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fruits are small and the tree-characters are not such that the variety
can compete with the standard Reine Claude plums. Esperen was
produced from seed in 1830 by Major Esperen of Malines, Belgium;
it was first fruited in 1844, and was introduced in 1847 by Louis Van
Houtte of Ghent, Belgium. It obtained the designation Drap d’Or from
its close resemblance to that variety.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, productive; trunk stocky, rough;

branches rough, with numerous, large, raised lenticels; branchlets brash;
leaves flattened, two and one-half inches wide, five inches long, obovate
or oval; margin serrate; petiole thick, tinged red, pubescent, with from two
to five large, globose glands.
Fruit mid-season; about one and one-half inches in diameter, roundish-
oval; cavity shallow, narrow, often lipped; color yellow streaked and
mottled with green, overspread with thin bloom; skin thin, tender, rather
sour; flesh yellow, tender, sweet, aromatic; of good quality; stone free, one
inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture
blunt; dorsal suture wide, deep.

EXCELSIOR
Prunus triflora × Prunus munsoniana

1. Glen St. Mary Cat. 1891-2. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 26. 1897. 3. Vt.
Sta. Bul. 67:11. 1898. 4. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:9, 36. 1905.

Excelsior has not fruited on the Station grounds and is placed in

the list of leading varieties because of the prominence given it in the
above references. The variety was originated by G. L. Tabor, Glen
Saint Mary, Florida, in 1887, from seed of Kelsey supposed to have
been pollinated by Wild Goose, although some authorities believe
De Caradeuc to have been the male parent. It seems to be a
promising variety and was mentioned in the last three catalogs of the
American Pomological Society.
Tree vigorous, vasiform; branches slender; leaves of medium size,
narrow; margin finely crenulate, glandular; petiole short, with from
one to three small glands; flowers small, scattered; fruit early; of
medium size, roundish, dark red with heavy bloom; skin tough; flesh
firm, yellowish with red tinge towards the center; quality good; stone
of medium size, compressed, clinging.

FIELD
 FIELD

Prunus domestica

1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 288. 1889. 2. Am. Gard. 14:50, 395. 1893. 3.
Rural N. Y. 55:622. 1896. 4. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:184. 1897. 5. Mich. Sta.
Bul. 169:244. 1899. 9. Ibid. 187:77, 78. 1901. 7. Waugh Plum Cult. 101,
104 fig. 1901. 8. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:239, 240 fig., 254, 255. 1905.
Early Bradshaw 2.

This offspring of Bradshaw resembles its parent in tree, and in

size, color and shape of fruit, though not so closely as to be readily
mistaken for the older variety. Differences which distinguish the fruits
of the two are: The Field is a trifle smaller, the fruit is more nearly
round, lacking the prolonged neck of Bradshaw and is more plump at
the base, the parent plum being markedly obovate; Field is earlier
than Bradshaw, the latter difference accounting for the synonym,
“Early Bradshaw.” The quality is not such as to commend either of
these plums, but of the two Field is slightly the better. In tree-
characters, Bradshaw excels in having a larger tree and in being
more productive. The foliage of Field is very good, it ripens its wood
well and begins to bear while young, but it is inclined to a biennial
bearing habit which makes the average in quantity of fruit a little too
low for a market plum which Field is, if worth planting at all. A good
quality of this variety is that it withstands the brown-rot very well. It is
doubtful if Field is worthy of a place in the fruit-growing regions of
New York, unless, perhaps, where a plum of the Bradshaw type, but
a little earlier, is wanted. Like Bradshaw, Field is comparatively little
attacked by San José scale.
Field is a seedling of Bradshaw grown in Schoharie County, New
York. It was first noted by S. D. Willard of Geneva, New York, in
1889, as “a variety worthy of cultivation.”

