AFG TOEFL Center Grammar Chapter Quick English

Contents
Articles.............................................................................................................. 2
Nouns ................................................................................................................ 4
Pronouns......................................................................................................... 12
Verbs............................................................................................................... 18
Adjectives ....................................................................................................... 38
Adverbs .......................................................................................................... 46
Present Continuous/Progressive Tense ......................................................... 53
Simple present tense ...................................................................................... 58
Simple Past Tense .......................................................................................... 63
Simple future tense ........................................................................................ 68
Past Continuous/Progressive Tense .............................................................. 72
Future Continuous/Progressive Tense .......................................................... 77
Present Perfect Tense .................................................................................... 82
Past Perfect Tense .......................................................................................... 88
Future Perfect Tense...................................................................................... 94
Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense .......................................... 98
Past Perfect progressive/continuous Tense ................................................. 101
Future Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense ......................................... 104
Conjunctions ................................................................................................ 107
Clauses .......................................................................................................... 109
Speech ........................................................................................................... 119
Common Preposition Combinations ........................................................... 123

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Articles
Definition: Articles refer to nouns. There are two types of articles.
I. Indefinite Articles: (a, an)
A + Consonant letters/vowel with a consonant sound
An + vowels (a, e, I, o, u)/mute h
A/an is the same for all genders.
Examples:
A man a hat a university a European
A one-way street
An apple an island and uncle an egg an onion
an hour
A man a woman an actor an actress a table
Use of a/an:
1. When a singular countable noun is mentioned for the first time and
represents no particular person or thing, a/an is used before it.
Examples:
1. I need a visa.
2. They live in a flat.
3. He bought an ice-cream.
II. Definite Article (the): The is the same for singular and plural and for
all genders.
They boy, the girl, the day
They days, they boys, they girls,

Use:
1. Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being
mentioned a second time:
Examples:
1. His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the
tree.
2. I gave him a book last week; He didn’t bring the book
yesterday.

2. Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only

one particular thing:
Examples:
1. Ann is in the garden. (the garden of the house)
2. Please pass the spoon. (the spoon on the table.)

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3. Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjective or

pronouns, and only.
Examples:
1. The first week …
2. The best day
3. The only ….

Exercise: Choose the most appropriate article.

1. I like ______ blue T-shirt over there better than ______ red one.
2. Their car does 150 miles _______ hour.
3. Where’s _______ USB drive I lent you last week?
4. Do you still live in ______ previous apartment?
5. Is your mother working in ______ old office building?
6. Shabnam’s father works as ______ electrician.
7. The tomatoes are 99 pence ______ kilo.
8. Would you like _____ drink?
9. Ben has ______ terrible headache.
10. After this tour you have ______ whole afternoon free to explore the city.

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Nouns
Nouns are most often the names of people or things.
Examples: Yasin, Kabul, book, Afghanistan TOEFL Center, …
Functions of Nouns: Nouns can function as:
A. The subject of a verb: Wali arrived.
B. The complement of stative verbs: He became an actor.
C. The object of a verb: I taught Seema.
D. The object of a preposition: I spoke to Boozhan.

Kinds of Nouns:
A. Common Nouns: A common noun indicates a non-specific, place, or
thing.
Examples: Cat, table, girl, country, …
B. Proper Nouns: A name used for an individual person, place, or
organization, spelled with an initial capital letter.
Examples: Afghanistan TOEFL Center, Muhammad, Kabul, …
C. Abstract Nouns: A noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a
concrete object.
Examples: Truth, danger, happiness, beauty, charity, courage, fear, joy,
goodness, darkness …..
D. Collective Nouns: a collective noun refers to a collection of
things/people taken as a whole.
Examples: Crowd, flock, group, swarm, team, people, board, chair, class,
committee, family, jury, panel, staff, herd, pad, bunch, collection, fleet,
flotillia, pack, set, …
Note: Collective nouns are treated both as singular and plural; both plural
and singular verbs can be used with them.
Examples:
1. The whole family was at the table (singular noun, sing.v)
2. The whole family were at the table (plural noun,plu.v)
3. The government is doing a good job.
The government are doing good job.
E. Uncountable (Non count) Nouns: Many non count nouns refer to a
“whole” that is made up of different parts. These nouns are usually
considered as singular nouns; meaning, they take singular verbs.

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A list of common noncount nouns:

1. Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment,
food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage,
machinery, mail, makeup, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, stuff,
traffic, etc.
2. Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
3. Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper,
wood, cotton, wool, etc.
4. GASES: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution…
5. PARTICLES: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt,
sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
6. ABSTRACTIONS:
- beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness,
health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice,
knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress,
recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc…
- advice, information, news, evidence, proof, etc…
- time, space, energy, etc…
- homework, work, etc…
- grammar, slang, vocabulary, etc…
7. LANGUAGES: Arabic, Chinese, English, Dari, Spanish…
8. FIELDS OF STUDY: chemistry, engineering, history, literature, …
9. RECREATION: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, …
10.ACTIVITIES: driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking... (and
other gerunds)
11.NATURAL PHENOMENA: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity,
lightening, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine,
electricity, fire, gravity, etc…

Examples:
1. I don’t want (any) advice or help. I want (some) information.
2. H has had no experience in this sort of work.
3. I bought some furniture.
4. I put some sugar in my coffee.
5. Sunshine is warm and cheerful.
6. Dew falls fast.

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F. Count (Countable) Nouns: Most of the nouns are countable; it means,

we can count them.
Examples:
1. I bought a chair. He bought three chairs.
2. She has many books.
3. Millions of people protested yesterday.
Countable nouns can be singular or plural. The plural of most nouns is made
by just adding –s to the singular. But there are some special cases.
I. Plural of nouns ending in consonant + y
Singular Plural
Baby Babies
Lady Ladies
Ferry Ferries
Party Parties
If the singular ends in vowel + y (e.g. day, boy, guy, donkey,), the plural is
made by adding –s (days, boys, guys, donkeys)
II. Plural of nouns ending in –sb, -ch, -s, -x, or –z
Singular Plural
Church Churches
Crash Crashes
Bus Buses
Box Boxes
Buzz Buzzes
Quiz Quizzes
III. Plural of nouns ending in –o
1. Singular Plural
….. –o …. –es
Echo Echoes
Hero Heroes
Negro Negros
Potato Potatoes
Tomato Tomatoes
2. Singular Plural
….. –o …. –s
Commando Commandoes
Concerto Concertos
Eskimo Eskimos
Kilo Kilos

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Logo Logos
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
Solo Solos
Soprano Sopranos

IV. Plural of nouns ending in –f or –fe

Singular Plural
Calf Calves
Elf Elves
Half Halves
Knife Knives
Leaf Leaves
Life Lives
Loaf Loaves
Self Selves
Sheaf Sheaves
Shelf Shelves
Thieves Thieves
Wife Wives
Wolf Wolves
Dwarf Dwarfs/Dwarves
Hoof Hoofs/Hooves
Scarf Scarfs/Scarves
Wharf Wharfs/Wharves

V. Irregular plural noun

Singular Plural
Child Children
Foot Feet
Goose Geese
Louse Lice
Man Men
Mouse Mice
Ox Oxen
Penny Pence
Person People
Tooth Teeth
Woman Women
VI. Foreign plurals: Some words which come from foreign languages
have special plurals. Examples:

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Singular Plural
Analysis Analyses
Appendix Appendices
Bacterium Bacteria
Basis Bases
Cactus Cacti/Cactuses
Corpus Corpora
Crisis Crises
Criterion Criteria
Diagnosis Diagnoses
Formula Formulae
Fungus Fungi
Hypothesis Hypotheses
Kibbutz Kibbutzim
Nucleus Nuclei
Oasis Oases
Phenomenon Phenomena
Radius Radii
Stimulus Stimuli
Vertebra Vertebrae

VII. Plural of compound nouns: In noun + adverb combinations, the

plural –s is usually added to the noun.
Singular Plural
Passer-by Passers-by
Runner-up Runners-up

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. The book was lying on the table.
a. Book is a common noun
b. Book is a proper noun
c. Book is a collective noun
2. Love begets love.
a. Love is a common noun
b. Love is a collective noun
c. Love is an abstract noun
3. We cannot live without water.
a. Water is a common noun
b. Water is a material noun
c. Water is an abstract noun
4. The jury has given its verdict.
a. Jury is a collective noun
b. Jury is a common noun
c. Jury is an abstract noun
5. He saw a troop of roaring lions in his dream.
a. Troop is an abstract noun
b. Troop is a collective noun
c. Troop is a common noun
6. The Hindus regard Krishna as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
a. Hindus is a common noun
b. Hindus is a proper noun
c. Hindus is an abstract noun
7. Alcohol is injurious to health.
a. Health is a common noun
b. Health is an abstract noun
c. Health is a proper noun
8. Smoking is a bad habit.
a. Habit is a common noun
b. Habit is a proper noun
c. Habit is an abstract noun
9. Wild animals live in forests.
a. Animals is a common noun
b. Animals is a proper noun
c. Animals is an abstract noun
10. He ate a bunch of grapes all by himself.
a. Bunch is a proper noun
b. Bunch is a common noun

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c. Bunch is a collective noun

11.The childhood of Peter was full of misery.
a. Childhood is a common noun
b. Childhood is an abstract noun
c. Childhood is a proper noun
12. The earth moves round the sun.
a. Earth is a common noun
b. Earth is an abstract noun
c. Earth is a proper noun

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence by choosing the correct word in the

bracket.

1. There is so (many / much) smoke coming out of the chimney.

2. Mrs. Fisher keeps (plenty of / a large amount of) tropical fish in her pond.
3. Mr. Waheed takes only a (little / few) minutes to shave.
4. The postman put (a great deal of / a lot of) letters into the bag.
5. He threw (much / some) stones at the monkeys.
6. She uses only (a few / a little) cooking oil in her cooking.
7. My hens lay (a large amount of / several) eggs every morning.
8. (A great deal of / A large number of) dust has collected on the unused
desk.
9. We saw (a large amount of / many) cows grazing in the field.
10.Those butchers eat (a large amount of / a large number of) meat every
day.

Exercise 3: Rewrite the following sentences making them plural.

Singular Plural

1. The child asks for a toy hippopotamus. ___________________________

2. He has a tattoo of a beauty on his arm. ___________________________
3. The child’s pet is a gold fish. ____________________________
4. She lost a tooth in a fight with a bully. ____________________________
5. That goose belongs to his wife. ____________________________

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6. The lady uses a knife to cut a potato ____________________________

and a chilli.
7. My loaf of bread is enough to feed _____________________________
the fish.
8. She likes to cook spicy octopus with _____________________________
tomato.
9. Your mom is going to be upset about _____________________________
that broken lamp.
10. You stole my idea and didn’t give me ____________________________
any credit.

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Pronouns
Definition: A Pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun it refers to is called
the “antecedent”.
Examples:
1. I read a book. It was good.
2. I read some books. They were good.
3. My daddy has a car. He drives to work.
4. Afghanistan is my county. It is beautiful.
Kinds of pronouns:
I. Personal Pronouns: They are used instead of subject, and object.
They also show possession.

Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive

Pronouns
Singular I me mine
You you yours
He,she,it her,him,it hers,her,its

Plural we us ours
you you yours
they them theirs

Examples:
1. Ali is a doctor. He works at a hospital.
2. Ali and Wali are students. I teach them.
3. That book is hers. Yours is over there.

II. Demonstrative pronouns: when (this, that, these, those) are used as
pronouns without nouns, they normally only refer to things.
Examples:
1. This costs more than that.
2. Put those down.
3. That smells nice.
4. I like these. Where did you get them?
III. Distributive Pronouns: A distributive pronoun considers members of
a group separately, rather than collectively.
They are: Each, either and neither

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Each and every: the difference.

1. Each with two or more; every with three or more
2. With each people and things are considered together (Every is
close to all.)
3. We do not use Each with words and expressions like almost,
practically, nearly, without exception, which stress the idea of a
whole group.
Examples:
1. The business makes less money each/every year. (Not ……
each/every years)
2. She had a child holding on to each hand. (Not …. Every hand.)
3. Each patient in turn went to see the doctor.
4. Every patient came from the same small village.
5. Come on Tuesday or Thursday. Either is okay.
6. Which one do you want? Neither.
IV. Interrogative Pronouns: They are used to make asking questions
easy..
They are five: who, whom, whose, what, which
Examples:
1. Which/what is the hottest city in the world?
2. Who will come for Eid?
3. What’s your phone number?
4. Whose is that?
5. Whom did the committee appoint?
V. Reflexive pronouns: A reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a
verb or preposition when the subject of the sentence and the object are
the same person.
They are consist of:
Myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, oneself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves.
Examples:
1. I saw myself in the mirror. I looked at myself for a long time.
2. Anna lives by herself. (alone)
3. He washes himself every morning.
4. They taught themselves guitar.
5. I cut myself shaving this morning.
VI. Relative Pronouns: When (who,whom,which, and that) introduce
relative clauses, they are called relative pronouns.
Examples:
1. What is the name of the man who just came in?

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2. There is a programme tonight which you might like.

3. This is the key that opens the garage.
4. Mr. Jones, who I was working for, was very fat.
VII. Indefinite Pronouns: They refer to non-specific persons, things…
Indefinite Pronouns:
Everyone someone anyone no one
Everybody somebody anybody nobody
Everything something anything nothing
Everywhere somewhere anywhere nowhere
Both, others, several ….
Examples:
1. Somebody left his book on the desk.
2. Everyone has his or her own ideas.
3. I can go anywhere I want.

Exercise 1: Choose the right personal pronoun.

1. They have taken the money. Please run after ________.
a. they
b. she
c. we
d. them
2. ________ thought the holiday would be ideal for us.
a. Him
b. Her
c. We
d. Me
3. I was stopped by a woman who wanted to ask _______ the way to the
post office.
a. it
b. we
c. me
d. she
4. What is wrong with _______?
a. he
b. them
c. she
d. they
5. Ali and Mansoor would like to invite ________ to the party too.
a. you

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b. I
c. they
d. she
6. I can’t find _______ anywhere.
a. it
b. he
c. she
d. they
7. There is a message for _______ on the pad.
a. he
b. she
c. you
d. they
8. Now you’re here, please go with _______.
a. we
b. they
c. she
d. them
9. My jumper doesn’t fit anymore. I think I’ve shrunk ______.
a. he
b. she
c. it
d. I
10. What can ________ do about it?
a. him
b. her
c. you
d. us
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with appropriate indefinite pronouns. (anything,
nothing, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody)
1. _____________ is more important than love and good health.
2. _____________ knows the new teacher.
3. Does __________ in “Q.E 001” class have the new writing chapter? ____
in “Q.E 001” has it.
4. Do you want ________ to drink?
5. I know ________ about the new science guide. I’m lost. Do you know
_____ about it?
6. Fahim doesn’t have friends at school because he doesn’t know
_________. Let’s play with him.

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7. I don’t like to go to my grandma’s house because I know ________ to

play in the park with.
8. Do you know _________ from USA or Europe in our school? I know
______.
9. There isn’t _______ on the teacher’s desk. Everything is in his bag.
10. I don’t tell your secrets to ________. In other words, ________ knows
your secrets.

Exercise 3: Underline the demonstrative pronouns in the following sentences.

