Ex.

No: 13 SIMULATION OF ASK, FSK, AND BPSK GENERATION AND

DETECTIONSCHEMES
Date:

AIM:
To study the FSK,PSK ,DPSK Modulation using MATLAB code & observe the output
waveform.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.Desktop with MATLAB software.

PROGRAM:

% 13.a ASK modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%Generate Carrier Signal
Tb=1; fc=10;
t=0:Tb/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message
ask_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
%plot the message and ASK signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');grid on
hold on
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,ask_sig(i,:));
title('ASK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on
hold on
end
hold off
%Plot the carrier signal and input binary data
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');grid on
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:Tb/100:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*ask_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
%plot demodulated binary data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('ASK demodulated signal'); xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on
OUTPUT

Enter the input bits[1 010101010]

Enter the carrier frequency10
% 13.b PSK modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;
t=0:Tb/100:Tb; fc=2;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message signal
bpsk_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
%Plot the message and BPSK modulated signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal(POLAR form)');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');
grid on; hold on;
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,bpsk_sig(i,:));
title('BPSK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+1.01; t2=t2+1.01;
end
hold off
%plot the input binary data and carrier signal
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');
grid on;
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*bpsk_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+1.01;
t2=t2+1.01;
end
%plot the demodulated data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('demodulated data');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on

OUTPUT

Enter the input bits[1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0]

Enter the carrier frequency10

% 13.c FSK Modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1; fc1=2;fc2=5;
t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5 m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
invm_s=zeros(1,length(t));
else m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
invm_s=ones(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%Multiplier
fsk_sig1(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
fsk_sig2(i,:)=c2.*invm_s;
fsk=fsk_sig1+fsk_sig2;
%plotting the message signal and the modulated signal
subplot(3,2,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('m(t)');grid on;hold on;
subplot(3,2,5);plot(t,fsk(i,:));
title('FSK signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on;hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
hold off
%Plotting binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binary data');xlabel('n---->'); ylabel('b(n)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c1);
title('carrier signal-1');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c1(t)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,c2);
title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;
% FSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlator
x1=sum(c1.*fsk_sig1(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*fsk_sig2(i,:));
x=x1-x2;
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
%Plotting the demodulated data bits
subplot(3,2,6);stem(demod);
title(' demodulated data');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)'); grid on;
OUTPUT

Enter the input bits[1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0]

Enter the first carrier frequency10
Enter the second carrier frequency100

RESULT:
Thus FSK,PSK ,DPSK Modulation using MATLAB code were studied&
output waveforms are noted.
Ex.No: 14 SIMULATION OF QPSK AND QAM GENERATION SCHEMES
Date:
AIM:
To generate a QPSK,QAM modulated waveform and to simulate using MATLAB

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.System with Matlab software.
PROGRAM
% 14.a QPSK Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=input('Enter the input bits');
y=length(n);
freq=input('Enter the carrier frequency');
for i=1:y
if n(1,i)==00
for t=(i-1)*100+1:(i*100)
y(t)=sin(2*pi*freq*(t/1000));
end
else if n(1,i)==01
for t=(i-1)*100+1:(i*100)
y(t)=sin(2*pi*freq*(t/1000)+(pi/2));
end
else if n(1,i)==10
for t=(i-1)*100+1:(i*100);
y(t)=sin(2*pi*freq*(t/1000)*pi);
end
else if n(1,i)==11
for t=(i-1)*100+1:(i*100);
y(t)=sin(2*pi*freq*(t/1000)+(3*pi)/2);
end
end
end
end
end
end
figure(2);
plot(y);
xlabel('Time in Seconds');
ylabel('Amplitude in Volts');
title('Quadrature Phase Shift Keying');
grid on;
OUTPUT

Enter the input bits [1 0 1 1 0 0]

Enter the carrier frequency 2

% 14.b QAM modulation

clc;
close all;
m=8;
k=log2(m);
n=9e3;
nsamp=1;
x=randint(n,1);
stem(x(1:20),'filled');
title('bit sequence');
xlabel('bit indix');
xsym=bi2de(reshape(x,k,length(x)/k).','left-msb');
figure;
stem(xsym(1:10));
title('symbol plot');
xlabel('symbol index'); ylabel('symbol amplitude');
y=modulate(modem.qammod(m),xsym);
ytx=y;
ebno=10;
snr=ebno+10*log(k)-10*log10(nsamp);
yn=awgn(ytx,snr);
yrx=yn;
scatterplot(y);
scatterplot(yrx,30)
 .

RESULT:
Thus the generation of QPSK,QAM was simulated using MATLAB
Ex.No: 15 SIMULATION OF LINEAR BLOCK AND CYCLIC ERROR CONTROL CODING SCHEMES

Date:
AIM:
To write a program in MATLAB for error control coding techniques.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

System with Matlab software

ALGORITHM

 Get the input binary sequence.

 Calculate the redundancy bits for the corresponding code.
 Transmit the signal that contains message bits redundancy bits added at the
end.
 Calculate the redundancy bits once again for the received bits.
 If the redundancy bits=’0’ then no error in the transmission otherwise
some error inthe transmission.
PROGRAM:
% 15. Linear Block Codes

clc;
clear all;
% Input Generator Matrix
g=input('Enter The Generator Matrix: ')
disp ('G = ')
disp ('The Order of Linear block Code for given Generator Matrix is:')
[n,k] = size(transpose(g))
for i = 1:2^k
for j = k:-1:1
if rem(i-1,2^(-j+k+1))>=2^(-j+k)
u(i,j)=1;
else
u(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
u;
disp('The Possible Codewords are :')
c = rem(u*g,2)
disp('The Minimum Hamming Distance dmin for given Block Code is= ')
d_min = min(sum((c(2:2^k,:))'))
% Code Word
r = input('Enter the Received Code Word:')
p = [g(:,n-k+2:n)];
h = [transpose(p),eye(n-k)];
disp('Hammimg Code')
ht = transpose(h)
disp('Syndrome of a Given Codeword is :')
s = rem(r*ht,2)
for i = 1:1:size(ht)
if(ht(i,1:3)==s)
r(i) = 1-r(i);
break;
end
end
disp('The Error is in bit:')
i
disp('The Corrected Codeword is :')
r

OUTPUT

Enter The Generator Matrix: [1 0 0 0 1 0 1;0 1 0 0 1 1 1;0 0 1 0 1 1 0;0 0 0 1 0 1 1]

g =1 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
G = The Order of Linear block Code for given Generator Matrix is:
n= 7
k= 4
The Possible Codewords are :
c =0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
The Minimum Hamming Distance dmin for given Block Code is=
d_min = 3
Enter the Received Code Word:[1 0 0 0 1 0 0]
r= 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Hammimg Code
ht =1 0 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
 0 1 0
0 0 1
Syndrome of a Given Codeword is :
s= 0 0 1
The Error is in bit: i = 7
The Corrected Codeword is : r = 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

RESULT:

Thus the MATLAB program for error control coding techniques was simulated successfully.
.