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Structure of Atom

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17 views

Structure of Atom

Uploaded by

aarushgoel025
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TIWARI EDUCATION POINT

Ch:2- Structure of Atom

Atom is made up of smaller units like proton, neutron and electron.


Some other particles like positron, neutrina, antineutrino, -meson, U-
meson, k meson etc are alss present which are very short lived.

Discovery of Electron:-
The discovery of the electron is a fundamental milestone in the
history of physics. In 1897, 3.3. Thomsen, a British physicist,
conducted a series of experiments that led to the discovery of the
electron.

3.2. Thomsen took a discharge tube and applied a voltage of a 10000


volt potential difference across it at a pressure of 10-2 mm of Hg. He
found same glowing behind anode. It means some invisible rays
produced at cathode strike behind anode and produce fluorescence.
He named them cathode rays.
Properties of Cathode Rays:-

 They produce sharp shadow of the solid object in their path


suggesting that they travel in straight line.

 They are deflected towards the positive plate in an electric field


suggesting that they are negatively charged. They were named
as electrons by Stoney

 They can make a light paddle wheel to rotate placed in their


path. This means they possess kinetic energy and are material
particles.

 when cathode rays strike certain materials, such as a fluorescent


screen, they can cause the material to emit visible light. This
property was used in early television sets.

 They have a charge to mass ratio = 1.75882-10°C/kg

 They ionise gases through which they travel.


 Charge To Mass Ratio:-

 J.J Thomson for the first time experimentally determined


charge/mass ratio called elm ratio for the electrons. For this, he
subjected the beam of electrons released in the discharge tube as
cathode rays to influence the electric and magnetic fields. These
were acting perpendicular to one another as well as to the path
followed by electrons.

 According to Thomson, the amount of deviation of the particles


from their path in presence of electrical and magnetic field
depends on

 Magnitude of the negative charge on particle

 Mass of particle

 Strength of magnetic field

Charge on the electron:-

RA Millikan devised a method known as oil drop experiment to


determine the charge on the electrons.

in this experiment, some fine oil droplets were allowed to enter


through a tiny hale into the upper plate of electrical condenser. These
oil droplets were produced by atomiser. The air in the chamber was
subjected to the ionization by X-rays. The electrons produced by the
ionization of air attach themselves to the oil drops.

Thus oil droplets acquire negative charge. When sufficient amount of


electric field is applied, the motion of the droplets can be accelerated,
retarded or made stationary.

Millikan observed that the smallest charge found on them was-16-10


coulomb and the magnitude of electrical charge, q on the droplets is
always an integral multiple of the electrical charge 'e’,
i.e q=ne.

Origin of cathode rays:-

The cathode rays are first produced from the material of the cathode
and then from the gas inside the discharge tube due to bombardment
of the gas molecules by the high speed electrons emitted first from the
cathode

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As the electrons travel through the nasuum of the cathode ray tube,
they collide with gas molecules, causing ionisation and the production
of mars electrons. These additional electrons are also accelerated by
the electric field and add to the cathode ray stream. The resulting
stream of electrons is known as cathode rays.

Discovery of Proton:-
Ernest Rutherford observed that his scintillation detectors detected
hydrogen nuclei when a beam of alpha particles was shat into the air.

* After investigating further. Rutherford found that these hydrogen


nuclei ware produced from the nitrogen atoms persent in the
atmosphare.

He then proceeded to fire beams of alpha particles ints pure nitrogen


gar and observed that greater number of hydrogen macles were
produced

He concluded that the hydrogen nuclei originated from the nitrogen


atom, proving that the hydrogen nucleus was part of all other atoms

This experiment was the first to report a nuclear reaction, given by the
equation 14% 170 where is an alpha particle which contains the
protons and the neutrons, and is a proton)

The hydrogen nucleus was later named 'proton and recognized as one
of the building blocks of the atomic nucleus.

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