Principles and Learning

Objectives
■ Computer hardware must be carefully
Hardware and selected to meet the evolving needs of the
Software organization and its supporting information
systems
■ The computer hardware industry and
users are implementing green computing
designs and products

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition
Principles and Learning Principles and Learning
Objectives (continued) Objectives (continued)
■ Systems and application software are ■ Organizations should choose a programming
critical in helping individuals and language whose functional characteristics are
organizations achieve their goals appropriate for the task at hand, considering
the skills and experience of the programming
■ Organizations should not develop staff
proprietary application software unless
■ The software industry continues to undergo
doing so will meet a compelling business constant change; users need to be aware of
need that can provide a competitive recent trends and issues to be effective in their
advantage business and personal life
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Why Learn About Hardware Computer Systems: Integrating
and Software? the Power of Technology
■ Organizations invest in computer ■ To assemble an effective and efficient system:
◻ You should select and organize components while
hardware to:
understanding the trade-offs between overall
◻ Improve worker productivity system performance and cost, control, and
◻ Increase revenue, reduce costs complexity
◻ Provide better customer service ■ Hardware objectives are:
◻ Subordinate to, but supportive of, the information
■ Managers:
system and the current and future needs of the
◻ Are expected to know enough about their organization
business needs to be able to ask tough
questions Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Hardware Components Multiprocessing
■ Multiprocessing:
◻ Simultaneous execution of two or more
instructions at the same time
■ Multicore microprocessor:
◻ Combines two or more independent
processors into a single computer
 Secondary Storage and Input
Multiprocessing
and Output Devices
■ Parallel computing: ■ Secondary storage:
◻ Simultaneous execution of the same task on ◻ Compared with memory, offers the
multiple processors to obtain results faster advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity,
■ Grid computing: and greater economy
◻ Considerably slower than memory
◻ Use of a collection of computers to work in a
coordinated manner to solve a common
problem
Access Methods Input Devices
■ Devices used to input general types of
■ Sequential access: data:
◻ Data must be retrieved in the order in which it ◻ Speech recognition technology
is stored
◻ Devices used called sequential access
storage devices (SASDs)
■ Direct access:
◻ Records can be retrieved in any order
◻ Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)
Input Devices (Touch-sensitive screens) Input Devices (Optical data readers)
Input Devices
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Input Devices (Pen Input Devices) Input Devices (Magnetic stripe card)
■ Card Provider Name : This is Card Provider like bank or financial institute;
for e.g. ICICI Bank, SBI Bank etc.

■ Card Number : This is 16 Digit Number which it is called Card Number. It

divided into 4 parts with 4 number.
◻ Technical Details
■ First Six Digit : Issuer Identifier Number.
Second Nine Digit : Account Number.
Last One Digit : Check Digit.

■ 3D Hologram : Contain 3D Hologram to represent whether it is Visa card or

Master.

■ Valid From : It contains valid from date, i.e. Contains the card activation
date.

■ Valid Thru : It contains valid thru date, i.e. Contains last date for the use of
card.
■ Brand Logo : Contains Brand Logo, whether it is Visa or ■Verification Number : Contains Three digit verification
Master. number.

■ Card Holder Name : Contains Card Holder Name. ■Signature Panel : Contains Signature Panel, i.e. Card Holder
Signature
■ Magnetic Strip : Each track is about one-tenth of an inch
wide. The first and second tracks in the magnetic stripe are
encoded with information about the cardholder's account,
such as their credit card number, full name, the card's
expiration date and the country code. Additional information
can be stored in the third track.
Input Devices (Smart Card Reader) Input Devices (Radio Frequency Identification)
Output Devices Output Devices (continued)
■ Display monitors:
■ Printers and plotters:
◻ Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): ◻ Two main types of printers are laser printers and
■ Use a layer of organic material sandwiched inkjet printers
between two conductors
◻ Plotters are a type of hard-copy output device used
for general design work
■ Digital audio player:
◻ Can store, organize, and play digital music files
■ E-books:
◻ Digital media equivalent of a conventional printed
book
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
 Computer System Types
Computer System Types
(continued)
■ Computer systems:
◻ Can range from desktop (or smaller) portable
computers to massive supercomputers that
require housing in large rooms

