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Linear Algebra

MAC - SEM 1 - KSOU

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10 views

Linear Algebra

MAC - SEM 1 - KSOU

Uploaded by

nishanthchandran782
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR ALGEBRA

5 Marks

1. Show that V2 (R ) is a vector space.


Page 3,4,5
2. Explain Gauss elimination method.
Page 34, 35
3. Test the following system for consistency and solve if it is consistent.
x + 2y - z=3
3x – y + 2z=1
2x - 2y + 3z=2
Page, 46, 47
4. Briefly explain the properties of Rank.
Properties of rank of matrix is as follows: Rank of a matrix is equal to the order
of the matrix if it is a non-singular matrix. Rank of a matrix is equal to the
number of non-zero rows if it is in Echelon Form. Rank of matrix is equal to the
order of identity matrix in it if it is in normal form.
The rank of a matrix is the maximum number of its linearly independent column
vectors (or row vectors). From this definition it is obvious that the rank of a
matrix cannot exceed the number of its rows (or columns).

5. Prove that set of vectors s={(1 ,0, 0),(2,0,0),(0,0,1)} are linearly dependent in V 3(R ).
Page 71. 72

6. Verify is a subspace or not.

7. Write a note on linear span.


Let ( ) be a vector space and be any non-empty subset of . Then the set of all linear
combinations of finite set of elements of S is called the linear span and is denoted by (
). Thus,
we have
( ) * | is any arbitrary finite subset of and is
any arbitrary finite subset of +F
page 8 ,9
8. Show that every matrix can be uniquely expressible as the sum of symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices.
Let A = R + S, Where R is symmetric and S is skew-symmetric, then, Hence,
A is uniquely expressible as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.

9. Test the following system for consistency and solve if it is consistent.


x + 2y - z=3
3x – y + 2z=1
2x - 2y + 3z=2

10. Find the rank of

11. Prove that the set of all polynomials over the field of real numbers is a vector space
with respect to the addition and multiplication of polynomial.
1 2
12. Find the Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors of the matrix 5 4

13. Show that the vector (2, -5,3 ) does not belong to the span of
S = { (1, -3,2), (2, -4, -1), (1,-5, 7) }

14. Show that {(1, 0) (0, 1)} for basis V2(R).


15. Determine whether the set {(1,1,2 ), (1,2,5 ) (5,3,4 )} is a basis of V3 (R ).
16. Verify all the properties of the determinants with an examples of your own.

10 Marks

1. Explain Rank-Nullity Theorem.


2. Explain Cayley-Hamilton Theorem with example.

3. Find the Eigen Values and Eigenvectors of the matrix


4. Find the orthogonal projection of (4,-7,6)on the subspace spanned by(-2,1,3).
5. Verify all the properties of the adjoint of a matrix with an examples of your own.
6. Verify w= is a subspace or not.

7. Find the Eigen Values and Eigenvectors of the matrix


8. What do you mean by automorphism? How do you find its order? Explain with
example.
9. Verify all the properties of the adjoint of a matrix with an examples of your own.
(3x10=30)
10. If V is the vector space of all square 𝑛X 𝑛 matrices over the filed R. Then show that
the set W consisting of all the symmetric matrices is a subspace of V.

11. Find the inverse of the matrix A , where A= 3 -4

2 -1

12. Find the subspace spanned by the set S={(2,0,0), (0,0,-2 )} in the vector space V3(R
).

13. Show that T: V2 ( R) V2 ( R) defined T(x,y) = (x+y, 2x-y) is a linear


transformation.

14. Perform QR factorization on the following Matrix.

1 0

1 0

0 1

15 Marks

1. Explain display system with block diagram.


2. What is machine learning? Explain its types in detail.

Machine learning is a subset of AI, which uses algorithms that learn from data to
make predictions. These predictions can be generated through supervised
learning, where algorithms learn patterns from existing data, or unsupervised
learning, where they discover general patterns in data.

