Transmission Line

Protection Principles

1. Introduction
Transmission lines are a vital part of the electrical distribution
system, as they provide the path to transfer power between
generation and load. Transmission lines operate at voltage levels
from 69kV to 765kV, and are ideally tightly interconnected for
reliable operation.

Factors like de-regulated market environment, economics, right-

of-way clearance and environmental requirements have pushed
utilities to operate transmission lines close to their operating
limits. Any fault, if not detected and isolated quickly will cascade
into a system wide disturbance causing widespread outages for a
tightly interconnected system operating close to its limits.

Transmission protection systems are designed to identify the

location of faults and isolate only the faulted section . The key
challenge to the transmission line protection lies in reliably
detecting and isolating faults compromising the security of the
system.

2. Factors Inluencing line Protection

The high level factors inluencing line protection include the
criticality of the line (in terms of load transfer and system stability),
fault clearing time requirements for system stability, line length, the
system feeding the line, the coniguration of the line (the number
of terminals, the physical construction of the line, the presence
of parallel lines), the line loading, the types of communications
available, and failure modes of various protection equipment.

The more detailed factors for transmission line protection directly

address dependability and security for a speciic application. The
protection system selected should provide redundancy to limit
the impact of device failure, and backup protection to ensure
dependability. Reclosing may be applied to keep the line in service
for temporary faults, such as lightning strikes. The maximum load
current level will impact the sensitivity of protection functions,
and may require adjustment to protection functions settings
during certain operating circumstances. Single-pole tripping
applications impact the performance requirements of distance
elements, diferential elements, and communications schemes.

The physical construction of the transmission line is also a factor

in protection system application. The type of conductor, the size of impact relaying, as mutual coupling inluences the ground
conductor, and spacing of conductors determines the impedance current measured by protective relays. The presence of tapped
of the line, and the physical response to short circuit conditions, transformers on a line, or reactive compensation devices such
as well as line charging current. In addition, the number of line as series capacitor banks or shunt reactors, also inluences the
terminals determines load and fault current low, which must choice of protection system, and the actual protection device
be accounted for by the protection system. Parallel lines also settings.

Transmission Line Protection Principles 7

 3. GE Multilin Application Advantages protection, and phase distance elements associated with the
faulted phase (for example, AB and CA elements for an AG fault).
Before considering using a GE Multilin relay for a speciic The Open Pole Detector also resets and blocks the Phase Selector
transmission line protection application, it is important to so the other distance elements may operate for evolving faults.
understand how the relay meets some more general application The Open Pole Detector also accounts for line charging current
requirements for simplicity, security, and dependability. GE Multilin and for weak infeed conditions.
relays provide simplicity and security for single pole tripping,
dependability for protection communications between line Once the Open Pole Detector operates, a further trip will cause
terminals, security for dual-breaker line terminals, and simplicity the Trip Output to declare a three pole fault, indicating either an
and dependability of redundant protection schemes. evolving fault condition or a reclose onto a permanent phase-
to-ground fault. This total logic simpliies the setting of the D60
3.1 Single-Pole Tripping for single pole tripping, and ensures dependable and secure
operation when faced with single line-to-ground faults.
Single pole tripping using distance protection is a challenging
application. A distance relay must correctly identify a single- The L90 Line Diferential Relay and the L60 Line Phase Comparison
phase fault, and trip only the circuit breaker pole for the faulted Relay are both phase-segregated, current only relays. Single pole
phase. The relay also must initiate the recloser and breaker failure tripping on these relays does not present any unusual challenges,
elements correctly on the fault event. The distance elements as each phase of the protection element operates independently
protecting the unfaulted phases must maintain security during of the other unfaulted phases.
the open-pole condition and any reclosing attempts.

