NET ZERO HOUSE

Nathanael Kuruvilla
What is a net-zero house and how does it work?
A net-zero house is a home that generates as much electricity as it uses, so the net amount of energy it
purchases from another company is zero. The key to maintaining a net-zero house is low energy
consumption. This makes it easier to generate electricity to meet our needs. Net-zero houses are up to
80% more efficient than traditional homes. They use the warmth and light from the sun which is known as
passive heating. Net-zero homes are built to be airtight and are covered with layers of insulation that keep
in heat during winter and keep it out during summer. High-efficiency appliances are used to keep energy
consumption low. The homeowners are also responsible for the energy and how they manage it around the
house. They are mindful of how much energy they use.

A net-zero home will protect you from future increases in energy prices which means that savings over
the years would be tremendous. These homes are more durable with high performance and warm
windows and better-insulated walls. There are advanced construction methods and materials along with
superior heating and cooling, all leading to even temperatures around the house. Since it is well insulated
and tightly built it is a great deal quieter. Outside noise is virtually silenced. Creating Net-Zero houses
preserves natural resources for future generations. These features, all in turn, minimize your carbon
footprint and are environmentally beneficial.

Evaluation of NET-ZERO buildings

(Net-Zero Building Examples)

The Sustainable Energy Fund Office Building

It is positioned to take maximum advantage of the
sunlight to minimize energy loss. The windows are
sized and spaced for optimal daylight. The
photovoltaic system on the roof gains the necessary
energy to achieve net-zero.

Schwaikheim Housing and Workshop

It is made almost entirely out of reusable materials. The photovoltaic panels on the top of the roof provide
the necessary energy and a heat pump is used for the water.

Historic Massachusetts Contemporary Home

It has 40 solar panels that cover the entire year’s energy
use. It is entirely electric (Appliances to Heating) and the
home has a double wall construction & triple glazed
windows for tight insulation. It is 58% more
energy-efficient than a standard home.

Bristol Community College’s John J. Sbrega Health and

Science Building
It has reduced lighting and plug loads. There are no fossil
fuels used in heating or cooling and fume hoods are used to
filter chemical fumes. The house uses Solar energy and has
airtight windows and doors for insulation.

The Joyce Centre for Partnership & Innovation

There are Solar panel “wings” on the roof to gain maximum
sunlight possible. There is Geothermal heat sourcing which is
used for energy and heating. It has a High performance,
triple-glazed curtain wall to reduce air exposure.
Looking through these different net-zero houses, I realize three important things. For areas with lots of
sunshine, Solar/Photovoltaic panels are essential to have. Most net-zero houses use triple glazed windows
for tight insulation. Warm air won’t get into the house during summer and cold air won’t come into the
house during winter. However, building a net-zero house is no easy task. Building costs for net-zero
houses are quite high. The longevity of renewable energy is extremely important because the lack of
whatever renewable energy used can make it extremely hard or impossible to work with.

I believe that this is important to go through because it gives me inspiration and helps me understand how
and why net-zero houses are made.

Sketches of Net-Zero House

Interior House (Draft 1)

Interior house (Final Draft 2)

House Design Description
Interior House (Draft 1)

The first draft involves the house having 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, a kitchen, living room and 1 storage
area. All these are necessary rooms. It has triple glazed windows for insulation as well as wool insulation
in the walls. The water comes from a bore water system that will be dug on the front side of the house.
The bedrooms are in the area that faces the sun. This is because when the sun sets, the bedroom will be
reasonably dark and when it rises, you will be awake, somewhat of a natural alarm. This will mean that
lighting is just an addition.
What I did not like about the Design was where the Kitchen was situated. The Kitchen was on the other
side of the house and getting the water line to it for the sink would be a hassle.

Interior House (Draft 2) (Final Draft)

The Second draft involves the same shape of the house but with the Kitchen, Bathroom, Living room and
2 Bedrooms. It also has a electricity room where there will be solar batteries that will store electricity for
the night. A ground source heat pump is responsible for the heating/cooling of the house. A bore water
system provides water for major appliances such as the washing machine, and it also provides water for
the Bathroom. The bore water is heated by a heat pump for the shower and sink. The water is easily
accessible to the Bathroom, major appliances, and Kitchen due to the location of the 3 rooms. LED lights
have been placed in case of lighting needed in
the dark otherwise stray away from using too
much electricity. It will have sheep’s wool
insulation and will be made out of Foam
Concrete. (See “Material Choices and Why?”
For more info on these materials) The top of the
houses will have 7 solar panels in a pattern for
design and easier access to sunlight.

