo stratified epithelium: This epithelium is made up of a single layer of columnar or
cuboidal epithelium but it appears two layered because some cells are shorter than the
others and have their nuclei at different level. Ex. parotid gland, salivary gland.

Compound epithelium
The compound epithelium are made up of more than one layer of cells. Only the cells of the
deepest layer rest on basement membrane. Main function of these epithelia is secretion or
absorption, protection against mechanical, chemical, thermal or osmotic stress.

(i) Stratified epithelium: It consist of many layers of the cells. Uppermost may have
columnar or cuboidal or squamous cells. Squmous stratified may have waterproof
protein called creation or horn which replaces the cytoplasm, this process is called
cornification or keratinization which makes them hard and water proof. If keratin is not
formed than it is called non-keratinised epithelium.

(ii) Transitional epithelium: Multilayered and more stretchable than the stratified
epithelium. It is found in urinary bladder, urethra and renal pelvis.

Simple squamous Epithelium

Main Locations
Air sacs of lungs, lining of blood vessels
Functions
Passage of materials where little or no
protection is needed and where diffusion is
major form of transport
Description and Comments cells are flat and
arranged as single layer

Simple cuboidal Epithelium

Main Locations
Linings of kidney tubules; gland ducts
Functions
Secretion and absorption
Description and comments
Single layer of cell; shows cross through
tubules ; from the side each cell looks like a
short cylinder: some have microvilli for
absorption
 Simple columnar Epithelium
Main Locations
Linings of digestive tract
Functions
Secretion, especially of mucus; absorption,
protection: movement of mucus
Description and Comments
Single layer of columnar cells; sometimes
with enclosed secretory Vesicles (in goblet
cells); highly Golgi complex; often ciliated

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Main locations
Skin; mouth lining; vaginal lining
Functions
Protection only little or no absorption or
transit of materials; outer layer continuously
sloughed off and replaced from below
Description and Comments
Several layers of cells, with only the lower
ones columnar and metabolically active;
division of lower cells causes older ones to
be pushed upward toward surface,
becoming flatter as they move.

Pseudostratified Epithelium
Main Locations
Some respiratory passages; ducts of many
glands
Functions
Secretion; protection; movement of mucus
Description and comments
Cillated , mucus secreting or with microvilli
comparable in many ways to columnar
epithelium except that not all cells are the
same height ; so, though all cells contact the
same basement membrane, the tissue
appears stratified
Glands (The glandular Epithelium)
(i) The structures which secrete useful materials are known as glands. The glands are
formed of epithelial tissues.
(ii) They may be unicellular (gobeit gland ) or multicellular (salivary gland).
(iii) On the basis of presence and absence of ducts, the glands are of three types exocrine
(with ducts eg, Salivary gland). endocrine (without duct so pour their material in blood.
eg. Thyroid gland) and heterocrine (partially exo and partially endo, eg Pancreas).
(iv) On the basis of mode of secretion, the glands are again of three types-merocrine
(secretion does not involve loss of cell or their part, eg. Goblet cells), apocrine (the cell
loses a part of its cytoplasm during secretion, eg. Mammary gland) and holocrine (enter
cell disintegrated to discharge its secretion, eg.sebaceous gland).

Connective tissue
The connective tissues consist of variously shaped cells and fibers, lying wide apart in the
extra cellular or intracellular material. It is composed of three components-intracellular
medium, cells and fibers. Intracellular matrix. is nonliving, transparent semi fluid made up
with glyosaminoglycane and structural glycoprotein. cells are fibroblast (they produce
antibodies), macrophages (for phagocytic action).
Connective tissue proper
(i) Arecolar or loose connective tissue: This tissue is essentially connective in function. It
occurs beneath the epithelium of many hollow visceral organs, skin and walls of arteries
and veins. The Areolar tissue joins different tissues, form the packing between them and
help to keep the organs In place and normal and normal shape. It consist of matrix.
fibroblasts. mast cells, plasma cell and macrophages.
(ii) Adipose tissue: These are modified form of Areolar tissue containing large spherical fat
cells or adipocytes. Each fat cell contains fat globules, due to which the nucleus and the
cytoplasm are diplaced to the periphery.It store the reserve food, it acts as shock
absorbing cushions around the heart, kindly eye ball etc. the sub-coetaneous fat prevent
heat loss from the body. It is also known as shock absorber.
(iii) Elastic connective tissue: Found in the dermis (lower layer) of connective tissue.
Collagen fibres predominate tendons, the cords that connect muscles to bones, and
ligaments, the cables that connect bones to one another, consist of dense connective
tissue in which collagen bundles are arranged in a definite pattern.
(iv) Elastic connective tissue: Consists mainly of bundles of parallel elastic fibers. This tissue
is found in structures that must expand and then return to their original size, such as
lung tissue and the wall of large arteries.
Skeletal tissues