The D90Plus Line Protection System and D60 Line Distance

3.2 Communications
Relay use simple, dedicated control logic for single pole tripping Often transmission lines are protected by using schemes
applications. This control logic uses a Phase Selector, Trip Output that require communications with relays located at other line
and Open Pole Detector in conjunction with other elements as terminals. The reliability of the communications obviously
shown in the simpliied block diagram. impacts the reliability of the protection system. GE Multilin relays
include features that maintain reliable operation of the protection
The Trip Output is the central logic of single pole tripping. The Trip communications during power line faults, communications
Output combines information from the Open Pole Detector, Phase channel delays, communications channel switching, and
Selector, and protection elements to issue a single pole or three communications channel dropout.
pole trip, and also to initiate automatic reclosing and breaker
failure. The Phase Selector is the key element for maintaining the Pilot protection: Pilot protection schemes, such as directional
security of single pole tripping applications, quickly and accurately comparison blocking and permissive over-reaching transfer trip,
identifying the faulted phase or phases based on measured use simple on/of communications between relays. There are
currents and voltages, by looking at the phase angles between many methods to send this signal. The most common method is to
the positive sequence, negative-sequence, and zero-sequence use contact closure to an external communication circuit, such as
components. power line carrier, microwave, radio, or iber optic communications.
GE Multilin relays simplify iber optic communications method
The Open Pole Detector ensures the relay operates correctly during by using internal iber optic communications via Direct I/O,
a single pole trip, placing the relay in an open pole condition when eliminating the need for external communications devices. Direct
a single pole trip command is issued, or one pole of the circuit I/O is a reliable mechanism that is simple to conigure, securely
breaker is open. The Open Pole Detector asserts on a single pole transmits digital status points such as tripping or blocking
trip command, before the circuit breaker pole actually opens, to commands between relays via directly-connected or multiplexed
block protection elements that may misoperate under an open iber optic channels. Direct I/O operates within 2ms for high speed
pole condition, such as negative sequence elements, undervoltage communications to the remote line end.

Direct I/O is available in any of the transmission line relays by

Reset Open Pole adding an internal communications card. The output of the card
V, I
Phase Selector Trip Output
Open Pole(s)
can be IEEE C37.94, RS422 or G.703 communications to interface
with iber optic multiplexers, or may be a direct iber connection
to other relays. The communications card can be single-channel
21P Init BF
or dual-channel, to support point-to-point communications, dual
point-to-point communications, or ring communications between
AR
21G up to 16 relays.
Dir. Supv.
Line Current Diferential: Communications is an integral piece of
a line diferential relay, as the currents from one line terminal must
Open Pole
Detector be sent to relays at other line terminals to perform the diferential
calculation. This requires the use of a digital communications
channel, which is commonly a multiplexed channel where channel
Figure 1. switching may occur. The analog information must be precisely
Single pole trip logic.

8 Transmission Line Protection Principles

time synchronized between the line ends for the diferential The L60 Line Phase Comparison Relay directly solves two common
calculation to be correct. Synchronization errors show up as challenges with the carrier signal. The irst issue is channel delay.
phase angle ofset, where identical currents produce phasors The channel delay is measured during commissioning and is
with diferent phase angles, and transient errors, where changes entered as a setting in the phase comparison element. The
in current are seen at diferent times at diferent measurement remote phase angle measurements are bufered and delayed by
points. For example, on a 60 Hz system, every 1ms of time this value to match the incoming pulses from the remote relays.
shift between terminals introduces a 21.6° phase shift into the The L60 has two communications channels, and two independent
measured currents. channel time delays, to support three-terminal lines.

There are two methods to account for the phase shift between The other common issue is pulse asymmetry of the carrier signal.
line terminals due to the communications channel delay. One Carrier sets may extend, either the mark (on) or space (of) signals
method is to measure the round-trip channel delay, and shift at the receiving end compared with the originally sent signal.
the local current phase by an angle equal to ½ of the round-trip This diference is measured during commissioning by using
delay time. This method is simple to implement, but creates a oscillography data, and simply entered as a setting in the phase
transient error when the communications channel is switched. comparison element.
In addition, the diferential element will be temporarily blocked
when the communications channel switches, or noise in the In addition, the L60 supports some other methods to improve
communications channel causes communications packet loss. the reliability of protection communications. For short lines with
negligible charging current, the channel delay measurement can
The L90 Line Diferential Relay employs a diferent method, be automated by running a loop-back test during normal system
using synchronous sampling by internally synchronizing the conditions and measuring the diference between the sent and
clocks on each L90. This method achieves high reliability, as the received pulses. The L60 also supports automated check-back of
round-trip channel delay is not vitally important. The diferential the carrier system. Under normal conditions, the relay can initiate
element successfully operates during channel switching or after transmission of and modulate the analog signal to exchange small
packet loss, because the communications packets are precisely amounts of information. This automatic loop-back can replace
synchronized. the carrier guard signal, and more importantly, veriies the entire
communications path, including the relays on both ends.
In the L90, synchronization is accomplished by synchronizing the
clocks to each other rather than to a master clock. Each relay 3.3 Security for Dual-Breaker Terminals
compares the phase of its clock to the phase of the other clocks
and compares the frequency of its clock to the power system Dual-breaker terminal line terminals, such as breaker-and-a-half
frequency and makes appropriate adjustments. The frequency and ring bus terminals, are a common design for transmission
and phase tracking algorithm keeps the measurements at lines. The standard practice is to sum the currents from each
all relays within a plus or minus 25 microsecond error during circuit breaker externally by paralleling the CTs, and using this
normal conditions for a 2 or 3 terminal system. In all cases, an external sum as the line current for protection relays. This practice
estimate of phase error is computed and used to automatically
adapt the restraint region of the diferential element. The time
Relay 1 Relay 2
synchronization algorithm can also use a GPS satellite clock to
f f
compensate for channel asymmetry. The use of a GPS clock is not +
System
Frequency +
normally required, except in applications such as a SONET ring
- -
where the communications channel delay may be asymmetric. Compute
Frequency
Compute
Frequency
f - f1 Deviation f1 f2 Deviation f - f2