Solar Panel Placement Design

Detailed Parts of the house
Water lines of the house
As can be seen, the rooms that include water are all near each other, cutting costs on water pipes.
The water pipes make a stop at each appliance and item that uses water. The bore water goes
through a heat pump to be heated for shower and sink. The walls are insulated with sheeps wool
to keep the heat out during summer and heat in during winter. (More information of pg 15)
This Website can be used for buying water pipes.

Rebar sketch

In this sketch, I drew a pattern that I believe would help strengthen the build for natural disasters
such as earthquakes. This is to strengthen the foam concrete since it isn't a very tensile material.
(More about Rebar on Pg 15)
Material choices and Why?
Insulation
Thermal insulation
The reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact. Thermal insulation is needed because
the location of the net-zero house is known for extremely hot climates.
Good materials that are used for thermal insulation are as follows:
Wool is an eco-friendly and biodegradable material that is a good insulator since it is a poor conductor of
heat. However, it is very expensive to get a hold of.

Fiberglass is an Eco-friendly material that has great strength and durability but it can produce emissions
of toxic air pollutants and can be an issue to asthma sufferers.

Earthwool is resistant to moisture and vermin. It is an Eco Friendly and durable material. It can irritate
when skin, eyes, or upper respiratory system come in contact with it.
Polyester traps the air and lets the air act as the real insulators. However, it is not ideal for summer
weather.
Glasswool is made from recycled glass and melted to be sent to a spinner which creates fibres out of the
material. These fibres create millions of air pockets which then trap air and make for a good insulator.
These are bad for the eyes and skin when in contact.

After careful consideration and research, I chose the material “Sheep’s wool” because of the beneficial
properties it has to your health and the house. Sheep’s wool purifies the air in your house and doesn’t itch
or burn and is 100% sustainable.

Sheep’s Wool Insulation

Cost: £43.5 (525.96 SEK) for 1 roll of sheep wool (570mm wide and 13000mm long)(50mm thick)
2
Area: (7. 41𝑚 )

Can buy Product by clicking this link (Sheep’s Wool)

As can be seen through careful research and helpful suggestions, Sheep’s wool might be very expensive
but it pays off in the long term.

Insulation is extremely important because it has a huge effect on heating and cooling costs. Insulation
resistance is based on Ohm’s Law. (R=V/I) Resistance is measured after dividing the voltage by the
current.
Renewable energy
Solar Energy
Solar energy is energy that is derived from the
radiation emitted by the sun. This energy is
converted through photovoltaic panels that
concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be
used to create electricity or be stored in
batteries. There are two main types of solar
energy technologies—photovoltaics (PV) and
concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP).

Wind Energy
Wind energy is generated when a wind turbine rotates.
Wind turbines can also generate mechanical power which
can be used for specific tasks. A generator converts this
mechanical power into electrical energy.

Hydroelectric Energy
Hydroelectric energy is generated by using a diversion
structure, usually, a dam, to alter the natural flow of a body
of water. At hydropower plants, water flows through a pipe
which then pushes against the turbine. The force of the
water turns the blades into the turbine. The turbine spins a
generator to produce electricity.

Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy uses the heat that is produced by
the earth’s core, to heat buildings and to generate
electricity. Geothermal Energy Plants use steam to
produce electricity. This steam is usually produced by
hot water found a few miles or more into the earth.
This steam then rotates a turbine which in turn
activates a generator, producing electricity.
Energy Chosen: Solar Energy
Solar energy will be used to generate electricity for the house because Lebanon has 300 days of daily
sunshine for over 7-9 hours. During the winter, daylight is around 5-6 hours.

