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Introduction To Compilers

COMPILER DESIGN STUDY MATERIAL - INTRODUCTION TO COMPILERS

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13 views

Introduction To Compilers

COMPILER DESIGN STUDY MATERIAL - INTRODUCTION TO COMPILERS

Uploaded by

deeplyfwind7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction To Compilers

CSO844
Phases of a compiler
Lexical• Recognize
Analysis words.
This is a sentence.
• Note the
• Capital “T” (start of sentence symbol)
• Blank “ ” (word separator)
• Period “.” (end of sentence symbol)

• Lexical analyzer divides program text into “tokens”


If x == y then z = 1; else z = 2;
• Units:
if, x, ==, y, then, z, =, 1, ;, else, z, =, 2, ;
Parsing: Diagramming a Sentence
This line is a longer sentence.

adjective noun verb article adjective noun

subject object

sentence
Parsing Programs
A parser recognizes higher-level structure from a token sequence.
• Consider:
If x == y then z = 1; else z = 2;
• Diagrammed:

x == y z 1 z 2
relation assign assign

predicate then-stmt else-stmt


if-then-else
Semantic Analysis in English
• Understanding meaning and performing consistency checks.
• Example:
Jack said Jerry left his assignment at home.
What does “his” refer to? Jack or Jerry?

• Even worse:
Jack said Jack left his assignment at home?
How many Jacks are there?
Which one left the assignment?
Semantic Analysis in Programming
• Programming {
languages define strict int Jack = 3;
rules to avoid such
ambiguities {
• Scope Rules int Jack = 4;
cout << Jack;
• This C++ code prints }
“4”; the inner }
definition is used
More Semantic Analysis
• Compilers perform many semantic checks besides
variable bindings.
• Example:
Jack left his homework at home.
Jack left her homework at home.
• A “type mismatch” between her and Jack; we know
they are different people.
• Presumably, Jack is male.
• Example:
int i, j; float x; j = (int) ((i + j) * x);
Optimization
• No strong counterpart in English, but akin to editing.
• Automatically modify programs so that the equivalent program
• Runs faster.
• Uses less memory.
• In general, improves resource utilization.
• Simple Example:
X = Y + Y is the same as X = 2*Y
(Implemented as arithmetic left-shift operation)
Code Generation
• Produces assembly code (usually).
• Many compilers perform translations between
successive intermediate forms.
• All but the first and the last are ILs internal to the
compiler, typically ordered in descending level of
abstraction.
• Highest is the source language.
• Lowest is the assembly language.
• Lower levels expose features such as registers, memory layouts,
etc hidden by higher-levels.
• Lower levels obscure high-level meaning.

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