This method produces synchronization accurate to within 125

microseconds between the relays on each end of the protected
Phase Frequency Phase Frequency
line. By using internally synchronized sampling, the L90 can Loop Filter Loop Filter
accommodate 4 consecutive cycles of communications channel 1 2
loss before needing to block the diferential element. If the
( 2 - 1)/2 Ping-Pong time stamps Ping-Pong ( 2 - 1)/2
communications channel is restored within 5 seconds of channel Phase Phase
Deviation Deviation
loss, the L90 diferential element will restart on the irst received
packet, without any time synchronization delay, due to the inertia
of the internal clocks of the relays. ( 2 - 1)/2 GPS time stamps GPS ( 2 - 1)/2
Phase Phase
Deviation Deviation

Line Phase Comparison: As with line diferential, communications

is an integral part of phase comparison relaying. Simple binary GPS GPS
Clock Clock
communications, such as power line carrier or microwave, is used
to send a pulse to the remote end when the phase angle of the
measured current is positive. Coordination between the pulses Figure 2.
Clock synchronization block diagram for a two terminal system using L90
current diferential system.
from the remote end, and the phase angle measured at the local
end, must be maintained.

Transmission Line Protection Principles 9

 works well during actual line faults. However, for some external not impact the speed or sensitivity of the protection elements,
fault events, poor CT performance may lead to improper operation operates during all load conditions, and correctly allows tripping
of line protection relays. during an evolving external-to-internal fault condition.

When current lows through a dual-breaker line terminal, the line The dual-breaker line terminal supervisory logic essentially
current measured by a relay using external summation matches determines if the current low through each breaker is either
the actual line current only if the two CTs are accurate. The most forward or reverse. Both currents should be forward for an internal
signiicant relaying problem is CT saturation in either CT. The current fault, and one current should be forward and one reverse for an
measured by the relay may contain a large error current, which external line fault. The supervisory logic uses, on a per-phase
can result in the relay operating due to an incorrect magnitude or basis, a high-set fault detector (FDH), typically set at 2-3 times the
direction decision. This incorrect operation may also occur if the nominal rating of the CT, and a directional element for each CT
linear error current of the CTs due to accuracy class is close to the input to declare a forward fault, for each breaker. The logic also
through current level. These errors appear in the measured phase uses, on a per-phase basis, a low-set fault detector (FDL), typically
currents. As a result, relays that calculate the negative sequence set at 1.5-2 times the nominal rating of the CT, and a directional
and zero sequence currents from the measured phase currents element to declare a reverse fault, for each breaker.
may also see errors.
Tripping is permitted during all forward faults, even with weak
Distance: Distance relays applied at dual-breaker line terminals infeed at the dual-breaker terminal. Tripping is blocked for all
are vulnerable to mis-operation on external faults. During a close- reverse faults when one breaker sees forward current and one
in reverse external fault, the voltage is depressed to a very low breaker sees reverse current. During an evolving external-to-
level, and the security of the relay is maintained by directional internal fault, tripping is initially blocked, but when the second
supervision. If one of the line CTs saturates, the current measured fault appears in the forward direction, the block is lifted to permit
by the relay may increase in magnitude, and be in the opposite tripping.
direction of the actual fault current, leading to an incorrect
operation of the forward distance element for an external fault. Line Diferential: Line diferential protection is prone to tripping
due to poor CT performance on dual-breaker terminals, as the
The D90Plus Line Protection System and the D60 Line Distance error current from the CTs is directly translated into a diferential
Relay handles the challenge of dual-breaker line terminals by current. The only possible solution for traditional line diferential
supporting two three-phase current inputs to support breaker relays is to decrease the sensitivity of the diferential element,
failure, overcurrent protection, and metering for each circuit which limits the ability of the diferential element to detect low
breaker. The relays then mathematically add these currents magnitude faults, such as highly resistive faults.
together to form the total line current used for distance and
directional overcurrent relaying. The L90 Line Diferential Relay supports up to four three-phase
current inputs for breaker failure, overcurrent protection, and
Directly measuring the currents from both circuit breakers allows metering for each circuit breaker. The relay then uses these
the use of supervisory logic to prevent the distance element individual currents to form the diferential and restraint currents
and directional overcurrent elements from operating incorrectly for the diferential protection element.
for reverse faults due to CT error. This supervisory logic does

