pg078 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich cr 11-14-95 QC2

78 Chapter 2 Functions

72. Overtime Pay A carpenter earns $20 per hour when 73. Telephone Call Cost Suppose a telephone company
he works 40 hours or fewer per week, and time-and-a- charges 60 cents for a call up to one minute, and 50
half for the number of hours he works above 40. Let x cents for each additional minute (or fraction thereof ).
denote the number of hours he works in a given week Let x denote the number of minutes you talk and y
and y (dollars) the corresponding pay. (dollars) the corresponding cost. Then y is a function of
(a) Write a piecewise formula giving y as a function of x given by
x where 0 # x # 168. y 5 0.60 1 0.50Int~x!.
(b) If his pay for the week is $1070, how many hours (a) Check several values of x to see that this formula
did he work? gives what you would expect.
(b) Suppose you do not want to spend more than $5.00
for a call. How long can you talk?
Use a graph in dot mode with a decimal window.

2.3 TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS

Formal logic is an impoverished way of describing human thought, and the
practice of mathematics goes far beyond a set of algorithmic rules....
Mathematics may indeed reflect the operations of the brain, but both brain
and mind are far richer in their nature than is suggested by any structure of
algorithms and logical operations.
F. David Peat

[A t thirteen] it was hard

Relationships among graphs will be used throughout precalculus and calculus.
for me to imagine original
mathematics, thinking of Whole families of graphs can be related to each other through a few transforma-
something that no one else tions. When we understand the properties of the graph of one particular function
had thought of before. f , we can immediately get information about domain and range, about intercepts
When I went to college...I and symmetry, for any function whose graph is the graph of f shifted up or down,
thought I might become a right or left, reflected, squeezed or stretched.
biologist. I was interested
in many different things. I Sometimes we work with a family related to one of the core graphs shown in
studied psychology and the catalog in Figure 2, but more generally we simply ask how the graphs of two
philosophy, for instance. functions are related to each other.
We didn’t have grades, but
we did have written Vertical Shifts
evaluations. And I kept
getting the message that All of the transformations we consider can be justified algebraically. For example,
my true talents didn’t lie in
subject X but in
the graph of a function y 5 f ~x! consists of all the points ~x, y! whose coordinates
mathematics. satisfy the equation. If ~x, y! is on the graph of y 5 f ~x!, then the coordinates
William Thurston ~x, y 2 1! satisfy the equation y 5 f ~x! 2 1. Each point ~x, y 2 1! is one unit
below the point ~x, y!, so we have an observation that applies to any graph. The
graph of y 5 f ~x! 2 1 is obtained by shifting the graph of y 5 f ~x! down 1 unit.
The same argument applies for any positive number c.
Vertical shifts, c . 0
From the graph of y 5 f ~x!, the graph of
y 5 f ~x! 1 c is shifted up c units,
y 5 f ~x! 2 c is shifted down c units.

Although we can give an argument to explain the effect of each transformation, we

are more concerned with having you do enough examples to see for yourself what
pg079 [R] G1 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich cr 11-10-95 QC2

2.3 Transformations of Graphs 79

happens for each kind of transformation we examine. Accordingly, we will show

lots of graphs, but for your benefit, we strongly encourage you to use your graphing
calculator to draw each graph yourself.
The first example asks for graphs of vertical shifts of two core graphs. While
it is good practice to graph such graphs on your calculator, you should be able to
draw these graphs without technology. Look at the equation, recognize the graph
as a vertical shift, and make a rough sketch.

cEXAMPLE 1 Vertical shifts Identify the function as a vertical shift of a

core graph (Figure 2 in Section 2.2) and sketch.
(a) y 5 x 2 1 1, y 5 x 2 2 2, y 5 x 2 1 12
(b) y 5 _ x _ 2 2, y 5 _ x _ 1 1, y 5 _ x _ 2 2
3