Electricity
White goods
1. Refrigerator: Refrigerators play an important role in daily life. It works non-stop and consumes a
lot of energy.
Top 3 candidates
- 10.1 cu. ft. Top-Freezer Refrigerator, ENERGY STAR
Company - Frigidaire

- GE 16.6-cu ft Top-Freezer Refrigerator (Black) ENERGY STAR

Company - GE

- 18 cu. ft. Top Freezer Refrigerator with FlexZone™ and Ice Maker

Company - Samsung
The Final decision is the Samsung branded refridgerator. I chose it because the other candidates had bad
reviews and this one didn’t have any. I believe that this refrigerator will not disappoint because Samsung
is a very big company with trustworthy products. The refrigerator consumers: 448 kWh/year

2. Washing Machine: Washing machines are needed to clean clothes. It is incredibly useful and is
needed only 2-3 times a week.
- AEG Softwater Technology L9FEC966R
This washing machine was chosen because of the reviews about it being kind to clothes and being so
quiet. It is also an eco-friendly and energy-saving washing machine.
Energy consumption: 76 kWh/year.

3. Oven: Oven is needed to heat food from the freezer and is used to cook/bake. It uses a lot of
electricity so an energy efficient oven is incredibly useful and will make a major impact on
electricity bills.

- Samsung Chef Collection NV73J9770RS Wifi Connected Built In Electric Single Oven

- HOTPOINT Class 2 SA2 544 C IX Electric Single Oven - Stainless Steel

The candidate was chosen: HOTPOINT Class 2 SA2 544 C IX Electric Single Oven - Stainless Steel. It
had good reviews and seemed to be a good fit for the house.

Energy consumption: 0.89 kWh

0.89 * 365 = 324.85 kWh/year
 4. Dryer: Dryers are not exactly essential but are a great addition to a working home. It helps to
have something to dry clothes during the winter.
- Miele Heat Pump Dryer TXD160WP

Energy consumption: 133kWh/year (after 228 times of use)

White goods list

Appliance Name Dimensions Energy Energy Price
Consumption Consumption
(W/hr) (kWh/yr)

Refrigerator 18 cu. ft. Top 73 x 169.55 x 51.14 448kWh/yr $1000

Freezer 80.96 cm
Refrigerator
with
(W x H x D)
FlexZone™ and
Ice Maker

Dryer Miele Heat 85 x 65.5 x 583 133kWh/yr $1300

Pump Dryer 59.6 cm
(After 228
TXD160WP
cycles)
(H x D x W)

Oven HOTPOINT 59.5 x 59.5 x 890 324.85kWh/yr $344

Class 2 SA2 544 55.1 cm
C IX Electric
Single Oven - (H x W x D)
Stainless Steel

Washing - AEG (H)85 x (W)60 208 76kWh/yr $1103

machine Softwater x (D)60.5cm
Technology
L9FEC966R

Light Bulbs Philips LED ------------------ 60 x 9

(x9) Flicker-Free ------------------
Frosted A19 ------------------
Light Bulb ------------------

TOTAL: 3382.14 981kWh/yr $3747

(If all of these
were being
used at the
same time
Keep in mind that 981kWh/yr is kilowatt-hours per year. To find how many watts per hour it would be
around 1000 watts. Keep in mind, the appliances will not be used continuously (except the fridge), only
once or twice per day.

SunPower is a worldwide Solar Energy Company and specializes in energy storage and solar power
generation. SunPower’s Flexible Solar Panels are lightweight and portable.

The chosen product that will be used for the net-zero house is the SunPower 415W MAXEON 5 AC -
(inbuilt Enphase microinverter). It is $745.92 apiece and the dimensions are 1017x1835x40(mm). The
SunPower 415W MAXEON 5 AC generates 415W per hour.

(1 solar panel) Summer (9 hours average)

415 x 9 = 3735W per day
(1 solar panel) Winter (6 hours average)
415 x 6 = 2490W per day

415 x 7 = 2905W per hour

This gives us 2905W per hour, 51W goes into the refridgerator while 2854W is either saved or used in
lighting/other appliances. The watts that are “saved” will be stored in a battery that will then power the
refridgerator during the night so that the food doesn’t get spoiled. The battery will be located in a room
that is to be made behind BEDROOM #1(See Draft#2).

Saved Energy is around 1000 watts depending on energy usage. This means that about 6000Wwatts go
into the battery every day in winter, and in summer it is 9000W.