CT 1 saturates
i2 is reduced 10 - 15 pu
i2 i 2
IF + ILine IF + ILine >0.1 pu error with
> 0.1 pu error
CT 1 CT 1 iLine shows incorret
magnitude, direction
iLine iLine Id > 0.2 pu
52 52 52 >0.2 pu error 52
Ir = 10 - 15 pu
Relay Relay Relay L90 NO TRIP
ILine ILine
10 - 15 pu 10 - 15 pu
Id > 0.2 pu
IF IF Ir > 0.2 pu
52 52 52 503 TRIP 52 503
10 - 15 pu
with
CT 2 CT 2 > 0.1 pu error

i1 i1 >0.1 pu error

Figure 3. Figure 4.
Impact of CT saturation on two-breaker line applications Sensitivity of line diferential system for dual-breaker applications.
a) Accurate CTs preserve the reverse line current direction under weak
remote feed.
b) Saturation of the CT carries the reverse current may invert the line
current as measured from the externally summated CTs.

10 Transmission Line Protection Principles

The L90 diferential element design explicitly accounts for the The values of ILOC and ILOC_RESTRAINT are transmitted to the L90
performance of the CTs for dual-breaker line terminals. Each L90 relays located at the other line ends. The diferential and restraint
protecting a transmission line calculates diferential and restraint values used in the actual tripping decision combine both the
quantities based on local information directly measured by the local diferential and restraint current, and the diferential and
relay, and information received from relays located at the remote restraint currents from the remote line ends. These calculations
line ends. Tripping decisions are made locally be each relay. are performed individually on each phase.

I DIFF = I LOC + I REMOTE 1 + I REMOTE 2

(I REST ) 2 = (I LOC _ RESTRAINT ) 2 + (I REM 1 _ RESTRAINT ) 2 + (I REM 2 _ RESTRAINT ) 2

The information sent by one L90 to the other L90s on the line is
the local diferential and restraint currents. The local diferential
current is the sum of all the local currents on a per-phase basis.
One L90 can accept up to 4 current measurements, but only 2
currents are used for a dual-breaker application. Considering the worst case external fault with CT saturation, the
I LOC = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4
diferential current IDIFF will increase due to the CT error that
appears in ILOC. However, the restraint current IREST will increase
more signiicantly, as the ILOC_RESTRAINT uses the maximum of
The local restraint current is deined by the following equation for the local currents, that is increased based on the estimation of CT
each phase. errors and presence of CT saturation. The end result is a correct

(I ) + MULT • (I )
restraining of the diferential element.
I LOC _ RESTRAINT =
2 2
LOC _ REST _ TRAD LOC _ ADA Phase Comparison: The L60 Line Phase Comparison Relay
supports two three-phase current inputs for breaker failure,
The starting point for the restraint is the locally measured overcurrent protection, and metering for each circuit breaker. The
current with the largest magnitude. This ensures the restraint is relay then uses these individual currents to form the local phase
based on one of the measured currents for all fault events, and angle information for use in the phase comparison scheme.
increases the level of restraint as the fault magnitude increases.
A phase comparison relay operates by comparing the relative
ILOC_REST_TRAD is this maximum current magnitude applied
phase angles of the current from each end of the transmission line.
against the actual diferential characteristic settings. ILOC_ADA is
When the measured current exceeds the level of a fault detector,
the sum of the squares estimate of the measurement error in the
and the phase angles from each end of the line are in phase, the
current, and is used to increase the restraint as the uncertainty of
phase comparison relay operates. For a dual-breaker application
actual measurement increases, such as during high magnitude
using an external sum, the saturation of one CT may cause the
fault events and CT saturation. MULT is an additional factor that
relay current to increase high enough to operate the fault detector.
increases the error adjustment of the restraint current based
Because the current from the unsaturated CT predominates in this
on the severity of the fault event and the likelihood the fault is
waveform, the phase angle of the relay current may change. If the
an external fault, when CT saturation is most likely to cause an
phase angle of the relay current is in phase with the relay current
incorrect operation.
at the remote end of the line, the relay will trip.

