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3 TCP Protocol Script

The document discusses the TCP protocol, including that it is a transport layer protocol that allows process-to-process communication between machines. It identifies TCP features like reliable data delivery, two-way communication using connections, and using port numbers to identify communicating processes. The document also describes TCP segments, headers, flags, connection establishment using a three-way handshake, and connection termination.

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Jeet
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

3 TCP Protocol Script

The document discusses the TCP protocol, including that it is a transport layer protocol that allows process-to-process communication between machines. It identifies TCP features like reliable data delivery, two-way communication using connections, and using port numbers to identify communicating processes. The document also describes TCP segments, headers, flags, connection establishment using a three-way handshake, and connection termination.

Uploaded by

Jeet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hello everyone!

In this video, you will learn about TCP


protocol, one of the mandatory protocol used by various
applications on Internet.

The transmission control protocol(TCP) is a transport layer


protocol, which allows process-to-process communication
between two machines such as communication between a
browser on the user’s machine and the Facebook server.
TCP offers many other services to applications, like
delivering data in the form of a stream of bytes, providing
two-way communication using a connection, and reliability.

The communicating processes on machines are identified


by the port numbers, sixteen-bit binary numbers,
represented by a decimal number. These port numbers may
be well-known, registered, or ephemeral depending on the
applications using them. The well-known ports are
assigned to popular protocols such as HTTP, FTP, Telnet, etc.
while ephemeral port numbers are assigned to the user
processes. Well known port number range from 0 to 1023
and ephemeral ports range from 49152 to 65 535.
Registered port numbers range from 1024 to 49151
and are reserved for specific services upon application by
a requesting entity such as popular online goals.

TCP has a rich set of features. It numbers bytes in


communication and provides flow control between a pair of
fast and slow processes, manages errors using a checksum
method, and provides congestion control for the smooth
delivery of the data.
In TCP the data is sent in the form of segments. Segments
carry bytes of data and are numbered with the number of
the first data byte contained in the segment.

The TCP segment is a variable length data unit with a


header of size 20 to 60 bytes. The TCP header contains a
source port address and destination port address
representing the sender process and receiver process
respectively. The sequence number as mentioned before,
represents the number of first byte in the segment. And the
acknowledgement represents the number of next byte
expected from sender. HLEN filed tells about the size of the
header. There are 6 flags in TCP from URG to FIN for
connection management and making data transfer suitable
for most of the applications. Windows size plays an
important role in flow control. Checksum is used for error
control and urgent pointer mentions the data byte number
to be processed out of order. TCP has many options for the
optional functionalities and padding is used in checksum
calculation.

Some more details about TCP flags or control fields. The


flags SYN, FIN and RST are used in connection management
while ACK flag if set, makes the Acknowledgement number
field valid. URG flag allows the data to be processed on
receiver, out of order against the policies of TCP and makes
Urgent pointer valid. PSH flag allows the data to be
transmitted in small sizes such as in chat applications.

TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. A connection-


oriented transport protocol establishes a virtual path
between the source and destination before data transfer. All
of the segments belonging to a message are then sent over
this virtual path. The connection is then terminated after
the data transfer. A connection-oriented transmission,
therefore, requires three phases.
Connection Establishment.
Data transfer.
Connection termination.

Connection setup or establishment in TCP is done using a


three-way handshake mechanism. The client transport
layer will send a SYN Segment to initiate the connection.
The server will then send ACK+ SYN, as a response. Clint
will finally establish the connection by sending an ACK
segment.

After connection establishment, data is transferred in the


form of segments. In this figure, we can see two segments
(Sequence No 8001 and 9001) moving from Client to server
carrying 2000 bytes of data. Server acknowledges this
transfer and sends its own data. Client acknowledges the
received data before the connection is terminated.

TCP uses the similar three-way handshake mechanism as of


connection setup for connection termination, but with the
FIN packets, as shown in the figure.
A half close connection is also used in TCP which can be
used in a situation, when one party does not want to send
data, but other side is still sending the data. In this situation
one side may close the connection by sending FIN packet.
Other side will be responding with an acknowledgement of
FIN but will not send its own FIN packet, till the
transmission continues. After completing the data transfer
other side will also send FIN and first side will respond with
ACK for closing the connection completely.

Thank You.

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