Solution
(a) Each graph is a vertical translation of the core parabola of Figure 2b. The first
is shifted 1 unit up, the second 2 units down, and the third is 12 up. The three
graphs are labeled in Figure 9.
(b) Each is a vertical shift of the core absolute value graph of Figure 2d. The
absolute value graphs are shown in Figure 10. b

y
y
y = x2 + 1
y
y = x2 – 2 y = x2 + 1
2

1
(0, 2
)
(0, 1) x
x x

(0, – 2)

1
(a) Up 1 unit (b) Down 2 units (c) Up unit
2

FIGURE 9
Vertical shifts of f ~x! 5 x 2

y y y
2
y = zxz –
3

y = zxz + 1
x x x

y = zxz –2

(b) Up 1 unit 2
(a) Down 2 units (c) Down unit
3
FIGURE 10
Vertical shifts of f ~x! 5 _ x _
pg080 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jb 11-27-95 MP3

80 Chapter 2 Functions

Horizontal Shifts

Some operations are applied to the “outside” of a function. For example,

y 5 f ~x! 1 3, y 5 2 f ~x!, y 5 _ f ~x! _ .
The effect of such operations is to change the graph vertically. Other operations
apply to the “inside” of the function, as
y 5 f ~x 1 3!, y 5 f ~2x!, y 5 f ~_ x _ !.
In the equation y 5 f ~u!, u is called the argument of the function. In contrast to
operations that affect a graph vertically, we have the following useful observation.
“Outside-inside operations”
Operations applied to the “outside” of a function affect the vertical aspects
of the graph.
Operations applied to the “inside” (argument) of a function affect the
horizontal aspects of the graph.

cEXAMPLE 2 Horizontal shifts Sketch graphs of

(a) y 5 ~x 2 2! , y 5 ~x 1 ! , y 5 x 2 2 2x 1 1
2 1 2
2

(b) y 5 Ïx 1 1, y 5 Ïx 2 , y 5 Ïx 1 3 2
3

Solution
(a) The first two are obviously horizontal shifts of the core parabola y 5 x 2, 2
1
units right and 2 unit left, respectively. For the third function, we must recog-
nize that x 2 2x 1 1 5 ~x 2 1!2, and so shift the graph of y 5 x 2 right 1
2

unit. We have the three graphs labeled in Figure 11. We should note that the
calculator will provide the same graph, whether written y 5 x 2 2 2x 1 1 or
y 5 ~x 2 1!2, and we might recognize the graph as a shifted parabola only
after seeing the graph.
(b) Be careful with parentheses; note the difference between Y 5 ÏX 1 1 (a vertical
shift), and Y 5 Ï(X 1 1) (a horizontal shift). Each graph in this part is a horizontal
shift of the core square root function y 5 Ïx. See Figure 12. b

y y y

y = (x – 2)2
y= x+ ) 2)
1 2
y = x 2 – 2x + 1
= (x – 1)2
x x x
(2, 0) 1
(– , 0) (1, 0)
2

1
(a) Right 2 units (b) Left unit (c) Right 1 unit
2

FIGURE 11
Horizontal shifts of f ~x! 5 x 2
pg081 [R] G1 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jb 11-9-95 QC2

2.3 Transformations of Graphs 81

y y y
2
y= x–
3 y= x+3
y= x+1

x x x
2
(– 1, 0) ( , 0)
3

(a) Left 1 unit (b) Right 2

unit (c) Left 3 units
y 3

FIGURE 12
Horizontal shifts of f ~x! 5 Ïx
y= x

There are some important observations we must make in looking at the hori-
x
zontal shifts in Example 2. While the graph of y 5 x 2 2 2 shifts down from
the graph of y 5 x 2, the graph of y 5 ~x 2 2!2 is shifted to the right, the oppo-
site direction from what some people expect. It may help to remember that the
low point on the parabola y 5 x 2 occurs when x 5 0, and on the parabola
y 5 ~x 2 2!2, y 5 0 when x 5 2. However you choose to remember the relation-
(a) Core graph
ships, we have the following.
y Horizontal shifts, c . 0
From the graph of y 5 f ~x!, the graph of
y 5 f ~x 1 c! is shifted left c units,
y 5 f ~x 2 c! is shifted right c units.
y= – x
x

