Presentation Task for Part 1

Instruction:

1. Select a particular Barangay in Santa Rosa.

2. Identify improved areas in the Barangay brought about by Science and Technology. Take 2
photos.
3. Answer this - How does the Society benefit from this improvement?
4. Present your output during face-to-face class.
UNIT 1 – General Concepts and
STS Historical Developments
Objectives:
1. Discuss the interactions between science and technology and society
through history;
2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and
the environment;
3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history.
4. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology;
5. Recognize the contributions of different cradles of civilizations to science and
technology.
6. Discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine nation-building
7. Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms
of their contributions to nation building;
8. Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and
appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.
Answer these questions:

 What is the usual source of protest inside the home?

 What is the usual source of protest inside the school?

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTION
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
 Paradigm Shifts occur when the new ideas oppose the widely embraced and
accepted beliefs by the people, resulting to Intellectual Revolution.
 new Ideas chaos to society long periods of arguments & disbelief
 Before new ideas are accepted by the people
 Sometimes, it requires other scientist to verify and support the theory or find a
concrete proof to verify and validate the proposed idea.
 Some of the scientists who presented their revolutionary ideas were:
 Nicolaus Copernicus;
 Charles Darwin; and
 Sigmund Freud.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY
IDEAS

Nicolaus Copernicus Charles Darwin Sigmund Freud

 Nicolaus Copernicus
He is one of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of
Science.

His ideas were an example of what is presently called as a

“thought experiment”.

He was a busy man. His duty as a canon and as a doctor

affected his time to formally publish his work and advance
his career in astronomy.
 Nicolaus Copernicus
The publication of his book De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in
1543 is often cited as the start of the scientific revolution.

In his book, he wanted a model of the universe in which

everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates.

He placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe.

The Earth and all the planets are surrounding or orbiting the
Sun each year. The moon would still be seen orbiting the
Earth.

His model of the Earth orbiting around the Sun automatically

positioned the planets into a logical sequence.
 Charles Darwin
Famous for his Theory of Evolution.

He developed his interest in natural history during his time as a

student at Shrewsbury School.

He would also spend time taking long walks to observe his

surroundings while collecting specimens and he poured
over books in his father’s library.

Darwin’s life soon changed when one of his professors

recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the
HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
Charles Darwin voyage to
Galapagos Islands Route of the
HMS
Beagle:
England→
South
America →
Galapagos
Island →
Australia →
South Africa
→ back to
England
 Charles Darwin
He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. This
book is considered to be one of the most important works in
scientific literature.

He collected many significant materials in order to present his

theory with overwhelming evidence.

His book presented evidence on how species evolved over

time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiate
species.
 Sigmund Freud
Famous figure in the field of psychology.

Freud made a significant contribution in the scientific world

through the development of an important observational method
to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life – the method
of psychoanalysis.

For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to

study the human mind and neurotic illness.
 Sigmund Freud
Freud is not a traditional thinker.

His method was unorthodox – focusing on human sexuality

and the evil nature of man.

Freudian ideas and theories are still considered nowadays as

a great inspiration to examine human mind and behavior in a
more scientifically accepted way.
Cradles of Early Science
Task for Part 2
Question:

Which cradle/s of early science do you consider had the greatest influence in our society
today? Explain your answer.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from

Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.
 There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in
culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European
colonizers.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Maya Civilization”
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Maya Civilization”
The Maya are a series of indigenous people in Mexico and
Central America.
Although often mistakenly thought to have long died out, their
ancestors still inhabit much of the lands we now refer to as
Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in
Mexico and southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador
and Honduras.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Maya Civilization”
The term Maya derives from the last Capital City of one the
oldest known civilizations, the Mayan Kingdom (in the Post-
Classical Period 900-1519 AD), in Yucatan called
Mayapan.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 The “Maya Civilization” is one of the famous civilizations that

lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
Known for their works in astronomy.
They incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples and other religious structures.
This allows them to use their temples for astronomical
observation.
Example: the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated
at the location of the sun during the spring and fall
equinoxes.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
 Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies
was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge
of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting
and harvesting.
 The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar systems.
These calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning
their activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural
celebrations.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