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, dense-topped, hardy,

productive; branches ash-gray, smooth except for the numerous, small,
raised lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with internodes of medium
length, greenish-red changing to brownish-drab, with a trace of red, dull,
pubescent becoming slightly less so at maturity, with numerous,
inconspicuous, small lenticels; leaf-buds below medium in size, short,
obtuse, appressed.
Leaves folded backward, obovate, two and one-sixteenth inches wide,
four and three-eighths inches long; upper surface dark green, nearly
glabrous, with shallowly grooved midrib; lower surface sparingly
pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute, margin serrate, with a few,
smallish, black glands; petiole seven-eighths inch long, thick, tinged with
red, sparingly pubescent.
Season of bloom intermediate, short; flowers appearing after the leaves,
one inch across, white, with a yellowish tinge at the apex of the petals;
scattered on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels five-
eighths inch long, thick, with few, short, scattering hairs, greenish; calyx-
tube green, campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes above medium in width,
obtuse, slightly pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, somewhat
reflexed; petals broadly oval, entire, tapering below to short, broad claws;
anthers yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter
than the stamens.
Fruit mid-season, period of ripening short; one and seven-eighths
inches by one and five-eighths inches in size, oblong-oval, compressed,
halves equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, broad; apex
roundish; color dark purplish-red, overspread with very thick bloom; dots
numerous, small, russet, clustered about the apex; stem three-quarters
inch long, sparingly pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, slightly
sour, separating readily; flesh greenish-yellow, medium juicy, sweetish,
mild; of fair quality; stone clinging, one inch by five-eighths inch in size,
ovate with roughened and deeply pitted surfaces, blunt at the apex and
base; ventral suture broad, distinctly furrowed; dorsal suture acute.

FOREST GARDEN
 FOREST GARDEN

Prunus hortulana mineri

1. Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 81. 1882. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 42. 1883. 3.
Minn. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 412. 1889. 4. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1890. 5. Cornell
Sta. Bul. 38:37, 86. 1892. 6. Mich. Sta. Bul. 118:53. 1895. 7. Wis. Sta. Bul.
 63:24, 37. 1897. 8. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 136. 1899. 9. Waugh Plum Cult.
148. 1901. 10. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 43:30. 1903. 11. Ohio Sta. Bul.
162:254, 255. 1905. 12. S. Dak. Sta. Bul. 93:17, 49 & 54 Pl. 1905.

Forest Garden is placed by most horticulturists in Prunus

americana, but the trees growing on the Geneva Station grounds
belong to the Miner group of Prunus hortulana and the herbarium
specimens of foliage and flowers sent from other stations make it
probable if not certain that the trees here are true to name. This
variety is little grown in the East, but it is widely distributed in the
central West where both in tree and fruit-characters it seems
adapted to the needs of the climate and soil. It is one of the latest of
its group, maturing at a good time for shipping, for which it is further
adapted by its tough skin and firm flesh. While Forest Garden is not
preeminently a dessert plum, it has a spicy flavor that makes it
pleasant eating and it is admirably adapted for culinary purposes,
especially for preserving.
This variety is from a wild plum found in the woods bordering on
the Cedar River, near Cedar Rapids, Iowa, by Thomas Hare, and
introduced by H. C. Raymond, of the Forest Garden Nurseries,
Council Bluffs, Iowa, about 1862. The American Pomological Society
placed the variety on its fruit catalog list in 1883, dropped it in 1891,
and replaced it in 1897.