Reflections

Comparing the graphs of y 5 f ~x! and y 5 2 f ~x!, it is clear that for any point
~x, y! on the graph of y 5 f ~x!, the point ~x, 2y! belongs to the graph of
(b) Vertical reflection y 5 2 f ~x!. That is, the graph of y 5 2 f ~x! is obtained from the graph of
y 5 f ~x! by “tipping it upside down,” or, in more mathematical terms, “reflecting
in the x-axis.” Since multiplying a function by 21 reflects the graph vertically, we
y
would expect multiplication of the argument by 21 to reflect the graph horizon-
tally, as the next example shows.

y= –x
cEXAMPLE 3 Horizontal and vertical reflections Sketch graphs of
x
y 5 Ïx, y 5 2Ïx, y 5 Ï2x.

Solution
With a graphing calculator we see essentially the graphs shown in Figure 13. The
graph of y 5 Ïx is the top half of a parabola. More important at the moment are
(c) Horizontal reflection the relations with the other graphs. From the graph y 5 Ïx, the graph of y 5
FIGURE 13 2Ïx is a reflection in the x-axis, while the graph of y 5 Ï2x is a reflection in the
Reflections of f ~x! 5 Ïx y-axis, as expected. b
pg082 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jn 11-22-95 MP1

82 Chapter 2 Functions

Horizontal and vertical reflections

From the graph of y 5 f ~x!, the graph of
y 5 2 f ~x! is a vertical reflection (in the x-axis),
y 5 f ~2x! is a horizontal reflection (in the y-axis).

Dilations: Stretching and Compressing Graphs

Multiplying a function by a constant greater than 1 has the effect of stretching the
graph vertically: if the point ~x, y! belongs to the graph of y 5 f ~x!, then the point
~x, cy! is on the graph of y 5 cf ~x!. If the positive constant c is smaller than 1, then
the number cy is smaller than y, so the graph of y 5 cf ~x! is a vertical compression
toward the x-axis. In a similar fashion, it can be seen that multiplying the argument
has the effect of compressing or stretching the graph horizontally, toward the
y-axis. A stretching or compression is called a dilation of the graph.

cEXAMPLE 4 Vertical dilations For the function f ~x! 5 x 3 2 4x, describe

how the graphs of y 5 2 f ~x! and y 5 0.3 f ~x! are related to the graph of y 5 f ~x!.
Solution
Using a graphing calculator for y 5 x 3 2 4x, we get the graph shown in Figure
14(a), with x-intercept points where x 5 22, 0, 2. Tracing along the curve, we see
that the left “hump” is just a little higher than 3, where x < 21.2, and the low point
is located symmetrically through the origin (the graph is clearly the graph of an odd
function). For the graphs of the other two, the shape is similar, and the x-intercept
points are the same, but the graph of y 5 2~x 3 2 4x! rises to a left hump well
above 6, and the low point is below 26, twice as far away from the x-axis as the
graph of y 5 f ~x!. The graph of y 5 0.3~x 3 2 4x! is “squashed” vertically toward
the x-axis, and the high and low points we see are less than 1 unit away from the
axis. b

y y y

6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
–2 –1 1 2 –2 –1 –2 1 2 –2 –1 –2 1 2
–2
–4 –4 –4
–6 –6 –6

(a) y = (x3 – 4x) (b) y = 2(x3 – 4x) (c) y = (0.3)(x 3 – 4x)

