Mathematics Reviewer

Quarter IV
Lessons and Topics:
● Trigonometric Ratios
– Trigonometry & the Sides of Right Triangles
– Six Trigonometric Ratios
– Solving Missing Parts of a Right Triangle
● Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles
– Special Triangles
– Solving Trigonometric Expressions
● Angles of Elevation and Depression
– Terminologies in Angles of Elevation and Depression
 Trigonometric Ratios
Trigonometry & the Sides of Right Triangles
● Trigonometry
→ from the Greek words:
● “trigonon” → “triangle”
● “metron” → “measure”
→ measurement of triangles
→ branch of mathematics that deals with the relations between the sides and
angles of a triangle
Side of Right Triangles
● Hypotenuse (Hyp)
→ longest side of a right triangle
→ the opposite angle is the right angle
● Opposite (Opp)
→ opposite side of the Angle of Perspective
→ the Angle of Perspective is labeled with “θ”
● Adjacent (Adj)
→ side between the Angle of Perspective and right angle
→ TIP: Label the hypotenuse and opposite first, so that you can leave the last
side as the adjacent
Example Given Angle of Perspective
● Example 1:

If ∠L is Angle of Perspective, then: If ∠J is Angle of Perspective, then:

– Hyp → JL – Hyp → JL
– Opp → JK – Opp → KL
– Adj → KL – Adj → JK
Six Trigonometric Ratios
● Trigonometric Ratios
→ ratio of the lengths of the sides of a right triangle
→ all trigonometric ratios:
Primary Ratios: Secondary Ratios:
– sine (sin) – cosecant (csc)
– cosine (cos) – secant (sec)
 – tangent (tan) – cotangent (cot)
→ NOTE: secondary ratios are the inverse/reciprocal of primary ratios
→ equations of trigonometric ratios:
sine = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
→ cosecant = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑝

cosine = ℎ𝑦𝑝 → secant = 𝑎𝑑𝑗

𝑎𝑑𝑗 ℎ𝑦𝑝

tangent = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ cotangent = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗

→ TIP: To remember trigonometric ratios, follow a mnemonic:

SOH → sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝

CAH → cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝

𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ SOH-CAH-TOA
TOA → tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗

CHO → cscθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝

𝑜𝑝𝑝

SHA → secθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗

ℎ𝑦𝑝
→ CHO-SHA-CAO
CAO → cotθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗

Finding Six Trigonometric Ratios

● Example 1:
If ∠I is the Angle of Perspective, then:
● Hyp → TI = 5
● Opp → TR = 4
● Adj → RI = 3
→ inverse sinθ to get cscθ, so on and so forth
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
= 45 → cscθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
= 54
cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 35 → secθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 53
tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 43 → cotθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 34

● Example 2:
If ∠X is the Angle of Perspective, then:
● Hyp → XZ = 26
● Opp → YZ = 10
● Adj → XY = 24

sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
= 10
26
= 135 cscθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
= 26
10
= 13
5

cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 24
26
= 12
13
secθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= 26
24
= 13
12

tanθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 24 = 125

𝑜𝑝𝑝 10
cotθ = 𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑜𝑝𝑝
= 24
10
= 12
5
Solving Missing Parts of a Right Triangle
→ in solving missing parts of a right triangle, we use trigonometry ratios to find the
specific side missing
→ for example: if the opposite side is missing, we use sin, if the hypotenuse is given
→ examples of solving:
● Example 1: Find measure of h
→ in this example, ∠J is an acute angle, h is the
opposite side, and the hypotenuse given, the ratio we
use is sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝

→ solution:
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
→ substitute hyp = 10, θ =
45o, opp = h
sin 45o = 10ℎ → multiply 10 both sides
10 (sin 45o = 10ℎ ) 10 → simplify
10 sin 45 = h
o → Final Answer
7.0710 ≈ h → Put into sci. calcu.
Cut off at 4 dec. places
DO NOT ROUND UP/OFF
● Example 2: Find the measure of q
→ in this example, ∠R is an acute angle, q is the
adjacent side, and the hypotenuse given, the ratio we
use is cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗

→ solution:
cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ substitute hyp = 11.5, θ
= 40o, adj = q
cos 40o = 11.5
𝑞
→ multiply 11.5 both
sides
11.5 (cos 40 = 11.5 ) 11.5 → simplify
o 𝑞

