WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES

PNGE5202
MATRIX ACIDIZING - PART 1
1
WELL STIMULATION TECHNIQUES
PNGE5202
MATRIX ACIDIZING - PART 1
1
WELL STIMULATION
TECHNIQUES

By

Assoc. Professor Dr. Tarek Ganat

2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

Understand the Differentiate

fundamental of acid fracturing
matrix acidizing 1 2 and matrix
treatment acidizing

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LECTURE CONTENTS

Matrix Acidizing
Treatments

Carbonate Acid
Fracturing

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 MATRIX
ACIDIZING
TREATMENT

Photo Courtesy of www.ukessays.com

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT injection
just
without
fracturing.
e
Matrix acidizing is a well stimulation technique in which an acid solution is injected into the
formation at a pressure of less than the fracture pressure, to dissolve some of the minerals present,
-

and hence, increase the permeability in the near-wellbore vicinity.

A Ape
I Isandstone
 Matrix acidizing is a near-wellbore treatment, with all of the acid reacting within about a foot of

O
the wellbore in sandstone formations, and within a few to perhaps as much as 10 ft of the

E
wellbore in carbonates.
Ed carbonate loft

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
1. DAMAGED WELL
 Well on a 40-acre spacing (re = 745 ft)
-

 Wellbore radius, r w = 0.328 ft

-

 Formation damage is 1 ft beyond wellbore (rs = 1.328ft).

a r e

 Calculate and plot:

 The ratio of productivity index (PI) after removing this damage with matrix acidizing (𝐽 ) to the PI of
-

&
the damaged well ( 𝐽 ) for a damaged zone permeability ranging from 5% to 100% of the
-

undamaged reservoir permeability : Ja/Jd for ks/k from 5% to 100%

did damage
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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
1. DAMAGED WELL
Damage characterized by skin factor.
 =
𝒌 𝒓𝒔
 𝑺= − 𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝒌𝒔 𝒓𝒘
-

 𝒌𝒔 = 𝒌 hence,⑧
s=0
-

I
 Acidizing restore well to original k,

 For damaged well of permeability 20% of original permeability

re
𝒌 𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟖
 𝒌𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝒌 hence, 𝑺 = − 𝟏 𝒍𝒏 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟗
𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝒌 𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖
↳
Famage
- -

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
1. DAMAGED WELL whenua
Paperer
voir

-
 Productivity Index (PI) of this well,

II
𝒒 𝒌𝒉
 𝑱=𝑷
improve
= 𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝑩𝝁 𝒍𝒏
𝒆 𝑷𝒘𝒇 𝒓𝒆 ⁄𝒓𝒘 𝒔
mean
it you ability
- yourreservee
 Ratio of PI of acidized well 𝐽 to damaged well 𝐽 :
1
12 72
𝑱𝒂 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒆 ⁄𝒓𝒘 𝒔 𝒍𝒏 𝟕𝟒𝟓⁄𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝟓.𝟓𝟗
 = = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐
𝑱𝒅 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒆 ⁄𝒓𝒘 𝒍𝒏 𝟕𝟒𝟓⁄𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖

 For a damage permeability of 20% of original permeability, the damage skin is 5.6 and removal of

O
damage by acidizing results in about 72% increase in productivity.

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
1. DAMAGED WELL

 For severe damage, 𝑘 at 5% of original permeability, skin of damaged well is 26 and acidizing
results in increase of PI by a factor of 4.5.

4 if incrase Damag
3 ↳ increase Matin
Ja/Jd

2 a
from the
1

0
If
0 0.2 0.4
ks/k
0.6 0.8 1 chart
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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
2. UNDAMAGED WELL
 Well on a 40-acre spacing (re = 745 ft)

 Wellbore radius, r w = 0.328 ft

 Acidising is carried out to improve permeability of the 1 ft region around the wellbore by 20 times
the original permeability.

 Calculate and plot:

 The ratio of acidised PI (Ja) to the PI of the damaged well (Jd) for a stimulated permeability ranging
from 1 to 20 times the original : Ja/Jd for ks/k from 1 to 20
0
↳G 11
MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
2. UNDAMAGED WELL

 For undamaged well,

 𝒌𝒔 = 𝒌 hence, s = 0 ->
imutection
job

 For acidized well with acidized permeability 10 times the original permeability,

sig
&
 𝒌𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝒌 hence, 𝑺 =
𝒌
𝟏𝟎𝒌
− 𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝟏.𝟑𝟐𝟖
𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖
= −𝟏. 𝟐𝟔
E stimulation
from 1-20

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
witundamage
wave
2. UNDAMAGED WELL

I
Reservoir
 Ratio of PI of acidized well 𝐽 to undamaged well 𝐽 :

mended
𝑱𝒂 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒆 ⁄𝒓𝒘 𝒍𝒏 𝟕𝟒𝟓⁄𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖
 = = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗
𝑱 𝒍𝒏 𝒓𝒆 ⁄𝒓𝒘 𝒔 𝒍𝒏 𝟕𝟒𝟓⁄𝟎.𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝟏.𝟐𝟔

 Increasing the permeability around an undamaged well to 10 times the original undamaged
permeability improves the productivity index only about 19%.

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MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
2. UNDAMAGED WELL

 For this undamaged well, increasing permeability (ka) 20 times in a 1-ft radius around the well only
result in PI increase of 21%.
1.30
1.25 -> ifyou
1.20
1 19
Ja/J

1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0 5 10 15 20 25
ka/k 14
MATRIX ACIDIZING TREATMENT - EXAMPLES
BOTTOM LINE . . .