FIGURE 14
Vertical dilations of f ~x! 5 x 3 2 4x

cEXAMPLE 5 Horizontal dilations For the function f ~x! 5 x 3 2 4x,

sketch graphs of y 5 f ~x!, y 5 f ~2x!, and y 5 f ~0.5x!.
Solution
The graph of y 5 f ~x! is the one from the previous example, and is shown again in
Figure 15(a). For the graph of y 5 f ~2x!, we must replace each x by 2x, so we enter
Y 5 (2X)^3 2 4(2X), and similarly for y 5 f ~0.5x!.
pg083 [R] G1 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jn 11-22-95 MP1

2.3 Transformations of Graphs 83

y y y

6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
x x x
–4–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–4 –4 –4
–6 –6 –6

(a) y = x 3 – 4x (b) y = (2x)3 – 4(2x) (c) y = (0.5x)3 – 4(0.5)x

FIGURE 15
Horizontal dilations of f ~x! 5 x 3 2 4x

The graph of y 5 f ~2x! has the same vertical rise and fall to the turning
points, but the x-intercepts have been squeezed together; each is twice as close to
the origin as for y 5 f ~x!. The graph of y 5 f ~0.5x! is stretched horizontally. The
x-intercept point that was at (2, 0) has been moved outward to where
x 5 2y0.5 5 4; the x-intercept points are (64, 0). b

y Dilations, c . 0
From the graph of y 5 f ~x!, the graph of
y = x2
y 5 cf ~x! is a vertical stretch if c . 1 (by a factor of c), vertical
compression if c , 1 (by a factor of c);
x y 5 f ~cx! is a horizontal compression if c . 1, horizontal stretch if c , 1.

Combining Transformations
(1, – 2)
y = (x – 1)2 – 2 All the transformations we have considered can be combined, and if we are careful,
we can predict the effect of several transformations on a graph of a function. In
FIGURE 16 most instances, we take the operations “from the inside out,” looking first at
Translation of f ~x! 5 x 2
anything that affects the argument of the function.

cEXAMPLE 6 Vertical and horizontal shifts Predict the effect on the

y graph of the function f ~x! 5 x 2 in graphing
(a) y 5 f ~x 2 1! 2 2 (b) y 5 2 f ~x 1 2!.
y = x2
Then check your prediction with a calculator graph.
Solution
x
y = – (x + 2)2 (a) y 5 f ~x 2 1! 2 2 5 ~x 2 1!2 2 2. From a parabola y 5 x 2, the graph of
y 5 ~x 2 1!2 is a shift 1 unit right. Then for y 5 ~x 2 1!2 2 2, shift the graph
down 2 units. The result is a parabola whose low point is at (1, 22). A
calculator graph shows the solid parabola in Figure 16.
(b) The graph of y 5 ~x 1 2!2 is a parabola shifted 2 units left. Then multiplying
FIGURE 17
Translation and reflection of by 21 reflects the graph in the x-axis, tipping it upside down. We have the solid
f ~x! 5 x 2 parabola opening downward in Figure 17. b
pg084 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jn 11-22-95 MP1

84 Chapter 2 Functions

cEXAMPLE 7 Identifying transformed graphs The graph of a function f

is given, together with three transformed graphs. Describe the transformations
needed to get the given graph and write an equation for the function whose graph
is shown. Check by graphing your function.
(a) f ~x! 5 _ x _ 5 abs~x! (Figure 18) (b) f ~x! 5 Ïx (Figure 19)

y y

(1, 3)

(1, 1)
x x

f(x) = z x z

(i)

y y

(2, 0) (0, 1)
(1, 0)
x x

(1, – 1)

(ii) (iii)

FIGURE 18
Graphs for Example 7a

Solution
(a) The graph in Figure 18(i) is a vertical stretch by a factor of 3, since (1, 1) is
sent to (1, 3), so an equation for the transformed graph is y 5 3_ x _ . If we use
a decimal window, we can trace on the graph of y 5 3_ x _ to see that (1, 3) is
on our graph, as desired. We note that in this instance, we could just as easily
have obtained the transformed graph by compressing toward the y-axis, for
which an equation would be y 5 _ 3x _ . Since 3_ x _ 5 _ 3x _ , the function can
be described either way.
For the graph in Figure 18(ii), the absolute value graph is shifted 1 unit
right (replace the argument x by x 2 1), and 1 unit down. An equation is
y 5 _ x 2 1 _ 2 1, which we graph to check.
In Figure 18(iii) the graph is tipped upside down (reflected in the x-axis)
and shifted up 1 unit. An equation is y 5 2_ x _ 1 1.
pg085 [R] G1 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jn 11-28-95 mp3

2.3 Transformations of Graphs 85

y y

(1, 1)
x x
(0, 0)
f(x) = x
(– 1, – 1)

(i)

y y

(– 1, 2) (0, 1)
(0, 1)
x x

(1, 0)

(ii) (iii)

FIGURE 19
Graphs for Example 7b

(b) For panel (i) in Figure 19, shift the graph of y 5 Ïx left 1 unit and down
1 unit, so an equation is y 5 Ïx 1 1 2 1. We trace on the graph to verify the
location of the given points.
For the graph in panel (ii), reflect the graph of y 5 Ïx in the y-axis,
(replace x by 2x), and shift up 1 unit. An equation is y 5 Ï2x 1 1.
For the third panel, reflect the graph of y 5 Ïx in the x-axis and shift up
1 unit, so an equation is y 5 2Ïx 1 1. Verify by graphing this equation. b

Summary of Basic Transformations

We list here the basic transformations we have introduced in this section.

Basic transformations of the graph of y 5 f~x!, c . 0
The transformations that affect a graph vertically are applied “outside” the
function; transformations that change horizontal aspects are applied “inside”
the function (to the argument).
Vertical Horizontal
y 5 f ~x! 1 c, shift up y 5 f ~x 1 c!, shift left
y 5 f ~x! 2 c, shift down y 5 f ~x 2 c!, shift right
y 5 2 f ~x!, reflect in x-axis y 5 f ~2x!, reflect in y-axis
y 5 cf ~x!, dilate vertically y 5 f ~cx!, dilate horizontally
pg086 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich cr 10-31-95 QC