Per Day
(Summer) 415 x 7 x 9 = 26145W
(Winter ) 415 x 7 x 6 = 17430W

Heat pump
A heat pump produces 4kW of heat for each 1kW of electricity, this means that with the electricity
generated I will be able to produce cooling and heating for the amount of electricity that is saved in the
battery. This means that every hour (depending on usage) 500 watts will be going into each heat pump
(both the water pump and the geothermal heating pump).
Solar Battery
A solar battery is a battery that stores energy from your solar PV system. The panels absorb the energy
and convert it into electricity. This electricity then passes through the inverter for your home.

OBS!!!The NET ZERO house is Off-Grid.

Different Solar Batteries

The Tesla PowerWall is a battery system that keeps your home powered through outages and helps
reduce reliance on the grid. This is useful since we are planning to be off grid and it also reduces the
carbon footprint and helps the homeowners keep peace of mind during an outage or the night. The
electricity can also be monitored by the Tesla app. This can help maintain the energy used by informing
the homeowners if electricity usage is high or not.
Each PowerWall holds 12.2kWh of electricity.

The same goes for the Generac PWRcell. It allows homeowners to maintain a power supply all night, as
long as enough energy is stored. A Generac PWRcell holds 18kWh of electricity.

The Tesla PowerWall is the best battery overall, however the Generac PWRcell is the most powerful.
After careful consideration and research, I have decided to buy the Tesla PowerWall, I will have 3
batteries that will be filled up throughout the day. I have chosen this battery because of the Tesla app. It
allows me to monitor the energy usage which will be incredible useful. The extra energy that is produced
will be donated to the Damour Community. This means that it will go through a Utility Grid into
residential houses. This is a good cause since it helps others reduce their carbon footprint as well.
Shape
The shape of the building will be an ideal semi-ellipsoid or and oval shaped dome. It is earthquake
resistant and wind resistant, both useful properties as to its location in Lebanon. The Ideal Semi-Ellipsoid
will be designed to have solar panels that will be able to gain sunlight for the maximum time of the day.

Windows
Triple Glazed Windows are windows that have 3 panes of glass separated by argon gas. This means that
the extra layer of glass further insulates your home. It makes it difficult for heat to escape, during winter,
and allows you to easily maintain

The windows will be triple-glazed and will make up huge parts of the house’s surface area. The
triple-glaze will improve insulation to cool/heat the house depending on the temperature outside.

Door
Fiberglass Door
I have chosen a fiberglass door due to the amazing advantages it comes with. These advantages include;
Fiberglass entry systems come with several positives.

The Advantages that come with a fibreglass door are

1. Durability - The material never warps or rusts meaning it can stand strong for decades.
2. Performance – The entry system reduces heat transfer and boosts energy efficiency
3. Maintenance – No painting or staining is needed and it has hardly any care requirements.
4. Appearance – Entry systems can closely mimic the look of natural wood.
5. Versatility – Hundreds of styles are available which allow homeowners to achieve any type of
exterior look.

Flooring
2
Area of house ≈ 157𝑚
Engineered wood flooring
An engineered wood floor is made with layers of
both plywood and hardwood. It is durable and
has high-performance features. It costs less than
solid hardwood flooring and is compatible with
underfloor heating and cooling. Another reason I
chose engineered flooring is that it is more
resistant to variations in humidity and
temperature. Engineered wood Floorings

Ellipsoid
Area Formula of Ellipse (𝑎𝑏π)
Dimensions of House
20 meters long and 10 meters wide and 4 meters tall.
1.6 1.6 1.6 1
(𝑎𝑏) + (𝑎𝑐) + (𝑏𝑐)
Surface Area formula of Ellipsoid 𝑆 ≈ 4π( 3
) 1.6

4
Volume of the ellipsoid Formula 𝑉 = 3
π𝑎𝑏𝑐
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
Area of house ≈ 157𝑚
2
Surface area of the house ≈ 238. 5𝑚
3
Volume of house ≈ 418. 88𝑚

Water Supply
Bore Water System
People living in Damour use wells as their water supply, So I used
this as inspiration and think it would be a good idea to make a bore
water system near the house.
A Bore Water System is groundwater that accumulates in aquifers,
an underground layer of water-bearing rock, as a result of the
rainwater and rivers that are sweeping through the layers of soil and
rock. A bore usually consists of a pipe set that is pointed vertically
into the earth. This is done to provide direct access to the water in
the aquifer.