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition
Computer System Types
Green Computing
(continued)
■ Concerned with:
◻ Efficient and environmentally responsible
design, manufacture, operation, and disposal
of IS-related products
■ Goals:
◻ Reduce the use of hazardous material
◻ Enable companies to lower their
power-related costs
◻ Enable the safe disposal or recycling of some
700,000 tons of computers each year
Overview of Software
■ Computer programs:
◻ Sequences of instructions for the computer
■ Documentation:
◻ Describes program functions to help the user
operate the computer system
■ Types of software:
◻ Systems software
◻ Application software
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
Supporting Individual, Group, Supporting Individual, Group,
and Organizational Goals and Organizational Goals
■ Sphere of influence: ■ Workgroup sphere of influence:
◻ Scope of problems and opportunities addressed by
◻ Serves the needs of a workgroup
a particular organization
■ Personal sphere of influence: ■ Enterprise sphere of influence:
◻ Serve the needs of an individual user ◻ Supports the firm in its interaction with its
■ Personal productivity software: environment
◻ Helps users improve their personal effectiveness
■ Workgroup:
◻ When two or more people work together to achieve
a common goal
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Installing and Removing New
Systems Software
Software
■ Before you can use any type of software, it must be ■ Includes:
installed on a computer ◻ Operating systems
■ Software for personal computers typically ◻ Utility programs
comes on CDs or is downloaded from the
Web

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Edition Edition
Operating Systems Operating Systems (continued)
■ Set of programs that controls computer hardware and
acts as an interface with application programs
■ Can control one computer or multiple computers, or
■ Can allow multiple users to interact with one computer
■ Combinations of OSs, computers, and users:
◻ Single computer with a single user
◻ Single computer with multiple users
◻ Multiple computers with multiple users
◻ Special-purpose computers

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition Edition
Operating Systems (continued) Operating Systems (continued)
■ Activities performed by the operating system: ■ Common hardware functions:
◻ Perform common computer hardware functions
◻ Get input from keyboard or another input
◻ Provide a user interface and input/output
device
management
◻ Retrieve data from disks
◻ Provide a degree of hardware independence
◻ Manage system memory
◻ Store data on disks
◻ Manage processing tasks ◻ Display information on a monitor or printer
◻ Provide networking capability
◻ Control access to system resources
◻ Manage files
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Operating Systems (continued) Operating Systems (continued)
■ User interface and input/output
management: ■ Hardware independence:
◻ Application program interface (API):
◻ User interface:
■ Allows applications to make use of the operating
■ Allows individuals to access and command the
system
computer system
◻ Command-based user interface: ■ Memory management:
■ Requires that text commands be given to the ◻ Allows computer to execute program
computer to perform basic activities instructions effectively and to speed
◻ Graphical user interface (GUI): processing
■ Uses icons and menus displayed on screen to
send commands to the computer system Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
Operating Systems (continued) Operating Systems (continued)
■ Processing tasks:
◻ Multitasking:
■ More than one program can run at the same time
◻ Time-sharing:
■ Allows more than one person to use a computer
system at the same time
◻ Scalability:
■ Ability of the computer to handle an increasing
number of concurrent users smoothly
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Operating Systems (continued) Current Operating Systems
■ Networking capability: ■ Microsoft PC operating systems:
◻ Allows computers in a network to send and ◻ Windows XP
receive data and share computing resources ◻ Windows Vista

■ Access to system resources and security: ◻ Windows 7

◻ Protection against unauthorized access ■ Apple computer operating systems:

◻ Wintel
◻ OS establishes a logon procedure
◻ Snow Leopard (OS X v10.6)
■ File management: ■ Linux:
◻ Ensures that files in secondary storage are ◻ Red Hat Linux
available when needed and that they are ◻ Caldera OpenLinux
protected from access by unauthorized users Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
 Workgroup Operating Systems
■ Windows Server:
◻ Can be used to prevent unauthorized disclosure of
information
■ UNIX:
◻ Can be used on many computer system types and
platforms
■ Red Hat Linux:
◻ Can manage a cluster of up to eight servers
■ Mac OS X Server:
◻ Includes support for 64-bit processing
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
 Operating Systems for Small
Enterprise Operating Systems Computers, Embedded Computers, and
Special-Purpose Devices
■ z/OS:
◻ IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS ■ Cell phone embedded systems and operating
systems:
■ HP-UX and Linux: ◻ Embedded systems provide communication and
◻ HP-UX: limited personal information management services
■ Robust UNIX-based OS from Hewlett-Packard ■ Windows embedded:
■ Supports Internet, database, and business ◻ Included with or embedded into small computer
applications on server and mainframe enterprise devices
systems ■ Proprietary Linux-based systems:
◻ Linux is a major competitor to Symbian
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
Utility Programs Utility Programs (continued)
■ Help to perform maintenance or correct
problems with a computer system
■ Some can help computer systems run
better and longer without problems
■ Can help to secure and safeguard data