Mayan calendars
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 The Mayans also developed the technology for growing

different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary
machineries and tools.
 They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to
supply water to different communities.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 They used various tools and adapt themselves to innovations

especially in the field of arts.
They built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of
glittery paints made from a mineral called mica.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce
rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its
patent in 1844.
They appear to have been able to make a form of elastic from
normal latex by blending it with other vegetative substances.
The process appears to have used juice from vines to make
their form of elastic. Using this they made things like 'bouncy
balls' to play a particularly violent ballgame in specially built
and designed ballcourts called as “POK-A-TOK”.
“POK-A-TOK”
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA
 The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically
advanced societies in Mesoamerica.
 They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to
use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
 They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number
system based on the numeral 20.
 They independently developed the concept of zero and
positional value, even before the romans did.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

one of the few surviving Mayan books.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
“Inca Civilization”
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 The “Inca Civilization” is also famous in Mesoamerica.

 The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their
limitations as an old civilization.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

 The following were scientific ideas and tools that they

developed to help them in everyday life:
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
3. Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to
grow in all types of land
4. Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
prepare them for planting season
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT
STONE BUILDINGS
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

KNOWN FOR ITS AQUEDUCTS,

CANALS AND WATERFALLS
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

INCA CALENDAR
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

 The following were scientific ideas and tools that they

developed to help them in everyday life:
5. The first suspension bridge
6. “quipu” – a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic
achievements
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

SUSPENSION BRIDGE
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

“QUIPU”
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Inca Civilization”

INCA TEXTILES
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

 Following Inca, The “Aztec Civilization” has also made

substantial contributions to science and technology and to the
society as a whole.
 Some of their contributions are the following:
1. Mandatory education – children are mandated to get education
regardless of their social class, gender or age; an early form of
universal or inclusive education
2. Chocolates – the Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and
made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

MANDATORY EDUCATION
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

CHOCOLATES
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA
“Aztec Civilization”
 Some of their contributions are the following:
3. antispasmodic medication – prevent muscle spasms
and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
4. chinampa – technology for agricultural farming in which
the land was divided into rectangular areas and
surrounded by canals
5. Aztec calendar – this enabled them to plan their activities,
rituals and planting season.
6. invention of the canoe – a light narrow boat used for
traveling in water systems
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

antispasmodic medication – “the passion flower”

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN
MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

Chinampa
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

Aztec calendar
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

“Aztec Civilization”

Aztec canoe
HEALTH BREAK FOR 15 MINUTES
Cradles of Early Science

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

Cradles of Early Science

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

 Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of
many ancient civilizations.
 It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political
activities of all ages.
 In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great
civilizations have stood out: india, china and the middle
east civilizations.
 These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their
contributions to the development of knowledge during their
time.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India
A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and
fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders.
Indians were known for manufacturing iron and in
metallurgical works.
Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high
regard in the whole of roman empire.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – iron-cased rockets
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – seamless metal globe
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – wootz steel
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

India
Also famous in medicine.
Ayurveda – a system of traditional medicine that
originated in ancient India before 2500 BC is still practiced
as a form of alternative medicine
They discovered some medicinal properties of plants that
led them to develop medicines to cure various illnesses.
Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes
different surgical and other medical procedures famous in
ancient India.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India - ayurveda
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – cataract surgery
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – plastic surgery
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

India
Ancient india is Also notable in the field of astronomy.
They developed theories on the configuration of the
universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year
of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – heliocentric theory
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India
The ancient text “siddhanta shiromani” covered topics such as:
Mean & true longitudes of the planets
The 3 problems of diurnal rotation
Syzygies
Lunar & solar eclipses
Latitudes of the planets
Risings and settings
The moon’s crescent
Conjunctions of the planets with each other & with the fixed
stars
The paths of the sun and moon
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

India
The ancient India is also known for their mathematics.
The people in “Indus Valley Civilization” tried to
standardize measurement of length to a high degree of
accuracy and designed a ruler, the mohenjodaro ruler
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – ruler measurements
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India - Algorithms
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – Binary numbers
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – Fibonacci numbers
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – numeral notations
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – decimal system
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – the idea of zero
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
India – the idea of atom
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
China
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