Materials
Foam Concrete
Foam-concrete is an eco-friendly mixture that possesses many properties. These properties include
fireproof, earthquake resistance, high strength, and a good thermal insulator. This is incredibly useful for
buildings that are situated in Lebanon.

Rebar
Rebar is a steel bar that is used as a tension device in reinforced masonry structures or concrete. Concrete
is strong under pressure and compression but it has weak malleable strength. The use of rebar will be of
incredible help in designing the house due to its strengthening properties. Rebar increases the tensile
strength of the concrete structure significantly. A rebar “ribs” of the structure promote a better bond with
the concrete and helps reduce the risk of slippage.

The ground and concrete areas of the house absorb moisture which can lead to rusting. To avoid this, the
rebar requires a thick protective tarp. It also needs to be secured with cinder blocks at the edges.
Lighting
LEDs
LEDs, or light-emitting diodes, are a semiconductor light source and emits light when a current flows
through them, through the principle of electroluminescence. Electroluminescence is an optical
phenomenon in which there is a direct conversion of electric energy to visible light without the generation
of heat.

CFLs
CFLs or Compact Fluorescent lamps create an energy-efficient option for people everywhere. When
electricity enters a CFL bulb, the mercury and argon produce invisible UV light. This UV light in turn
reacts with the fluorescent coating to produce the white light that is seen when a CFL bulb is turned on.

The chosen product is Philips LED Flicker-Free Frosted A19 Light Bulb, Non-Dimmable,
EyeComfort Technology, 800 Lumens, Soft White Light (2700K), 8.5W=60W, E26 Base, 8-Pack. As in
the name, it produces light for 60 watts per hour for each bulb. In a sunny area like Lebanon, lighting will
not be needed unless it is night. This means that a maximum of 3 hours of light will be used per day, and
if we count all lights, that is 9 x 60 = 540W per hour used for 3 hours per day.
1620W are being used for lighting per day. (AT MAX)

Reason for each material’s Placement

Sheeps Wool in between the outer walls
The sheep's wool is found in between the outer walls. The reason for this is that the dome’s walls
are also the dome’s roof. The direct sunlight is deflected due to the insulation given by the
sheep’s wool. This sheep’s wool helps protect the homeowners from the extreme heat during
summer and the cold breeze during winter. This installation will also help purify the air in the
house leading to a healthier, happier life.

Foam Concrete used in outer and interior walls

The foam concrete was used for the outer and interior walls because of its fireproof properties. It
is an amazing heat insulator and keeps the house cool during summer. It does not decompose and
it is as durable as a rock.

Rebars that are in the wall

Rebars are needed for reinforcement since foam concrete isn’t necessarily strong. The Rebar pattern is
strong and double strengthened. It is even stronger than reinforced fiberglass and steel wires.
LEDs
LEDs were put around the house to give off light if needed in the dark. Events such as a “Midnight’s
Drink of water/milk” or “staying up late”. This is why I had placed LEDs, because even though I didn’t
need them, they are useful in such scenarios.

Heating Systems
Heating systems are a type of mechanism that maintains
temperatures at an acceptable level.
Air source Heat pumps
Air Source Heat Pumps or ASHPs are used to
provide cooling and heating for the interior of
houses. It is a low-carbon way of heating your home
and is used for heating in the winter and cooling in
the summer. They absorb heat from a cooler place
and it is then used to increase the temperature inside
your home. ASHPs make the running costs far lower
than the typical heating system.

An ASHP works in 3 main steps; (How ASHP works)

1. The outside air is blown through a network of tubes that are filled with refrigerant. This then
warms the refrigerant and turns the liquid into a gas.

2. This gas passes through a compressor where it increases the pressure on the air and in turn, adds
 more heat.

3. The compressed, hot gas passes into a heat exchanger that is surrounded by cool air/water. The
refrigerant transfers the heat to the surrounding cold air/water which is circulated around the
house to provide heating and hot water.

Ground source heat pumps.

Ground Source Heat Pumps harness natural heat
from the ground by pumping water through it in
pipes. The heat pump increases the temperature and
the water is then used to heat the house and provide
hot water.

GSHPs are made up of “a ground loop” and a heat

pump at the ground level.
A mixture of water and antifreeze is pumped around
the ground loop and absorbs the ambient heat stored
in the ground. This mixture is then compressed and
goes through a heat exchanger, which withdraws
heat and carries it to the heat pump. The heat is then
transferred to your home heating system.