CT 1 CT 1

52 52

52 52

CT 2 CT 2

Multilplexed Fiber Optic

D90Plus Distance - D90Plus Distance -
POTT Scheme POTT Scheme

Multilplexed Fiber Optic

D60 Distance - D60 Distance -
POTT Scheme POTT Scheme

Multilplexed Fiber Optic (different channel)

L90 Line L90 Line
Differential Differential

Power Line Carrier

L60 Phase L60 Phase
Comparison Comparison

Figure 5.
Redundancy Requirements - Alternate main protection possibilities from GE Multilin.

Transmission Line Protection Principles 11

 The L60 in dual-breaker applications selects the appropriate phase An alternative way to increase reliability through redundancy is to
angle, based on the information measured from the current low use multiple protection methods on the same line such as phase
through both circuit breakers. The relay uses fault detectors on comparison and permissive over-reaching transfer trip, using
each current input, and develops the phase angle for each current diferent communications channels. This method protects against
input, and then special dual breaker logic consolidates the fault individual element failure of both relays and communications
detector lags and the phase angle pulses for the line terminal. channels. More importantly, it protects against the failure of one
of the protection methods. For example, a VT circuit fuse failure
The fault detector lag is set for a line terminal if either fault blocks a distance relay from operating, while a line diferential
detector from the two breakers is picked up. The type of phase system or phase comparison system will continue to operate. For
comparison protection scheme, tripping or blocking, controls the this reason, often at least one current-only scheme, such as phase
pulse combination logic. For a tripping scheme, a positive polarity comparison or line diferential, and then one pilot protection
is declared for the terminal if one breaker displays positive polarity scheme based on distance relays are employed.
with its respective fault detector picked up, while the other breaker
either does not show negative polarity or its fault detector is not A second advantage of using multiple protection methods to
picked up. protect one line is the ability to increase the security of the line.
It is possible to implement a “voting” scheme, where at least 2
3.4 Redundancy Considerations to Enhance protection methods must operate before the line can be actually
Reliability tripped. Such a voting scheme may be applied permanently on lines
where security is an issue, such as major inter-tie lines. A voting
The reliability of transmission system protection is dependent on scheme may also be applied only when the system is at risk, such
the reliability of the protection scheme used and the individual as during wide-area disturbances, either automatically based on
components of the protection scheme. Transmission protection system conditions, or by command from system operators.
systems typically use redundancy to increase the dependability
of the system. There are two general methods of implementing GE Multilin simpliies solutions when multiple protection schemes
redundancy. One method is to use multiple sets of protection are used by providing both protective relays that only use current
using the same protection scheme. The other method is to use and protective relays that use both current and voltage. The L60
multiple sets of protection using diferent protection principles. Line Phase Comparison Relay and the L90 Line Diferential Relay
Depending on the voltage class, either method of redundancy are both current-only protection relays with diferent operating
may involve using 2 or 3 sets of protection. In both cases, the goal principles. The D90Plus, D60 and D30 Line distance protection
is to increase dependability, by ensuring the protection operates systems are full-featured distance relays. These relays are on a
for a fault event. Security may be improved through the use of so- common hardware and software platform, simplifying engineering,
called voting schemes (e.g. 2-out-of-3), potentially at the expense design, installation, and operations issues. All of these relays
of dependability. support multiple communications options, including power line
carrier, microwave, and iber optic communications. The relays
Multiple sets of protection using the same protection scheme are also designed to communicate with each other, to implement
involves using multiple relays and communications channels. voting schemes, reclosing control, and other applications.
This is a method to overcome individual element failure. The
simplest method is to use two protection relays of the same type,
using the same scheme and communications channel. This only
protects against the failure of one relay. In some instances, relays
4. Typical Applications
of diferent manufacturers are used, to protect against common This section highlights some typical application of GE Multilin line
mode failures. It is also common to use redundant communications protection relays. This section is not intended as a comprehensive
channels, in case of failure on one communications channel. list of possible applications. For questions about the correct relay
Often, the communications channels use diferent methods, such for a speciic application, visit www.GEMultilin.com to review the
as power line carrier and iber optic. This is especially true due to brochure for a speciic relay model, or contact GE Multilin.
the concerns of power line carrier operation during internal fault
events.