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

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 Types and Functions of
Application Software
Application Software
■ Application programs: ■ Proprietary software:
◻ One-of-a-kind program for a specific application,
◻ Interact with systems software
usually developed and owned by a single company
◻ Help you perform common tasks, such as: ■ Off-the-shelf software:
■ Creating and formatting text documents
◻ Existing software program that is purchased
■ Performing calculations
■ Application service provider (ASP):
■ Managing information
◻ Company that can provide software, support, and
computer hardware on which to run the software
from the user’s facilities over a network

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition Edition
 Overview of Application
Software (continued)
■ Software as a service (SaaS):
◻ Allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered
business application software by paying a monthly
service charge or a per-use fee
◻ Can reduce expenses by sharing its running
applications among many businesses
■ Cloud computing:
◻ Use of computing resources on the Internet (the
cloud) rather than on local computers

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition Edition
Personal Application Software
■ Word processing
■ Spreadsheet analysis
■ Database applications
■ Graphics program
■ Personal information managers
■ Software suites and integrated software
packages
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Mobile Application Software Workgroup Application Software
■ Operating systems designed for
smartphones include: ■ Support teamwork, whether people are in
the same location or dispersed around the
◻ OS X iPhone, Android, and WebOS
world
■ Tens of thousands of applications have
been: ■ Groupware:
◻ Software that helps groups of people work
◻ Developed by third parties for the iPhone
together more effectively
■ Palm WebOS:
◻ Has only recently released its software
development kit
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition
Workgroup Application Software
Enterprise Application Software
(continued)
■ Software that benefits an entire
organization
■ Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
software:
◻ Set of integrated programs that manage a
company’s vital business operations for an
entire multisite, global organization

Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth

Edition Edition
Application Software for
Programming Languages
Information, Decision Support,
and Specialized Purposes ■ Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system
of rules for constructing statements:
◻ By which humans can communicate
■ Available in every industry:
instructions to be executed by a computer
◻ Specialized application software for
information, decision support, and other ■ Programming:
purposes ◻ Involves translating what a user wants to
accomplish into instructions that the computer
can understand and execute
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Software Issues and Trends Copyrights and Licenses
■ Software bug:
◻ Defect in a program that keeps it from performing
■ Most software products are protected by
as it should law using copyright or licensing provisions:
■ Some tips for reducing impact of software bugs: ◻ In some cases, you are given unlimited use of
◻ Register all software software on one or two computers
◻ Check read-me files for workarounds ◻ In other cases, you pay for your usage:
◻ Access support area of the manufacturer’s Web site ■ If you use the software more, you pay more
for patches
■ Some software now requires that you
◻ Install latest software updates
register or activate it before it can be fully
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
used Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Software Upgrades Global Software Support
■ When software companies stop supporting ■ Supporting local operations:
older software versions or releases: ◻ One of the biggest challenges IS teams face
◻ Some customers feel forced to upgrade to the when putting together standardized,
newer software company-wide systems
■ Deciding whether to purchase the newest ■ Trend:
software: ◻ Outsourcing global support to one or more
◻ Can be a problem for corporations and people third-party distributors
with a large investment in software
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition
Summary Summary (continued)
■ Hardware:
◻ The physical components of a computer that
■ Operating system (OS):
perform the input, processing, storage, and output ◻ Set of computer programs that controls the
activities of the computer computer hardware to support users’ computing
■ Green computing: needs
◻ Manages tasks to allocate computer resources
◻ Concerned with the efficient and environmentally
responsible design, manufacture, operation, and through multitasking and time-sharing
disposal of IS-related products ■ Application software:
■ Software: ◻ Applies the power of the computer to solve

◻ Consists of programs that control the workings of

problems and perform specific tasks
the computer hardware
Information Systems Essentials, Sixth Information Systems Essentials, Sixth
Edition Edition