Tree medium to large, often very vigorous, spreading, with sprawling

habit, inclined to be flat-topped, perfectly hardy, variable in
productiveness, bearing young, somewhat susceptible to shot-hole
fungus; trunk small in proportion to the size of the tree, shaggy; branches
rather rough, zigzag and inclined to split, thorny, dark ash-brown, with
numerous, small lenticels; branchlets thick, long, willowy, with short
internodes, greenish changing to dark chestnut-red, glossy, with thin
pubescence when young, which disappears in autumn, with conspicuous,
numerous raised lenticels; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, plump,
appressed.
Leaves falling early, folded upward, elongated-oval, or obovate, peach-
like, one and three-quarters inches wide, four and one-quarter inches
long, thin and leathery; upper surface smooth, with a shallow, grooved
midrib; lower surface silvery-green, pubescent; apex taper-pointed, base
somewhat abrupt, margin doubly crenate, glandular; petiole three-quarters
inch long, sparingly pubescent, faintly tinged with red, usually with two
conspicuous, globose, brownish glands below the base of the leaf.
Blooming season late and long; flowers appearing with the leaves;
seven-eighths inch across, white, with a strong, disagreeable odor; borne
in dense but scattering clusters on lateral buds and spurs, in threes or in
fours; pedicels nine-sixteenths inch in length, slender, glabrous, greenish;
calyx-tube green, narrowly campanulate or obconic, glabrous; calyx-lobes
narrow, obtuse, slightly pubescent, margined with few hairs and with dark-
colored glands, slightly reflexed; petals oval, erose, tapering to long claws
of medium width; anthers yellowish; filaments seven-sixteenths inch in
length; pistil glabrous, shorter than the stamens.
Fruit variable in season which is usually late and short; about one and
one-eighth inches in diameter, rather large, roundish-ovate or nearly oval,
slightly compressed, halves equal; cavity shallow, wide, flaring; suture a
line; apex roundish or somewhat pointed; color light or dark red, with thin
bloom; dots numerous, russet, conspicuous; stem slender, five-eighths
inch long, glabrous, detaching from the fruit at maturity; skin thick, tough,
slightly astringent, adhering; flesh dark golden-yellow, juicy, coarse,
fibrous, melting, sweetish next the skin but rather sour toward the center,
with a strong and peculiar flavor, aromatic; fair to good; stone clinging,
three-quarters inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval, turgid, blunt and
slightly flattened at the base, ending in an abrupt but sharp point at the
apex, nearly smooth; ventral suture narrow, faintly ridged; dorsal suture
acute.

FOREST ROSE
 FOREST ROSE

Prunus hortulana mineri

1. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 290. 1889. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 55. 1890. 3.
Cornell Sta. Bul. 38:55, 86. 1892. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 123:19. 1895. 5. Ia.
Sta. Bul. 31:346. 1895. 6. Colo. Sta. Bul. 50:36. 1898. 7. Ohio Sta. Bul.
 113:154. 1899. 8. Waugh Plum Cult. 173. 1901. 9. Budd-Hansen Am.
Hort. Man. 296. 1903.

Forest Rose, like Forest Garden, belongs to Prunus hortulana

mineri, the two being similar in many respects. Forest Rose,
however, is not as attractive in color as the other variety, the
difference not being well brought out in the color-plates, is smaller
and does not keep nor ship quite as well. The variety under
discussion is better in quality than Forest Garden and better adapted
than the last named variety for the home orchard at least. While
somewhat variable in productiveness, in most localities it bears
annually and abundantly. The trees are rather more thorny than most
of its species.
This variety is said by H. A. Terry of Crescent, Iowa, to be a
seedling of Miner, grown by Scott & Company, a Missouri nursery
firm, and introduced by William Stark, Louisiana, Missouri, in 1878.
Terry offers no evidence to show that this plum is a seedling of Miner
and there is a question as to whether more is really known of its
parentage other than that it came from Missouri.