1. This is an outline that explains how to study properly.
2. Those involved with music are preparing for the annual music festival.
3. This was my mother’s ring.
4. Those look like riper than the apples on my tree.
5. These are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
6. That looks like the car I used to drive.
7. You’ll have to get your own pen. This is mine.
8. Are those your shoes?
9. Is this yours?
10. Please give me one of those.
Exercise 4: Choose the correct distributive pronoun for each sentences below.
1. _______ boy was given a present.
a. Neither
b. Each
c. Either
2. _______ team could win a decisive victory.
a. Either
b. Each
c. Neither
3. She had a child hanging on to ______ hand.
a. each
b. either
c. neither
4. _______ road will lead to the railway station.
a. Either
b. Each
5. I like ______ of the two sisters.
a. Either
b. Neither
c. Each

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Exercise 5: Write ten sentences using both, interrogative and relative pronouns.
1. …………………………………………………………………………………
2. ..………………………………………………………………………..………
3. …..……………………………………………………..………………………
4. …………………………………………………………………………………
5. …………………………………………………………………………………
6. …………………………………………………………………………………
7. …………………………………………………………………………………
8. …………………………………………………………………………………
9. …………………………………………………………………………………
10. …………………………………………..……………………………………

Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with appropriate reflexive pronouns. (myself,

yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
1. Ahmad made this T-shirt _________.
2. Lisa did her homework __________.
3. We admonished __________ for not getting to the concert sooner.
4. Emma, did you take the photo by ___________?
5. I wrote this poem __________.
6. He cut ___________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7. The lion can defend __________.
8. My mother often talks to __________.
9. Shoaib and Nesar, if you want more milk, help __________.
10.Shabnam and Nilofar collected the stickers _____________.

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Verbs
Definition: Verbs are words that express action or state of being.
Example:
1. She will see you tomorrow.
2. I am working.
3. They met me yesterday.
Types of verbs: Mainly verbs are divided into two categories.
1. Auxiliary Verbs:
A. Principle auxiliary verbs
B. Modal auxiliary verbs
C. Semi modal auxiliary verbs
D. Phrasal auxiliary verbs
2. Ordinary Verbs
A. Transitive verbs
B. Intransitive verbs
C. Stative verbs/Non-progressive verbs
D. Phrasal verbs
E. Causative verbs
F. Linking verbs

Auxiliary Verbs: Are those verbs which are used with another verb to make
tenses, passive forms etc.
Example:
1. She was writing.
2. Where have you put it?
3. What does he say?

A) Principal auxiliary verbs: To be, to have, and to do verbs are called

principal auxiliary verbs.
Infinitive present tense past tense past participle
To be am, is, are was/were been
To have have, has had had
To do do, does did done

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Negative form: Subject + verb + not + ROTS

Example:
He isn’t coming
It did not matter
Interrogative form: PAV + subject + verb + ROTS
Example:
Was he waiting?
Does she see us?

B) Modal auxiliary verbs: Modal auxiliaries generally express speakers’

attitudes. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is
necessary, advisable, permissible, passible, or probable; and, in addition, they
can convey the strength of those attitudes. Each modal has more than one
meaning or use.
Modal auxiliaries in English:
Can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will,
would.
C) Semi-modals: a verb that functions to some extent like a modal verb,
typically in the way it forms negative and interrogative constructions.
Semi-modals:
To need, to dare, used (used to)
Example:
1. If he dare cross me again, I’ll make sure he pays dearly for it. (semi-
modal)
2. No one dares (to) question my authority (main.v)
3. He need fill in a form. (semi-modal)
4. Everybody needs to rest sometimes. (main verb)
5. I used not/usedn’t to go.

D) Phrasal Modals: phrasal modals are common expressions whose meanings

are similar to those of some of the modal auxiliaries. For example: be able to is
similar to can; be going to is similar to will.

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Phrasal Modals:
Be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, would rather,
would you mind.

Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions

Auxiliary Uses Present/Future Past
May (1) polite request May I borrow your
(only with “I” or pen?
“we”)
(2) formal You may leave the
permission room.
(3) 50% or less ‫ ــــ‬Where’s John? He may have
certainty He may be at the been at the
library. library.
Might (1) 50% or less ‫ ــــ‬Where’s John? He might have
certainty He might be at the been at the
library. library.
(2) polite request Might I borrow your
(rare) pen?
Should (1) advisability I should study I should have
tonight. studied last night,
but I didn’t.
(2) 90% certainty She should do well on She should have
(expectation) the test tomorrow. done well on the
test.
ought to (1) advisability I ought to study I ought to have
tonight. studied last night,
but I didn’t.
(2) 90% certainty She ought to do well She ought to
(expectation) on the test tomorrow. have done well
on the test.
had better (1) advisability with You had better be on (past form
threat of bad time, or we will leave uncommon)
result without you.
be (1) expectation Class is supposed to
supposed begin at 10:00.
to (2) unfulfilled Class was
expectation supposed to
begin at 10:00,
but it began at
10:15.

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Auxiliary Uses Present/Future Past

Must (1) strong necessity I must go to class (I had to go to
today. class yesterday.)
(2) prohibition You must not open
(negative) that door.
(3) 95% certainty Mary isn’t in class. Mary must have
She must be sick. been sick
yesterday.
have to (1) necessity I have to go to class I had to go to
today. class yesterday.
(2) lack of necessity I don’t have to go to I didn’t have to
(negative) class today. go to class
yesterday.
have got (1) necessity I have got to go to (I had to go to
to class today. class yesterday.)
Will (1) 100% certainty He will be here at
6:00.
(2) willingness ‫ ــــ‬The phone’s
ringing.
I’ll get it.
(3) polite request Will you please help
me?
be going (1) 100% certainty He is going to be here
to (prediction) at 6:00.
(2) definite plan I’m going to paint my
(intention) bedroom.
(3) unfulfilled I was going to
intention paint my room,
but I didn’t have
time.
Can (1) ability/possibility I can run fast. I could run fast
when I was a
child, but now I
can’t.
(2) informal You can use my car
permission tomorrow.
(3) informal polite Can I borrow you
request pen?
(4) impossibility That can’t be true! That can’t have
(negative only) been true!
Could (1) past ability I could run fast
when I was a
child.

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Auxiliary Uses Present/Future Past

(2) polite request Could I borrow your
pen?
Could you help me?
(3) suggestion ‫ ــــ‬I need help in You could have
Could (affirmative only) math. talked to your
You could talk to teacher.
your teacher.
(4) 50% or less ‫ ــــ‬Where’s John? He could have
certainty He could be at home. been at home.
(5) impossibility That couldn’t be true! That couldn’t
(negative only) have been true!
be able to (1) ability I am able to help you. I was able to help
I will be able to help him.
you.
(1) polite request Would you please
help me?
Would you mind if I
left early?
(2) preference I would rather go to I would rather
the park than stay have gone to the
home. park.
(3) repeated action in When I was a
the past child, I would
Would visit my
grandparents
every weekend.
(4) polite for “want” I would like an apple,
(with “like”) please.
(5) unfulfilled wish I would have
liked a cookie,
but there were
none in the
house.
(1) repeated action in I used to visit my
the past. grandparents
every weekend.
used to
(2) past situation that I used to live in
no Spain. Now I live
longer exists. in Korea.
(1) polite question to Shall I open the
Shall make a window?
suggestion

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(2) future with I or I shall arrive at nine.

we as (“will” = more
subject common)

Ordinary Verbs: All other verbs except auxiliary verbs are called ordinary
verbs. These verbs show main action, and most of those tenses are formed with
auxiliaries.
Like: to work, to sing, to pray, to teach, to discuss ….
Example:
1. We are playing basketball.
A.V Ordinary.V
2. My father has worked at United Nations for ten years.
A.V Ordinary.V
3. Steve Jobs has been the CEO of Apple since 1976 until his dead.
A.V Ordinary.V

Types of ordinary verbs:

1. Transitive verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
3. Stative verbs/Non-Progressive verbs
4. Phrasal verbs
5. Causative verbs
6. Linking verbs
1. Transitive verbs: a transitive verb is one that can have an object.
Examples:
1. We ate a meal at KFC yesterday.
v object
2. I everyday drive a car to work.
v object
3. My friend gave me a present yesterday.
v object

2. Intransitive verbs: an intransitive verb is one that cannot have an object or

be used in the passive.
Examples:
1. She is always smiling.
2. If you go to roof, you will fall.
3. She comes from United States.
4. He has gone to Japan.

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3. Stative verbs/Non-progressive verbs: they are rarely used in progressive

tenses. They describe states, not actions.
Examples:
1. I think that your cousin is very nice.
2. It looks cold outside.
3. Something smells delicious. What is it?
4. He loves his baby daughter.

Non-Progressive Verbs
(a) I know your cousin. Some verbs, like know, are non-
progressive); * i.e., they are rarely
(b) INCORRECT: I am knowing used in progressive tenses. They
your cousin. describe states, not actions.
(“States” are conditions or
situations that exist.)
Common Verbs That Are Usually Non-Progressive (like know)
know like dislike belong consist of
hear agree
believe appreciate fear possess contain
sound disagree
doubt care about hate own
mean
recognize please mind exist
seem promise
remember prefer desire matter
look like amaze
suppose need
resemble surprise
understand want
wish

(c) I think that your cousin is very Some verbs, like think, have both
nice. non-progressive meanings and
progressive meanings.
(d) I’m thinking about my trip to In (c): think means “believe.”
Rome. In (d): am thinking means
“thoughts are going around in my
mind right now.”

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Common Verbs with Both Non-Progressive and Progressive Meanings

(like think)
NON-PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE
Look It looks cold outside. Olga is looking out the window.
appear Jack appears to be tired today. She’s appearing on a TV show
think I think that Mr. Liu is a good today.
feel teacher. I’m thinking about my family
have I feel that Mr. Liu is a good right now.
see teacher. I’m feeling a little tired today.
taste I have a bicycle. I’m having a good time.
smell Do you see that bird? The doctor is seeing a patient
The soup tastes salty. right now.
love Something smells bad. What The chef is tasting the soup.
is it? Ann is smelling the perfume to
be see if she wants to buy it.
Ken loves his baby daughter. Ken is enjoying parenthood. In
fact, he’s loving it!
Mary is old and wise. AL is ill but won’t see a doctor.
He is being foolish.**

4. Phrasal verb: a verb form that is made of two parts:

verb + adverb particle.
Like: fill up, run over, take in, give away, look after, take off, put on, sit down,
switch on/off ….
Examples:
1. Turn up the gas; it is much too low.
2. The dentist took out two of her teeth.
3. Tell me what I owe you and I’ll settle up.
4. Please don’t shut down the computer.
5. Causative Verbs: These verbs express the idea that “X” causes “Y” to do
something.
Causative verbs are: Make, Have, Get

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Using Causative Verbs: Make, Have, Get

(a) I made my brother carry my Make, have, and get can be used to
suitcase. express the idea that “X” causes “Y”
(b) I had my brother carry my do something. When they are used as
suitcase. causative verbs, their meanings are
(c) I got my brother to carry my similar but not identical.
suitcase. In (a): My brother had no choice. I
Forms insisted that he carry my suitcase.
X makes Y do something. In (b): My brother carried my suitcase
(simple form) because I asked him to.
X has Y do something. In (c): I managed to persuade my
(simple form) brother to carry my suitcase.
X gets Y to do something.
(Infinitive)
Causative Make
(d) Mrs. Lee made her son clean his Causative make is followed by the
room. simple form of a verb, not an
(e) Sad movies make me cry. infinitive.
INCORRECT: She made to clean his
room.
Make gives the idea that “X” gives
“Y” no choice.
In (d): Mrs. Lee’s son had no choice.

Causative Have
(f) I had the plumber repair the leak. Causative have is followed by the
(g) Jane had the waiter bring her simple form of a verb, not an
some tea. infinitive.
INCORRECT: I had him to repair the
leak.
Have gives the idea that “X” requests
“Y” to do something.
In (f): The plumber repaired the leak
because I asked him to.

Causative Get
(h) The students got the teacher to Causative get is followed by an
dismiss infinitive.
class early. Get gives the idea that “X” persuade
(i) Jack got his friends to play soccer “Y” to do something.
with him In (h): The students managed to
after school. persuade the teacher to let them leave
early.

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Passive Causatives
(j) I had my watch repaired (by The past participle is used after have
someone). and get to give a passive meaning. In
(k) I got my watch repaired (by this case, there is usually little or no
someone). difference in meaning between have
and get.
In (j) and (k): I caused my watch to be
repaired by someone.

6. Linking Verbs: Verbs which link a subject to a complement that describes it.
Like: be, seem, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, appear, become.
Examples:
1. My mother is in Jersy.
2. He seems unhappy.
3. This feels soft.
4. The weather became cold.
5. This food tastes delicious.

7. Regular Verbs: Any verb which “d” or “ed” is added to their past and past
participle forms is called regular verb.
Example:
Present/infinitive Past Past Participle
Work Worked Worked
Hope Hoped Hoped
Investigate Investigated Investigated
Ask Asked Asked
Pray Prayed Prayed

8. Irregular Verbs: an irregular verb has a past tense or/and past participle that
does not end in (-d) or (-ed).

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List of Irregular Verbs

Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle
Arise Arose Arisen
Awake Awoke Awoken
Be Was,were Been
Bear Bore Borne/born
Beat Beat Beaten/beat
Become Became Become
Begin Began Begun
Bend Bent Bent
Bet Bet Bet
Bid Bid Bid
Bind Bound Bound
Bite Bit Bitten
Bleed Bled Bled
Blow Blew Blown
Break Broke Broken
Breed Bred Bred
Bring Brought Brought
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast
Build Built Built
Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt
Burst Burst Burst
Buy Bought Bought
Cast Cast Cast
Catch Caught Caught
Choose Chose Chosen
Cling Clung Clung
Come Came Come
Cost Cost Cost
Creep Crept Crept
Cut Cut Cut
Deal Dealt Dealt
Do Did Done
Draw Drew Drawn
Dream Dreamed/dreamt Dreamed/dreamt
Drink Drank Drunk
Drive Drove Driven
Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Feed Fed Fed
Feel Felt Felt

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Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

Fight Fought Fought
Find Found Found
Fit Fit/fitted Fit/fitted
Flee Fled Fled
Fling Flung Flung
Fly Flew Flown
Forbid Forbade Forbidden
Forecast Forecast Forecast
Forget Forgot Forgotten
Forgive Forgave Forgiven
Forsake Forsook Forsaken
Freeze Froze Frozen
Get Got Gotten/got
Give Gave Given
Go Went Gone
Grind Ground Ground
Grow Grew Grown
Hang Hung Hung
Have Had Had
Hear Heard Heard
Hide Hid Hidden
Hit Hit Hit
Hold Held Held
Hurt Hurt Hurt
Keep Kept Kept
Kneel Kneeled/knelt Kneeled/knelt
Know Knew Known
Lay Laid Laid
Lead Led Led
Lean Leaned/leant Leaned/leant
Leap Leaped/leapt Leaped/leapt
Learn Learned/learnt Learned/learnt
Leave Left Left
Lend Lent Lent
Let Let Let
Lie Lay Lain
Light Lighted/lit Lighted/lit
Lose Lost Lost
Make Made Made
Mean Meant Meant
Meet Met Met
Mislay Mislaid Mislaid

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Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

Mistake Mistook Mistaken
Pay Paid Paid
Prove Proved Proven/proved
Put Put Put
Quit Quit Quit
Read Read Read
Rid Rid Rid
Ride Rode Ridden
Ring Rang Rung
Rise Rose Risen
Run Ran Run
Say Said Said
See Saw Seen
Seek Sought Sought
Sell Sold Sold
Send Sent Sent
Set Set Set
Shake Shook Shaken
Shed Shed Shed
Shine Shone/shined Shone/shined
Shoot Shot Shot
Show Showed Shown/showed
Shrink Shrank/shrunk Shrunk
Shut Shut Shut
Sing Sang Sung
Sink Sank Sunk
Sit Sat Sat
Sleep Slept Slept
Slide Slid Slid
Slit Slit Slit
Smell Smelled/smelt Smelled/smelt
Sneak Sneaked/snuck Sneaked/snuck
Speak Spoke Spoken
Speed Sped/speeded Sped/speeded
Spell Spelled/spelt Spelled/spelt
Spend Spent Spent
Spill Spilled/spilt Spilled/spilt
Spin Spun Spun
Spit Spit/spat Spit/spat
Split Split Split
Spoil Spoiled/spoilt Spoiled/spoilt
Spread Spread Spread