The skeletal tissues form the endoskeleton of the vertebrates. They form rigid frame work
which support the body, protects the vital organs and help in locomotion. There are two
types of skeletal tissues:

(i) Cartilage- The cartilage is a solid but semi-rigid and flexible connective tissue, containing
a clear matrix called chondrin made of proteins and sugars. The matrix is secreted by
chondrocytes (cartilage forming cells). The chondrocytes are larger, bluntly angular cells,
which lie in groups of 2 or 3 in fluid filled spaces called lacunae. They are found at the
ends of bone, tip of nose, in external ear, voice box (larynx), trachea etc.

(ii) Bone- Bone is solid, rigid and strong connective tissue. It is the hardest tissue in the
body. Matrix of bone contains calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride
etc. Matrix is hard and is formed of a protein called ossein. The matrix in layers which
are arranged in concentric rings around narrow longitudinal cavities, the Haversian
canals. In concentric rings minute osteocytes (bone forming cells) are present inside the
lacuna which has fine channels called canaliculi. A Haversian canla and its concentric
lamellae and osteocusytes form a Haversian system or osteon. Long bones like humerus,
femur contain the bone marrow which produces the blood cells.
Vascular tissue
These are fluid connective tissues. The matrix is without fibers. The vascular tissues are of
two types: blood and lymph.
(i) Blood- It is mobile connective tissue composed with plasma and the cells called
corpuscles. It is slightly alkaline fluid having pH 7.4 It is bright red when oxygenated and
purple when deoxygenated.
Plasma constitutes 55% part of blood. It is pale yellow clear fluid. With 92% water and 8%
solids includes proteins, nutrients, hormones, enzymes , gases, waste products etc, Function
of plasma is transport, immunity prevention of blood loss, uniform distribution of heat.

(a) RBC-It is circular, biconcave, enucleated, and contain red colored pigment called
hemoglobin (4.5 to 5.5 million RBC per cubic millimeter of blood). 100 ml of blood
contains 15 g of hemoglobin. It has an oxygen carrying pigment. It is a conjugated
protein which is made up with protein called globin and Fe2+ porphyrin complex called
haeme.
The formation of RBC is called erythropoiesis. RBC has average life span of about 120
days. After the death of RBC iron is returned to the bone marrow for reuse and
pigmented part is degraded first to bile pigment biliverdin (green) and another pigment
bilirubin. When all the vilirubin is not excreated from the body, the skin and mucous
membrane assume a yellowish colour.This condition is called jaundice.
(b) WBC-They are nucleated with rounded or irregular shape. They can change their shape
and are capable of amoeboid movement. This enables them to squeeze out of
capillaries into the tissues, this process is called diapedesis. The numbers of WBC are
from 5,000 to 10,000per microliter of blood (total count of WBC). They survive for 3-4
days in the blood.
Types of WBC
• Agranulocyte- These are lacking granules in cytoplasm and have non-lobed nucleus.
They have two sub types
(i) Monocytes-largest among all leucocytes, bean shaped nucleus, phagocytic in nature.
(ii) Lymphocyte-small in size, rounded nucleus, they produce antibodies to destroy the
microbes and having two major groups B and T lymphocytes.
• Granulocytes- These contain granules in cytoplasm, have lobed nucleus. On the basis
of staining property, they are of three types-
(i) Basophils-stain with basic dye like methylene blue, S shaped nucleus; they release
heparin histamine and serotonin.
(ii) Eosinophils or acidophills-bilobed nucleus, stain with acidic dye like eosin, they destroy
the toxic material produced by microbes.
(iii) Neutrophilis-many lobed nucleus, stain with natural dye phagocytotic in nature.