 The cost
Q
Potential benefit of an acid treatment must be weighed against

 The risk of failure 7 You Must

Consider
These

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CARBONATE ACID
FRACTURING
-

Normally we
fracturing
the Carbonate

Photo Courtesy of Conservancy of Southwest Florida

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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
Injection of acid solution at pressures above the fracturing pressure to open up channel some
- __
distance away from wellbore, create a highly conductive acid fracture by dissolving the walls of
and
the fracture in a non uniform way and to bypass formation damage.

Opening Differential etching Closing

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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
Hydraulic Fracturing versus Acid Fracturing

propped
F
I
*

--
to avoid
early
s
-

-
-

Proppant
-
close Acid 18
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 carbonate
CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING 111 sandstre Rffate

Lf
Cacoz 1.7Bga
To dissolve this
Two methods of Carbonate Acid Fracturing use 15 it HCl
forHcc concentration
FormicAcid 3 281
Viscous Fingering (pad acid)
- usany use 151

Bid Viscous Acid Fracturing

highly dissolve
FormicAce
Formic AF
Ex 121Hcl431AF 15 wt dissolve 0.217
Bag
cheek
SEIYAAmino carbonate sludgeAsphittane sensitiveday 19
CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
Viscous Fingering (pad acid) Chaving two different fluids)

I
 The formation is first hydraulically fractured with a nonreactive, high-viscosity gel, normally cross-

Ee
linked gelled water (to create desired fracture geometry and to cool the formation to slow
subsequent reaction of the acid injected).

 Next, lower-viscosity acid (HCl or an HCl-organic acid blend) is pumped into the created fracture.

IEEE
 The acid presumably fingers through the higher viscosity pad because of the viscosity contrast and
consequent mobility difference. This phenomenon is called viscous fingering.
i bel
- >

O
 If the viscosity difference is at least about 50 cp, sufficient viscous fingering occurs.
-8583
DM 50 up A
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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
when we have
Viscous Fingering (pad acid)
Different
 The basic treatment design using viscous fingering is given in Table 1.
Layers with
different by
Step Fluid Volume (gal/ft)

#
1. Acid
-
100 – 150
2. Gelled water 100 – 300

:
-

3. Acid with ball sealers ↳

-
·

-2
S
100 – 500
4. Gelled water -
-
100 – 300 s

5. Repeat steps 3 and steps 4 as

required
6. Acid 100 - 150
7. Overflush (formations! Acid "1,55) Displace acid to perfs

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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
(type)
Viscous Fingering (pad acid) more cost
Recommended)
more:

- -more
Acidizing (not
 The most commonly used acid is 15% HCl. Conly for tiny form.)
-

 Higher concentrations, such as&

I
20% or 28% HCl, can also be used (advantage of being more viscous
⑤

-
e
than 15% HCl).

 Alternatively, HCl-organic acid blends and totally organic acid blends can be used in place of HCl.
-

I
 Common viscous acid systems : acid-oil emulsion, foamed acid, and gelled acid (polymer gelled and
surfactant gelled).

 However, viscosity contrast between the acid and the pad must be significant. Is op
 The pad fluid is typically gelled water containing 20-40 pounds per thousand gallons (pptg) of guar
or modified-guar polymer. will
c his function
(some type loss

[as raments)
under high temp -> as a solution (injectivesin 22
CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
hydrocuric acid -> mainly in
carbonate
-
Viscous Acid Fracturing
#

 More common acid fracturing system.

F
 Uses viscous acid systems such as gelled, emulsified, and foamed acid or chemically retarded acids.

 These systems are used both to create the fractures and to differentially etch the fracture faces.
0
 Applicable in heterogeneous carbonates (e.g. dolomites, impure limestone).

Ee
-

 The basic viscous acid fracturing treatment design includes :

 Preflush
3es
 Viscous acid stage

 Overflush

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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
Viscous Acid Fracturing

 Preflush
 To initiate a fracture and lower the temperature around the fracture. Typically use slightly gelled (slick) water.

 Viscous Acid Stage

e
 To simultaneously propagate the fracture and differentially etch its well. Typically use gelled, emulsified, or foamed
E
acid. Reservoir Condition I
-
Depend on

⑳

>
-
0
15% HCl is the most common. Higher strength HCl, organic acids, and HCl-organic acid blends are also used.
- -

 Overflush :
-

 To displace acid from the wellbore and push the acid volume forward, hence increasing the penetration distance.

8 5 5
 When viscous acid is used, a large overflush can effectively increase the etched fracture length.

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CARBONATE ACID FRACTURING
Viscous Acid Fracturing
 More complex method of viscous acid fracturing include alternating-stages and alternating-acids.
⑭ - 2
 In alternating-stage technique, acid and gelled water are alternately pumped. The alternating gelled-water
stages serve three purposes:
O 0
 Gelled-water stages create greater fracture width, because of higher viscosity.
-

ÉEI
 Gelled-water stages cool the fracture, thereby increasing depth of acid penetration. (Acid reaction is
- -

exothermic; therefore localized temperatures in the fracture can become high).

 Alternating pumping increases penetration distance if the acid is retarded, because the gelled water reduces
-

acid leak-off from the fracture to the matrix.

 With the alternating-acid technique, 2 acids with opposite characteristics can be pumped alternately. One acid
mixture typically contains reaction-retarding additives. The other acid mixture is nonretarded and will react faster.
The idea is to enhance differential etching and to increase dissolution of rock near the wellbore. 25
SUMMARY week 10 stim (1 April)
week 9 N.C
week 8 HSS

Matrix
Acidizing
Treatments
1
Carbonate
2 Acid
Fracturing

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Have you achieved the learning

outcomes today?

Any thoughts?
THANK YOU

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THANK YOU

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