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Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle

Spring Sprang/sprung Sprung
Stand Stood Stood
Steal Stole Stolen
Stick Stuck Stuck
Sting Stung Stung
Stink Stank/stunk Stunk
Strike Struck Struck/stricken
Strive Strove/strived Striven/strived
String Strung Strung
Swear Swore Sworn
Sweep Swept Swept
Swell Swelled Swelled/swollen
Swim Swam Swum
Swing Swung Swung
Take Took Taken
Teach Taught Taught
Tear Tore Torn
Tell Told Told
Think Thought Thought
Throw Threw Thrown
Thrust Thrust Thrust
Understand Understood Understood
Undertake Undertook Undertaken
Upset Upset Upset
Wake Woke/waked Woken
Wear Wore Worn
Weave Wove Woven
Weep Wept Wept
Win Won Won
Wind Wound Wound
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn
Write Wrote Written

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Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of be, have and do.
1. I will go to Chicago after I __________ finished my work here.
a. has
b. have
c. had
2. She ____________ playing the piano when I entered her room.
a. is
b. was
c. had
3. The patient ____________ died before the doctor came.
a. has
b. have
c. had
4. _______________ you ever been to Kashmir?
a. Did
b. Have
c. Had
5. That is what he ____________ not seem to understand.
a. do
b. does
c. did
6. They _________ say that they would pay up.
a. do
b. did
c. had
7. I will call you when dinner _________ ready.
a. is
b. was
c. has
8. She asked where I __________ going.
a. am
b. was
c. have
9. ____________ you know where John lives?
a. Do
b. Did
c. Does
10.I ___________ admit that I was wrong.
a. do
b. have

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c. does
Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs.
1. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she _________ still read and write
without glasses. (Ability)
a. can
b. could
c. may
2. ____________ I come with you?
a. Can
b. Will
c. Would
3. ___________ you help me with the housework, please? (Polite request)
a. Could
b. Ought to
c. Should
4. There was a time when I _________ stay up very late. (Past ability)
a. would
b. could
c. can
5. You ___________ not lose any more weight. You are already slim.
(Necessity)
a. may
b. need
c. should
6. We _________ make the first move. (Prohibition)
a. must not
b. will not
c. cannot
7. It is snowing outside so I ________ stay at home. (Intention)
a. may
b. will
c. can
8. I ___________ get you a shawl from Kashmir. (Promise)
a. will
b. can
c. may
9. _________ you mind if I borrowed your car? (Permission)
a. Will
b. Would
c. Should

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10. The train ______ leave now.

a. ought to
b. might
c. would
11. Our country ______ become a super power by 2025. (possibility)
a. may
b. might
c. will
12. She __________ sell her home because she needs money. (weak
possibility)
a. may
b. might
c. could

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with appropriate semi modal auxiliary verbs.
(dare, need, used to)
1. I __________ press the issue any further. (Negative)
2. No one ________ know about this.
3. How ________ she talked to me like that?
4. You _________ worry about my grades. (Negative)
5. I ________ get up early when I lived in New York.
6. She ___________ go to the gym every day. (Negative)
7. I __________ drink coffee when I was young.
8. They _______ got to such trouble. (Negative)
9. I don’t know how he _______ behave so rudely in public!
10. We ______ go grocery shopping.

Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with appropriate phrasal modals. (be able to, be
going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, would rather, would you mind)
1. She ______________ sit up in a wheelchair.
2. They _____________ shoot something.
3. _________________ opening the window?
4. _________ you mind closing the door?
5. _________ you mind closing the door?
6. I don’t _______ get a visa for some countries.
7. ‘Don’t tell me if you _____________ not,’ he said.
8. I felt I could no longer bully and whip people into line like
a foreman ______________.

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9. I ________________ that broadcasters had not said this.

10. Drivers _____________ get a license to drive a car.
11. You _______________ be there on time tonight if you want to get a seat
in the crowded theater.

Exercise 5: State whether the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or
intransitive.
1. She advised me to consult a doctor. (Transitive/Intransitive)
2. Let’s invite your cousins as well. (Transitive/Intransitive)
3. I waited for an hour. (Transitive/Intransitive)
4. I received your letter in the morning. (Transitive/Intransitive)
5. I am going to send her some flowers. (Transitive/Intransitive)
6. He has changed a lot since he got married. (Transitive/Intransitive)
7. Suddenly the child woke up. (Transitive/Intransitive)
8. The loud noise woke me. (Transitive/Intransitive)
9. Let’s discuss your plans. (Transitive/Intransitive)
10.I heard a lovely song in the morning. (Transitive/Intransitive)
11.Can you lend me a few pounds? (Transitive/Intransitive)
12.The wind was blowing fiercely. (Transitive/Intransitive)
Exercise 6: Stative verb or action verb? Choose the most appropriate answer.
1. He often helps other people. I _______ he is a good man.
a. think
b. am thinking
c. have been thinking
d. had been thinking
2. I ________ about this project since last spring.
a. think
b. am thinking
c. have been thinking
d. thought
3. Can you help me, please? I _______ for Mr. Boozhan’s office.
a. look
b. am looking
c. have looked
d. looked
4. Is that Edris over there? He _______ old and tired. Is he sick?
a. looks
b. has looked

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c. has been looking

d. looked
5. She _______ the soup in the kitchen when the telephone rang.
a. has tasted
b. has been tasting
c. was tasting
d. is tasting
6. This soup _______ good. I really like it.
a. is tasting
b. has been tasting
c. tastes
d. tasted
Exercise 7: Each sentence given below contains an incomplete phrasal verb.
Complete the expression by supplying an appropriate preposition or adverb
particle. (down, up, in, across, through, on, out, off, into, over)
1. I am going to ask her ________ to dinner tonight.
2. I won’t be able to get out before you back _______ your car.
3. My family didn’t back me _______ over my decision to quit my job.
4. The car blew _______ after it crashed into the tree.
5. Can you blow this ballon________?
6. The car broke ______ in the storm.
7. The woman broke __________ when she learned that she had cancer.
8. If you find the task difficult, break it ________ into smaller parts.
9. I desperately need someone to cheer me _________.
10. I came _________ these old letters while organizing the closet.
Exercise 8: Fill in the blanks. (Have, Get, Make)
1. She will ________ her phone repaired tomorrow.
2. They are ________ their car painted.
3. My teacher ______ me apologize for what I had said.
4. Did somebody _____ you wear that ugly hat?
5. I ________ the mechanic check the brakes.
6. The government TV commercials are trying to ______ people to stop
smoking.
7. Salim _________ me take off my shoes before I went into her house.
8. After Ali broke the neighbor’s window, his parents ______ made him pay
for it.
9. I’ll ______ my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.
10. My washing machine is broken; I need to ______ it repaired.
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Exercise 9: Underline the linking verbs in the below sentences.

1. Laila is a mad person.

2. My friends were present.

3. Steve was rich businessman.

4. You are being very clever to win the mind game.

5. The man felt nervous.

6. The leaves are turning grey.

7. The clown of the circus appears happy.

8. The river has run dry.

9. The problem proved difficult.

10. After running under the sunlight, she turned red.

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Adjectives
Definition: Adjectives modify nouns. The word “modify” means “change a
little.” Adjectives give a little different meaning to a noun: intelligent student,
lazy student, good student …
Position of adjectives: attributive and predicative use
A. Attributive Position: adjective comes before the noun.
Examples:
1. The new secretary doesn’t like me.
2. He’s going out with a rich businessman.
Adj n
B. Predicative Position: adjectives come after linking verbs.
Examples:
1. That dress is new. Isn’t it?
2. She looks rich.
3. I feel unhappy.
Kinds of Adjectives:
I. Demonstrative adjectives: Demonstratives indicate which objects are
being referred to and to distinguish those objects from others.
Examples:
1. This beach was quite empty last year.
2. This exhibition will be open until the end of May.
3. These people come from that hotel over there.
4. Do you see those birds at the top of the tree?
II. Distributive adjectives: These adjectives are normally used with
singular nouns. They include “each”, “every”, “either”, and “neither”
and are used to refer to numbers of a group as individuals.
Examples:
1. Each man had a gun. (strong emphasis)
2. Every man had a gun. (less emphasis)
3. I tried both keys but neither of them worked. (neither = non of
two).
4. I haven’t read either of these books. (either = both).
III. Quantitative adjectives: These adjectives denote the number or
quantity of a specific thing.
They consist of: some, any, no, little/few, many, much, one, twenty, a
little/a few, a lot of ….
Examples:
1. A few people attended the ceremony.

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2. He didn’t make many mistakes.

3. You’ve got much free time.
4. I ate some dates.
5. I have no apples.
IV. Interrogative adjectives: They are used in interrogative sentences to
modify nouns found in the question.
Examples:
1. Which colour looks better?
2. Whose car is that?
3. What material is it that you are using?

Note: which/what/whose + noun = interrogative adjectives

which/what/whose + not noun = interrogative pronoun
Example: What should I buy you for Nawrooz?

V. Possessive adjectives: They attribute the possession of something to

someone or something. They also show relationship between people.
They are seven: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their, …
Examples:
1. A tree drops its leaves in autumn.
2. The girls are with their brother.
3. He borrowed my gloves.
4. She changed her shoes.
VI. Adjectives of Quality: An adjective of quality describes the shape,
size, or manner of a person, place or thing.
Such as: clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square …..
Examples:
1. The young man drives fast.
2. He lives at an expensive hotel.
3. I was at a lovely beach last week.
Comparison of Adjectives: There are three degrees of comparison.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Dark Darker Darkest
Tall Taller Tallest
Useful more/less useful most/least useful
Changing of adjectives from positive to comparative and superlative.
1. One syllable adjectives form their comparative and superlative by adding
–er and –est to the positive form:
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Bright Brighter Brightest

Brave Braver Bravest
Small Smaller Smallest

2. Adjectives of three or more syllables form their comparative and

superlative by putting more/less and most/least before the positive:
interested more/less interested most/least interested
frightening more/less frightening most/least frightening

3. Adjectives of two syllables follow one or other of the above rules

a. Those ending in –ful or –re usually take more/less and most/least:
doubtful more/less doubtful most/least doubtful
obscure more/less obscure most/least obscure

b. Those ending in –er, -y or a consonant +le usually add –er, -est or r,st:
clever cleverer cleverest
pretty prettier prettiest
gentle gentler gentlest
4. Irregular comparisons:
bad worse worst
far farther farthest
further furthest
good better best
little less least
many/much more most
old elder eldest (of people only)
older oldest (of people & things)

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Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of the
adjective given in the brackets.
1. He is ____________ than his neighbors.
a. rich
b. richer
c. richest
2. The brides were much ________ than the grooms.
a. young
b. younger
c. youngest
3. He is too __________ to be taught.
a. intelligent
b. more intelligent
c. most intelligent
4. He is __________ than I thought him to be.
a. clever
b. cleverer
c. cleverest
5. Jane was the _________ player of the two.
a. good
b. better
c. best
6. He is much ________ now.
a. good
b. better
c. best
7. He fishes with _________ success than I do.
a. great
b. greater
c. greatest
8. Shakespeare is the _________ playwright in English.
a. great
b. great
c. greatest
9. The ___________ thing of all was that his son was rude to him.
a. bad
b. worse
c. worst
10. the pain was __________ than he could bear.
a. much

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b. more
c. most

Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks. (many, much, a little, a few, some, any, less, a
lot)
1. There isn’t ______ sugar in my coffee.
2. We saw _______ animals at the zoo.
3. How _______ oranges did you put in the box?
4. The old man hasn’t got _______ hair on his head.
5. Can you please buy ________ apples.
6. We need _______ water.
7. I take ________ sugar with my coffee.
8. There are ________ chairs in the room.
9. Is there ________ milk left?
10. There is _______ juice in the bottle.
11. There aren’t ______ pears left. Only two.
12. He brought ________ food with him.
13. That may cost you _______ of money.
14. I can do it with ________ help from my friends.
15. He left ________ of laundry for me to do.
16. I drank _______ water than she did.
17.I have ________ time to do this work.

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with appropriate possessive adjectives. (my, your,
his, her, its, our, their)
1. I don’t know the time because I can’t find _______ watch.
2. What’s the boy’s name? ________ name is Wali.
3. Murtaza has got a dog. _________ dog is very lively.
4. The cat is very lovely. __________ name is Ben.
5. We are at school. ___________ school is very nice.
6. The rabbit is white. _________ cage is in the garden.
7. The Millers have a new car. _________ car is blue.
8. Ayesha has got a brother. __________ name is Jamshid.
9. Matin has a sister. _________ name is Shakilla.
10. Zahra and Hassinah are friends. _________ school is in the city centre.

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Exercise 4: Choose the correct option.

1. _________ Lisa nor I am surprised at his behavior.
a. Neighter
b. Either
c. Never
2. I don’t like beef. ________ do they.
a. too
b. either
c. neither
3. I have two horses. _________ of them run very fast.
a. All
b. Both
c. Each
4. He says he’s been to ________ restaurant in town.
a. many
b. every
c. all
5. Lisa liked __________ the dolphin and the color of the cap.
a. either
b. none
c. both
6. We won’t attend the meeting next week and ________ will he.
a. neither
b. either
c. so
7. There are two restaurants in the town and _________ of them are
extremely old.
a. each
b. both
c. all
8. My father doesn’t like spinach, and _______ do I.
a. either
b. neither
c. so
9. Drink a few sips of water after taking _____ medicine.
a. all
b. both
c. each
10. My sister cannot lie, _____ can my brother.
a. neither

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b. either
c. so

Exercise 5: Underline the adjectives of quality in the following sentences.

1. Taj Mahal is wonderful.
2. Rose is a beautiful flower.
3. My husband is handsome.
4. This piece of candy is sweet.
5. Lucy has a brown cow.
6. She was adorned with sparkling jewels.
7. Tahmina’s hair is very shining and smooth.
8. Bangalore is a garden city.
9. That animal was very dangerous and clever.
10. The square shaped kite is flying in the air.

Exercise 6: Fill in the blanks with appropriate demonstrative adjectives. (this,

that, these, those)
1. Look at _________ newspaper here.
2. ________ are my grandparents, and __________ people over there are
my friend’s grandparents.
3. ________ building over there is the Chrysler Building.
4. ________ is my mobile phone and ________ is your mobile phone on the
shelf over there.
5. ________ photos here are much better than _______ photos on the book.
6. ________ was a great evening.
7. Are _______ your pencils here?
8. ________ bottle over there is empty.
9. ________ bricks over there are for your chimney.
10. Safi, take _______ folder and put it on the desk over there.

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Exercise 7: Underline the interrogative adjectives in the following sentences.

1. Whose books are you going to refer for the project?
2. What problem you suffer?
3. Which author is best to write English grammar?
4. How weak are you feeling now?
5. What incidents are very touching in the life?
6. Do you know how these things are collected?
7. Whose videos are these?
8. Which seat do you want to book for movie?
9. Why are they gone there?
10. How was pollution spread on the earth?