(c) Platelets or Thrombocytes: These are cell fragments rather than true cells. They are non-
nucleated round or oval, biconvex. Their number is 0.15 to 0.45 million per micro liter of
blood. Life span is about one week. When a blood vessel injured, platelets get clumped
at the site of injury and release platelet factors for coagulation of blood.
(ii) Lymph- It is colorless mobile tissue. Lymph is blood minus erythrocytes, platelets and
plasma proteins. It is made up with colorless matrix and WBC, mostly lymphocytes. It
flows in lymphatic vessels. The organ which secretes lymph are called lymphoidal
organs which includes lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus gland, spleen and Payer’s patches.
Main functions are transport of food materials and hormones, help in maintaining the
blood volume in the body.

Nervous tissue
The nervous tissues are made up of cells which are specialized for receiving stimuli and
transmitting messages. Excitability and conductive are the properties of nerve cells. Brain,
spinal cord, nerves are composed of nervous tissue.
A nerve cell consists of cell body called cyton or perikaryon or soma and sfine protoplasmic
processes called neuritis.
The cyton is rounded or star shaped, having all the cell organelles with Nissl’s granules and
neurofibrils. Nissl’s granules are clumps of RER with ribosomes that synthesize proteins.
Neurons have least power of regeneration because they lack centroles.
Neuritis are of two type a very long process called axon and short and much branched
process called Dendron, Axon ends in synaptic knobs which passes messages from one
neuron to another.
Junction of two neuron is called synapse.
Axon may be covered with fatty myelin sheaths which is not continuous, gaps are present in
between called Nodes of Ranvier and fiber is known as myelinated fiber on which
conduction of message is very fast. Other are called non-myelinated fibers.
On the basis of structure, they are unipolar (single axon) bipolar (one Dendron and one
axon) and multipolar (many dendron and one axon)
Packing tissue around the nerve cell in the central nervous system is called neuroglia. They
provide support protection and nutrition to the neurons.
 Muscular tissue
The muscular tissues are made up of highly specialized thin and elongated cells called
muscle fibers. The special property of the tissue is contractility. The cytoplasm of
muscle fiber is known as sarcoplasm. ER is known as sarcoplamic reticulum, membrane
is called sarcolemmathe sarcoplasm is largely occupied by fine longitudinal protein
threads called myofibrils. Based on structure, location and function and function, these
are of three types:
Striated muscle Non-striated muscle Cardiac muscle
1. Also known as skeletal muscles Also known as smooth muscles Also known as heart muscles
2. Elongated, single and Muscle fibers are long. Narrow, Elongated, cylindrical and
unbranched muscle fibers. spindle shaped and tapering at branched muscle fibers.
the end.
3. Alternate light and dark bands Bands are absent Bands are present but faint
are present. in colour.
4. multinucleated Uninculeated One or two nuclei in –
between two intercalated
disc.
5. They work according to our Involuntary Involuntary.
wish so known as voluntary
muscles.
6. They occur in the body wall, They are present in the wall of They occur in the heart wall
limbs, tounge, pharynx and hollow organs, iris of eye and only.
beginning of oesophagus. demise of skin Ureter, bronchi,
lungs
7. They form bundles that are They form sheet or tubes in They form a continuous
attached to skeleton by ends. visceral walls. network.
8. Oblique bridges and Oblique bridges and Oblique bridges and
intercalated disc are absent intercalated intercalated disc intercalated disc are present.
are absent.
9. They have nerve supply from They have less mitochondria They have nerve supply from
central nervous system. and glycogen granules. the brain and the autonomic
nervous system.
10.They have numerous They have less mitochondria They have numerous
mitochondria and glycogen and glycogen granules. mitochondria and glycogen
granules. granules
11. they have abundant blood Scanty blood supply. Abundant supply with deep
supply. penetrating capillaries.
12. They contract rapidly and get They contract slowly and do They contract rapidly and
fatigued soon. not get fatigued. never get fatigued.
1. The commercial jute fibres are obtained from
(1) Intercalary fibres (2) xylem fibres
(3) Phloem fibres (4) None of these
2. Which type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surface?
(1) Nervous tissue (2) Muscle tissue
(3) Epithelial tissue (4) Connective tissue
3. Which type of epithelial tissue lines the inner surface of the trachea?
(1) Squmous (2) Cuboidal
(3) Hyaline cartilage (4) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
4. Which one of the following tissues does not possess living protoplasm?
(1) Collenchyma (2) Sclerenchyma
(3) Tracheids (4) Both (2) & (3)
5. Inner lining of gut and stomach is made of
(1) Simple sqamous epithelium (2) Simple glandular columnar
epithelium
(3) Simple cuboidal qpothelium (4) All of these
6. A tissue is made of
(1) cells with similar structures but very different function
(2) a diverse group of cells that perform similar functions
(3) cell with similar structure and orgin and performing common function
(4) cells with very different structure and different function
7. The given figures show different types of animal tissue. Identify their location and
select the correct option.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)