12 Transmission Line Protection Principles

Directional Overcurrent
Typical Functions Additional Functions
67P Phase directional overcurrent 25 Synchrocheck
3Y
67N Neutral directional 79 Reclosing
52 overcurrent V, S Voltage and Power metering
3Y
or Functions Typical Product Order Code
2D
Typical Functions F60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

Alternative D30-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional functions Included in typical

Alternative Included in typical
67P 67N 25 79 Alternative Included in typical

V S

Directional Overcurrent – Dual Breaker

1

Typical Functions Additional Functions

67P Phase directional overcurrent 25 Synchrocheck
3Y
67N Neutral directional 79 Reclosing
overcurrent V, S Voltage and Power metering
52
Functions Typical Product Order Code
Typical Functions D60-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX

+ Additional functions Included in typical

3Y External electrical sum of

breaker currents (traditional F60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX
or
2D method)
D30-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
Only 1 synchrocheck function in
F60 and D30 D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
52

3Y 67P 67N 25 79
2
V S

Stepped-Distance Protection Typical Functions Additional Functions

21P Phase distance 67P Phase directional overcurrent
21G Ground distance 67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
50BF Breaker Failure
3Y 25 Synchrocheck
52 Synchrophasors 79 Reclosing
Phasor Measurement Unit V, S Voltage and Power metering
3Y

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Typical Functions D30-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

Alternative D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
21P 21G 67P 67N 50BF D90P-A-E-S-S-01-S-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
3 3 + Additional functions Included in typical
V S 25 79 No 50BF in D30

+ Synchrophasors D60-N06-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
D90P-A-E-S-S-01-P-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X

Transmission Line Protection Principles 13

 Stepped-Distance Protection – Dual Breaker Typical Functions Additional Functions
21P Phase distance 67P Phase directional overcurrent
1 21G Ground distance 67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
50BF Breaker Failure
25 Synchrocheck
79 Reclosing
3Y
V, S Voltage and Power metering

Synchrophasors
52
Phasor Measurement Unit

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Typical Functions D90P-A-E-S-S-01-S-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
D60-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX
3Y
+ Additional functions Included in typical

External electrical sum of

breaker currents (traditional D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P- MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
52 method)
Only 1 synchrocheck function D30-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
In D30
3Y 21P 21G 67P 67N 50BF
2 + Synchrophasors D90P-A-E-S-S-01-P-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
3 3
D60-N08-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX
V S 25 79
2

Pilot Protection Schemes

Typical Functions Additional Functions
21P Phase distance 67P Phase directional overcurrent
21G Ground distance 67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
85 Power line carrier /
microwave transmitter & 50BF Breaker Failure
receiver / fiber or digital Synchrocheck
channel 25
79 Reclosing
3Y V, S Voltage and Power metering
52
Other Communications Options Synchrophasors
3Y 85
85 Inter-Relay Communications Phasor Measurement Unit
85 Sonet Multiplexer

Functions Typical Product Order Code

21P 21G 67P 67N 50BF
Typical Functions D90P-A-E-S-S-01-S-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
3 3
85 by others D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
V S 25 79 85
+ Additional functions Included in typical

+ Synchrophasors D90P-A-E-S-S-01-P-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
D60-N06-HCH-F8L-H6P-MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX

Other Communications Options

Direct I/O, 1300nm Singlemode D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7K

Laser, 64km

RS422 interface D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7W

G.703 D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7S

C37.94 D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W77

SONET Multiplexer JungleMux with 86448 and 86441 units

14 Transmission Line Protection Principles

Pilot Protection Schemes – Dual Breaker Typical Functions Additional Functions
21P Phase distance 67P Phase directional overcurrent
1 21G Ground distance 67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
85 Power line carrier /
microwave transmitter & 50BF Breaker Failure
receiver Synchrocheck
25
79 Reclosing
3Y
V, S Voltage and Power metering