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Adverbs
Definition: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
Examples:
1. He walks quickly.
v adverb
2. I’m extremely happy.
adverb adjective
3. They work very fast.
adverb adverb

Kinds of Adverbs:
I. Adverbs of manner: These adverbs say how something happens or is
done.
Such as: angrily, happily, slowly, suddenly, noisily, quitely, softly,
well, hard, fast …
Examples:
1. She angrily tore up the letter.
2. I slowly began to feel better again.
3. We have suddenly decided to sell the house.
4. The driver has been seriously injured.
II. Adverbs of place: An adverb of place always talks about the location
of the verb is being carried out.
Such as: by, down, here, near, there, up, upstairs, around, to bed, out
of the window …
Examples:
1. The children are playing upstairs.
2. Come and sit here.
3. Don’t throw orange peel out of the window.
4. She is sitting at the end of the garden.
5. The children are running around.
III. Adverbs of time: A word that describes when, for how long, or how
often a certain action happened.
Such as: now, soon, still, then, today, yet …
Examples:
1. I am going to United States today.
2. She has a new hairstyle every week.
3. What did you do afterward?
4. He eventually got married.
IV. Adverbs of frequency: An adverb of frequency always describes how
often something occurs, either in definite or indefinite terms.

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Such as: always, never, occasionally, often, twice, sometimes, usually,

normally, often, frequently, ….
Examples:
1. He is always in time for meals.
2. We sometimes stay up all night.
3. He can never understand me.
4. He walked quite often in his sleep.
V. Sentence adverbs: These modify the whole sentence/clause and
normally express the speaker’s opinion.
Such as: certainly, definitely, luckily, surely, obviously, apparently,
clearly, probably, …
Examples:
1. He is obviously intelligent.
2. They certainly work hard.
3. He actually is a friend of mine.
4. They have presumably sold their house.
VI. Adverbs of degree: An adverb of degree modifies and adjective or
another adverb. It is placed before the adjective or adverb.
Examples:
1. You are absolutely right.
2. I am almost ready.
3. The box isn’t big enough.
4. He drives too fast.
VII. Interrogative adverbs: They come before the verbs and ask a
question.
They are: when, where, why, how
Examples:
1. Why was he late?
2. When do you get up?
3. Where do you live?
4. How did you start the engine?
VIII. Relative adverbs: A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative
pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to
understand. In other words, an adverb clause introduces a relative
clause.
They are five: when, where, whey, why, how
Examples:
1. I know the house where he lives.
2. There must be some reason why he cried.
3. Can you tell me how it is done?
4. The day when I met her was the best day of my life.

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Note: Most of adverbs are formed by adding –ly to the corresponding

adjectives:
Final Finally
Immediate Immediately
Slow Slowly
Quick Quickly
Note: Comparative, and superlative degrees of adverbs are formed just as
comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer.

1. She planned their trip to Mazzar-e-Sharif very _________.
a. carefully
b. careful
2. Shabir painted the kitchen very ________.
a. badly
b. bad
3. She speaks very _________.
a. quiet
b. quietly
4. Turn the stereo down. It’s too ________.
a. loud
b. loudly
5. He skipped _________ down the road to school.
a. happy
b. happily
6. He drives too _________.
a. well
b. fast
7. He plays the guitar _________.
a. terrible
b. terribly
8. We’re going camping tomorrow so we have to get up ________.
a. soon
b. early
9. Mansour doesn’t often work ________.
a. hard
b. hardly

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10. Sometimes our teacher arrives _______ for class.

a. lately
b. late

Exercise 2: Complete the following sentences using adverbs of place.

1. Close the door when you go ________.
a. out
b. westward
c. lightly

2. The cat is hiding __________ the couch.

a. on
b. underneath
c. somewhere
3. Will you be starting your plants __________ or in a greenhouse?
a. round
b. home
c. outside
4. The ship sailed __________, encountering heavy weather along the way.
a. up
b. down
c. northwards
5. When she saw me waiting, she ran ____________ me.
a. around
b. towards
c. forward
Exercise 3: Complete the following sentences using adverbs of time.
1. We go out for Japanese food _____________.
a. willingly
b. normally
c. weekly
2. Have you done your homework ___________?
a. yet
b. still
c. now
3. Do you ___________ work at the bank?
a. still
b. then
c. grudgingly

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4. Would you rather drive sometimes or take the train ___________?

a. never
b. every day
c. still
5. The patient is __________ waiting to see the doctor.
a. never
b. sadly
c. still
Exercise 4: Complete the following sentences using adverbs of frequency.
1. I ______________ late on Saturdays.
a. get up usually
b. get usually up
c. usually get up
2. Safi ____________ late for work.
a. never is
b. is never
c. never
3. ____________ on weekends?
a. Often do you travel
b. Do you often travel
c. Often you do travel
4. Susan _____________ early for class.
a. often is
b. are often
c. is often
5. When do you ______________ go on vacation each year?
a. always
b. ever
c. usually

Exercise 5: Underline the adverbs of sentence in the following sentences.

1. Fortunately, I was invited to a surprise party. Unfortunately, the party was
a thousand miles away.
2. Actually, he’s in a meeting.
3. Honestly, most television comedies are unbearably vulgar.
4. Mercifully, the blast was prevented by the swift arrival of the fire brigade.
5. Apparently, something had been discussed in her absence.

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6. They’re clearly not happy that they got stuck with that job.
7. Obviously, I can’t force you to do something you don’t want to do.
8. They probably didn’t hear you.
9. Luckily, the whole international donor community has committed to
Aristide.
10.It was surely a different place back then.

Exercise 6: Fill the gaps using the words in brackets.

1. She finished the day ___________ exhausted. (a bit / totally)
2. Tammy Payne isn’t a good singer. She’s ___________ fantastic.
(absolutely / very)
3. It was ___________ freezing this morning. (a bit / absolutely)
4. Maria is _____________ nice. (absolutely / really)
5. Rodin’s sculptures are ____________ well-known. (absolutely / very)
6. The concert was ____________ wonderful. (absolutely / extremely)
7. It was a _____________ simple invention. (quite / remarkably)
8. Godella is a ___________ pretty town. (quite / rather)
9. Edrees is a ____________ skilled computer technician. (completely /
highly)
10. Ecuador is a _______________ great country. (really / very)
Exercise 7: Choose the correct relative adverbs.
1. I caught up on my TV show ________ knitting.
a. why
b. while
c. who
2. Zafar was the tennis player _______ won the title.
a. who
b. when
c. which
3. We like to go swimming _______ it’s sunny outside.
a. how
b. when
c. why
4. I don’t know _______ to start looking for my glasses.
a. what
b. while
c. where

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5. I don’t remember ______ I bought this coat.

a. why
b. who
c. truly
6. I’m walking down the street _______ we first met.
a. where
b. why
c. when

Exercise 8: Write ten sentences using interrogative adverbs. (when, where,

why, how)
1. …………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………
3. …………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………..
5. ………………………………………………………………………………..
6. ………………………………………………………………………………..
7. ………………………………………………………………………………..
8. ………………………………………………………………………………..
9. ……………………………………………..…………………………………..
10. ………………………………………………………………………………..

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Tenses
Present Continuous/Progressive Tense
Definition: The Present Continuous/Progressive is used for actions that have
started but not finished. It can also be used to talk about future arrangements.
Usages:
1. To talk about something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
Example:
a. We are practicing present continuous tense.
b. Our teacher is writing on the board.
2. To talk about temporary actions that we think will not continue for a long
time.
Examples:
a. She is staying in Kabul for a few weeks.
b. He is working with his temperamental boss until he can find
another job.
3. To talk about the future planned and arranged actions by using the future
time expressions.
Examples:
a. I am going to USA tomorrow.
b. Yasin Mahdi Zada is commencing teaching at university this
year.
4. To talk about the situation of something or someone that is changing
slowly.
Examples:
a. Our country is improving.
b. Your spoken English is getting better.
5. To talk about an action that is in progress in a period of time.
a. Shiwana is working with us only this year.
b. Parichahr is working hard this term.

Note: Do not use non-progressive/stative verbs in progressive tenses with their

non-progressive meaning.
Like: love, need, like, have, look, depend, desire, agree, amaze, seem,……

Example: I am appreciating your work. (incorrect)

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Structures:
Affirmative sentences
Structure: subject + be + v1 ing + ROTD
Examples: He is writing a letter right now.
They are doing an exercise at the moment.
They are flying to Dubai next month.
Negative sentences
Structure: subject + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Examples: I am not looking at you.
They are not coming tomorrow.ye
He is not complaining about you.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: be + subject + v1 ing + ROTS ?
Examples: Are you reciting the holy Quran? Yes, I am.
Is she cooking potatoes? No, she is not/isn’t.
Is he peeling a cucumber? Yes’ he is.
Negative Interrogative
Structure: Be + subject + not + v1 ing + ROTS ? (complete form)
Be + not + subject + v1 ing + ROTS ? ( short form)
Passive structures:
Subject + is/am/are + being + 3rd v + ROTS.
Is/am/are + subject + being + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + is/am/are + not + being + 3rd v + ROTS.
Example:
The students are being taught by me now.
Are the criminals being chased by police?
The trees are not being cut by our good people.

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. He is ……………………….. English at ATC.
a. teach
b. teaching
2. I ……………………………… learning English at ATC.
a. are
b. am
3. Many people …………………….. coming to party.
a. are
b. is
4. My brother ……………………………. Smoking too much these
days.
a. Is
b. is
5. My family ……………………………….. is going to market
tomorrow.
a. are
b. is
6. The water in the teapot ……………………………… boiling.
a. is
b. are
7. The best friends of my brother …………………………… are
watching a movie with him.
a. are
b. is
8. Why ……………………………… complaining too much
a. you are
b. are you
9. When ……………………………… getting married?
a. she is
b. is she
10.Where ………………………………….. going next week?
a. is he
b. Is he
11.How are you ………………………….. ?
a. feeling
b. feel
12.Which ……………………………….. staying at?
a. is hotel
b. hotel is

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13.To which university ……………………………………….. applying?

a. is he
b. he is
14.Who ……………………………. Calling you again and again?
a. are
b. is
15.………………………………….. is she waiting for?
a. For whom
b. Who
16.Who ………………………………. Speaking with?
a. they are
b. are they
17.What ………………………………….. talking about?
a. you are
b. are you
18.I ………………………….. feeling well today?
a. Isn’t
b. am not
19.Are you learning English at ATC?
a. Yes, I am
b. No, they aren’t
20.They ………………………….. discussing the issue?
a. are not
b. not are

Exercise 2: change the following sentences to negative, interrogative and

negative interrogative.
1. She is biting the food.
2. The students are sitting at their desks at the moment.
3. I need an umbrella because it is raining.
4. I am taking five courses this semester.
5. After six days of rain, I’m glad the sun is shining today.
6. I am waiting for reply of my letter from a friend.
7. I want you to be quiet because I am trying to concentrate.
8. My sister is washing her hair every other day.
9. Every morning, I am exercising before I go to work.
10.The meal is tasting awful to me.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active Passive
1. She is memorizing all the lessons 11. The class is being cleaned by
without understanding them. the servant.
2. We are not suspecting you about 12. The computers are being used
the case. by the customers now.
3. Is she brushing the snow from the 13. Our class is not being held by
room. the office today.
4. Why are you cutting your cloth? 14. A man is being beaten by police
5. It is raining very heavily at the
there.
moment.
15. Our country is not being
6. Yasin is smelling the flowers.
7. They are making a hypotheses occupied by anyone.
about it. 16. Are our test papers being
8. I am not following your checked by the manager now?
instructions anymore. 17. The clients are being giving
9. Ahmad is opening the currtan. information about our services at
10. He is hunting a dainossor. the hall.
18. The last patient is being
examined, wait a minute.
19. The vehicles which are parked
beside the road are being seized by
the traffic police.
20. The peace process is being
negotiated by the government and
the rebel.

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Simple present tense

Definition: Simple present tense is used when we talk about daily, gradual, and
regular actions or real facts.
Usages:
1. Daily action: We come to our English class every day.
2. Habitual action: I go to bed around 11:00 pm every night.
3. Gradual action: Afghanistan becomes a modern country
day by day.
4. Scheduled action: The bus arrives at 10:00 am. The plane
leaves at 2:00 pm.
5. General fact: My brother is a student. He studies at a
high school.
6. Universal fact: The earth is round. Islam is the final
religion of Allah.
7. Permanent: She works in a bank. I live in Kabul.
Structures:
Affirmative sentences
Structure: Subject + Verb1 (s/es) + ROTS(Rest of the sentence)
Examples: I go to school every day
She watches TV for three hours every day.
My father works with a big firm.
Negative Sentences
Structures: Subject + do/does + not (don’t/doesn’t) + verb1 + ROTS
Examples: We do not like war.
He does not smoke cigarette.
My younger brother does not listen to my advice.
With (is/am/are) Subject + be + not + ROTS
Examples: He is not/isn’t intelligent.
Our is not/isn’t a negativist person.
They are not/aren’t here.

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Interrogative Sentences/ Yes. No Questions

Structure Do/Does + subject + verb1 + ROTS?
Example: Does he study hard every night? Yes, she does.
Do you like pizza? No, I don’t.
Does he go to school every day? Yes, she does.
With( is/am/are): Be + subject + ROTS ?

Examples: Are you a student? Yes, I am.

Is your father a doctor? No, he isn’t.
Am I a farmer? Yes, you are.
Are they at home? No, they aren’t.
Negative Interrogative Sentences
Structures: Do/Does + subject + not + verb1 ? ( complete form)
Don’t/Doesn’t + subject + verb1 + ROTS ? ( short form)
Be + subject + not + ROTS ?
Be + not + subject + ROTS ?
Passive structures:
Subject + is/am/are + 3rd v+ ROTS
Is/am/are + subject + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + is/am/are + not + 3rd + ROTS
Examples:
The boy is helped by Mary.
Are they taught properly?
The garden is not watered on a regular basis.

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. She …………………………….. four languages.
a. Speak
b. speaks
2. Jane is a teacher. She ……………………………. French.
a. Teach
b. teaches
3. When the kettle …………………………………………….., will you
make some tea?
a. Boil
b. Boils
4. I always ………………………………………… the window at night
because it is cold.
a. Close
b. Closes
5. Those shoes ………………………………. Too much.
a. Cost
b. Costs
6. The food in Japan is expensive. It ……………………………….. a lot to
live there.
a. Cost
b. Costs
7. His job is great because he ………………………………. a lot of people.
a. Meet
b. Meets
8. He always …………………………….. his car on Sunday.
a. Wash
b. Washes
9. My watch is broken and it ………………………………. To be fixed
again.
a. Need
b. Needs
10.I ………………………………….to watch movies.
a. Loves
b. love
11.I ……………………………….. to the cinema at least once a weak.
a. Go
b. Goes
12.They never ……………………………….. drink tea in the morning.
a. Drink

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b. drinks
13.We both ………………………………. to the radio in the morning.
a. Listen
b. Listens
14.He …………………………… a big wedding.
a. Wants
b. Want
15.George ……………………….. too much so he is getting fat.
a. Eats
b. Eat
16.The earth ………………………………. round the sun.
a. Go
b. goes
17.The shops in Kabul ………………………………. at nine in the morning.
a. Open
b. Opens
18.The post office …………………………………… at 5:30 pm.
a. Close
b. Closes
19.Jackie ………………………………….. too children.
a. Has
b. Have
20.Mr. Ahmad ………………………………. too much. He always has a big
cigarette in his mouth.
a. Smokes
b. Smoke
Exercise 2: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active
1. She cleans the home every morning.
2. We always respect our ancesstors.
3. They mend the road.
4. ATC offers English courses.
5. He fixes the computers.
6. Students practice the simple present tense.
7. Ali drives his to office every morning.
8. Ahmad needs special helps with his lessons.
9. I teach English.
10.They sing a song every day at school.

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Passive
11.A computer is needed in my office.
12.An animal is kept in our house.
13.An is paid good salary in Afghanistan.
14.A patient is cured at a hospital.
15.A pen is used for writing not for hitting.
16.Dogs are trained for special purposes around the world.
17.No one is forced to join army in Afghanistan.
18.TOEFL score is used by governments to avaluate people’s English.
19.A book is read for it’s information.
20.A man is not treated equally as a woman around the world.
Exercise 3: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative.
1. We play card every night.
2. The teacher teaches well.
3. Afghanistan improves day by day.
4. Our baby grows gradually.
5. This books inspired me very much.
6. She cares about her husband a lot.
7. They win the match always.
8. This mission goes on until next year.
9. My car smokes very much.
10.The climate changes very fast in these years.

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Simple Past Tense

Definition: Simple past tense is used when we talk about an action that started
and ended at clear time in the past. It could also be used to talk about a
condition and facts that existed in the past.
Usages:
1. To talk about an action that started and ended at a clear time in past.
Ex: I bought a book yesterday.

2. To talk about the duration of a past action that does not exist in
present.
Ex: He smoked cigarette for almost five years.

3. To talk about a state or condition that existed at a specific time in past.

Ex: she was too angry yesterday.

4. To talk about a series of completed actions in the past.

Ex: I finished work, walked to the beach and found a nice place to
swim.
Note: The time expressions/adverbs of time such as yesterday, the day before
yesterday, last night, last week, in 2008, two years ago, etc. are used in simple
past tense but if the time is already clear between speaker and listener, the time
expressions may not be used.

Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: subject + verb 2 + ROTS
Subject + was/were + ROTS
Examples: I went to the zoo yesterday.
She bought a book last week.
He did his homework last night.
They came to ATC this morning.
Yasin was in the USA in 2007.
My father was angry this afternoon.

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Negative Sentences
Structures: subject+ did not/ didn’t + verb 1 + ROTS
Subject + was/were + not + ROTS
Examples: I did not/didn’t go to the zoo yesterday
They did not plagiarize from our books.
He was not confused in meeting.
She was drunk when captured.
Interrogative Sentences
Structures: did + subject + verb 1 + ROTS
Was/were + subject + ROTS
Examples: did they give the evidence they witnessed?
Did the plumber fix the faucet today?
Was the prime minister present in court?
Were the professors listening to you while giving speech?
Negative Interrogative Sentences
Structures: did + subject + not + verb 1 + ROTS
Didn’t + subject + verb 1 + ROTS
Was/were + subject + not + ROTS
Wasn’t/weren’t + subject + ROTS
Passive structures:
Subject + was/were + 3rd v + ROTS
Was/were + subject + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + was/were + not + 3rd v + ROTS.
Examples:
I was helped by him last week.
Was the police attacked at yesterday?
The bill was not passed by parliament.

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Exercise 1: Choose the best option.

1. Did you ……………………….. to the market yesterday?
a. Went
b. Go
2. Did she……………………………… her homework last night?
a. Do
b. Did
3. Did you …………………………….. me the book?
a. Brought
b. Bring
4. Did they ……………………….. at ATC?
a. Came
b. Come
5. Did he ………………………….. to you?
a. Talked
b. Talk
6. ……………………………. he absent yesterday?
a. Were
b. Was
7. ……………………………. you sick last Friday?
a. Was
b. Were
8. ……………………………. I in a bad mood?
a. Were
b. Was
9. Where ……………….. you go yesterday?
a. Do
b. Did
10.What …………………………. last week?
a. You bought
b. Did you buy
11.Why ……………………….. absent yesterday?
a. You were
b. Were you
12.When ……………………. born?
a. She was
b. Was she
13.How …………………………….the problem?
a. You fixed
b. Did you fix

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14.Which city ……………………..to last year?

a. You went
b. Did you go
15.Who …………………………….. simple past tense?
a. Did you teach
b. Taught you
c. Teached
16.Who ………………………….. the chair this morning?
a. Broke
b. Did break
c. Breaked
17.Who ……………………………. a letter to you?
a. Did write
b. Writed
c. Wrote
18.Who…………………………….shopping with you?
a. You went
b. Did you go
c. Did you went
19.To whom……………………….an email last night?
a. You sent
b. Did you send
c. Did you sent
20.Who …………………………….. this morning?
a. Did call you
b. Called
c. Did called you

Exercise 2: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative.

1. My daddy inspired me to be an English instructor.
2. I had this career for ten years.
3. Ashraf Ghani served our country sincerely for five years.
4. My colleague split the coffee on my cloth that made me angry.
5. A beggar stole my money yesterday on my way home.
6. The government founded our university in 2000.
7. My religion guided me to that point of my life.
8. They governed in this country for years illegally.
9. The war took thousands of lives in 1900s in Afghanistan.
10.He texted me yesterday.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-versa.
Active Passive
1. He solved my problems in my 11. The flowers were cut by the
math subject. farmer last week.
2. The teacher praised me a lot in 12. He was punished by the court
the class. because his illegal actions.
3. My daughter tore my best book 13. Afghanistan was helped by
yesterday. America in recent decades.
4. The lady smelled the follower 14. My bike was stolen from the
deeply. university campus this morning.
5. The dog attacked the man 15. The trees were cut by the wind
violently. last month.
6. The panel rejected him because 16. Military forces were killed by an
his poor qualifications. earthquake.
7. I practiced my lessons a lot 17. I was not asked for help by
yesterday. office.
8. My brother served the military 18. My efforts were acknowledged
for years. by our boss this term.
9. She didn’t eat food yesterday. 19. Our mines were not extracted
10. The doctor examined the professionally in last decades.
patient and prescribed some 20. The parents were obliged by law
medicine. to let their children fully free.

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Simple future tense

Definition: simple future tense is used to talk about actions or events that take
place at specific times in the future.
Either ( will + verb1) and ( be going to + verb1) can be used to form sentences
in simple future tense, but their meaning could be somehow different.
Usages:
1- With (will): TO talk about a probable action.
Ex: I will go to USA someday in the future.

2- With ( will): To offer or suggest that a speaker will do something

voluntarily.
Ex: I will give all the information about the Quick English.

3- With ( will): To express a promise.

Ex: I promise I will come to the party.

4- With ( be going to): To express that something is a plane.

Ex: I am going to use the Fulbright Scholarship program to go to USA.

5- With ( will and be going to): To express the idea of a general prediction
about the future.
Ex: Afghanistan is going to be one of the most advanced country by the
year 2030.
Soon or later, this world will be destroyed.

Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structures: subject + will + verb1 + ROTS.
Subject + be going to + verb1 + ROTS.

Example: He will graduate from the university next year.

I will be at office when you call.
She is going to join a new class at ATC soon.
We are going to study hard for this semester.

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Negative Sentences
Structures: subject + will + not + verb1 + ROTS.
Subject + be + not + going to + verb1 + ROTS.

Examples: I will not go shopping this weekend.

She will not marry him.
I am not going to talk to you again as long as I live.
I am not going to get married forever.

Interrogative Sentences
Structures: Will + subject + verb1 + ROTS
Be + subject + going to + verb1 + ROTS.

Example: Will you tell me the truth?

Will they harvest the crops next month?
Is she going to be happy about your decision?
Are we going to land save and sound?
Negative Interrogative Sentences
Structures: Will + subject + not + verb1 + ROTS?
Won’t + subject + verb 1 + ROTS?
Be + subject + not + going to + verb1 + ROTS?
Be + not + subject + going to + verb1 + ROTS?
Passive structures:
Subject + will + be + 3rd v + ROTS.
Will + subject + be + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + will + not + be + 3rd v + ROTS?
Examples:
Afghanistan will be built soon.
Will he be cured by coming week?
I will not be rejected anywhere.

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Exercise 1: Choose the best options.

1. He will ………………………………… to Jalalabad next week.
a. go
b. goes
2. We are ……………………………….. graduate successfully from
ATC.
a. will
b. going to
3. Is he ………………………………….. come here tomorrow?
a. will
b. going to
4. Am ………………………………….. going to see you again.
a. they
b. I
5. What ………………………………. Buy tomorrow.
a. you will
b. will you
6. Where ……………………………….. he going to go next month?
a. will
b. is
7. Which ……………………………….. they live in?
a. will
b. city will
8. Is she going to participate in meeting?
a. Yes, she is
b. Yes, she will
9. Who …………………………. help us improve our country ?
a. going to
b. will
10.Who ……………………………. go shopping with?
a. will
b. will you
11.Who is ……………………………… meet tomorrow.
a. going to
b. he going to
12.Who is …………………………… meet me the day after tomorrow.
a. she going to
b. going to

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Exercise 2: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative.

1. Majid will finish his task tomorrow.
2. I am going to begin my teaching career soon.
3. They will be here by tomorrow evening.
4. Ahmad is going to score higher than me.
5. My daddy will bring me a unique gift.
6. I am going to offer her a new position.
7. ATC will be one of the most popular centers in Kabul.
8. The boss will have time to see me tomorrow.
9. Afghanistan is going to promote it’s economy soon.
10.Our university is going to offer PH”D courses this year.
Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-versa.
Active
1. She is going to help me with my assignments.
2. The postman is going to deliver the letters tomorrow.
3. The boss will check the results.
4. The teacher will confirm my work.
5. The president is not going to ruin your reputation.
6. This company will not provide internet services anymore.
7. Our office is going to start a new mission.
8. This country will win the war.
9. Are you going to repair it tomorrow?

Passive
10.Will they advertise their new product on TV?
11.Is my car going to fixed by Saturday.
12.Are we going to be paid soon?
13.Will it be destroyed by the insurgents?
14.Is Pakistan going to be boycotted by the UN?
15.The animals will be extincted if we don’t stop producing air pollution.
16.They will not be put in prison because of their crime.
17.She will be punished if she discloses the secret.
18.This world is going to be more dangerous for humans after a decade.
19.My friend is going to be hanged tomorrow.
20.The bill will be discussed in house of representatives this week.

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Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

past continuous tense is used to express an action that was in progress
Definition:
at a particular time in past.
Usages:
1. To talk about an action that was in progress at specific time in the
past.
Ex: yesterday at this time, I was having a meeting with my staff.

2. To talk about a continuous action that was interrupted by another

action.
Ex: while I was walking down the street, it began to rain.

3. To talk about two or more than two parallel actions that were in
progress at the same time in the past.
Ex
 she was dusting the living room while her baby was playing
with toys.
 When I entered into the office of ATC, many people were
busily doing different things, the manger was explaining the
TOEFL iBT program to some clients, the assistant manager
was checking the placement test papers, the receptionist was
giving information to some new comers, and Sir Yasin was
giving the oral test to some new students.

Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: subject + was/were +v1 ing + ROTS
Examples: They were watering the garden when the rain started.
While my friend was exercising in gym, I was reading a book.
He was reciting the holy Quran at 7PM this morning.

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Negative Sentences
Subject: subject + was/were + not + v1 ing + ROTS
Examples: we weren’t/were not playing cricket while it was
raining.
She was not/wasn’t preparing breakfast when I left
home this morning.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: was/were + subject + v1 ing + ROTS
Examples: was the dog chasing you when you fell down?
Were they buying the picture when it dropped down?

Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structures: was/were + subject + not + v1 ing + ROTS
Wasn’t/weren’t + subject + v1 ing + ROTS
Passive structures:
Subject + was/were + being + 3rd v + ROTS.
Was/were + subject + being + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + was/were + not + being + 3rd v + ROTS.
Examples:
The houses were being painted when I took this
picture.
Were they being helped during their training by the
university?
The students were not being encouraged as they
received awards.

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Exercise1: Complete the sentences. Use the past progressive of the verb in
parentheses.
1. I am sitting in the class right now. I (sit)
…………………………………… in class at this exact same time
yesterday.
2. I (hear, not) ………………………. The thunder during the storm last
night because I (sleeping) ………………………………… .
3. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun
(shine) …………………………………. . A cool breeze (blow)
……………………… . The birds (sing) ………………………… .
4. My brother and sister (argue) ……………………………… about
something when I walked into the room.
5. When my daddy (read) ………………………………… the little boy a
story, he fell asleep.
6. When I called my friends. They (play) ……………………….. monopoly.
7. Yesterday at six o’clock, I (prepare) …………………………………..
dinner.
8. The kids (sit) ……………………………… in the garden when it
suddenly began to rain.
9. I ( practice) ……………………………. The guitar when he came home.
10.We (not, cycle) ………………………….. all day.
11.While Ali (work) ……………………………. In his room, his friends
(swim) …………………………. In the pool.
12.I tried to tell them the truth but (not, listen) …………………………….. .
13.What (you, do) ……………………………… yesterday?
14.Most if the time we (walk) ……………………………. In the park.
15.I (listen) ……………………….. to the radio while my sister (watch)
…………………………………… T.V. .
16.When I arrived, they (play) ………………………………. Cards.

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17.We (study) ………………………….. English yesterday at 4 P.M. .

18.I saw your daddy an hour ago. He (run) ………………………………
toward home.
19.My buddy hit me yesterday when I (talk) …………………………… to
my academic advisor.
20.While the president (speech) ………………………… someone shot a
bullet towards him.

Exercise 2: Change the following sentences from active and voice-versa.

Active
1. Last night at 8 PM, I was doing my homework.
2. Yesterday at this time, we were listening to our teacher.
3. I was watching TV when someone knocked on the door.
4. We were doing an exercise when the teacher came in.
5. She was dusting the living room while her baby was playing with toys.
6. While my sister was ironing the clothes, I was doing my homework.
7. He was reciting the holy Quran at 7 PM yesterday.
8. Ali was carrying the trashes when I got home.
9. People were punishing the criminal at this morning.
10.She was elaborating the map that a soldier shot her.
Passive
1. While my car was being fixed, I took a coffee.
2. A man was being beaten that the police came.
3. The books were being set in cupboard but suddenly the cupboard
collapsed.
4. My room was being cleaned by the servant that I saw some worms there.
5. They were being given their awards when it began to rain.
6. The topic was being discussed that an earthquake interrupted us.
7. The water was being boiled that the baby approached and spilled it on
him.
8. The contract was being signed that the client stepped back.
9. The game was being played while were watching it.
10.The issue was being analyzed for ten hours but we couldn’t get any
conclusion.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative.

1. They were hunting an elephant last week at this time.
2. I was talking to my father when you called.
3. We were revising the curriculum last month.
4. I was taking a shower yesterday morning.
5. She was talking on the phone when I entered the home.
6. My daddy was listening a song t 2:00 pm.
7. The children were taking pictures in party.
8. Yasin was writing a book last year on an economic article.
9. Ali was relaxing when I phoned him.
10.The wind was blowing heavily when it started snow.

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Future Continuous/Progressive Tense

Definition: Future continuous tense is to talk about a continued or ongoing
action in the future.
Usages:
1. To talk about an action that is supposed to be in progress at a specific
time in future.
Ex: I will be reading a new novel at 8:00 pm tonight.

2. To talk about an action that is supposed to be in progress before

another action or event in future.
Ex: They will be preparing the dinner before the guests arrive.

3. To talk about two or more than two parallel actions that are supposed
to be in progress at a specific time or before another action in the
future.
Ex: She will be cleaning the kitchen, listening to music, and thinking
about exam before she gets to bed.

Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Subject + be going to + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Examples: Sir Saadat will be teaching the classes next week
instead of me.
She won’t be sleeping before she watches the
program.
He is going to be walking in the park when I meet
him.
We are going to be nixing the idea of going until our
friends come.

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Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will + not + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Subject + be + not + going to + be + v1 ing + ROTS.
Example: The children will not be sleeping when I get home.
They will not be painting the wall until I take the paint
for them.
Hadis is not going to be talking to him, till he
apologizes.
We aren’t/are not going to be practicing the play until
they get here.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: will + subject + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Be + subject + going to + be + v1 ing +
ROTSstructure
Example: will you be writing an essay for scholarship?
Will they be leaving the house when I get there?
Is she going to be studying at 11 P.M tonight.
Are you going to be dying the car when I get back?

Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structure: will + subject + not + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Won’t + subject + be + v1 ing + ROTS
Be + subject + not + going to + v1 ing + ROTS
Be + not + subject + going to + be + V1 ing + ROTS
Passive Structures:
Subject + will + be + being + 3rd v + ROTS.
Will + subject + be + being + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + will + not + be + being + 3rd v + ROTS.

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Examples:
A course will be being conducted before you graduate.
Will a course be being conducted before you
graduate?
A course will not be being conducted before you
graduate.

Exercise 1: Choose the best option.

1. He will be …………………………….. how to drive a car next week.
a. Learn
b. Learned
c. learning
2. She is not ……………………………… missing the morning prayer
anymore.
a. Will be
b. Going to
c. Going to be
3. Will…………………………………… coming tomorrow?
a. Be they
b. Going to they
c. They be
4. Are you going to be ………………………………. A test tomorrow?
a. Take
b. Taking
c. took
5. What ………………………….. buying at Finest next week?
a. He will be
b. He be will
c. Will he be

6. Where ………………………….. learning English next month?

a. He is going to be
b. Will she be
c. You will be
7. Aren’t ……………………………. Watching a movie tonight?
a. You goanna be
b. Will you be
c. Going to you be

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8. Who’s ……………………………… be teaching us today?

a. He going to
b. Going to
c. Will be

Exercise 2: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active
1. This time next week, they will be holding a party.
2. This evening, I am going to be watching a talk show.
3. Tomorrow, she is going to be washing her hair.
4. They are not going to be doing their homework this afternoon.
5. My daddy is going to be reading a magazine at 2.
6. The secular people are going to be fighting Muslims soon.
7. My mom will be feeding the pets when I go.
8. My little brother is not going to be giving me a hand in cooking.
9. Ali is going to be cutting the grass this afternoon.
10.The manager will not be asking me tomorrow so I will not come.
Passive
11.We will not be being appreciated in ceremony.
12.She will not be being awarded in ceremony.
13.Our efforts will be being evaluated next week.
14.They will be being assisted during next mission by us.
15.My homework will not be being checked during tomorrow’s class.
16.The snow will be being brushed by local government after it stops
snowing.
17.We will be being punished by the boss if we don’t do our
responsibilities.
18.The water will be being boiled for us.
19.The insurgents will be being cleaned by the army during the war.
20.My intelligence will be being assessed by a psychologist tomorrow.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences to negative and interrogative.

1. Noyan is going to be writing a letter to me next week.
2. Our teacher will be asking us the lessons.
3. Our garden flowers are going to be growing very fast.
4. My income will be increasing after publishing my own business.
5. You will be walking to home this afternoon.
6. He will be drawing a picture tomorrow.
7. I will be going to the USA by the end of 2019.
8. They are going to be arguing again.
9. Tabassum is going to be leaving Kabul next week.
10.I am going to be drinking wine if I don’t get better.

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Present Perfect Tense

Definition: This tense is mainly used to talk about an action that started and
ended at an unspecific time before now. It is also used to talk about repeated
actions that began and ended at unspecific time or times before now.
Usages:
1. To talk about an action that began and ended at an unspecific time before
now.
Ex: I have already eaten my lunch.
She has passed the test.

2. To talk about repeated actions that happened at unspecific times in the

past.
Ex: He has watched Salt Movie several times.

3. To talk about an action that started in the past, comes to the present, and
may or may not continue in the future.
Note: In this case the prepositions “for” ( for duration of time) and “since”
(point of time) are also used.
Ex: She has taught English for seven years.
We have boiled the water since 3 o’clock.

4. To talk about a condition (by using “been + adjective/noun/prepositional

phrase” or some other non-progressive verbs) that started in the past, still
exits at present time, and may or may not exist in the future.
Ex: He has been rich since he started the import and export business.
She has been a doctor for ten years.
I have been in the class room since 2:00 pm.
This computer has belonged to me for two years.

5. To talk about a repeated action in a period of time.

Ex: I have taken seven quizzes in the last two weeks
She has watched this movie five times in this year.

6. To talk about a change in someone or something that has happened over a

period of time.
Ex: He has grown a lot since I saw him last time.
The city of Kabul has become more modern.

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Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: subject + have/has + v3 + ROTS
Example: I have already eaten dinner.
I have lived in this city for a decade.

Negative Sentences
Structure: subject + have/has + not + v3 + ROTS
Example: we have not finished the exercises yet.
I have not gone to USA.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: have/has + subject + v3 + ROTS
Example: have you ever travelled to Paris?
Has she talked to you lately?

Negative Interrogative Sentences

Structures: have/has + subject + not + v3 + ROTS
Have/has + not + subject + v3 + ROTS
Passive structures:
Subject + have/has + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Have/has + subject + been + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + have/has + not + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Example:
The boy has been helped by Mary.
Has the lady been kissed by her fiancé?
The girls have not been paid by their mummy.

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Time expressions in Present Perfect Tense:

 Since:Shows a specific point of time in the past.
Ex: I have lived in USA since 2000 AD.

 Shows a specific period or duration of time.

For:
Ex: They have been students for three years.

 Use it in interrogative sentences to mean “at any time”.

Ever:
Ex: Have you ever seen a ghost?

 Never:Use it in positive sentences, but the meaning of the sentence will be

negative.
Ex: I have never annoyed anyone in my lifetime.

 Use this adverb of time either between helping verb (have/has)

Already:
and past participle (V3) or at the end of the sentence.
Ex: I have already gotten my master’s.
I have gotten my master’s already.

 Use “yet” at the end of negative sentences to mean “until now”.

Yet:
Ex: I haven’t been at Harvard university yet.

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Exercise 1: Choose the best option. Pay careful attention to the difference
between “present perfect” and “simple past” tenses.
1. When …………………………….. the school?
a. have you joined
b. did you joined
c. did you join
d. have you ever joined

2. ……………………………………….. in English?
a. did you ever worked
b. have you ever worked
c. worked you
d. didn’t

3. That’s the best speech …………………………………….. .

a. I never heard
b. I didn’t hear
c. I used to hear
d. I’ve ever heard
4. He’s the most difficult housemate ……………………………………… .
a. I never dealt with
b. I never had to deal with
c. I’ve ever had to deal with
d. I’ve never had to deal with

5. ……………………………………. to him last time.

a. I spoke
b. I’ve already spoken
c. I didn’t speak
d. I speaked

6. ………………………………………….. a contract and it is still valid.

a. We have signed
b. We signed
c. We haven’t signed
d. We have sign

7. ………………………………………….. from a business trip to France.

a. I come back
b. I came back
c. I never came back
d. I’ve just come back

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8. Prices …………………………………….. in 1995 but then

…………………… in1996.
a. rised-------- falled
b. rose---------- fell
c. have risen--------have fallen
d. rose---------have fallen

9. You ………………………………….. to a word ………………………..

.
a. listened----------I haven’t said
b. didn’t listen-------- I say
c. listened---------- saying
d. haven’t listened ------- I’ve said

10.I can’t believe that ………………………………………….. the news.

a. you haven’t read
b. you didn’t read
c. you don’t read
d. you read not

Exercise 2: Choose the correct time expression used in present perfect tense.
1. We have lived in this city ……………………………….. fifteen years.
a. since
b. for

2. She has not returned from school ………………………… .

a. yet
b. just

3. Jane has …………………………………….. gone out.

a. just
b. yet

4. You have not returned my money ………………………………….. .

a. already
b. yet

5. James has ……………………………. arrived in London.

a. Already
b. Yet

6. I have …………………………… had a call from your brother.

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a. Yet
b. Just
7. She has worked with me ………………………….. 2008.
a. Since
b. For
8. I haven’t seen him ………………………………….. two weeks.
a. Since
b. For
9. We have been in touch ……………………………… four months.
a. Since
b. for
10.I have ……………………………………… my assignments.
a. Already
b. Yet

Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active
1. I have sold one of my cars.
2. She has drawn a new picture.
3. ATC has published a new branch.
4. We have developed a project.
5. They have written lots of articles.
6. Yasin has gotten his PH.D .
7. Ali has finished his task.
8. My students have gathered information about me.
9. This company has launched a new product to the market.
10.We have offered this service for years.
Passive
11.These students have been taught English by me for a long time.
12.We have been kept here for no reasons by him.
13.She has given me a present.
14.This compound has been damaged by war.
15.My pet has been stolen by a thief.
16.The faucet has been fixed by the plumber.
17.The people have been massacred here for years by the insurgents.
18.Her children have been kidnapped from the park.
19.My present has been hidden by my little child.
20.Our society has been attacked by foreign culture in last decades.

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Past Perfect Tense

Definition: This tense is mainly used to talk about an action that began and
ended at an unspecific time before a specific time or another action in the past.
Usages:
1: To talk about an action that started and completed before another action in
the past.
Examples: We had prepared dinner before the guests arrived.
She had sewed the skirt before the customer came.
2: To talk about the completion of an action before a specific time in the past.
Examples: My cousin had built his building before 2013.
I had read 200 books before I joined university in 2011.
3: To talk about a condition or state that started and continued until another
action happened in the past.
Remember: In this case we use none progressive verbs in the past perfect tense
Examples: That car had belonged to me for three years, before I gifted to Ali.
I had had a good watch before I lost that in a party.
4: To talk about an action or some actions that started and completed within a
period of time before another action or time in the past.
Examples: He had watched the movie three times with low quality before he
got the HD quality.
I had visited Band-e-Amir in 2014 before I moved to Kabul in
2015.
Affirmative Sentence
Structure: Subject + had + v3 + ROTS
Examples: I had already done my homework before you called me.
She had cooked Qabli before her pals came to her home.

Negative Sentence
Structure: Subject + had + not + V3 + ROTS

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Examples: She had not/hadn’t had her first baby until she became 30 years
old.
I hadn’t eaten breakfast, so I was extremely hungry at 11 o’clock.

Interrogative Sentence
Structure: Had + subject + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Had you fixed the car before you drove to Mazzar?
Had she fed her baby before she went to the party?

Negative Interrogative
Structures:
Complete Form: Had + subject + not + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Had he not passed the test before he joined the class?
Had we not given the money when we left there?

Short Form: Had + not + subject + V3 + ROTS

Examples: Had not/hadn’t they met you before they left for Syria?
Hadn’t she been to Helmand in 2011 before she came to Kabul?

Information/WH question
Structure: WH + had + subject + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Where had he gone when the party started?
Why had you left before completing the task?
What had your brother bought you before going to Tokyo?
Structure for which: Which + noun + had + subject + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Which places had she been to until she was here?
Which books had you read before school started?

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Structure for who:

As subject: Who + had + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Who had taken the pictures when you went to Bamyan with your
fiancée?
Who had looked after your kids until you were out of city?
As object: Who + had + subject + V3 + ROTS
Examples: Who had you talked with when I was outside? (Informal)
With whom had you talked when I was outside? (Formal)
Passive structures:
Subject + had + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Had + subject + been + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + had + not + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Example:
The clothes had been washed three times before you wore them.
Had the dinner been cooked when I got home?
The students had not been helped enough before they left.

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1: They had __________ a lot of wood before the weather got cold in Kabul.
a: buy
b: buying
c: bought

2: We had ____________ when they came home.

a: gone shopping
b: went shopping
c: go shopping

3: I had turned off my cell phone when you __________ me last night.
a: call
b: were call
c: called

4: When I arrived to the classroom, the teacher _________ the lesson already.
a: has already
b: have started
c: had started

5: Who _______ the president of Afghanistan before Hamid Karzai?

a: had he
b: had been
c: had had

6: Who __________ gone shopping with when you saw him?

a: had
b: had been
c: had he

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7: He hadn’t ____ job for a while before he became an English teacher at ATC.
a: have
b: had any
c: having

8: When he ___________ home his brothers and sisters had already eaten
dinner.
a: Comes,
b: comes
c: came

9: For how long ________ president of the U.S.A before Obama won election?
a: Bush had been
b: Had Bush
c: had Bush ben

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into correct form (past perfect tense).
1: The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build) _____________________
2: He (not/be) ___________________________ to Shanghai before 1999.
3: When she went out to play, she (do/already) ______________________ her
homework.
4: My brother ate all of the cake that our mom (make) ____________________.
5: The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on) ___________________ six
weeks ago.
6: The waiter brought a drink that (not/order) ____________________.
7: I could not remember the poem we (learn) __________________ the week.
8: The children collected the apples that (fall) __________________ from the
tree.
9: He (call) __________________ Shabnam before he went to see her in Paris.
10: She (not/ride) _________________________ a horse before that day.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active Passive
1. I had worn blue shoes. __________________________________.
2. Joe had cleaned the tables. __________________________________.
3. We had lost the key. __________________________________.
4. They had started a fight. __________________________________.
5. I had been reading an article. __________________________________.
6. I had not closed the window. _________________________________.
7. They had not bought the paper. _________________________________.
8. She had not noticed me. _________________________________.
9. Had she solved the problem? __________________________________.
10.Had he recorded that song? __________________________________.

Passive Active
1. Generator had been started by them. ____________________________.
2. Changes had been made by her. _____________________________.
3. L.C.D had been repaired by me. _____________________________.
4. Tutorials had been made by him. ______________________________.
5. Rules had been implemented by them. ___________________________.
6. Medicine had been taken by us. _______________________________.
7. Buildings had been built by us. _______________________________.
8. Homes had been painted by us. _______________________________.
9. Enemies had been fought by them. ______________________________.
10.Eggs had been eaten by us. ________________________________.

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Future Perfect Tense

Definition: The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed
before another time or event in the future.
Examples:
1. I will graduate in June. I will see you in July. By the time I see you, I will
have graduated.
2. When professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45
years.
3. I will have studied for ten years by 8:00 PM tonight.
4. She will have been here for ten years by the end of next month.
Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will/shall + 3rd v + ROTS.
Examples:
 By the end of this year he’ll have acted for thirty years.
 I will have graduated by the end of this year.
 My daddy will have saved 5000 $ by June.

Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will/shall + not + 3rd v + ROTS.
Examples:
 I will not have done my assignments by 8:00 tonight.
 He will not have painted the room by next week if he continues like this.
 We shall not have arrived at airport.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Will/shall + subject + 3rd v + ROTS +?
Examples:
 Will she have arrived home by the time I go to bed?
 Will The professor have finished the book by the end of semester?
 Will I have read fifty books by end of year?

