DEVELOPMENT

DIFFERENT PEOPLE
DIFFERENT GOALS
➔ The idea of development or progress has always
been with us.

➔ We have desires about what we would like to do

and how we would like to live.

➔ Similarly, we have ideas about what a country

should be like.
Development involves thinking about the questions and
Development
the involves
ways in which we canthinking about the
work towards questions
achieving theand
the ways in whichfollowing
we can work
goals:towards achieving the
following goals, which is itself a complex task:

Basic needs:
Essential Equality
things
required

Community: Better Life for

Where all can All
live together
The way we live today is
influenced by the past. We can’t
desire for change without
being aware of this.

In the same way, it is only

through a democratic political
process that these hopes and
possibilities can be achieved in
real life.
 Definition of Development

“Development can be defined as bringing about

social change that allows people to achieve
their human potential.”

Meaning of Development

Development is a
broader term than
growth. It is linked with
the desire to improve It includes economic
the present condition. development, good
governance, reducing
poverty, illiteracy, etc.
 Different People have Different Goals

Category of Person Developmental Goals / Aspirations

● Different persons have different

Landless rural More days of work and better
labourers wages. situations in their life.

Prosperous farmers Assured a high family income ● People have different goals due to
from Punjab through higher support prices for which development is sometimes
their crops and through contrasting and conflicting.
hardworking and cheap
labourers. ● Let us understand this through the
following examples:
Urban unemployed Regular jobs, better wages, social
youth security etc.

A girl from a rich She gets as much freedom as her

urban family brother and is able to decide
what she wants to do in life.

An adivasi from Better wages and living

Narmada valley conditions, proper education,
identity among public, should be
able to enjoy Fundamental Rights.
 What did we observe?

● Each one of them seeks different things.

● They seek things that are most important for

them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations
or desires.

● In fact, at times, two persons or groups of

persons may seek things which are conflicting.

● A girl expects as much freedom and

opportunity as her brother, and that he also
shares in the household work. Her brother
may not like this.
 To get more electricity, industrialists may want more
dams. But this may submerge the land & disrupt the lives
of people, who are displaced such as tribals. They may
resent this & may prefer small check dams or tanks to
irrigate their land.
 Two things are quite clear

Different people Development

can have goals can be
different opposing/
developmental Conflicting. It
goals. may even be
destructive for
the other.
INCOME AND OTHER
GOALS
 People desire to earn more income in order to fulfill their
daily livelihood needs. However, beside earning more income
there are many other things that a person want like:

Equal
Freedom
Treatment

Respect of
Security
others

People resent discrimination. All these are important goals.

In fact, in some cases, these may be more important than
more income or more consumption BECAUSE MATERIAL
GOODS ARE NOT ALL THAT YOU NEED TO LIVE.
 But money is not enough. In fact, for
development, people look at a mix of goals.

Materialistic Goals Non- Materialistic

Goals
(That can be bought
by money) (That can’t be bought
by money)
➔ Money
➔ Incentives ➔ Friendship
➔ Own House ➔ Respect
➔ Car ➔ Security
➔ Equal Treatment

Similarly, there are many things that are not

easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.
These are often ignore.
However, it will be wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not important.

For Development People Look at A Mix of Goals

Example 1:
Example 2:
If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting
it you would try to consider many factors, apart It is true that if women are engaged in
from income, such as facilities for your family, paid work, their dignity in the household
working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. and society increases.

In another case, a job may give you less pay but However, it is also the case that if there is
may offer regular employment that enhances respect for women there would be more
your sense of security. sharing of housework and a greater
acceptance of women working outside.
Another job, however, may offer high pay but no
job security and also leave no time for your family. A safe and secure environment may allow
more women to take up a variety of jobs
This will reduce your sense of security & freedom. or run a business.
Assertion: Different people have different
developmental goals.

Reason: The capitalist approach to development is

detrimental to poor section of the society.

