Engineering Drawing (CE101)

Lecture 06: ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS-I

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI

 DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)

The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.
 DRAWINGS
(Some Types)

Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
 ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT ARE PROJECTED ON
DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE

Different Reference planes are

Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views.
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections.
PROJECTION METHOD
Depending on the relationship between the projectors and POP and the number of POPs used for the projections, the
projection methods are classified as shown in Fig.
TYPES OF VIEWS
PROJECTIONS

Parallel Converge

Orthogonal Oblique

Multiview Axonometric

Multi-view drawing Pictorial drawing Perspective drawing

VIEW COMPARISON

Type Advantage Disadvantage

Multi-view drawing Accurately presents Require training to Visualization.
object’s details, i.e.
size and shape.

Pictorial drawing Easy to visualize. Shape and angle distortion

Circular hole
becomes ellipse

Right angle becomes

obtuse angle.

Perspective drawing Object looks more Difficult to create

like what our eyes Size and shape
perceive. distortion
Distorted
width
 PRINCIPAL PLANES
•A POP is a plane on which a particular view is projected.
•In multiview orthographic projections,
• Different POPs are required to draw different views of an object.
• Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called principal planes or reference planes (RP).

Types of reference planes (RPs):

1.Horizontal Plane: A plane parallel to the ground (or horizon) is called horizontal plane (HP) or horizontal
reference plane (HRP).
2.Vertical Plane: A plane perpendicular to the ground and intersecting the HP is called vertical plane (VP) or
frontal reference plane (FRP).
3.Profile Plane: A plane perpendicular to the HP and the VP and intersecting both of them is called profile
plane (PP) or profile reference plane (PRP).
 VIEWS
• Front View When the observer looks at the object from the front, the view obtained is called the front
view (FV) or Elevation. FV is seen on the VP.
TV
• Top View When the observer looks atRVthe object from above, the view H SV obtained is called top view (TV)
R
or plan. TV is seen on the HP.
• Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from his left-hand side or righthand
side, the view obtained is called side view (SV)
V . SV is seen on the PP.
LH S
• Left-Hand Side View When the observer views the object from his FV left-hand side, the view obtained is
called left-hand side view (LHSV).
• Right Hand Side View When the observer views the object BVfrom his right-hand side, the view obtained is
called as right-hand side view (RHSV).
• Bottom View When the observer looks to the object from below, the view obtained is called bottom view
(BV) or bottom plan.
• Rear View When the observer looks to the object from back, the view obtained is called rear view (RV)
or back view or rear elevation.
• The FV, TV and either LHSV or RHSV are usually drawn in orthographic projection . The other views
are added if they are extremely essential.
VIEWS
Example 1

Two dimensions are visible.

What is third dimension?
Another view is required.
Example 2
Example 2: Reference Line
Example 2: Reference Line
 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European countries First
- ISO standard quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Transparent
Opaque
planes
planes

Third
quadrant
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line


Folding
line
Folding
line


Folding
line
 VIEWS ARRANGEMENT
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Right Side View Front View Front View Right Side View

Top View
 PROJECTION SYMBOLS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

d 1.7d

2.2d
 PLANES

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)


A.I
A.V.P. .P.
 to V
 to Hp &  to Vp & p
t
oH
p

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV

HP

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 900

AND AND
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP.
 NOTATIONS
Following notations should be followed while naming
Different views in orthographic projections.

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a´ a´ b´

IT’S SIDE VIEW a´´ a´´ b´´

Same system of notations should be followed

incase numbers, like 1, 2, 3 – are used.

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECT TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECT TO V.P.
24
Multi-view orthographic projections

In this type of projection,

we imagine the object being
drawn in the center of a
transparent box.

The different views of the

object are projected onto
the sides of this box.
Multi-view orthographic projections
The projection box and
its six views are spread
in such a way as to
place all the views on
the same plane.

The other views pivot

around the front view.

TOP VIEW

REAR VIEW LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW
Multi-view orthographic projections
Among the six possible
views, we will choose to
portray those necessary
to the description of the
shape of the object.
Three views are usually
enough to portray an
object. Many simple
objects may only require
one or two views.
TOP VIEW

REAR VIEW LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW
PRINCIPAL PLANES
•A POP is a plane on which a particular view is projected. VP
PP
•In multiview orthographic projections,
• Different POPs are required to draw different views of an object. HP

• Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called principal planes or reference planes (RP).

Types of reference planes (RPs):

1.Horizontal Plane: A plane parallel to the ground (or horizon) is called horizontal plane (HP) or horizontal
reference plane (HRP).
2.Vertical Plane: A plane perpendicular to the ground and intersecting the HP is called vertical plane (VP) or
frontal reference plane (FRP).
3.Profile Plane: A plane perpendicular to the HP and the VP and intersecting both of them is called profile
plane (PP) or profile reference plane (PRP).
 PLANES OF PROJECTION

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)


A.I
A.V.P. .P.
t
oV
 to Hp &  to Vp p
t &
oH
p

 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European countries First
- ISO standard quadrant

2. Third angle system

- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Transparent
Opaque
planes
planes

Third
quadrant
 VIEWS
• Front View When the observer looks at the object from the front, the view obtained is called the front
view (FV) or Elevation. FV is seen on the VP.
TV
• Top View When the observer looks atRVthe object from above, the view H SV obtained is called top view (TV)
R
or plan. TV is seen on the HP.
• Side Views When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from his left-hand side or righthand
side, the view obtained is called side view (SV)
V . SV is seen on the PP.
LH S
• Left-Hand Side View When the observer views the object from his FV left-hand side, the view obtained is
called left-hand side view (LHSV).
• Right Hand Side View When the observer views the object BVfrom his right-hand side, the view obtained is
called as right-hand side view (RHSV).
• Bottom View When the observer looks to the object from below, the view obtained is called bottom view
(BV) or bottom plan.
• Rear View When the observer looks to the object from back, the view obtained is called rear view (RV)
or back view or rear elevation.
• The FV, TV and either LHSV or RHSV are usually drawn in orthographic projection . The other views
are added if they are extremely essential.
 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system
(Opaque planes) (transparent planes/glass box)

TV

TV

RHSV
FV

FV RHSV
 FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.

OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.

VP PP

FV LSV .
. V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV

HP

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
 FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.

TV
X Y
LSV FV

ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS FO
OF V.
S. R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.V
FO .
Orthographic views-Transferring 3D to 2D plane
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line


RHSV FV
Folding
line
Folding
Folding direction
line
leftwards
TV

Folding
Folding direction line
downwards
 Final views on 2D plane
1st angle system 3rd angle system
Top View

Front View Right Side View

RHSV FV

TV
FV
To obtain the projections of various faces of an object, the following rules must be observed

1. If a face is perpendicular to the direction of viewing, its true shape and actual size will be seen
in that view.
2. If a face is parallel to the direction of viewing, it is seen as a line in that view. This view is
called the line view or edge view.
3. If a face is inclined to the direction of viewing, its true shape and size will not be seen in any
view.
4. If an edge of the object is perpendicular to the direction of viewing, its actual length will be
seen in that view.
5. If an edge of the object is parallel to the direction of viewing, it is seen as a point in that view.
This view is called point view.
6. If an edge of the object is inclined to the direction of viewing, its shortened length (projected)
will be seen in that view. The shortened length is obtained by locating the end points of the
edge.
TV

TV

Parallel Surfaces
 h
w
h
u
w
u
w

Inclined Surfaces
Oblique Surfaces
 h
u
h
u
w
w
u

Curved Surfaces