(1) Gall bladder Gastric glands Thyroid glands Lungs alveoli Fallopian
tubes
(2) Gastric glands Gall bladder Lungs alveoli Bronchi Coelmoic
cavity
(3) Intestinal glands Sweat glands Fallopian tubes Choroid layer of eye Nasal
passage
(4) Sweat glands Intestinal glands Bronchi Ciliary body of eye Trachea
8. Collenchymas is considered a living tissue because
(1) It has cell walls (2) It has cellulose in its cell walls
 (3) It has protoplasm (4) It has angular thickenings
9. Which of the following plant tissues does not belong to the group of other three?

10. The tissue composed of living, thin walled cells made of cellulose is
(1) Parenchyma (2) Collenchyma
(3) Sclerenchyma (4) Vessels
11. What used to be described as Nissl granules in a never cell are now identified as?
(1) Mitochondria (2) Cell metabolites
(3) Fat granules (4) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and
Ribosomes
12. Observe the given figures of three different plant tissues and select the correct option.
(1) ‘a’ and ‘b’ consist of living cells while ‘c’ consists of dead cells.
(2) Cytoplasm is present in cells of ‘a’ while it is absent in cells of ‘b’ and ‘c’.
(3) Cell walls of ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ bear uniform thickening of suberin.
(4) ‘a’ provides mechanical strength to the plant while ‘b’ and ‘c’ serve as storage tissue.
13. Myelin sheath is present on
(1) Cell body (2) Dendrite (3) Axon (4) All of these
14. The muscles which do not fatigue are
(1) Striated (2) Smooth (3) Cardiac (4) None of these
15. Never fibers differ from muscle fibres in having
(1) Myofibrils (2) Striations (3) Sarcolemma (4) Dendrites
16. The major constituent of vertebrate bone is
(1) Calcium phosphate (2) Sodium chloride (3) Potassium hydroxide (4) Dendrites
17. Cardiac muscles are
(1) Smooth, spindle shaped and involuntary (2) Striated, syncytial and involuntary
(3) started, syncytial and voluntary (4) Striated, cross connected and
involuntary
18. Pseudostratified epithelium is present in
(1) Trachea (2) Urinary bladder (3) Alveoli (4) Nephron
19. The epithelium capable of ultrafiltration is
(1) Squamous epithelium (2) Cuboidal epithelium
(3) Columnar epithelium (4) Compound epithelium
20. The epithelium that undergoes meiosis is
(1) Germinal epithelium (2) Stratified epithelium
 (3) Pseudostratified epithelium (4) Transitional epithelium
21. The tissue that commonly forms ground tissue is
(1) Epidermis (2) Parenchyma (3) Collenchyma (4) Sclernchyma
22. Collenchyma differs from sclerencyma in
(1) Having suberin cell walls and protoplasm
(2) Having lignin cell wall and protoplasm
(3) Not having protoplasm and pectin and cell walls
(4) Having pectin cell walls and protoplasm
23. The components of xylem which help in lateral conduction of water are
(1) Trachea (2) Tracheids (3) Xylem fibers (4) Xylem
parenchyma
24. Which type of tissues support, defend, and store food in the body?
(1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Nervous (4) Muscular
25. Which of the following in not true for a meristematic tissue?
(1) It has living, thin walled cells (2) Cells have dense protoplasm
(3) They have no intercellular spaces (4) They store reserve food material
26. Apart from the conduction of water, Xylem also
(1) Conducts organic food (2) Give mechanical strength
(3) Helps in gaseous exchange (4) Helps in transpiration
27. The dividing tissue present in between xylem and phloem of the stem in the plants is
(1) Cork cambium (2) Apical meristem
(3) Intercalary meristmem (4) Vascular cambium
28. Which of the following in not a function of connective tissue?
(1) Production of blood cells (2) Bind and support body parts