Tree medium to large, intermediate in vigor, upright-spreading, open-

topped, hardy, variable in productiveness somewhat susceptible to attacks
of shot-hole fungus; trunk very rough and shaggy; branches rough, thorny,
dark ash-gray, with numerous lenticels; branchlets numerous, slender,
variable in length, with internodes of medium length, green changing to
dull reddish-brown, glossy, glabrous, with numerous, small, raised
lenticels; leaf-buds small, short, obtuse, appressed.
Leaves falling early, folded upward, elongated-oval or obovate, one and
one-half inches wide, four inches long, thin; upper surface dull red in the
fall, rugose, glabrous, with the midrib and larger veins deeply grooved;
lower surface light green, somewhat pubescent along the midrib; apex
acuminate, base acute, margin crenate or serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole slender, five-eighths inch in length, sparsely pubescent along one
side, tinged with red, glandless or with from one to three small, globose or
oval, greenish-brown glands on the stalk.
Flowers seven-eighths inch across, white, with a disagreeable odor;
borne in dense clusters on lateral buds and spurs, in pairs or in threes;
pedicels five-eighths inch long, below medium in thickness, glabrous,
 greenish: calyx-tube green, narrowly campanulate, glabrous; calyx-lobes
short and narrow, acute, serrate, somewhat reflexed, glabrous on the
outer surface, but more or less pubescent on the inner surface and along
the margin, which is strewn with red glands; petals oval, dentate, tapering
below into narrow, lightly pubescent claws of medium length; anthers light
yellow; filaments one-half inch in length; pistil glabrous, shorter than the
stamens.
Fruit late, season short; one and one-eighth inches by one inch in size,
roundish-oval; cavity shallow, narrow, flaring; suture a line; apex roundish;
color dull crimson overspread with thin bloom; dots very numerous, small,
gray, conspicuous; stem slender, three-quarters inch long, smooth, not
adhering to the fruit; skin thick, tough, astringent, inclined to crack under
unfavorable conditions, adhering; flesh dull apricot-yellow, juicy, fibrous,
tender and melting, sweet next to the skin but tart toward the center,
aromatic; fair to good; stone clinging, five-eighths inch by one-half inch in
size, oval, acute at the apex, with pitted surfaces; ventral suture somewhat
blunt.

FOTHERINGHAM
Prunus domestica
1. Rea Flora 208. 1676. 2. Langley Pomona 91. 1729. 3. Miller
Gard. Dict. 3:1754. 4. Forsyth Treat. Fr. Trees 19. 1803. 5. Downing
Fr. Trees Am. 299. 1845. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 286, 383.
1846. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 517. 1859. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 701.
1884. 9. Waugh Plum Cult. 102. 1901.
Foderingham 1. Fotheringay 8. Foderingham Plum 2. Grove
House Purple 5, 7, 8. Red Fotheringham 8. Sheen 2, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Fotheringham is probably one of the oldest varieties of plums now
cultivated. Although but little if at all grown in this country, it has
maintained its place among standard English varieties for at least
two and a half centuries. The exact time of its origin is not certain,
but it was undoubtedly during the first half of the Seventeenth
Century as Hogg records a reference made to it by Rea in 1665. It
was first grown extensively at Sheen, in Surrey, England, about 1700
by Sir William Temple, who gave it the name Sheen. The variety is
described as follows:
 Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit matures just before Reine
Claude; of medium size, obovate; suture distinct; stem one inch long; color
reddish-purple with thin bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet, sprightly;
good; freestone.

FREEMAN
Prunus domestica
As this variety grows in the Station orchard it is a remarkably fine
plum. The fruits are attractive, of high quality and the tree-characters
are for most part very good. It is certainly a desirable plum for any
home plantation, and if it proves as productive elsewhere as about
Geneva, it may well be worth growing in commercial orchards.
Freeman is a chance seedling found in the yard of a Mr. Freeman
of Cortland, New York, about 1890 and shortly afterwards introduced
by E. Smith & Sons of Geneva, New York, but is as yet hardly known
by plum-growers.

Tree intermediate in size and vigor, upright-spreading, productive;

branchlets slender, pubescent; leaves oval, one and one-half inches wide,
two and three-quarters inches long; margin serrate or almost crenate,
eglandular or with small dark glands; petiole reddish, glandless or with
from one to four globose glands; blooming season intermediate, short;
flowers appearing after the leaves, creamy-white, usually in scattering
clusters at the ends of lateral spurs; borne singly or in twos.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period short; about one and one-half inches
in diameter, roundish or roundish-oval; cavity very shallow, small, often
lipped; color golden-yellow, blushed and mottled with red on the exposed
cheek, covered with thin bloom; flesh light golden-yellow, firm but tender,
sweet, pleasant flavor; very good to best; stone dark colored, free, seven-
eighths inch by five-eighths inch in size, irregular-oval, somewhat
flattened, abruptly contracted at the base, with surfaces roughened;
ventral suture prominent.