52 Other Communications Options Synchrophasors

85 Inter-Relay Communications Phasor Measurement Unit
85 Sonet Multiplexer

Functions Typical Product Order Code

3Y 85
Typical Functions D90P-A-E-S-S-01-S-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
85 by others D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX
52 + Additional functions Included in typical

+ Synchrophasors D90P-A-E-S-S-01-P-S-S-X-H-X-A-X-A-X-X-01-X
3Y 21P 21G 67P 67N 50BF D60-N06-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX
3 3 2 External electrical sum of D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P- MXX-PXX-UXX-WXX
V S 25 79 85 breaker currents (traditional
2 method)

Other Communications Options

Direct I/O, 1300nm Singlemode D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7K

1 Laser, 64km

RS422 interface D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7W

G.703 D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W7S

C37.94 D60-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-W77

SONET Multiplexer JungleMux with 86448 and 86441 units

Line Diferential Protection Typical Functions Additional Functions

87L Line differential 21P Phase distance
85 Sonet Multiplexer 21G Ground distance
67P Phase directional overcurrent
1 67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
50BF Breaker Failure
25 Synchrocheck
3Y 79 Reclosing
52 V, S Voltage and Power metering

3Y 85 Other Communications Options Synchrophasors

85 Inter-Relay Communications Phasor Measurement Unit

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Typical Functions L90-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7W
87L 67P 67N 50BF Identical relay
on other line + Additional functions Included in typical
terminals
21P 21G 25 79 85 + Synchrophasors
L90-N06-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7W
3 3
SONET Multiplexer JungleMux with 86448 and 86443 units

Other Communications Options D60-N08-HCH-F8L-H6P-M8L-PXX-UXX-WXX

Direct I/O, 1300nm Singlemode Included in typical

Laser, 64km

+ Synchrophasors L90-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7K

G.703 L90-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7S

C37.94 L90-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W77

Transmission Line Protection Principles 15

 Line Diferential Protection – Dual Breaker Typical Functions Additional Functions
87L Line differential 21P Phase distance
1
85 Sonet Multiplexer 21G Ground distance
67P Phase directional overcurrent
67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
3Y 50BF Breaker Failure
25 Synchrocheck
79 Reclosing
52 V, S Voltage and Power metering

Other Communications Options Synchrophasors

85 Inter-Relay Communications Phasor Measurement Unit

Functions Typical Product Order Code

Typical Functions L90-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7W
3Y 85
+ Additional functions Included in typical

+ Synchrophasors
52 L90-N08-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7W

Electrical sum of breaker

currents (traditional method) L90-N00-HCH-F8L-H6P-LXX-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7W
87L 67P 67N 50BF
3Y SONET Multiplexer JungleMux with 86448 and 86443 units
2
21P 21G 25 79 85 Other Communications Options
3 3 2
Direct I/O, 1300nm Singlemode L90-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7K
Identical relay Laser, 64km
on other line
terminals G.703 L90-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-W7S
1
C37.94 L90-N02-HCH-F8L-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-W77

Phase Comparison Protection Typical Functions Additional Functions

1
87PC Phase Comparison 21P Phase distance
85 Power Line Carrier / 21G Ground distance
Microwave 67P Phase directional overcurrent
3Y 67N Neutral directional
52 overcurrent
50BF Breaker Failure
3Y 85 25 Synchrocheck
79 Reclosing
V, S Voltage and Power metering

Functions Typical Product Order Code

87 Typical Functions L60-N00-HCH-F8P-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-WXX
PC 67P 67N 50BF Identical relay
on other line
terminals
21P 21G 25 79 85
3 3

Phase Comparison Protection – Dual Breakers

1 Typical Functions Additional Functions
87PC Line differential 21P Phase distance
85 Power Line Carrier / 21G Ground distance
Microwave 67P Phase directional overcurrent
3Y
67N Neutral directional
overcurrent
50BF Breaker Failure
52 25 Synchrocheck
79 Reclosing
V, S Voltage and Power metering

Functions Typical Product Order Code

3Y 85 Typical Functions L60-N00-HCH-F8P-H6P-L8L-NXX-SXX-UXX-WXX

52

87
3Y PC 67P 67N 50BF
Identical relay
2
on other line
21P 21G 25 79 85 terminals
3 3

0925-v5

16 Transmission Line Protection Principles