(a) Both A & R are true, and R is the correct

explanation of A

(b) Both A & R are true, but R is not the correct

explanation of A

(c) A is true and R is false

(d) Both A & R are false

 NATIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
Nation+Development= National Development

National Development is an exhaustive term that includes

improvement in living standard of the people, increase in
per capita income, providing social amenities like
education, medical care, social services, etc. to the
citizens of the country.
 ASPECTS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

POLITICAL

SCIENTIFIC

CULTURAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

MATERIAL
HOW TO COMPARE TWO
COUNTRIES OR STATES?
How does a teacher compare different students as each
student differ in their height, health, talents and
interests, etc.?

The criterion used depends on the purpose of

comparison. Teachers use different criterion to choose a
sports team, a debate team, etc. Still, if for some
purpose, we have to choose the criterion for the
all-round progress of children in the class, how shall it be
done?

Usually, one or more important characteristics of

persons is considered and compared.

Of course, there can be differences about what are

important characteristics that should form the basis of
comparison: friendliness and spirit of cooperation,
creativity or marks secured?

This is true of development too.

For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one
of the most important attributes.

Countries with higher income are more developed than others

with less income. This is based on the understanding that more
income means more of all things that human beings need.

Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get
with greater income. So, greater income itself is considered to
be one important goal.
What is the income of a country?

The income of the country is the

income of all the residents of the
country. This gives us the total
income of the country.
 Comparison through Per Capita Income
Per capita income or average income measures the
average income earned per person in a given area in a
specified year.

World Bank classifies the countries on the basis of their

per capita income.
● Although per capita income gives
clear understanding of income of
the countries.

● However, it is not the best method

to compare the economic status of
the countries.
LIMITATIONS OF PER CAPITA INCOME METHOD

1. While averages are useful for

comparison, they also hide disparities.

2. It only tells about the income of a

nation and not the way it is distributed
among the citizens.

3. It only takes into account the

economic aspect & ignores the other
life, and social aspects of life.

4. All other conditions necessary to

become a developed nations are
ignored.
 World Bank publishes World Development Report (WDR)
every year to compare the nations on the basis of Per
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES Capita Income.

Developed Countries
Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per
annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries.

Developing Countries
Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less
are called low-income countries.

Underdeveloped
Countries India comes in the category of low middle income
countries because its per capita income in 2017 was
just US$ 1820 per annum.
 Per Capita Income of different countries is
always calculated in Dollars ($) because this
currency has been the strongest and stablest
currency since the end of World War II. Also, it
becomes easy to compare countries per capita
income when there is one common
denominator, i.e.,
US Dollar ($).
Average Income: While ‘averages’ are useful for
comparison, they also hide disparities

10000

10000

Equal Unequal
distribution of distribution of
Income Income
INCOME AND OTHER
CRITERIA
For development, an individual apart
from having a better income has
other goals as well, such as security,
respect for others, equal treatment,
freedom, etc in mind.

Likewise, for comparing a nation or a

region besides average income,
other attributes are equally
important that should be
considered.
 LET US EXAMINE THE VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES:

COMPARATIVE DATA- SOURCE: ECONOMIC SURVEY

2018-19

State Infant Literacy Per Capita Net

Mortality Rate % Income for Attendance
Rate per (2011) 2015-16 Ratio (per
1,000 live (Rs.) 100 person)
births Age 14-15
(2017) 2013-14

Haryana 30 82 1,80,174 61

Kerala 10 94 1,63,475 83

Bihar 35 62 34,409 43

Highest in the respective category

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The number of children
dying at less than 1 year of age, divided by the
number of live births that year.

The first column of the table shows

that in Kerala, out of 1000 children
born, 10 died before completing one
year of age but in Haryana the
proportion of children dying within
one year of birth was 30, which is
two times more than that of Kerala.
Literacy Rate: The proportion of literate population in
the 7 and above age group.

The second column of the table

shows that in Kerala, out of 100%
population, 94% are literate,
whereas in Bihar the percentage of
the population literate is only 62%.
Net Attendance Ratio: The total number of children of
age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.

The last column of table shows

around half of the children aged
14-15 in Bihar are not attending
school beyond Class 8.