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Passive structures:
Subject + will + have + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Will + subject + have + been + 3rd v + ROTS?
Subject + will + not + have + been + 3rd v + ROTS.
Example:
The books will have been printed by the time we get there.
Will the books have been printed by the time we get there?
The books will not have been printed by the time we get there.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. Will you ___________ by 8 am?
a. have arrived
b. be arrive
c. have arriving

2. Where ___________ gone?

a. will she have
b. is she has
c. she have

3. October works for us. Hasinah will not ________ by then.

a. graduating
b. have graduated
c. be graduate

4. I will let you in. I ___________ with the keys by the time you come in.
a. will have arrived
b. will be arrival
c. will be arrived

5. He will have _________ all about it by Monday.

a. forgetting
b. forgotten
c. be forgetting

6. By the time I’m 35, I ____________ married.

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a. will not have get

b. will get
c. will have got

7. If you don’t hurry up, the film __________________ by the time we

arrive.
a. will not finish
b. will be finished
c. will have finished

8. Sheila ______________ the scholarships by the time she starts college in

August.
a. been have got
b. needn’t have got
c. will have got

9. The team __________ at the exhibition for five hours by the time I arrive
there.
a. won't have worked
b. will work
c. will be working

10. By this time next month, I hope they __________ building the
community center.
a. will finished
b. won’t have finished
c. won’t not have finished

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into correct form (future perfect tense).
1. We ______________ (not/eat) before we come, so we’ll be hungry.
2. _________________ (he/finish) his exams when we go on holiday?
3. They _____________ (arrive) by dinner time.
4. He _______________ (not/complete) the project by June.
5. Why ______________ (she/finish) the cleaning by six?
6. I _________________ (not/finish) the essay by the weekend.
7. __________________ (she/get) home by lunch time?
8. You ______________ (read) the book before the next class.
9. __________________ (Akbar/finish) the report by the deadline?
10. By 10 pm tonight, she ______________ (leave) Bamyan.

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Exercise 3: Change the following sentences from active to passive and voice-
versa.
Active Passive
1. I shall have learnt the lesson. _________________________________.
2. The children will have seen the show. ____________________________.
3. He will have read this book. _________________________________.
4. I will have repaired L.C.D. _________________________________.
5. They will have implemented rules. ______________________________.
6. Brain will have controlled our body. _____________________________.
7. She will have done online marketing. ____________________________.
8. She will have stolen Petrol. _______________________________.
9. I will have taken the dog for a walk. _____________________________.
10. Will you have washed my socks? ______________________________.

Passive Active
1. The invitation shall not have been _____________________________.
accepted by us.
2. Her work will have been finished _____________________________.
by her.
3. Will the food have been cooked _____________________________.
by her?
4. By whom will you have been opposed? __________________________.
5. He will have been elected their leader ____________________________.
by them.
6. Will our letter have been received _______________________________.
by them?
7. Will the train have been caught _________________________________.
by us?
8. Medicines will have been taken _________________________________.
by her on time.
9. The biggest party will have been invited _________________________.
by the President to form the Government.
10. The light will have been switched ______________________________.
on by her.

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Present Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense

Definition: the present perfect progressive expresses how long an activity has
been in progress. In other words, it expresses the duration of an activity that
began in the past and continues to the present.
Note: Time expressions often used with this tense are since, for, all day, all
morning, all week…
Examples:
1. I have been sitting at my desk since seven o’clock. I have been sitting
here for two hours.
2. Mr. Yasin has been training the TOEFL trainees for a year.
3. How long have you been living here? Or how long have you lived here?
4. All the students have been studying hard. Final exams stat next week.
Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + have/has + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS.
Examples:
 I have been waiting for an hour.
 She has been having a baby for a month.
 We have been here since 2000 AD.

Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + have/has + not + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS.
Examples:
 I have not been working lately.
 We have not been friends since we were freshmen.
 Ali has been jobless for a while.

Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Have/Has + sub + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS +?
Examples:
 Has she been the president?
 Have been waiting long?
 Have you been waiting for an iPhone for ages?

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. It has ________ snowing a lot this week.
a. be
b. been
c. being

2. ______ your brother and sister been getting along?

a. Have
b. Has
c. Are

3. Massih ____ been studying hard this semester.

a. ‘s
b. s
c. ‘ve

4. I’m tired because I ______ been working out.

a. ‘ve
b. has
c. am

5. Julie _____ living in Italy since September.

a. has being
b. is been
c. has been

6. Did you know he’s been teaching English _______ fifteen years?
a. before
b. since
c. for

7. We have been watching TV ______ we had dinner.

a. for
b. since
c. by

8. He has _______ too hard today.

a. working
b. works
c. been working

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9. Has it __________ since you arrived?

a. be raining
b. is rainy
c. been raining

10. My brother has been travelling _______ two months.

a. since
b. for
c. by

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into correct form (present perfect continuous tense).
1. You look dirty. What _____________ (do) all day?
2. The children ____________________ (watch) videos for two hours.
3. She ___________________________ (English) words for hours, but she
still doesn’t remember all of them.
4. ___________________ (study) hard today?
5. Sorry, I’m late. ________________ (wait) for long?
6. He ________________ (write) his essay all day, but he hasn’t finished
yet.
7. I ______________ (not/cry) for long.
8. ___________________ (sleep) all afternoon?
9. For the past three years, we ______________ (live) in a small apartment.
10. We _________________ (study) for the past 6 hours and we are all very
tired.

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Past Perfect progressive/continuous Tense

Definition: The past perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity
or action that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.
Examples:
1. The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they
caught him.
2. Yasin finally came at six o’clock. I had been waiting for him since four-
thirty.
3. When my wife got home, her hair was still wet because she had been
swimming.
4. When I saw him, his eyes were red because he had been crying.
Structures:
Affirmative sentences
Structure: Subject + had + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS.
Examples:
 It was now six and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.
 He had been trying to get her on the phone.
 He had been painting the door.

Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + had + not + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS.
Examples:
 Ali had not been waiting before I got there.
 We had not been meeting for a long time.
 Boozhan had not been envying anyone in his lifetime.
Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Had + subject + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS +?
Examples:
 Had you been calling before I sent the SMS?
 Had she been drawing before going art club?
 Have you been wasting your time before I was notified?

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. My dad _________ smoking in the garage.
a. has
b. had
c. had been

2. The printer __________ working well.

a. had not been
b. hadn’t
c. had not

3. Had the players ______ playing by the rules?

a. been
b. have
c. be

4. She ________ expecting the worst.

a. had
b. ‘d been
c. Had being

5. Had the teachers ___________ before the strike?

a. been work
b. working
c. been working

6. Our pool pump _________ running properly before the storm.

a. had not have
b. hadn’t been
c. hadn’t being

7. My sister’s roommate was upset. She ________ been waiting for an hour.
a. had
b. has
c. have

8. I just heard about the accident. ________ been working all night?
a. Had the driver
b. Had the driving
c. Have the driver

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9. We were shocked to see her. ___________ been expecting her.

a. We are
b. We have
c. We’d not

10. I finally reached my room. _______ her all day.

a. I’d been calling
b. I have called
c. I called

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into correct form (past perfect continuous tense).
1. I ___________________ (work) all day, so I didn’t want to go out.
2. She _________________ (sleep) for ten hours when I woke her.
3. They ________________ (live) in Pol-e-Sorkh, for three years when he
lost his job.
4. When we met you, you _____________ (work) at that company for six
months.
5. We ______________ (eat) all day, so we felt a bit ill.
6. He was red in the face because he ______________ (run).
7. It _________________ (rain) and the roads was covered in water.
8. I was really tired because I _______________ (study).
9. We _______________ (go) out for three years when we got married.
10.It _________________ (snow) for three days.

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Future Perfect Continuous / Progressive Tense

Definition: The future perfect progressive emphasizes the duration of an activity
that will be in progress before another time or event in the future.
Examples:
1. I will go to bed at 10:00 PM. My father will get home at midnight. At
midnight I will be sleeping. I will have been sleeping for two hours by the
time my father gets home.
2. I will have been teaching English for ten years by the end of 2020.
3. We will have been waiting in class for 3 hours by 3:00 pm.
Structures:
Affirmative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will/shall + have + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS.
Examples:
 By the end of this year she will have been acting for thirty years.
 He will have been studying here for ten years by the end of the month.
 I will have been waiting for her for forty years by tomorrow.

Negative Sentences
Structure: Subject + will/shall + not + have + been + 1st v + ROTS.
Examples:
 By the end of month, I will not have been waiting long.
 We will not have been having trouble for a while before he gets back.
 We will not have been using internet for a month before July.
Interrogative Sentences
Structure: Will/shall + subject + have + been + 1st v + ing + ROTS +?
Examples:
 Will I have been earning money before I retire?
 Shall we have been receiving aids until war end?
 Will they have been fighting by the time we get there?

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Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. My mom _________ for two days by the time I see her.
a. has been travelling
b. will have been travelling
c. will has been travelling

2. They’ll be exhausted by dinner. They will have been _____ hockey for
seven hours.
a. playing
b. played
c. play

3. Will you _________ here for ten years by the time of the Christmas
party?
a. have been worked
b. have to work
c. have been working

4. It’s a 24-hour relay. They’ll only have been _______ for half the time by
6pm.
a. ran
b. run
c. running

5. We _________ been waiting long.

a. will not have
b. have not will
c. will have not

6. Won’t they ______ travelling for three weeks by then?

a. have been
b. had been
c. has been

7. I _____________ working for two years.

a. willn't have been
b. won’t have been
c. not have been

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8. The teachers will __________ for a month by the time the deal is made.
a. have been striking
b. will strike
c. will be striking

9. The films run all night. We __________ movies for six hours by the time
the feature comes on.
a. watched
b. will have been watching
c. will watch

10. She’ll still be groggy. She __________ undergoing surgery for three
hours.
a. will has been
b. will have been
c. will be have

Exercise 2: Put the verbs into correct form (future perfect continuous tense).
1. She (talk) _____________ on the phone for the last couple of hours.
2. You (not/watch) _______________ TV all the time.
3. By the end of the week, I (work) ______________ here for four hours.
4. How long _______________ (you/wait) when you finally get your exam
results?
5. ________________ (he/wait) long by the time we get there?
6. I _______________ (answer) students’ questions all morning, so I’ll want
a quiet lunch.
7. _______________ (you/take) exams when we meet?
8. They _____________ (study) all day, so they’ll want to go out in the
evening.
9. I ______________ (not/walk). When I meet you, I’ll have been cycling.
10.We _____________ (look) at houses for four months next Wednesday.

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Conjunctions
Definition: a word which can be used to join words and clauses together are
called conjunctions.
Example:
1. I rang because I was tired.
2. He plays squash and rugby.
3. He cannot either read or write.
Kinds of conjunctions:
I. Coordinating conjunctions: They join pairs of clauses that are
grammatically independent of each other.
Coordinating conjunctions are: For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, besides,
however, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore, still, though ….
Examples:
1. Ali and his friend are coming to dinner.
2. These shoes are old but comfortable.
3. He wants to watch TV or listen to music.
4. Not only my mother but also my sister is here.
II. Subordinating Conjunctions: A subordinating conjunction together
with its following clause acts like a part of the other clause. In other
words, subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause with an
independent clause.
They consist of: if, when, after, before, while, as, by the time, since,
until, till, as soon as, once, as long as, so long as, whenever, every
time, the first time ….
Examples:
1. After she graduates, she will get a job.
2. After she graduated, she got a job.
3. When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
4. He was talking on the phone, when I arrived.

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Exercise 1: Complete each sentence using the subordinating conjunction from

the parenthesis:
1. I visit the Grand Canyon ___________ I go to Arizona.
(once, whenever, wherever)
2. This is the place ______________ we stayed last time we visited.
(where, when, how)
3. ____________ you win first place; you will receive a prize.
(wherever, if, unless)
4. You won’t pass the test _________ you study. (when, if, unless)
5. I could not get a seat, __________ I came early. (as, though, when)
6. We are leaving Wednesday _________ or not it rains.
(if, whether, though)
7. Pay attention to your work _________ you will not make mistakes.
(so that, unless, or)
8. The musicians delivered a rousing performance _________ they had
rehearsed often. (though, as, once)
9. She’s honest _________ everyone trusts her. (if, so, when)
10. Write this down _________ you forget. (or, when, lest)

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence using the correct coordinating conjunction

from the parenthesis:
1. My car has a radio __________ a CD player. (but, or, and)
2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _________ will she tolerate heavy
metal. (but, nor, or)
3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, ________ Bill insisted that they fly.
(and, or, but)
4. I’m afraid of heights, _________ I appreciate the view from the top of
this building. (and, yet, nor)
5. I have to be on time, ________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late.
(and, nor, for)
6. Do you like chocolate ________ vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, for)
7. I have to go to work at six, _______ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)
8. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)
9. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, ________ she takes the bus everywhere.
(but, yet, so)
10.Our trip to the museum was interesting, __________ there were several
new artifacts on display. (but, for, yet)

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Clauses
Definition: A part of a sentence which contains a subject and verb, usually
joined to the rest of a sentence by a conjunction, or a clause is a structure that
has a subject and a verb.
Examples:
1. I thanked the woman who helped me.
2. The book which is on the table is mine.
3. Mary said that she was tired.
4. What I need is money.
5. After she gets here, I will talk to her.
There are two kinds of clauses: Independent and dependent.
Independent Clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence and can
stand alone.
Examples:
1. That book is mine.
2. Ahmad beat about the bush.
3. Kabul is the most beautiful city in world.
4. He is perpetually delaying the plans.
Dependent Clauses: A dependent clause is NOT a complete sentence and
cannot stand alone. A dependent clause must be connected to an independent
clause.
Kinds of dependent clauses:
1. Noun clauses
2. Adjective clauses
3. Adverb clauses

Noun clauses: A noun clause has the same uses in a sentence as a noun; it is
used as a subject and as an object.
Examples:
1. I know what he is doing.
sub v noun clause / object

2. What he said is true.

noun clause/sub v

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3. It is disappointing that Tom can’t come.

noun clause / object

Noun clauses, as following, can be introduced with different words.

A. Noun clauses beginning with a question word:

Examples:
Questions Noun clauses
1. Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives.
2. What did he say? I couldn’t hear what he said.
3. When do we leave? Do you know when we leave?
4. Who teaches the class? Manager knows who teaches the
s v class. (who = subject; same word
order)
5. Who are those men? I don’t know who those men are.
v s s v
6. Whose house is that? I wonder whose house that is.
7. What did she say? What she said surprised me.
8. What should they do? What they should do is obvious.
s v

B. Noun clauses beginning with Whether or If:

Examples:
Yes/No Questions Noun Clause
1. Will she come? I don’t know whether she will come.
I don’t know if she will come.
2. Does he need help? I wonder whether he needs help.
I wonder if he needs help.
I wonder whether or not she will come.
I wonder whether she will come or not.
Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.

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C. Noun clauses beginning with That:

Examples:
1. My father thinks that he will come.
v that-clause
2. Jan is happy that Bob called.
Be Adj that-clauses
3. It is clear that I like my new job.
v Adj that-cluse
4. That he likes his new job is clear.
that-clause-subject
5. The fact (that) he likes his new job is clear.
that – clause – subject

Adjective Clauses: a clause which modifies a noun, usually introduced by a

relative pronoun like who or which.
Examples:
1. I like people who like me.
2. My neighbor, who is very pessimistic, says there will be no apples this
year.
3. I told the manager, who said it wasn’t his bushiness.
There are three types of adjective clauses.
A. Defining adjective (relative) clauses: These describe the proceding noun in
such a way as to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class. A clause of
this kind is essential to the clear understanding of the noun.
Examples:
1. The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
2. I met someone who said he knew you.
3. The noise that he made woke everybody up.
4. The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
5. This is the picture which/that caused such a sensation.
6. The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
In all above examples, the relative clauses are necessary and cannot be omitted.
If we omit these, it is not clear what noun we are talking about. Notice that there
is no commas between a noun and a defining relative clause.

