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CN Lab3

Uploaded by

az4091377
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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National University of Technology

Computer Science Department


Semester Spring – 2024
LAB REPORT - 03
Course: CN Lab
Course Code: CS4016

Submitted To: Submitted By:


Name: Eng Syed Ahmad Raza Name: Abu-Bakar Zahid
Reg No: F21605023
Computer Science Department
Lab Tasks
Warm up Task:
Answer each question in your own words (3 to 4 lines):
1. Router:
A router is a networking device that *forwards data packets* between computer networks. It connects
different networks and directs data traffic efficiently. Routers analyze data, change how it's packaged, and
send it to another network or over a different type of network. They play a crucial role in connecting
LANs (local area networks) to the Internet and allow devices to communicate with each other.

2. Features of Routers:
Traffic management: Routers manage data flow between networks, ensuring efficient
communication.
Security: They protect critical information from security threats.
Network segmentation: Routers divide networks into smaller segments for better organization.
Quality of Service (QoS): Routers prioritize certain types of traffic (e.g., voice or video) over
others.
Load balancing: Routers distribute traffic evenly across multiple paths.

3. Types of Routers:
Wired and wireless routers: Wired routers use cables for data sharing, while wireless routers use
antennas for wireless connections.
Edge routers: These connect external networks (e.g., the Internet) to internal networks.
Distribution routers: They receive data from edge routers and send it to end users (often via Wi-
Fi).

4. Popular Companies Manufacturing Routers:


Cisco: A global networking leader offering a wide range of routers and switches.
Huawei: Known for its networking equipment, including routers.
Arista Networks: Specializes in high-performance data center switches and routers.
5. Routing Table:
A routing table is a set of rules used by routers to determine where data packets traveling over an
IP network should be directed. It contains entries specifying network IDs, subnet masks, next
hops, and outgoing interfaces. Routers consult the routing table to efficiently forward packets to
their destinations.

6. Router's OSI Layer:


A router operates at the third layer (Network Layer) of the OSI model. It communicates using IP
addresses and subnets to direct data packets.

7. Default Gateway:
The default gateway is the router through which devices in network access external networks
(e.g., the Internet). It's the exit point for traffic leaving the local network. Usually, the router's IP
address serves as the default gateway.

Task 1:
Task 2:

Network 1:
Network 2:

Network 3:

Static Routing:
Router 0:
Router 1:

Router 2:

Task 3:
What are the OSI layers and their functions?
 Identify each layer devices
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand
network functions. It consists of seven layers, each with specific responsibilities:

Physical layer: This is the lowest layer responsible for the physical connection between
devices. Transfer raw bit streams over physical media. Equipment includes concentrators,
repeaters, modems, and cables.

Data Link Layer: This layer ensures error-free data transmission at the physical layer
between network nodes. It frames the bits and gives the MAC address. Devices include switches
and bridges.

Network layer: Determines the physical path of data based on network conditions, service
priority, and other factors. Routers operate at this layer.

Transport Layer: This layer provides secure data transmission over the network. The latter
is responsible for error recovery and flow control. Divide the data into segments.

Session Layer: Creates, manages, and terminates connections between applications. Monitor
communication (connection) between computers.

Communication Layer: This layer translates data between the application layer and the
network. It is responsible for data encryption and compression.
Application Layer: The upper layer provides network services for user applications. The
layer closest to the end user. The program itself runs in this layer.

 Identify names of packet in different OSI layers


About data unit names in different OSI layers:
In the data link layer, a unit of data is called a frame.
At the network layer it is called a packet.
In the transport layer, a unit of data is called a Segment.

Task 4:
Difference between static and dynamic routing.
Static routing and dynamic routing are two methods used to route data packets through the
network. Here's a comparison between the two:

Static Routing:
Routes are manually configured and permanent unless changed by a network administrator.
It does not use complex routing algorithms, making it simpler and more reliable.
Suitable for a small network of routes that do not change frequently.
Routes require less bandwidth because they are not dynamically updated.
Manual configuration can be time consuming and less flexible.

Dynamic routing:
Routes are automatically updated based on network topology changes.
It uses complex routing algorithms to find the best path for data packets.
Suitable for large, continuous variable networks.
This consumes more bandwidth due to the continuous exchange of routing information.
It is more adaptable to network changes but is generally considered more reliable than static
routing.

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