This means that if you went to school

in Bihar nearly half of your
elementary class would be missing.
Those who could have been in school
are not there!
All the factors considered above indicates that per
capita income is not a useful measure to determine
development of a region. Thus, in assessing
development all the other factors should be given
equal consideration.
Pick out the correct meaning listed below to define
‘average income’.

(a) Average income of the country means the

total income of the country

(b) Average income in a country is the income of

only employed people

(c) Average income is the same as per capita

income

(d) Average income includes the value of

property held
PUBLIC FACILITIES
 Those basic
facilities which the Public facilities are
government provided by the
provide to its government for the
citizens at an betterment of the
economical rate community or for
for the well being collective benefit.
of its citizens.

Health and Sanitation

Electricity and
Transport

Education
 REASON BEHIND THE PUBLIC FACILITIES

Citizens in a country are not at equal standing. Some are

rich and some are poor.

In a country there are many people who cannot afford

even the basic necessities such as food. Government
provides them with food through Public Distribution
System (PDS).

Even if a person has income to suffice his needs,

sometimes they too cannot afford certain facilities. For
eg., to live in a pollution-free environment.

Even now, in many areas, children, particularly girls, are not

able to go to high school because the government/ society
has not provided adequate facilities.
Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it
has adequate provision of basic health and
educational facilities.

In some states, the Public Distribution

System (PDS) functions well. Health and
nutritional status of people of such states is
certainly likely to be better.
BODY MASS INDEX
Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the
mass and height of a person.

Universal SI Unit of BMI- Kg/m2

For Instance:

1. Ideal weight of 14 years Girl: 18.5 and 24.9

2. Ideal weight of 14 years Boy : 18.5 and 24.9

 Human Development Report (HDR)

Useful method to measure development.

HDR published by UNDP (United Nations

Development Programme)

Compares countries based on the educational

levels, health status, and per capita income.

India occupies 131 Rank as per 2019 Report.

Many improvements have been suggested
in calculating HDI and many new
components have been added to the HDR
but, by prefixing Human to Development,
it has made it very clear that what is
important in development is what is
happening to citizens of a country. It is
people, their health, their well being,
that is most important.
What is the full form of UNDP?

(a) United Nation Disease Programme

(b) United Nation Development Programme

(c) Union Nation Development Programme

(d) None of the above

SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Suppose for the present that a particular
country is quite developed. We would certainly
like this level of development to go up further
or at least be maintained for future
generations. This is obviously desirable.

However, since the second half of the

twentieth century, a number of scientists have
been warning that the present type, and
levels, of development are not sustainable.
Sustainable development is development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

Development must take place while conserving

the environment.

Resources conserved for the future generation.

Standard of living of all people must be raised.

WHY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS IMPORTANT?

Limited availability of resources

Major resources are non-renewable

resources

Over-exploitation will deplete these

resources, and we may finish them.
 EXAMPLE 1: GROUNDWATER IN INDIA

Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the

agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and
Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and
south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing
urban settlements.

Till now there has been a decline of 61% of ground water

in India.
EXAMPLE 2: EXHAUSTION OF NATURAL
RESOURCES

● According to the World Energy Review, June 2018,

the total reserves of the crude oil stock in the
world is going to last for 50 years as countries are
fast using up the oil reserves. This is for the world
as a whole.

● However, different countries face different

situations. Countries like India depend on
importing oil from abroad because they do not
have enough stocks of their own.

● If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for

everyone. There are countries like USA which have
low reserves and hence want to secure oil through
military or economic power.
● Consequences of environmental degradation do not
respect national or state boundaries; this issue is
● noConsequences
longer region orofnation
environmental
specific. degradation
do not respect national or state boundaries;
● this
Our issue
future is is no longer
linked region
together. or nation
Sustainability of
specific. is comparatively a new area of
development
knowledge in which scientists, economists,
philosophers and other social scientists are working
● Our future is linked together. Sustainability of
together.
development is comparatively a new area of
knowledge
In general, in which
the question scientists, or
of development economists,
progress is
philosophers and other social scientists are
perennial.
working together.
● At all times as a member of society and as
individuals we need to ask where we want to go,
In general,
what we wish tothe question
become of development
and what our goals are.or
So
the debate on progress is perennial.
development continues.
Homework Questions