11.5 cos 40o = q → Final Answer

8.8095 ≈ q → Approximate Answer
A. Solving Right Triangles Given the Length of Hypotenuse and One Leg
→ we commonly use: sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑝
and cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
, depending on the Angle of
Perspective
→ example of solving:
 ● Example 1: In △ABC, c = 15, b = 3 and ∠B = 32o, find ∠B and a
→ in this example, to find a (opp), we either
choose c (hyp) or b (adj) to solve, we will use c
= 15 (hyp), so the ratio we use is sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝

→ solution for a:
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
→ substitute hyp = 15, θ =
32o, opp = a
sin 32o = 15𝑎 → multiply 15 both sides

15 (sin 32o = 15𝑎 ) 15 → simplify

15 sin 32o = a → Final Answer
7.9487 ≈ a → Approximate Answer
→ solution for ∠B:
∠B = 90o – ∠A → substitute ∠A = 32o
∠B = 90o – 32o → subtract 90o and 32o
∠B = 58o → Final Answer
B. Solving Right Triangles Given the Length of Hypotenuse and Measure of
Acute Angle
→ this is still the same as the examples in Example 1 and Example 2 above
→ example of solving:
● Example 2: In △XYZ, y = 7 and ∠X = 43o, find x and z
→ in this example, ∠X = 43o is an acute angle,
x is opp, z is adj and y = 7 (hyp), the ratios we
use are sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
and cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗

→ solution for x:
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
→ substitute hyp = 7, θ =
43o, opp = x
sin 43o = 7𝑥 → multiply 7 both sides
7 (sin 43o = 7𝑥 ) 7 → simplify
7 sin 43o = x → Final Answer
4.7739 ≈ a → Approximate Answer
→ solution for z:
cosθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ substitute hyp = 7, θ = 43o, adj = z
cos 43o = 7𝑧 → multiply 7 both sides
7 (cos 43o = 7𝑧 ) 7 → simplify
7 cos 43o = z → Final Answer
5.1194 ≈ z → Approximate Answer
C. Solving Right Triangles Given the Length of One Leg and Measure of Acute
Angle
→ we commonly use tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
to find either leg
→ example of solving:
● Example 3: In △MNO, o = 9 and ∠O = 32o, find n and o
→ in this example, ∠X = 32o is an acute angle,
o = 9 (opp), m is adj and n is hyp, the ratios
we use are sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑜𝑝𝑝
and tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ solution for n:
sinθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
→ substitute hyp = n, θ =
32o, opp = 9
sin 32o = 𝑛9 → multiply n both sides
n (sin 32o = 𝑛9 ) n → simplify
n sin 32o = 9 → divide sin32o both sides
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛932 → simplify
𝑜
𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 32
𝑜 𝑜
𝑠𝑖𝑛 32

n = 𝑠𝑖𝑛932 → Final Answer

𝑜

n ≈ 16.9837 → Approximate Answer

→ solution for o:
tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ substitute adj = m, θ = 32o, opp = 9
tan 32o = 𝑚9 → multiply n both sides
m (tan 32o = 𝑚9 ) m → simplify
m tan 32 = 9 o → divide sin32o both sides
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛932 → simplify
𝑜
𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑛 32
𝑜 𝑜
𝑡𝑎𝑛 32

n = 𝑡𝑎𝑛932
𝑜 → Final Answer
n ≈ 14.4030 → Approximate Answer
D. Solving Right Triangles Given the Length of Two Legs
→ we commonly use secondary ratios (cscθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑜𝑝𝑝
, secθ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
, and cotθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
)
→ example of solving:
● Example 4: In △DEF, d = 4 and f = 8, find e, ∠D, and ∠F
→ in this example, we set ∠F as reference
angle, f = 8 (opp), d = 4 (adj) and e is hyp, the
ratios we use are tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑑𝑗
(opp and adj are
given)
→ solution for e:
e2 = d2 + f2 → substitute d = 4, f = 8
 e2 = 42 + 82 → find values of 42 + 82
e2 = 16 + 64 → add 16 and 64
e2 = 80 → extract sqrt both sides
𝑒 = 80 → simplify
2

e = 80 → Final Answer
e ≈ 8.9442 → Approximate Answer
→ solving for ∠D:
tanθ = 𝑜𝑝𝑝
𝑎𝑑𝑗
→ substitute θ = D (ref. ∠), opp = 4, adj = 8
tan D = 8 4
→ switch tan to cot
cot D = 48 → switch D and 48
cot 48 = D → evaluate value of cot 48
NOTE: On your sci cal, use SHIFT + tan,
then 4 ÷ 8, NOT 48
26.56o ≈ ∠D → Approximate Answer, use two dec places
→ solving for ∠F:
∠F = 90o – ∠D → substitute ∠D = 26.56o
∠F = 90o – 26.56o → subtract 90o and 26.56o
∠F = 63.44o → Final Answer
E. Solving Right Triangles Given Trigonometric Ratio
→ in this example, the ratio is sin, with the
opp being equal to 5 and hyp being equal to 6
→ so we equate those to opp of 10 and hyp of
2x – 2
→ solving for x:
5
6
= 2𝑥10− 2 → Cross Multiply
5(2x – 2) = 10(6) → multiply
10x – 10 = 60 → transpose -10
10x = 60 + 10 → add 60 and 10
10x = 70 → divide both sides by 10
10𝑥
10
= 10
70
→ simplify
x=7 → Final Answer