(3) Line body surfaces and cavities (4) Store food in the form of fats
29. Succulents are capable of storing water in their stems due to the presence of
(1) Parenchyma (2) Aerenchyma (3) Collenchyma (4) sclerenchyma
30. Which type of tissue is responsible for receiving, interpreting and producing a response
to stimuli?
(1) Muscle tissue (2) Nervous tissue (3) Epithelial tissue (4) Connective
tissue
31. The cells that form a major part of walnut shells are
(1) Fibers (2) Sclereids (3) Cellenchyma (4) Parenchyma
32. Cell walls of sclerenchyma are rich in
 (1) Cellulose (2) Pectin (3) Lignin (4) Hemicellulose
33. The camel’s hump is composed of a tissue which provides water when oxidized.
It is………… tissue.
(1) Skeletal (2) Muscular (3) Areolar (4) Adipose
34. Which of the following is an example of an organ that contain a smooth muscle?
(1) Iris of eye (2) Uterus (3) Bronchi (4) All of the
above
35. The tissue that has central nucleus, tapered at both ends and control movement that
are not under conscious control is
(1) Striated muscle (2) Smooth muscle (3) Cardiac muscle (4) Skeletal
muscle
36. The tissue, which is composed of columnar, ciliated cell that lint body cavities is
(1) Connective tissue (2) Adipose tissue
(3) Epithelial tissue (4) Muscular tissue
37. Identify this tissue, it has tight fitting, single layer, flattened cells.
(1) squamous (2) ciliated (3) striated (4) columnar
38. Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is found in
(1) Epidermis of skin of land vertebrates (2) Oral cavity and pharynx
(3) Vagina and cervix (4) Both (2) and (3)
39. IN gymnosperms sieve cells are associated with
(1) Albuminous cells (2) Companion cells (3) Gurad cells (4) Sieve plates
40. The epidermis of roots lacks
(1) Cuticle (2) Stomata (3) Gurad cells (4) All of these
41. Maximum number of white blood corpuscles is that of
(1) Bsophils (2) Neutrophils (3) Monocytes (4) Eosinophils
42. A…….(i)……. is a nonliving, elongated cell with tapering ends. Its walls are highly
thickened with ……….(ii)……….. except at certain circular spots known as ……….(iii)……….
A ………(iv)………..is a cylindrical tubelike Structure placed one above the other end to
end. ………(v)……… is a non-living, thick walled cell providing mechanical support. Select
the correct sequence of words to complete the above paragraph.s
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(1) Vessel Lignin Stoma Tracheid Xylem fibre
(2) Tracheid Suber Pits Vessel Parenchyma
(3) Vessel Suberin Stoma Tracheid Sclereid
(4) Tracheid Lignin Pits Vessel Xylem fibre
43. The flexibility in plants is due to a permanent tissue. This permanent tissue allows easy
bending in various parts of a plant without breaking. It also provides mechanical
support to plants. From the given figures identify that tissue.

44. All the following terms given in column I relate to specific characteristic given in column
II. Match each term with its specific character and select the correct answer by using
the codes given below.
Column I Column II
(a) cellenchyma (i) Thick walled tissues having deposition of lignin
(b) Complex tissues (ii) Water conducting tissues
(c) Parenchyma (iii) Thick walled sclerechymatous cells, providing
mechanical support
(d) Sclerenchyma (iv) Thick walled cells having thickenings of cellulose and
pectin
(e) Phloem fibers (v) Storage of food
a b c d e
(1)(v) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(2)(i) (ii) (v) (iv) (iii)
(3)(ii) (i) (v) (iv) (iii)
(4)(iv) (ii) (v) (i) (iii)
45. The given figure shows a specific muscle fibre. Identify it.

(1) Cardiac muscle fibre (2) Striated muscle fibre

(3) Smooth muscle fibre (4) Skeletal muscle fibre