Most data can be categorized into 4 basic types from a Machine Learning perspective:

numerical data, categorical data, time-series data, and text.

 Nominal data.

 Ordinal data.

 Discrete data.

 Continuous data.

 There are generally four types of data that machine learning algorithms can use:
Numeric data: This type of data consists of numbers and can include continuous values

(such as prices or temperatures) or discrete values (such as counts or rankings). Numeric

data can be used as input or output in machine learning algorithms

Categorical data: This type of data consists of categories or labels, such as names, types,

or categories. Categorical data can be used as input or output in machine learning

algorithms, but it may need to be converted into a numerical form in order to be used by

certain algorithms.

Time series data: This type of data consists of measurements taken at regular intervals
over a period of time. Time series data is often used in machine learning algorithms for

tasks such as forecasting or trend analysis.

Text data: This type of data consists of written or spoken words and can include things

like emails, social media posts, or customer reviews. Text data is often used in machine

learning algorithms for tasks such as natural language processing or sentiment analysis.

It’s important to note that these are general categories of data and that different machine

learning algorithms may be suited to different types of data or may be able to handle

multiple types of data

3. Solve the system of equation by LUdecomposition method


4x1 + x2 + x3 = 4
x1 + 4x2 − 2x3 = 4
3x1 + 2x2 − 4x3 = 6
n linear algebra, LU Decomposition, i.e., lower–
upper (LU) decomposition or factorization of a matrix, can be defined as the product
of a lower and an upper triangular matrices. This product sometimes comprises a
permutation matrix as well. We can relate the LU decomposition method with the matrix
form of the Gaussian elimination method of solving a system of linear equations. In this
article, you will learn the LU Decomposition method and the solved example in detailed
steps.

LU Decomposition Method or Factorisation

Consider the system of equations in three variables:

a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 = b1

a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 = b2

a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 = b3

These can be written in the form of AX = B as:

[𝑎11𝑎12𝑎13𝑎21𝑎22𝑎23𝑎31𝑎32𝑎33] [𝑥1𝑥2𝑥3]=[𝑏1𝑏2𝑏3]
Here,

𝐴=[𝑎11𝑎12𝑎13𝑎21𝑎22𝑎23𝑎31𝑎32𝑎33], 𝑋=[𝑥1𝑥2𝑥3], 𝐵=[𝑏1𝑏2𝑏3]


Now follow the steps given below to solve the above system of linear equations by LU
Decomposition method.

Step 1: Generate a matrix A = LU such that L is the lower triangular matrix with principal
diagonal elements being equal to 1 and U is the upper triangular matrix.

That means,

𝐿=[100𝑙2110𝑙31𝑙321]
and
𝑈=[𝑢11𝑢12𝑢130𝑢22𝑢2300𝑢33]
Step 2: Now, we can write AX = B as:

LUX = B….(1)

Step 3: Let us assume UX = Y….(2)

Where 𝑌=[𝑦1𝑦2𝑦3]
Step 4: From equations (1) and (2), we have;
LY = B

On solving this equation, we get y1, y2, y3.

Step 5: Substituting Y in equation (2), we get UX = Y

By solving equation, we get X, x1, x2, x3.

The above process is also called the Method of Triangularisation.

4. Explain the properties of vector space in detail with example.


Page 5, 6,7

5. Solve the system of equation by LUdecomposition method


x + 5y + z = 14
2x + y + 3z = 13
3x + y + 4z = 17
6. Show that the set of all ordered pair over the set of real numbers form a vector space or

Show that v2(R ) is a vector space.

Page 5, 6

7.Find the non trivial solution of the system x + 3y - 2z = 0, 2x –y + 4z = 0, x -11y + 14z = 0.

8. Prove that if two vectors are linearly dependent one of them is a scalar multiple of the other.

9.Find the orthogonal complement of the subspace spanned by (3,4,5) in the Euclidean three

space.

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