WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES

PNGE5202
MATRIX ACIDIZING - PART 3
1
WELL STIMULATION
TECHNIQUES
By

Assoc. Professor Dr. Tarek Ganat

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this

1
Understand sandstone
lecture, students matrix acidizing treatment
design process
should be able to:

2
Understand the selection
of the acids for matrix
acidizing treatment

3 Describe the various acid

placement techniques
3
LECTURE CONTENTS
Sandstone Matrix Acidizing
Treatment Design Process

The Selection of The Acids for

Matrix Acidizing Treatment

Various Acid
Placement Techniques
4
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

 Matrix acidizing is used primarily in sandstone formations to dissolve unwanted materials that have
invaded the rock pores during drilling, cementing and completions operations 5
 n Acidizing
greater than that Frat
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
Balance
Low injection Between8
Rate
Pressure
it Affect
Friction
Pressure
if it's high
it willlead
To frae
TheFImati_
 Due to high friction pressure, matrix acidizing must be conducted at low injection rate so that the
acids penetrates into the pore spaces of the rock without fracturing the formation. 6
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
the
when Damage

as
*

INTRODUCTION

-8
1. Analysis of the cause(s) of impaired well performance.

damage
skin effect measurement. how
2. Well & we have

is
*
it happend before?
3. Well history should be studied to determine whether the damage is amenable to removal with acid.

4. Acidizing treatment design can begin.

- O
 Selection of the type and concentration of acid to be used.
=

2
 Determine the volume of preflush, HF/HCl mixture, and postflush required, and desired injection rate.
O a
 Acid placement.
Hydrofloric
 Additives to be added. Acid HowMuch Ascerted Pipe
Acid corrosioninside the 7
Go mm
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
ACID SELECTION
History

FEESE
-> Acid
hydrotheric
 Based primarily on field experience.
~
-
Standard treatment : 15 wt% HCl pre-flush followed with 3 wt% HF + 12 wt% HCl mixture (mud acid).
-

 Recent trend has been toward the use of lower-strength HF solutions to:

 Reduce damaging precipitates.

a

 Reduce risk of unconsolidation of formation around wellbore.

-

-
-

- -
- -

8
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
MAIN ACID SELECTION GUIDELINE (McLeod, 1984)
Condition or Mineralogy Acid Strength (blend)
HCl solubility > 20% HCl only
High permeability (>50 md)
High quartz (>80%), low clay (<5%) 12% HCl – 3% HFa
High feldspar (>20%) 13.5% HCl – 1.5% HFa
High clay (>10%) 10% HCl – 1% HFb
High iron/chlorite clay (>15%) 10% acetic acid – 1% HFc
Low permeability (10 md)
Clay (<10%) t.EE
6% HCl- 1% HF
Clay (>10%) 6% HCl – 0.5% HF
what a
Preflush with 15% HCl Before weinject to Remove the Minerals
type b
Preflush with 10% HCl
Freflash c
Preflush with 10% acetic acid 9
 Yonge
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
The Most
important
Factor
Ewe
Formation
Combustion

Is
why 10
É.Desi Removesalts from oil
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
MIXTURE OF HF & HCL (MUD ACID)

 Due to insolubility of some fluorite salts, mud acid should :

formation of
E l e m e n -

-
Never be diluted with seawater
highPH To Avoid Pigite
 Never be used to acidize carbonate formation
-

->
 Always be used with preflush of HCl

Itggonommuras
 Always be used with postflush with HCl or NH4Cl (Ammonium Chloride)

0
Rg
11
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
SOLUBILITY OF SANDSTONE MINERALS

a
Solubility
Minerals HCl HCl - HF

O
Quartz
- -
No Very low
Chert No Low to moderate
Feldspars No Low to moderate
Micas No Low to moderate
&
Clays:
Kaolinite No High
Illite No High
Smectite No High
Chlorite Low to moderate High
Carbonates:

8
Calcite High High, but CaF2
Dolomite
Ankerite
High
High
precipitation Farage
Siderite High High
12
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
coresamples
ACID SELECTION
Laboratory Test to select Optimal Acid
Fy
 Particularly useful when many wells will be treated in the same formation.

É e
É
 Flow acid through a small core and monitor permeability response from pressure drop.

 Compare “Acid Response Curve” – a plot of the permeability of the core as a function of acid
throughput in pore volumes.

