Polynomial Expression in Nature and Logarithm

Polynomial Expression with One Variable:

( )
Degree = 3, constant term = -7,
Prime term = , prime coefficient = 1
2nd term , its coefficient is ( ) and degree is 2
rd
3 term , its coefficient is 3 and degree is 1

Polynomial Expression with Two Variables

( )
st
1 term = , its coefficient is 1 and degree is 2
2nd term , its coefficient is ( ) and degree is 1
rd
3 term , its coefficient is 1 and degree is 1
Therefore degree of this polynomial is 2
Few more examples:
( )
( )
Polynomial Expression with Three Variables
( )
st
1 term = , its coefficient is 1 and degree is 2
2nd term , its coefficient is ( ) and degree is 1
3rd term , its coefficient is 1 and degree is 1
Therefore degree of this polynomial is 2
Few more examples:
( )
( )
Symmetric Polynomial: If in a polynomial by interchanging any two
variables the polynomial remains unchanged, then it’s a symmetric
polynomial.

( )
Interchanging a with b we get,
( )
So, the given expression is not a symmetric polynomial expression
Again,
( )
interchanging a with b we get,
( )

interchanging a with c we get,

( )

So, the given expression is a symmetric polynomial expression

Cyclic Polynomial
( )
replace a by b, b by c and c by a
( )
So, the given expression is not a cyclic polynomial expression
Now,
( )
replace a by b, b by c and c by a
( )
So, the given expression is a cyclic polynomial expression

Again
( )
replace a by b, b by c and c by a
( )
So, the given expression is not a cyclic polynomial expression
Factorization: A process to find all the factors of an algebraic expression.

Remainder Theorem: If P(x) is a polynomial of +ve degree and P(x) is divided

by ( ) then remainder will be ( )

Factor Theorem: P(x) is a polynomial of +ve degree. If P(x) is divided by

( ) and the remainder ( ) , then ( ) will be a factor of ( )

=( )
=( )( )
=( )( )( )

Alternative method:
Let, ( )
( )

Therefore, ( ) will be a factor of ( )

Now, ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )* ( ) ( )+
( )( )( )

Rough
1. Your first job is to make the polynomial zero by taking any real value of x.
2. Subtracting that value from x, the linear expression will be a factor of ( )
 Page – 102
Individual Task – 1

=
= ( ) ( )
=( )( )

Alternative method-1:
Now,
Let, ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Therefore, * ( )+ ( ) will be a factor of ( )

Again, ( )

Therefore, ( ) will be another factor of ( )

Now, ( )
( )( )

Alternative method-2:
Let, ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Therefore, * ( )+ ( ) will be a factor of ( )

Now, ( )

( ) ( )
( )( )
 Individual Task – 2

=
= ( ) ( )
=( )( )
Alternative method-1:
Now,
Let, ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

Therefore, * ( )+ ( ) will be a factor of ( )

Again, ( ) ( )

Here, ( ) ( ) ( )
Therefore, ( ) will be another factor of ( )
Now, ( )
( )( )
 Page – 112
6(i) Let, ( )
Here, ( )

Therefore, ( ) will be a factor of ( )

Now, ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )

Partial fraction:

If a fraction is expressed as the addition of two or more than two

fractions, then among the latter fractions all of them are called partial
fraction of the given fraction.
For example:

Fractions are of two types: 1. Proper and 2. Improper

In algebra,
1. Proper fraction: If degree of the denominator is greater than the numerator.
Example:
2. Improper fraction: If degree of the denominator is smaller than or equal to
the numerator.
Example:

Improper fraction = Integer number + proper fraction

Rules – 1: If in the denominator all the factors are linear factor and none
of them are repeated.
Problem – 1: Express as partial fractions.
( )( )

Let, ( ……………..(i)
)( )
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( ) ( ) ………………(ii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( ) ( )
or,
or,

Again, putting in (ii) we get,

( ) ( ) ( )
or, ( )
or,

Therefore putting the values of A and B in (i) we get,

( )( )

( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.
Rules – 2: If in the denominator all the factors are linear factor and some
of them are repeated.
Problem – 2: Express ( )( )
as partial fractions.

Let, ( )( ) ( )
……………..(i)
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ….………(ii)
or, ( ) ( ) ( )
or,
or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ……(iii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( ) ( )( ) ( )
or,
or,
Again, putting in (ii) we get,
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
or, ( ) ( )
or,
Now, equating the coefficient of from both sides of (iii) we get,

or, or,
Therefore putting the values of A, B and C in (i) we get,

( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.
Problem – 3: Express as partial fractions. (Rule – 1)

Here,
( ) ( ) ( )( )

Let, ……………..(i)
( )( )
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ………(ii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( )( ) ( ) ( )
or, ( )( )
or,

Again, putting in (ii) we get,

( )( ) ( ) ( )
or, ( ) ( )
or,

Again, putting in (ii) we get,

( )( ) ( ) ( )
or,
or,

Therefore putting the values of A , B and C in (i) we get,

( )( )

( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.
Problem – 4: Express as partial fractions. (Rule – 2)

Here,
( ) ( ) ( )( )

Let, ( )( )
……………..(i)
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) …(ii)
or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
or,
or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ….(iii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
or, ( ) ( )
or,
Again, putting in (ii) we get,
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
or, ( ) ( )
or,
Again, putting in (ii) we get,
( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
or,
or,
Now, equating the coefficient of from both sides of (iii) we get,

or, or,
Putting the values of A , B and C in (i) we get,

( )( )

( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.
Rules – 3: If in the denominator there is quadratic factor and none of
them are repeated.
Problem – 5: Express ( )(
as partial fractions.
)

Let, ( )( )
……………..(i)
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( ) ( )( ) ………(ii)
or,
or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ………(iii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( ) ( )( )
or,
or,
Now, equating the coefficient of from both sides of (iii) we get,

or,
Again, equating the coefficient of from both sides of (iii) we get,

or,
Now, putting the values of A , B and C in (i) we get,

( )( )

( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.
Rules – 4: If in the denominator there is quadratic factor and some of them are repeated.
Problem – 6: Express ( )( )
as partial fractions.

Let, …………..(i)
( )( ) ( )
Multiplying both sides of (i) by ( )( ) we get,
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( ) ………(ii)
or, ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
or,

or, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ………(iii)
Equation (ii) is true for any values of x.
Now, putting in (ii) we get,
( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
or,
or,
Now, equating the coefficient of and constant term from both sides of (iii) we get,
……(iv)
…..(v)
……(vi)
………(vii)
and ……(viii)
Putting in (iv) we get,
Putting in (v) we get,
Putting the values of A, B and C in (vi) we get,

or,
Putting the values of A and C in (viii) we get,

Now, putting the values of A , B, C, D and E in (i) we get,

( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Which is the required partial fraction.