China
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial
contributions in many areas of life like medicine,
astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
music
Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its
neighbor countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam,
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, & other countries that
belong to the old silk road.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
China
Chinese are known for traditional medicines.
They discovered various medical properties and uses of
different plants and animals to cure human illness.
acupuncture
Chinese are known to develop tools
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing
tools, iron plough, wheel-borrow, & propeller
Developed a Design of different models of bridges
Invented the first seismological detector
Developed a dry lock facility
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
China
In the field of astronomy, they made a significant records
on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets.
They observed the heavenly bodies to understand
weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily
activities.
They used calendars, too,
They are also known in seismology.
These made them more prepared in times of natural
calamities.
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
Middle East Countries
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia
Middle East Countries
Dominantly occupied by muslims.
Contributory to the intellectualization of the muslims were:
The common language of Arabic
Access to greek texts from the byzantine empire
Proximity to india
Muslim scientists placed greater value on science
experiments rather than plain-thought experiments.
Ibn-al-haytham – regarded as the father of optics esp. for
his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

Middle East Countries

In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn
musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the
algorithm while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr,
the beginning of the title of one of his publications.
Muslim mathematicians made several refinements to the
Arabic numeral system (originally came from india), such
as the introduction of decimal point notation.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Asia

Middle East Countries

Jabir ibn hayyan was considered to be the “father of
chemistry”.
Ibn sina, pioneered the science of experimental medicine
and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.
His 2 most notable works in medicine were used as standard
medicinal texts in both the muslim world and in europe:
“The book of healing”
“The canon of medicine”
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa
 Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.
 Science also emerged in this part of the planet long before the
Europeans colonized it.
 The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely
and made significant advances in the field of astronomy,
mathematics, and medicine.
The development of geometry was a product of necessity to
preserve the lay out and ownership of farmlands of the
Egyptians living along the Nile river.
The rules of geometry were developed and used to build
rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa
 These early science activities in Egypt were developed to
improve the quality of life of the Egyptians especially in building
their early homes and cities.
 The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early
dams built to divert water from the nile river are some proofs of
their advanced civilization.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa
 Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as
the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
 They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and
applied important components such as examination, diagnosis,
treatment and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
 Astronomy was also famous in the African region.
Documents show that Africans used three types of calendars:
lunar, solar and stellar, or a combination of the three
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa

 Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the

ancient times.
 North Africa and the Nile valley imported iron technology from
the near east region that enabled them to benefit from the
developments during the bronze age until the iron age.
 They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture,
and in building their magnificent architectures.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa

 Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early

people in the African continent.
 The lebombo bone from the mountains between Swaziland and
south Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication,
division and simple mathematical calculation or a six-month
lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known
mathematical artifact dated from 35,000 bce.
 DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN Africa
 Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental
mathematical operations & other mathematical skills.
 They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and
geometry.
 The Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was
also benefiting from mathematical learning, which is
considered advanced during those times, such as algebra,
geometry, and trigonometry.
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION
BUILDING
 The DOST commissioned the National Research Council of the
Philippines to consult different sectors and came up with 4 clusters
of policies, these are:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies
and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space
Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Services
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry
 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATION
BUILDING
 Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the
Philippines
 DOST’s programs encourage researches in the field of:
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Find cure to various diseases and illness
4. Climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural calamities and disasters
8. Infrastructure development
Famous Filipinos in
the Field of Science
 Outstanding Filipino Scientists who have made
significant contributions in Philippine Science

Ramon Josefino Cacas Fabian Antonio Rafael Dineros

Cabanos Barba Comiso Millar Dayrit Guerrero III
flowering and fruiting of studied global climate lagundi as part of the high yielding market-
mango trees three and environmental National Integrated size tilapia in the
times a year changes as observed Research Program on Philippines and other
from space Medicinal Plants nations
 Outstanding Filipino Scientists who are
recognized here and abroad

Caesar A. Edgardo D. William G. Angel Alcala

Saloma Gomez Padolina
photonics and signal coral reef assessment chemistry of the promote biodiversity in
processing and conservation coconut the aquatic
ecosystems
 University of the Philippines – Manila
science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant a center of excellence and has produced
and animal science, and veterinary medicine University
many of the Philippines
researchers, – Manila
doctors, health
professionals and scientists in the area of
medical and public health

University of the Philippines – Visayas University of the Philippines – Diliman

has established a national science and engineering

a natural center for marine science, fisheries complex to develop more research and produce
and other related sciences more scientists and engineers in the country