 Should only be used as guideline for field treatment.

one sample is notenough

Because
we mayhavea
contamination so
taken refommgwgstd.be 13
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
TYPICAL ACID RESPONSE CURVE

First
DLI
11
f don't use high
concentration at
The Begging
 Lower strength HF yields less damage in early stages
use lowconcentration
 Conservative treatment would select the low concentration 14
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
TYPICAL ACID RESPONSE CURVE
-
 Permeability initially decrease, reaches a minimum, then
increases.

Smith et al (1965) reasoning:

D zosis; 9:bbcs
 Initial permeability decrease due to partial disintegration of
the sandstone matrix, and the downstream migration of fine

&D É
that plug flow channels. Continual exposure to acid resulting in
dissolution of fines.

 Subsequent increase in permeability due to clearing of pore

channels plugged by fines and the enlargement of other pore
-

channels by the acid.

↳ decrease in
()!! why 15
 Another Reason injection (contamination) is st
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
 Permeability initially decrease, reaches a minimum, then
increases.
TYPICAL ACID RESPONSE CURVE
Shaughnessy & Kunze (1980) reasoning:
8 ?"s


used without HF. 2

Permeability damage to Berea cores will also result if HCl is
C02 ->
Q
The observed reduction in permeability is not due to fines

ÉÉÉ

migration but is a result of the CO2 produced by the reaction of
acid with the carbonates present in Berea appearing as a
separate CO2 – rich phase within the pore spaces.

 If this is the case, the rock is not at all damaged, but the
relative permeability to acid is simply decreased by the

It
presence of the additional fluid phase.

 This phase will, however, be readily removed when the well is

put on production since CO2 has a substantial solubility in both
16
oil and water.
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
-
To Avoid having coz
a
- e >I

Conse
"Study
-

-
-
-

17
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

wereportYngof8nouse4

jp.You
increase keepincreasing Vogue

Becausethis
O is the

gantry 18
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

T
⑦

19
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
Different CompenyhonedifferentStreata

20
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

Ideuse
Fracture
high

21
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

22
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN

23
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
Consists of sequential injection of 3 fluids :

POST FLUSH

o
-

ACID MIXTURE
-

PREFLUSH
- o -

-
-
Oil wells – diesel, HC, HCl
Gas wells – acids or gas (N2 or
HF + HCl mixture
HCl + additives natural gas)
Water Injectors – HCl
T
-

To
Avoid in pipe
corresopyowed oo 24
go.ip.pe
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
1. PREFLUSH

Important - to remove formation materials that would react to a significant extent with HCl.
0
 Usually 5 – 15 wt% of HCl, containing corrosion inhibitors and other additives (as required).
O
 Displace connate water from the near-wellbore region, minimizing direct contact between sodium
and potassium ions in the formation brine and the HF or fluosilicate reaction products.
a

FEE
 Reduce the possible redamaging of the formation by precipitation of insoluble sodium or potassium
fluorides or fluosilicates.

00
 Reduce reaction between HF & CaCO3, avoid waste of more expensive HF, prevents precipitation of
calcium fluoride (CaF2).

 Serves to precool formation.

25
P/s : use dissolving power concept to estimate the volume of preflush needed.
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
2. ACID MIXTURE

HF – HCl mixture (usually 3 wt% HF and 12 wt% HCl).

88 8
 HF reacts with clays, sand, drilling mud or cement to improve permeability near the wellbore.

0
 HCl will not react with these materials but is needed to keep the pH low, reducing the precipitation

so
of HF reaction products.

LO

26
SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING DESIGN
3. POSTFLUSH (after)
 To isolate reacted HF from brine that may be used to flush the tubing.
o -

 To displace spent acid into the formation.

LEE
 To restore water wettability of the formation.

 Moves precipitates further from wellbore, so the precipitations that may form will be less damaging.

 Minimum volume: tubing volume plus twice the volume of wellbore below the tubing (due to gravity
-

segregation effects) as mentioned by Hong and Millhone (1977).

 Types :
TEMmet Trey
MingIstres
-

 Oil Wells – diesel oil or 15 wt% HCl

Being

F
 Water Injection Wells – HCl

 Gas Wells – acid or gas (nitrogen or natural gas)

27
ACID PLACEMENT
TECHNIQUES

Photo Courtesy of OAKTrust – Texas A& M University

28
 ACID PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES

Egytonsivity
roger
the
Block
unwanted
zone
To FITwe
29
ACID PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES
goal.
-our
O
Acid will usually follow the -
path of least resistance – lesser damaged intervals.