Trigonometric Ratios of Special Angles

Special Triangles
→ are triangles with angles or side lengths that makes calculations easier or for which
formulas exist
→ two types of special triangles:
● 45o-45o-90o Right Triangles
→ triangles where two angles are equal to 45o and one right angle are included
→ getting side lengths of 45o-45o-90o right triangles:
Formulas for Side Lengths:
hypotenuse = leg 2
leg = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2

→ examples in solving:
● Example 1:
hypotenuse = leg 2 → substitute leg = 4
hypotenuse = 4 2 → Final Answer

● Example 2:
leg = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2
→ substitute hyp = 5

= 5
2
→ rationalize, multiply by 2
2

= 5
2
·
2
2
→ simplify
leg = 10
2
→ Final Answer

● 30o-60o-90o Right Triangles

→ triangles where one angle is 30o, another is 60o and lastly, a right angle are
included
→ getting side lengths of 30o-60o-90o right triangles:

Formulas for Side Lengths:

hypotenuse = 2(SL)
LL = 3(SL)
SL = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2
 Shortcut for Finding Longer Leg Given Hypotenuse:
LL = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒(
2
3)

→ examples in solving:
● Example 3:
hypotenuse = 2(SL) → substitute SL = 5
= 2(5) → multiply 2 and 5
hypotenuse = 10 → Final Answer

● Example 4:
LL = SL ⋅ 3 → substitute SL = 6
= 6⋅ 3 → multiply 6 and 3
= 18 → simplify
= 9·2
LL = 3 2 → Final Answer
● Example 5:
SL = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
2
→ substitute hyp = 16
= 2
16
→ divide 16 and 2
SL = 8 → Final Answer

Solving Trigonometric Expressions

→ in this topic, we have to convert trigonometric expressions into their exact values
→ table of trigonometric ratios of special angles:
θ sin cos tan csc sec cot
30o 1
2
3 3 2 2 3
3
2 3 3

45o 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2

60o 3 1
2
3 2 3 2 3
2 3 3

→ examples of solving:
● Example 1: csc 30o + sec 60o
csc 30o + sec 60o → convert csc 30o and sec 60o
2+2 → add 2 and 2
4 → Final Answer
● Example 2: (tan 60o)(sec 30o)
(tan 60o)(sec 30o) → convert tan 60o and sec 30o
( 3)( 233 ) → multiply 3 and 233
2 3 ( 3)
3
→ multiply 2 3 and 3
2 9
3
→ find value of 9
2(3)
3
→ multiply 2 and 3
6
3
→ divide 6 and 3
2 → Final Answer
● Example 3: sin 30o – x = cos 60o
sin 30o – x = cos 60o → convert sin 30o and cos 60o
1
2
– x = 12 → transpose 12
-x = 12 – 12 → subtract 12 and 12
-x = 0 → divide both sides by -1
−𝑥
−1
= −1 0
→ simplify
x=0 → Final Answer
● Example 4: (tan 60o)(x) = 1
(tan 60o)(x) = 1 → convert tan 60o
( 3)(x) = 1 → divide both sides by 3
( 3)(𝑥)
3
= 13 → simplify
x = 13 → rationalize
x= 1
3
⋅
3
3
→ simplify
x= 3
3
→ Final Answer

● Example 5: 2 sin 30o + x = 2

2 sin 30o + x = 2 → transpose 2 sin 30o
x = 2 – 2 sin 30o → convert sin 30o
x = 2 – 2( 12 ) → multiply 2 and 12
x = 2 – 22 → simplify 22
x=2–1 → subtract 2 and 1
x=1 → Final Answer
 Angles of Elevation and Depression
Terminologies in Angles of Elevation and Depression
● Line of Sight
→ imaginary line between your eye and whatever you are looking at
● Angle of Elevation
→ angle from the horizontal line of sight of the observer to the object above
→ examples of angle of elevation:

● Angle of Depression
→ angle from the horizontal line of sight of the observer to the object below
→ examples of angle of depression: