Grade 10 Life

Sciences

Animal tissues

Outline:

o 4 basic types: (epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve tissue)

o Relationship between structure and function.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A single layer of cells on a basement membrane

Basement membrane
Lines body cavities, organs, passages and ducts.

4 TYPES:

1. Squamous epithelium

Location: Lines the internal walls of cavities (e.g. blood vessels, the lungs, mouth and
oesophagus)

Structure:

 Thin flat cells that are tightly packed together.

 Oval shaped nucleus in the centre of the cell.

Functions:

 Protects underlying tissues and reduces friction.

 Allows gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs
2. Cuboidal epithelium

Location: Lines the glands (thyroid, sweat and salivary glands), kidney tubules, ovaries
and testes.

Structure:

 Cube-shaped cells.
 Round nuclei at the centre of the cell.

Functions:

 Allows the glands to secrete substances.

 Allows the kidneys to absorb useful substances

3. Columnar epithelium

Location: Lines the intestines of the digestive system and sense organs.
Structure:
 Column-shaped cells.
 Oval-shaped nucleus at the base of the cells.
 Goblet cells embedded in some of the cells.

Functions:
 Aids the absorption of nutrients from food in the digestive tract.
 Goblet cells secrete mucus to lubricate the digestive tract.
 In sense organs  detects stimuli from the outside environment.

Digestive tract The tongue – a sense organ

4. Ciliated epithelium

Location: Lines the trachea, bronchi in the lungs, nasal cavities and the fallopian tubes.

Structure:
 Similar to columnar epithelium except it has fine hairs (cilia) on upper surfaces.
 Goblet cells embedded in some of the cells.

Functions:

 Goblet cells produce mucus to trap dust particles.

 Sweeping motion of the cilia, allows mucus to be expelled through the nose or mouth.
 Cilia in the fallopian tubes moves the ovum(egg) to the uterus
https://youtu.be/HMB6flEaZwI

Cilia and mucus in the nose Ovum moving toward the uterus

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Supports and joins other tissues and organs.

Made up of different cells and fibres embedded in a matrix

(solid/liquid substance)

5 TYPES:

1. Areolar Connective Tissue

Location: A loose tissue  beneath the skin and between other tissues and organs.

Structure:

 Jelly-like matrix
 Yellow elastic fibres and white inelastic fibres (flexibility and strength)
 Different cells scattered throughout the matrix (e.g. fat cells)
 Functions:

 Stores fat to insulate the body and prevent heat loss.

 A packing tissue  Supports and protects the organs.

2. Dense Connective Tissue

Location: Forms tendons and ligaments

Structure:

 Few cells but many fibres.

 White inelastic fibres  tendons.
 Yellow elastic fibres  ligaments.

Functions:

 Tendons join muscle to bone

 Ligaments join bone to bone.

How does movement occur? When muscles contract and relax the tendon acts like a
“rope” and pulls the bone at the joint to allow movement. The ligaments hold the
bones in place at the joint.

Tendons are inelastic and only exert a pulling force.

Ligaments are elastic allowing for flexibility at the joints

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/gzZnnnJpY5Q

3. Cartilage

Location: Between bones, forms the C-shaped rings of the trachea, the pinna (ears) and
the tip of the nose.

Structure:

 A tough, flexible tissue

 Rubber-like matrix with cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
Functions:

 Acts as a shock absorber between bones (protection)

 Prevents friction between bones.
 Forms permanent structures (pinna and nose)
 Keeps the trachea open for breathing.

4. Bone

Location: Makes up the endoskeleton of vertebrates.

Structure:

 Hard, dense tissue.

 Hard matrix made of calcium compounds
 Matrix contains hollow tunnels (Haversian canals) surrounded by rings of bone
tissue (lamellae)
 Lamellae have fluid-filled pockets containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Functions:

 Gives shape to the body.

 Protects internal organs.
 Muscles attached to bones allows movement.
 Bone marrow produces blood cells.

5. Blood

Location:

 Circulates through the blood system.

Structure:

 Dark red liquid

 Matrix is a yellow liquid (blood plasma), NO fibres present.
 Blood plasma contains:
o Red blood cells (RBC) (Erythrocytes)
o White blood cells (WBC) (Leucocytes)
o Blood platelets (Thrombocytes)

Functions:
Blood plasma
 Transports hormones, nutrients, waste products and blood
cells around the body.
 Helps regulate body temperature.

RBC

 Contains the protein haemoglobin  transports oxygen

and carbon dioxide around the body.

WBC

 Builds the immune system and fights infections.

 Includes phagocytes and lymphocytes.
o Phagocytes  Engulfs harmful microorganisms.
o Lymphocytes  Produces antibodies to prevent
infections.

Platelets

 Causes the blood to clot when blood vessels get

damaged.

Blood plasma

Blood cells
 MUSCLE TISSUE

Allows for movement in the body.

Attached to bones and found within the

walls of some organs.

THREE TYPES:

Striated muscle tissue

Location: Attached to bones.

Structure: Long cylindrical muscle fibres with light and dark bands (striated)

Functions:

Allows voluntary movement  muscles work in pairs by relaxing and

contracting to create movement.
Smooth muscle tissue

Location: Walls of the digestive system, bladder and respiratory and reproductive
system.

Structure: Spindle-shaped with smooth muscle fibres and a large nucleus.

Functions:

Allow involuntary movement  muscles relax and contract to allow slow rhythmic
movements

Cardiac muscle tissue

Location: walls of the heart.

Structure:

 Branched muscle fibres are connected by muscular bridges.

 Each muscle fibre has a nucleus.

Function:

 Responsible for the uninterrupted pumping action of the heart.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyqcYunCHFU
 NERVE TISSUE

Made up of cells called neurons

Neurons send information to and from the brain in

the form of nerve impulses

Location:

 Central nervous system (CNS)  brain and spinal cord

 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

General structure:

 Cell body – contains a nucleus

 Dendrites – branches that send nerve impulses to the cell body

 Axon – a single branch that sends nerve impulses away from the cell body.

 Myelin sheath – insulates the axon and allows nerve impulses to travel faster

3 TYPES

Sensory neurons

Function:

Sends nerve impulses from receptors (sense organs) to

the CNS

(Allows the body to receive and interpret information)

 Motor neurons

Function:

Sends nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors

(muscles or glands)

(Allows the body to respond to the information)

Inter-neurons

 Found in the CNS

 Allows nerve impulses to travel between the sensory and
motor neurons.

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/A9zLKmt2nHo
UPDATED VERSION TO FOLLOW