Geothermal heating/cooling
Geothermal Heating/cooling is a direct use of geothermal
energy for heating uses. A geothermal heat pump is used to
exchange the heat between the ground/water source and the
air to heat your house. The fluid inside the ground loop
absorbs heat from the earth and then cycles it to the heat
pump. When it reaches the heat pump, the heat exchanger
transfers heat from the fluid to the air.

In Geothermal cooling, it is quite the opposite. Heat is

absorbed in the house and is transferred away. A geothermal
heat pump uses the ground as its heat sink. It then releases the
heat into the ground/water depending on where the ground loop is situated.
Radiator Heating
Radiators are heat exchangers that are used in
homes for heating. It is designed to transfer
thermal energy from one place to another. This is
for space heating.

The heat transfer process that is used is called

convection. When the water in the radiator is
heated, so is the surrounding air through the
process of convection. This hot air that is produced
is then moved into different rooms as the air
circulates. The hot water does not remain in the
radiator, rather it is moved from radiator to radiator
in a chain. As the hot water flows through the
radiator chain, it starts to cool down, but by then it
is back at the boiler ready to be reheated.
Reflection about my Real Household
In my house in Sigtuna, there are different features that are used to save electricity. This includes
insulation, where we have argon gas filled windows to keep the winter heat inside resulting in lower costs
on heating. The house is insulated with wood wool in the walls. Wood Wool is a completely recyclable
material that has high heat storage and excellent sound insulation. We have huge windows on all the
rooms of our house to get as much sunlight in. This is done so that not much electricity is to be used in
lighting. We use radiator heating during the winter due to the frigid temperatures. The insulation makes
sure that the heat does not leave the house which in turn lowers our heating bill.

Since we are a family of 5 we use much more electricity than the average household. For example, more
Laundry meaning more electricity used by washing machine and dryer. The number of people living in a
household has a significant impact on the electricity usage in the house. We do NOT use any renewable
energy but electricity from the grid. We use around 2820kWh per month. Sometimes, we forget to close
the lights which lead to tremendous electricity usage. I believe if we are able to make it a habit where we
close the lights after we are finished using them, then we can save about 1000kWh per month if not more.
With all the money saved up from the electricity bill, we could invest in strong solar panels and try to
minimize our carbon footprint. Another way to not spend so much on heating and electricity is to use
power strips. Power strips can be used and can be switched on and off depending on if is is being used or
not. It can help by reducing unnecessary use of electricity and is very accessible in local appliance stores.
We could also take shorter showers and reduce the amount of hot water we use. Another way to lower the
heating bill is close off unused rooms.

This unit has helped me understand the importance of energy saving and how we must lower unnecessary
consumption of energy to reduce heating bills and to be more environmentally-friendly. I have learnt
different ways to achieve net-zero and have also learnt the basics to designing a house.
House Plan
Location: Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°43'08.9"N 35°27'56.7"E

Interior including plumbing, furniture, and geothermal heating/cooling

Exterior of the House

Rough Representation of Exterior

Insulation in walls
Other Sources that were used:
● https://www.stanekwindows.com/what-are-the-benefits-of-argon-gas-in-windows.aspx
● https://www.ecowatch.com/best-solar-batteries-2653253623.html
● https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/generac-power-cell-expert-review#:~:text=Each%20battery%
20cabinet%20can%20store,well%20pumps%20and%20air%20conditioners.
● https://southern-energy.com/guide-to-tesla-powerwall/#:~:text=Each%20Powerwall%20holds%2
012.2%20kWh,comes%20up%20the%20next%20day.
● https://enlightenedsolar.com/top-benefits-generac-pwrcell-batteries/
● https://www.infiniteenergy.com.au/how-do-solar-batteries-work/#:~:text=A%20solar%20battery
%20is%20a,for%20your%20home%20to%20use.
● https://thackraycrane.com/tips-for-protecting-and-storing-your-rebar/#:~:text=Put%20the%20reba
r%20on%20top,and%20can%20lead%20to%20rusting.&text=Cover%20the%20rebar%20with%
20a,at%20the%20corners%20and%20edges.
● http://mapleconcretepumping.ca/foam-concrete-offers-eco-friendly-earthquake-resistant-features/