FREESTONE
 FREESTONE

Prunus insititia
1. Am. Gard. 14:148. 1893. 2. Waugh Plum Cult. 129. 1901.
Freestone Damson 2.
 Freestone is a Damson separated from other Damsons chiefly in
being sweeter and more free of stone. It is so inferior to varieties of
its species in several particulars as to have little value for
commercial planting. The fruits are smaller and the pits larger in
proportion to the amount of flesh than with several better known
Damsons and the trees do not bear as large crops as plums of this
species should; these faults of fruit and tree condemn the plum. To
offset the defects in the tree, freedom from black-knot and immunity
to leaf-blight may be mentioned as compensating somewhat. Still
Freestone is hardly to be mentioned as worth planting in either home
or commercial orchard. The origin of this Damson is unknown. Stark
Brothers, Louisiana, Missouri, who introduced the variety about
1889, describe it as “a selected sort which is very hardy, free from
insects, and productive.”

Tree of medium size and vigor, upright-spreading, vasiform, hardy, not

always productive; branches dark ash-gray, thorny; leaves folded upward,
oval, one and one-quarter inches wide, two and one-quarter inches long;
upper surface dark green, rugose; lower surface silvery-green, pubescent;
margin finely serrate, eglandular or with small, brownish glands; petiole
five-eighths inch long, glandless or with one or two small glands; blooming
season late and of medium length; flowers appearing after the leaves,
seven-eighths inch across, the buds creamy, changing to white when
expanded; borne in clusters on lateral buds and spurs, usually in pairs;
anthers reddish; filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil shorter than the
stamens.
Fruit late, season long; seven-eighths inch in diameter, roundish-oval;
cavity very shallow and narrow; flesh yellowish-green, juicy, tender, sweet,
mild; fair in quality; stone free, tinged red, five-eighths inch by one-half
inch in size, oval, turgid, with roughened surfaces, acute at the base, blunt
at the apex; ventral suture broad, blunt; dorsal suture with a broad,
shallow groove.

FRENCH
 FRENCH

Prunus insititia

1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 289. 1889. 2. Ibid. 64. 1891. 3. Cornell Sta. Bul.
131:184 fig. 40 I. 1897. 4. Mich. Sta. Bul. 169:245. 1899. 5. Waugh Plum
Cult. 129. 1901.
 French Damson 4. French Damson 1, 2, 3.

Far better than the Freestone just discussed is the French

Damson, which in some respects surpasses all other plums in its
group. Thus it is the largest of the Damsons, so large, indeed, as to
lead many to believe that it may be a hybrid with some Domestica
plum, the size of the trees, blossoms and foliage also leading to such
a supposition. This excellent Damson is largely grown for the market
in western New York, good quality as well as size and appearance
aiding in selling the product. The fruits have but one defect, the pit is
large for the amount of flesh. Curiously enough in some seasons the
stone clings and in others is perfectly free. It is in tree-characters that
the French plum best shows its superiority over other Damsons. The
trees are large, the largest of the Damsons in New York, hardy, bear
abundantly and annually and carry their foliage so well that fruit and
wood usually ripen perfectly even when the trees are not sprayed.
The season is a little after that of the more commonly grown
Shropshire, which in most years is an advantage. French, while
becoming popular, is still too little known in New York, where its
behavior warrants quite general planting.
S. D. Willard, a nurseryman of Geneva, New York, probably
introduced French in this country; at least it was brought to notice
mainly through his recommendation. The origin is unknown, but it is
probably an introduction from France and may be an old variety
renamed. The figure of Prune Petit Damas Violet given by Poiteau is
so very similar as to suggest that French may be identical with that
sort.