 Allowing acid to choose its own path may not achieve the design coverage.
-

 Therefore, acid placement or diversion is to ensure uniform distribution of acid across the
-

treatment intervals.->
2 main categories :

-
 Mechanical bansellers Packers
&
 Chemical

30
 MECHANICAL ACID PLACEMENT
 Isolate individual zones mechanically and treat all zones successively.

 Accomplished with (as described by McLeod) :

I
 Opposed cup packer (Perforation wash tool)
https://www.google.com/search?q=Opposed+cup+packer+(Perforation+wash+tool)&rlz=1C1CHZN_enOM1009OM1009&oq=Opposed+cup+packer+(Pe

ig
rforation+wash+tool)&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i546l3.621j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:e80d66d1,vid:HTA-qY_ceYo

 Combination of a squeeze packer and a retrievable bridge plug

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unLOyse37HU)

oped
 Inflatable straddle packers (https://www.slb.com/videos/active-straddle)

 Requires the removal of tubulars from well, adding significant cost to

treatment. However, the cost may often be justified by the improved
placement, particularly in horizontal well.

 Best method for obtaining uniform placement.

Tacker 31
MECHANICAL ACID PLACEMENT

Packers

Packers allow the operator to perform several short treatments over longer intervals
32
Ref: Schlumberger
BALL SEALERS dogfight
 Rubber-coated balls that are designed to seat in the perforations in the casing, thereby diverting
injected fluid to other perforations.

 Added to injected acid in stages, so that after a number of perforations have received acid, they are
__
blocked, diverting acid to other stages.
or
 Usually more dense than fluid, so that after treatment, the ball sealers will fall into the rathole.

E
 Erbstoesser (1980) showed that ball sealers that are slightly buoyant in the carrying fluid seat more
efficiently than dense ball sealers, but require ball trap to be added to flow line as it will be
produced back at surface after treatment.

33
BALL SEALERS Perforation
if you have to
use twice no of Balls
 General guideline to use twice as many ball sealers as perforations & 50% excess for buoyant go
______ -5.
sealers.

 Their efficiency depends on the relative density between the balls and the injection rate. The higher
the rate, the better ball sealers will work, i.e. Seating efficiency increases as injection rate increases.
O
 Not recommended for low rates.
O

FEI
 Not effective in deviated or horizontal wells.

34
BALL SEALERS
Then
byProduction

O
Ball Sealers
m
Gerry

 Ball sealers creates a temporary plug in the perforations that are accepting the most fluid flow.

Ref: Schlumberger
IA
 This forces the remaining treating fluid to enter the less permeable zones.
35
 o o
cagersBloch g g
CHEMICAL ACID PLACEMENT - PARTICULATE
DIVERTING AGENTS Additives ->
-

 Fine particles that form a relatively low-permeability filter cake on formation face. The pressure

Etfs
---
drop through this filter cake increases the flow resistance, diverting the acid to other parts of the
formation where less diverting agent has been deposited.
a
 Added to acid continuously or in batches between acid stages.

 Must form a low-permeability filter cake that is easily removed by choosing agents that are :
a
 Small
-

J.5'5 I_
particles with wide ranges of sizes

 Soluble in oil, gas or water 3

Is
-

additives
muc Is I
- -
7 cle
 Creates temporary plug in high permeability zones so that the treatment fluids are diverted to the
low permeability zone.

36
CHEMICAL ACID PLACEMENT - PARTICULATE
DIVERTING AGENTS*
Diverting Agent Concentration
Oil-soluble resin or polymer 0.5 to 5 gal/1000 gal
-

Benzoic acid flakes 1 lbm/ft of perforation

Rock salt 0.5 to 2 lbm/ft

(do not use with HF acid)

Unibeads (wax beads) 1 to 2 lbm/ft

Naphthalene flakes or moth balls 0.25 to 1 lbm/ft

(do not use in water-injection wells)
*This is recommended by McLeod, 1984. 37
 Acid Frac Plot

injection

effect
thentractin

Itching 38
SUMMARY

Sandstone Matrix Acidizing

Treatment Process

The Selection of The Acids For

Matrix Acidizing Treatment

Various Acid Placement Techniques

39
Have you achieved the learning

outcomes today?

Any thoughts?
 THANK YOU

https://www.google.com/search?q=PREFLUSH+in+aci
d+job&source=lmns&tbm=vid&bih=714&biw=1536&hl
=en-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIJELc9Elx4
GB&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiL4Y2v9b79AhVUTKQEHdQ0
CBYQ_AUoAnoECAEQAg#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:8a56
c785,vid:Hq5EAdakcgs

41