86 Chapter 2 Functions

EXERCISES 2.3
Check Your Understanding
Exercises 1–5 True or False. Give reasons. Exercises 13–14 Related Line Graphs The graph of f is
1. If the function f has a positive zero and g~x! 5 a line through points P and Q. Draw graphs of the given
f ~x 2 2!, then g must have a positive zero. function. It is not necessary to find an equation for any of
the functions before drawing a graph.
2. If the function f has a zero between 1 and 2 and g~x! 5
(a) y 5 f ~x! (b) y 5 f ~x 2 2! (c) y 5 f ~2x!.
f ~x 1 2!, then g must have a negative zero.
13. P~1,23! and Q~3, 1! 14. P~23, 4! and Q~1,22!
3. If the graphs of y 5 f ~x! and y 5 g~x! intersect in
Quadrants I and III, then the graphs of y 5 f ~2x! and Exercises 15–16 Line Segment Graphs The graph of f
y 5 g~2x! must intersect in Quadrants II and IV. is a line segment joining P and Q. Draw a graph and give the
domain and range of
4. If the graphs of y 5 f ~x! and y 5 g~x! intersect in
(a) y 5 f ~x! (b) y 5 f ~x 2 3! (c) y 5 2 f ~x!.
Quadrants II and IV, then the graphs of y 5 2 f ~x! and
15. P~2, 22! and Q~4, 2!
y 5 2g~x! must intersect in Quadrants I and III.
16. P~22, 3! and Q~0, 23!
5. If the graph of y 5 f ~x! contains points in Quadrants
III and IV, then the graph of y 5 f ~x! 2 2 must also Exercises 17–18 Line Segment Graphs The graph of f
contain points in Quadrants III and IV. is two line segments PQ and QR. Draw a graph and give the
domain and range of (a) y 5 f ~x 1 2! (b) y 5 f ~2x!
Exercises 6–10 Fill in the blank so that the resulting (c) y 5 2 f ~x!.
statement is true. If calculator graphs of f and g are drawn 17. P~23, 21!, Q~22, 2!, and R~3, 0!
using @210, 10# 3 @210, 10#, then the display will show the
graphs intersecting in Quadrant(s) . 18. P~24, 22!, Q~21, 3!, and R~4, 21!
6. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 2x 2 7, g~x! 5 2 f ~x! 2 5 Exercises 19–22 Verbal Description Give a verbal de-
scription of how you would draw a graph of g from the
7. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 4x 2 4, g~x! 5 f ~x 2 4!
graph of f. Check by drawing the graphs.
8. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 2_ x _ 2 3, g~x! 5 2 f ~x! 1 3
19. f ~x! 5 x 2 1 1, g~x! 5 ~x 1 2!2 2 1
9. f ~x! 5 2x 2 5, g~x! 5 f ~2x! 1 15
20. f ~x! 5 Ïx, g~x! 5 2Ïx 1 1
10. f ~x! 5 _ x _ 22, g~x! 5 2 f ~x! 1 3
21. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 3x, g~x! 5 2~3x 2 x 2! 1 1
22. f ~x! 5 _ x _ , g~x! 5 _ 0.5x _ 1 2
Develop Mastery
Exercises 1–6 Related Graphs The graph of a function Exercises 23–26 Verbal to Formula A verbal descrip-
f contains the points P~22, 4! and Q~4, 25!. Give the tion of transformations of the graph of y 5 f ~x! is given,
coordinates of two points on the graph of the function (a) g, resulting in a graph of function g. Give a formula that
(b) h. describes the function g. Confirm by drawing graphs of f
and g on the same screen.
1. g~x! 5 f ~x 2 1!; h~x! 5 f ~x 1 2!
23. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 2x. Translate the graph of f to the left
2. g~x! 5 f ~x!23; h~x! 5 f ~x! 1 4
2 units and then reflect about the x-axis.
3. g~x! 5 f ~2x!; h~x! 5 f ~0.5x!
24. f ~x! 5 2x 2 4. Translate the graph of f to the left
4. g~x! 5 2 f ~x!; h~x! 5 f ~2x! 3 units and then reflect about the y-axis.
5. g~x! 5 f ~x 2 2! 1 3; h~x! 5 4 2 f ~x! 25. f ~x! 5 x 2 1 1. Stretch the graph of f vertically upward
6. g~x! 5 2 f ~2x!; h~x! 5 1 1 f ~2x! by a factor of 2, then translate downward 3 units.
26. f ~x! 5 x 2 1 1. Compress the graph of f vertically
Exercises 7–12 Related Graphs For the function f ~x! 5 downward by a factor of 0.5, then reflect about the
x2 2 x 2 2 y-axis.
(a) Determine a formula for g and simplify.
(b) Draw calculator graphs of f and g on the same screen. Exercises 27–30 Graph to Verbal and Formula The
(c) Write a brief statement describing how the graphs of f graph of function f is shown along with graphs of trans-
and g are related. formed functions g and h. (a) Give a verbal description of
the transformations that will give the graphs of g and h from
7. g~x! 5 f ~x 1 2! 8. g~x! 5 f ~2x!
the graph of f. (b) Give a formula for g. Do the same for h.
9. g~x! 5 f ~x 2 3! 10. g~x! 5 f ~x! 1 2 (c) As a check, draw graphs of your formulas in part (b)
11. g~x! 5 f ~2x! 1 2 12. g~x! 5 2 f ~x 1 3! and see if they agree with the given graphs.
pg087 [R] G1 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jb 11-8-95 QC1

2.3 Transformations of Graphs 87

27. y y

(0, 1)
(2, 0)
x x
f(x) = x 2 + 1
(3, –1)
y = h(x)

y 29. y

(1, 2)

(2, 1) (1, 1)
x x
y = g(x) f(x) = z x z

y y
(0, 2)
x

(1, 1) (– 2, – 1)
y = h(x)

x
y = g(x)
(0, – 3)

28. y y

(1, 1)
(3, 0)
x x
f(x) = x
(2, – 1)
y = h(x)

y 30. y

(0, 1)
(1, 0) (– 2, 0) (2, 0)
x x

y = g(x)

f(x) = x 3 – 4x
pg088 [V] G2 5-36058 / HCG / Cannon & Elich jb 11-27-95 MP2

88 Chapter 2 Functions

y 39. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 3x 2 4; g~x! 5 f ~x 2 3!

40. f ~x! 5 4 1 3x 2 x 2; g~x! 5 f ~x 1 2!
(0, 3) 41. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 4; g~x! 5 f ~2x!
42. f ~x! 5 x 2 2 3x 2 4; g~x! 5 f ~2x!
(1, 0) 43. Explore For each number k draw a calculator graph of
x
y = g(x) (3, 0) y 5 k Ï4 2 x 2 on the same screen. From what you
observe write a brief paragraph comparing the graphs
for different values of k.
(a) k 5 1 (b) k 5 2 (c) k 5 0.5
44. Follow instructions of Exercise 43 for y 5 k Ï16 2 x 2.
y 45. Use the graph of f shown to sketch the graph of
y 5 2 f ~x 2 1!. Label the coordinates of four points
that must be on your graph.

y
(– 1, 0) (3, 0)
x
(– 2, 4)
y = h(x) (2, 3)
(0, 2)
(0, – 3)
x
(1, 0)

Exercises 31–34 Domain and Range The domain D y = f(x)

and range R of function f are given in interval notation.
Give the domain and range of the function (a) g, (b) h.
31. D 5 @22, 6#, R 5 @4, 8#;
g~x! 5 f ~x 2 1!, h~x! 5 f ~x 1 2! 46. Use the graph of f shown to sketch the graph of
32. D 5 ~24, 5!, R 5 @23, 5#; y 5 f ~2x! 1 1. Label the coordinates of four points
g~x! 5 f ~x! 1 2, h~x! 5 f ~x! 2 3 that must be on your graph.
33. D 5 ~2`, 4#, R 5 @24, 6#; y
g~x! 5 2 f ~x!, h~x! 5 f ~2x!
34. D 5 @22, `!, R 5 ~24, 8!;
g~x! 5 2 f ~x!, h~x! 5 f ~2x! (– 1, 2)

Exercises 35–38 Related Domain and Range The do- (– 2, 0) (3, 0)

main D and range R of function g are given. Find the do- x
main and range of function f.
35. g~x! 5 f ~x 1 2!; D 5 @22, 4#, R 5 @23, 5#
(1, – 3)
36. g~x! 5 f ~x 2 1! 1 3; D 5 ~2`, 4#, R 5 @22, `!
y = f(x)
37. g~x! 5 f ~2x!; D 5 @3, 6#, R 5 @21, 4#
38. g~x! 5 f ~2x!; D 5 @22, 8#, R 5 @4, `# 47. Points on Related Graphs Points P~24, 3! and
Exercises 39–42 Related Intercept Points (a) Deter- Q~2.4, 5.6! are on the graph of y 5 f ~x 2 1!. Give the
mine the coordinates of the x-intercept points of the graph coordinates of two points that must be on the graph of
of function f. (b) Find the x-intercept point(s) of the graph (a) y 5 f ~x! (b) y 5 f ~x! 1 3.
of function g. (c) What is the y-intercept point for g?
(d) Draw graphs as a check.