Tree large, vigorous, spreading, dense-topped, hardy, productive;

branches numerous, ash-gray, roughish, thorny, with lenticels variable in
size; branchlets inclined to develop spurs at the base, rather slender,
short, with short internodes, greenish-red changing to dark brownish-drab,
dull, somewhat zigzag, thickly pubescent, with inconspicuous, small
lenticels; leaf-buds intermediate in size and length, pointed, free.
Leaves folded upward, long-oval, one and one-quarter inches wide,
three inches long; upper surface dark green, covered with fine hairs, with
a grooved midrib; lower surface pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base
abrupt, margin serrate or nearly crenate, with a few, small, dark glands;
 petiole eleven-sixteenths inch long, rather slender, pubescent, faintly
tinged with red, usually having two very small, globose, greenish-brown
glands on the stalk or base of the leaf.
Blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers appearing
after the leaves, one and five-sixteenths inches across, white; borne on
lateral spurs, usually in pairs; pedicels five-eighths inch long, slender,
covered with short pubescence, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
glabrous; calyx-lobes narrow, obtuse, glabrous on the outer surface, thinly
pubescent along the margin and at the base of the inner surface,
glandular-serrate, reflexed; petals oval, dentate or fringed, tapering below
to short, broad claws; anthers distinctly reddish; filaments seven-
sixteenths inch in length; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit late; one and one-half inches by one and one-eighth inches in
diameter, ovate, halves equal; cavity very shallow, narrow, flaring; suture a
line; apex roundish; color dull black, overspread with thick bloom; dots
numerous, small, brownish, inconspicuous; stem slender, three-quarters
inch long, sparingly pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tough,
separating readily; flesh greenish, juicy, fibrous, tender, sweet, pleasant
and sprightly; good; stone variable in adhesion, seven-eighths inch by
one-half inch in size, oval, roughened, acute at the base, blunt at the
apex; ventral suture rather narrow, heavily furrowed and somewhat
winged; dorsal suture with a shallow groove of medium width.

FROGMORE
Prunus insititia

1. Flor. & Pom. 265, Pl. 1876. 2. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 289. 1889. 3.
Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:51. 1900. 4. Waugh Plum Cult. 130. 1901.
Frogmore Damson 1, 2. Frogmore Prolific Damson 3.

Frogmore may be considered among the best of the Damsons in

quality for the culinary purposes to which this fruit is commonly put.
The flesh is tender, sweet and good, but adheres rather too tightly to
the stone. The tree of Frogmore is all that could be desired in
productiveness and quite equals most other Damsons in general and
probably surpasses them all, at least on the grounds at this Station,
in length of time that the fruit hangs on the tree. The habit of growth
of this variety varies from that of Prunus insititia as commonly found,
the leaves being larger, the tops more spreading and the branches
less thorny. The variety has hardly been tried enough in New York to
warrant either recommending or condemning it. According to the
Florist and Pomologist, published in 1876, this variety originated a
few years previous to the date of publication in the Royal Gardens at
Frogmore, England.

Tree inferior in size and vigor, round-topped, open, hardy, very

productive; branches thorny, the bark on the older branches splitting
transversely to the direction of growth, making grooves or rings about
three inches apart and two inches or more in length; branchlets slender,
almost glabrous throughout the season, covered with light bloom; leaves
bright red on first opening, somewhat folded backward, obovate, one and
three-eighths inches wide, three and one-half inches long; upper surface
dark green, rugose; lower surface silvery-green, pubescent, margin
eglandular; petiole five-eighths inch long, slender, greenish, glandless or
with one or two small, globose, yellowish-green glands usually at the base
of the leaf; blooming season intermediate in time and length; flowers
appearing after the leaves, one inch across, white, in scattered clusters on
lateral spurs; borne singly or in pairs; anthers yellow with tinge of red;
filaments five-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, equal to the stamens in
length.
Fruit late, season of medium length; one and one-eighth inches by one
inch in size, roundish-oval, compressed, purplish-black, overspread with
thick bloom; flesh golden-yellow, juicy, tender, sweet; good; stone clinging,
three-quarters inch by one-half inch in size, oval, smooth, somewhat acute
at the base and apex; ventral suture blunt or with a short, narrow wing;
dorsal suture with a narrow, shallow groove.