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Relative pronouns used in defining adjective clauses:

The forms are as follows:
Subject Object Possessive
For persons who whom/who whose
that that
For things which which whose/of which
that that
B. Non-defining relative clause: These clauses are placed after nouns which
are definite already. They do not therefore define the noun, but merely add
something to it by giving some more information about it. They are not essential
and can be omitted without causing confusion. Non-essential adjective clauses
are separated from their noun by commas.
Relative pronouns used in non-defining relative clause:
Subject Object Possessive
For persons who whom/who whose
For things which which whose/of which

Examples:
1. Professor Ali, who teaches math, is an excellent lecturer.
2. Hawaii, which consists of eight principal lands, is a favorite vacation
sport.
3. Mr. Qatae, whom I met yesterday, is a great life coach.
4. Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
5. Fatima, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
C. Connective Relative Clauses: These do not describe their nouns but
continue the story. Commas are used.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which
Examples:
1. I told Peter, who said it was my business.
2. I threw the ball to Tom, who threw it to Ann.
3. The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh.
4. I sent him an SMS, who sent it to you.

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Adverb Clauses: Adverb clauses are used to show relationships between ideas.
They show relationships of time, cause and effect, contrast and condition.
Examples:
1. When the phone rang, the baby woke up.
Adverb clause main clause
2. The baby woke up when the phone rang.
3. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
4. Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming.
5. If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.
6. I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it’s cold.
Kinds of adverb clauses:
A. Adverb clause of time: It shows when something happens. The words that
introduce adverb clauses of time consist of:
after, before, when, while, as, as soon as, since, until, by the time that, once,
as/so long as, whenever, every time (that), the first time (that), the las time
(that), the next time (that).
Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships
after * (a) After she graduates, she will A present tense, NOT a
get a job. future tense, is used in an
(b) After she (had) graduated, adverb clause of time, as in
she got a job. (a) and (c)
before * (c) I will leave before he comes.
(d) I (had) left before he came.
When (e) When I arrived, he was When = at that time
talking on the Notice the different time
phone. relationships expressed by
(f) When I got there, he had the tenses.
already left.
(g) When it began to rain, I
stood under a
tree.
(h) When I was in Chicago, I
visited the
museums.
(i) When I see him tomorrow, I
will ask him.
while (j) While I was walking home, t while, as = during that time
began to
as rain.

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(k) As I was walking home, it

began to rain.
by the time (l) By the time he arrived, we by the time = one event is
had already completed before another
left. event
(m) By the time he comes, we Notice the use of the past
will have perfect and future perfect in
already left. the main clause.
Since (n) I haven’t seen him since he since = from that time to the
left this present
morning. In (o): ever adds emphasis.
(o) I’ve known her ever since I NOTE: The present perfect is
was a child. used in the main clause.
until (p) We stayed there until we until, till = to that time and
finished our then no longer
till work. (Till is used more in
(q) We stayed there till we speaking than in writing; it is
finished our generally not used in formal
work. English.)
as soon as (r) As soon as it stops raining, as soon as, once = when one
once we will leave. event happens, another event
(s) Once it stops raining, we will happens soon afterward
leave.
as long as (t) I will never speak to him as long as, so long as =
so long as again as long as during all that time, from
I live. beginning to end
(u) I will never speak to him
again so long as
I live.
whenever (v) Whenever I see her, I say whenever = every time
every time hello.
(w) Every time I see her, I say
hello.
the first (x) The first time (that) I went to Adverb clauses can be
time New York, I introduced by:
went to an opera.
the last (y) I saw two plays the last time
time (that) I went 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕
to New York. 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
the next (z) The next time (that) I go to 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒓𝒅, 𝒆𝒕𝒄. 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕)
𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕
time New York, I’m 𝒏𝒆𝒙𝒕
going to see a ballet. { 𝒆𝒕𝒄. }

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Examples:
1. Before he arrives, I will give the children their tea.
2. I’ll stay till you get back.
3. While the children are sleeping, we can go to beach.
4. As soon as I graduate, I am going to get a job.
5. The next time (that) I go to New York, I am going to see a ballet.
B. Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect: These clauses can be
introduced with Because, Now that, and Since.
Examples:
1. We camped there because it was too dark to go on.
2. Since it was too dark to go on, we camped there.
3. Now that I’ve finished the semester, I am going to rest a few days and
then take a trip.
C. Adverb clause of contrast/concession: These clauses are used to make two
statements, one of which contrast with the other or make it seem surprising.
The words used to introduce these clauses: even though, although, though, even
if, while (direct contrast).
Examples:
1. Even if you don’t like him, you can still be polite.
2. While John is poor, Mary is rich.
3. Even though I didn’t like Arabic, I learned it.
4. Although it was warm yesterday, I wore a wool coat.
D. Adverb clause of condition: These clauses give the circumstances under
which the action in the main clause will take place.
The words used to introduce adverb clause of condition:
If, unless, only if, whether or not, Even if, In case, ….
Examples:
1. If it rains, we will not go out.
2. She will come if you invite her.
3. You won’t pass unless you work hard.
4. I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it’s cold.
5. The picnic will be canceled only if it rains.
6. I’ll be in my office in case you need to reach me.

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Exercise 1: Complete the following sentences by adding suitable noun clauses.

1. I cannot understand ___________________.
2. They said ____________________________.
3. I think _______________________________.
4. He told me ___________________________.
5. _______________________ hurts me.
6. You can eat _________________.
7. Can you guess _______________________?
8. I feel certain _________________________.
9. I do not know ________________________.
10.No one knows ________________________.

Exercise 2: Underline the adjective clauses.

1. The girl who won the first prize is my niece.
2. The forest through which we travelled was dark and gloomy.
3. My sister who lives in Mexico is a nurse.
4. This is the same house that Tennyson occupied.
5. This is the same old story that we have been hearing since our childhood.
6. He has a brilliant son who is certain to bring credit to his family.
7. The man, who looked very pale, was sick.
8. This is the village where I was born.
9. The plan that I proposed was rejected.
10. This is the reason why he does not want to come here.
11. The student who comes from Japan is a very nice person.
12. The police officer has caught the man who committed the theft last night.
13. Can you tell me the reason why you are looking upset.
14. Show me the place where you put the keys.
15. This is the wooden case where the shopkeeper keeps his money.

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Exercise 3: Combine each set of simple sentence into one complex sentence
containing an adverb clause.
1. I waited for my friend ________ he arrived.
a. until
b. up to
c. unless

2. He hid __________ his pursuers could not find him.

a. there
b. where
c. when

3. I am as intelligent __________ you are.

a. as
b. so
c. than

4. ________________ he was not there, I left a message with his mother.

a. As
b. So
c. Therefore

5. We eat ______________ we may live.

a. that
b. so
c. as

6. She was ____________ tired that she could barely stand.

a. so
b. such
c. as

7. _______________ you eat too much, you may fall ill.

a. If
b. Whether
c. Unless

8. _______________ he started early, he finished late.

a. As
b. Though
c. So

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9. ________________ you do not tell me everything, I will not be able to

help you.
a. If
b. Unless
c. Whether

10. Do not go ______________ I get ready.

a. until
b. unless
c. up to

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Speech
Definition: Speech is a talk or dialogue between two persons. There are two
kinds of speech.
A. Direct Speech: Direct speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they
were originally spoken.
Rules:
1. The remark is placed between inverted commas.
2. Direct speech is capitalized.
3. A comma is placed after reporting verb.
Examples:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
1.
She said, “My brother is a student.”
2.
“Let’s leave,” whispered Dave.
3.
“Well,” Jack began, “it’s a long story.”
4.
“We stand united,” The president declared, “Together we can
5.
win.”
B. Indirect Speech: In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a
remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words.
Noun clause is used to report what someone has said.
Rules: Rules of changing direct speech into indirect speech:
1. No quotation marks are used.
2. No commas are used.
3. If the reporting verb is simple past, the verb in noun clause goes
one tense back than the quoted speech.
4. When the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect or
future, the noun clause verb is not changed.
5. Imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive.
6. “Will and Shall” are changed to “would”.
7. “I, we” are changed to “he/she/they”
8. “Should”, ought to, might, would, used to” do not change.
Examples:
1. He said, “I am tired.”
He said that he was tired.
2. She said, “I watch TV everyday.”
She said that she watched TV everyday.
3. They said, “We are playing football.”
They said that they were playing football.

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4. Ali said, “I didn’t do my assignments.”

Ali said, that he couldn’t done his assignments.
5. My father said, “I have given you too much money.”
My father said that he has give me too much money.
6. Ahmad said, “I had called you.”
Ahmad said that he had called you.
7. Bilal said, “I will launch a company.”
Bilal said that he would launch a company.
8. They said, “They are going to study.”
They said that they were going to study.
9. He said, “I can do it.”
He said that he could do it.
10.Fireeshta said, “I may change the plan.”
Fireeshta said that she might change the plan.
11.Wali said, “I must call my daddy.”
Wali said that he had to call my daddy.
12.Mummy said, “I have to do the laundry.”
Mummy said that she had to do the laundry.
13.The manager said, “I should visit you.”
The manager said that she should visit you.
14.Qatae said, “I ought to study.”
Qatae said, he ought to study.
15.Waheed said, “I might get married.”
Waheed said that he might get married.
16.She says, “She exercises every morning.”
She says that she exercises every morning.
17.She has said, “I translate the documents in office.”
She has said that she translates documents in office.
18.She will say, “I am busy.”
She will say that she is busy.
19.The teacher said, “Pay attention.”
The teacher told us to pay attention.

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Expressions of time and place in indirect speech:

Direct Indirect
Today that day
yesterday they day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
next week/year etc. the following week/year etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year etc.
a year ago etc. ago a year before/the previous year

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option.

1. Madina said , “It is my car.”
a. Madina said that it is my car.
b. Madina said that it is her car.
c. Madina said that it was my car.
d. Madina said that it was her car.

2. Ali said, “I work here everyday.”

a. Ali said that he worked here yesterday.
b. Ali said that he worked there everyday.
c. Ali said that he worked here everyday.
d. Ali said that he worked everyday.

3. Fariha said, “I have finished my homework.”

a. Fariha said that she had finished her homework.
b. Fariha said that she had finished my homework.
c. Fariha said that she has finished her homework.
d. Fariha said that she has finished my homework.

4. She said to me, “I can sleep alone.”

a. She said to me that she can sleep alone.
b. She told me that she can sleep alone.
c. She said to me that she could sleep alone.
d. She told me that she could sleep alone.

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5. He said, “My friend may come tonight.”

a. He said that his friend might come tonight.
b. He said that his friend might come that night.
c. He said that his friend might go that night.
d. He said that his friend might go tonight.

Exercise 2: Complete with sentences in direct style.

1. She told her mother that she was going to the market.
She said _________________________.
2. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
The teacher said __________________________.
3. He asked me if I had brought the pens.
He said __________________________.
4. He said that she was not going home that day.
He said ___________________________.
5. The judge told the witness to tell the truth.
The judge said _____________________.

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Common Preposition Combinations

In English, many nouns, verbs, and adjectives are commonly followed by
prepositions. If you are not sure whether to use a preposition with a particular
word or if you are not sure which preposition to use, look up the word in [the]
dictionary. Often different prepositions used with the same word indicate
different senses of the word, e.g. concerned about (worried) vs. concerned in
(involved in or affected by), or different relations of the word to the noun phrase
after the preposition, e.g. angry at (a person) or angry about (something).
Word that don’t take prepositions:
Consider, discuss, influence (active verb form), comprise (active verb form),
parallel (active verb form), emphasize (active verb form)
A
access to anxious about
accompanied by appreciated for
accomplished by approve of
according to ashamed of
account for assist in
accustomed to associated with
accused of astonished at/by
acquainted with attached to
adapt to attempt to
addicted to attribute to
adjust to available for/to
affected by aware of
afraid of
agree with
annoyed about (subject) /with/at (person)
amazed at/by
analogous to
angry at/with (someone) about/over (something)

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B a
bad at (doing something)/for (person) on behalf of
based on busy with
belong to brilliant at
benefit from bored with/by
beneficial to boastful for
bias toward
C a
capable of composed of
capacity for concentrate on
careful with/about/of conflict with
certain about conform to
characteristic of connected to
clever at constrained by
coherent with content with
coincide with contribute to
comment on convert to
commitment to cooperate with (someone) on (something)
communicate with correspond to/with
compared to/with crazy about
compatible with crowded with
compensate for curious about
compiled by in conjunction with
in contrast to
D
deduce from due to
delighted at/about divide into
depend on/upon (someone) for (something) distinct from

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derived from dissatisfied with

devoted to disappointed in/with
differ from different from
disagree with (someone) about (something
E
eager for exposed to
eligible for expressed by
emphasis on experienced in/at
enable (someone) to exclude from
enthusiastic about excited about
envious of excellent in/at
equal to escape from
equivalent to
F
faithful to furnished with
familiar with full of
famous for fond of
fed up with focus on
free of/from frightened of/by
friendly to/with
furious with (someone) about (something)
G
generous with/about guilty of/about
gentle with
good for/at
graduate from
grateful to

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H
happy about
hopeful of/about
I
identical with/to interested in
illustrated by interact with
incapable of isolated from
indicated by insist on (-ing verb)
inferior to innocent of
influenced by inherent in
immune to inclined to
impact on impressed with
implications for impose on
introduce (someone) to (someone) implicit in
invite (someone) to (event)
involved in (something), with (person)
J
jealous of
justified by
K
kind to
know about
L
late for lucky at
laugh at look at/for
lead to listen to/for
limited to/by link to

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M
made of
married to
mediate between
minister to (someone)
ministry for (purpose)
N
nervous about
notorious for
O
obtained from
opposed to
owing to
P
Participate in puzzled by/about
patient with punished for
persist in (-- ing verb) proud of
perspective on presented with
pessimistic about prepared for
pleased with potential for
polite to popular with
prior to (event or date)
protect (something or someone) from (something or someone)
Q
qualified for
quote from

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R
react to role in
ready for rid of
recover from restricted to
related to responsible for
relevant to respond to
rely on respect for
removed from
S
sad about sympathetic with
safe from suspicious of
satisfied with surprised at/by
scared of superior to
search for sure of/about
selected from suitable for
sensitive to successful in
separate from
serious about
sick of
similar to
shocked at/by
skillful at
slow at/to
sorry for/about
specified by
stem from
submit to
subsequent to

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T
terrible at
terrified of/by
tired of
thankful to/for
thrilled with
trace (something) to
transfer from x to y
transformed by
troubled with
typical of
U
unaware of
understanding of
unique to
upset about
used to
V
valid for
vary from x to y
vision of
W
wait for
wrong with/about
worried about

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Exercise: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate preposition.

1. I don’t know how she manages to support such a large family. She has
nothing _________ her pension.
a. besides
b. except
c. apart from
d. all of the above

2. Are you wearing anything _____________ your sweater?

a. below
b. under
c. underneath
d. Either under or underneath

3. We should arrive __________ their place _________ time ________

lunch.
a. at, in, for
b. in, to, at
c. at, for, in
d. at, by, for

4. They live ____________ a small one bedroom flat ________ the third
floor.
a. in, in
b. on, on
c. in, on
d. on, in

5. Last year, there were a large number of mangoes _________ the three.
a. in
b. at
c. on
d. with

6. His house is _________ the way from Mumbai to Thane.

a. in
b. at
c. by
d. on

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7. A few days after the accident she died ___________ the injuries.
a. of
b. with
c. from
d. Either of or from

8. Do you mind? I was ___________ you!

a. in front of
b. in front off
c. before
d. Either in front of or before

9. He met and fell in love with a French girl when he was _______ the
London School of Economics.
a. in
b. at
c. on
10. Granny is arriving _________ the 3.30 train.
a. in
b. with
c. on

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