FROST GAGE
Prunus domestica

1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:52. 1832. 2. Mag. Hort. 4:45. 1838. 3. Hoffy
Orch. Comp. 2:1842, 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 300. 1845. 5. Horticulturist
3:446. 1848. 6. Cole Am. Fr. Book 219. 1849. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 54.
1852. 8. Hogg Fruit Mun. 362. 1866.
American Damson 8. Frost Plum 4, 6, 8. October Gage 3.
 Frost Gage is too small for market purposes and moreover the fruit
withers rather quickly after picking; the quality is above the average.
The plum is not a Gage, only green fruits being entitled to this name.
At one time this was one of the most popular commercial varieties in
the Hudson Valley, but because of its susceptibility to black-knot it
has lost favor with growers. Downing in 1838 traced the history of
this variety to a tree standing on the farm of a Mr. Duboise, Dutchess
County, New York, Mr. Duboise stating that the original had been
planted by his father. It is doubtful if this is the first tree, however, for
in 1849 Charles Hamilton of Canterbury, Orange County, reported
trees of Frost Gage thirty to forty years old on his place.

Tree of medium size, upright, very productive; branchlets thick; leaves

flattened, oval or obovate, one and one-half inches wide, two and three-
quarters inches long; margin crenate or serrate, with few, small, black
glands; petiole short, usually with one or two glands; blooming season
intermediate, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, white, with a little
yellowish tinge; borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in twos.
Fruit late; about one and one-eighth inches in diameter, roundish, dark
purplish-black, covered with thick bloom; stem slender, persistent; skin
tough, sour; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, mild; fair to good;
stone clinging, small, irregular-ovate, somewhat oblique.

FURST
Prunus domestica

1. Mas Le Verger 6:45. 1873. 2. Lange Allgem. Garten. 2:421. 1879. 3.

Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 413. 1881. 4. Lauche Deut. Pom. 8, Pl. 1882.
5. Guide Prat. 159, 363. 1895.
Eugen Fürsts Frühzwetsche 4, 5. Fürst’s Frühzwetsche 2, 3, 4. Fürst’s
Frühzwetsche 1, 4, 5. Quetsche Précoce de Fürst 1, 5.

Furst would undoubtedly be well worthy of very general cultivation

in plum orchards were it not for the fact that it is very similar to the
Italian Prune. The two fruits differ only in season, the Furst being a
few days earlier, and in the tendency of the variety under discussion
to shrivel about the neck. It may be that Furst will succeed in some
localities where the Italian Prune is not a success.
Furst was propagated by the Baron of Trauttenberg, Prague,
Bohemia, who had received it from Professor Pater Hackl,
Leitmeritz, Bohemia, under the name Furst, given in honor of
Eugene Furst, son of the founder of the School of Horticulture of
Frauendorf, Bavaria. Furst Damson has been confused with this
variety, but it is a different plum. Its fruits are distinctly necked and
much inferior in quality, and its shoots are glabrous, while in this
variety they are not. The United States Department of Agriculture
introduced Furst in 1901 and through them this Station received
cions for testing.

Tree of medium size, round-topped, productive; branchlets thick,

marked with slight scarf-skin; leaf-scars very prominent; leaves folded
upward, obovate, two and one-half inches wide, four and one-half inches
long; margin doubly serrate or almost crenate, eglandular or with small
dark glands; petiole thick, pubescent, glandless or with from one to three
globose glands usually on the stalk; blooming season late; flowers one
and one-eighth inches across, white, the opening buds tipped with yellow;
borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in twos.
Fruit late; one and seven-eighths inches by one and one-half inches in
size, oval, slightly necked, purplish-black, covered with thick bloom; dots
numerous, reddish, conspicuous; stem thick; flesh greenish-yellow, juicy,
very fibrous, firm, sweet, mild, with pleasant aroma; good to very good;
stone one and one-eighths inches by five-eighths inch in size, free,
irregular-oval, with rather long, tapering, oblique apex, the surfaces
heavily pitted; ventral suture prominent, often winged; dorsal suture wide.

GEORGESON
 GEORGESON

Prunus triflora

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 52, 99. 1889. 2. Am. Gard. 12:308, 501, 574.
1891. 3. Ibid. 13:700. 1892. 4. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:23, 27. 1894. 5. Tex.
Sta. Bul. 32:488, 489. 1894. 6. Ga. Hart. Soc. Rpt. 94. 1895. 7. Cornell