Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems

3.2 DEFORMATION OF AXIALLY LOADED BARS

• Why it is necessary to determine the member deformation:
o When the deflection of an axially loaded member is a design parameter, it is necessary to
determine the deformations.
o Axial deformations are also required in the analysis of statically indeterminate bars.
o The deflection characteristics of bars also provide necessary information for determining the
stiffness of systems in mechanical vibration analysis.
In summary:
The deflection of an axially loaded member is a design parameter

Importance of the determination Axial deformations are required in the analysis of statically indeterminate
of member deformations bars

The deflection characteristics are necessary for determining the stiffness

of systems in mechanical vibration analysis.
3.2.1 Formulation for the Formula for Deformation in an Axially Loaded Linearly
Elastic Member
• What are givens, and what is required?
o Consider the axially loaded bar shown in Figure 3-1(a) for deriving a relation for axial bar
deformation.
o The applied forces 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , and 𝑃3 are held in equilibrium by the force 𝑃4 .
o The cross-sectional area 𝐴 of the bar is permitted to change gradually.
o The change in length that takes place in the bar between points 𝐵 and 𝐷 due to the applied
force is to be determined.

Figure 3-1: An axially loaded

bar.
• Differential equation of an axially loaded member:
o In order to formulate the relation, Eq. 2-1 for the normal strain is recast for a differential
element 𝑑𝑥. Thus, the normal strain 𝜀𝑥 in the 𝑥 direction is:
𝑑𝑢
𝜀= Eq. 3-1
𝑑𝑥
where, due to the applied forces, 𝑢 is the absolute displacement of a point on a bar from an
initial fixed position in space, and 𝑑𝑢 is the axial deformation of the infinitesimal element.
o This is the governing differential equation for axially loaded bars.
• Assumption of small deformations and formulation in terms of the undeformed shape:
o It is to be noted that the deformations considered in this course are generally very small
(infinitesimal). This should become apparent from numerical examples throughout this
course.
o Therefore, in calculations the initial (undeformed) dimensions of members can be used for
calculating deformations.
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
o In the following derivation this permits the use of the initial length 𝐿, between points such
as 𝐵 and 𝐷 in Figure 3-1, rather than its deformed length.
• Rearranging Eq. 3-1 as 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑥, assuming the origin of 𝑥 at B, and integrating,
𝐿 𝐿

∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢(𝐿) − 𝑢(0) = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑢
0 0
where 𝑢(𝐿) = 𝑢𝐷 and 𝑢(0) = 𝑢𝐵 are the absolute or global displacements of points 𝐷 and 𝐵,
respectively.
• As can be seen from the figure, 𝑢(0) is a rigid-body axial translation of the bar. The difference
between these displacements is the change in length Δ between points 𝐷 and 𝐵. Hence:
𝐿

Δ = ∫ 𝜀𝑥 𝑑𝑢 Eq. 3-2
0
• Applying appropriate constitutive relations:
o Any appropriate constitutive relations can be used to define 𝜀𝑥 .
o For linearly elastic materials, according to Hooke's law:
𝜎 𝑃𝑥
𝜀𝑥 = , 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐸 𝐴𝑥
• Final relationship:
o By substituting these relations into Eq. 3-2 and simplifying,
𝐿
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Δ=∫ ∎ Eq. 3-3
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥
0
where Δ is the change in length of a linearly elastic bar of length 𝐿, and the force 𝑃𝑥 =
𝑃(𝑥), the cross-sectional area 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥), and the elastic modulus 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸(𝑥) can vary
along the length of a bar.
o If these conditions do not apply, a different constitutive relation must be used for
determining 𝜀𝑥 in Eq. 3-2.
• Summary of the formulation process:
Geometry
Formulation of the formula for
Givens Material properties
deformation of an axially
loaded member Applied loads

Deformations are small, and the free body

Assumptions diagrams and equilibrium conditions can be
formulated in terms of the undeformed shape.

Undeformed length

No rigid-body movement

Linearly elastic materials

Average of simple normal stress

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
3.2.2 Procedure Summary
• Three basic concepts of engineering solid mechanics:
It should be emphasized that the central theme in engineering mechanics of solids consists of
repeatedly applying three basic concepts.
• In developing the theory for axially loaded bars, these basic concepts can be summarized as
follows:
o Equilibrium conditions:
▪ They are used for determining the internal resisting forces at a section, first introduced in
Chapter 1.
▪ As shown in the next chapter, this may require solution of a statically indeterminate
problem.
o Geometry of deformation is used in A section initially perpendicular to the
deriving the change in length of a axis of a bar remain perpendicular
bar due to axial forces by assuming after straining.
that sections initially perpendicular
to the axis of a bar remain
perpendicular after straining; see
Figure 3-1(b).
o Material properties (constitutive
relations) are used in relating axial
normal stresses to axial normal strain and permit calculation of axial deformations between
sections.
• Applicability and limitations for the solutions of the engineering mechanics of solids:
o Solutions based on this theory assume an average stress at a section (see Section 1-6).
o However, at concentrated forces and abrupt changes in cross section, irregular local stresses
(and strains) arise.
o Only at distances about equal to the depth of the member from such disturbances are the
stresses and strains in agreement with the developed theory.

o Therefore, solutions based on the concepts of engineering mechanics of solids are best suited
for relatively slender members.
o The use of this simplified procedure is rationalized in Section 3.3 as Saint-Venant's principle.

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
3.2.3 Examples and Homeworks
Example 3-1
Consider bar 𝐵𝐶 of constant cross-sectional area 𝐴 and of length
𝐿 shown. Determine the deflection of the free end, caused by the
application of a concentrated force 𝑃. The elastic modulus of the
material is 𝐸.
Solution
• Formulation of a special formula for
constant force, area, and elastic modulus
along the member length:
o The deformed bar is shown in Fig. (b).
o Conceptually, it is often convenient to
think of such elastic systems as springs;
see Fig. (e).
o A free-body diagram for an isolated part
of the loaded bar to the left of an
arbitrary section a-a is shown in Fig. (c).
From this diagram, it can be concluded
that the axial force 𝑃𝑥 is the same
everywhere along the bar and is equal to
𝑃. It is given that 𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴, a constant.
o By applying Eq. 3-10,
𝐿 𝐿
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃 𝑃
Δ=∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = |𝑥|𝐿
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴 0
0 0
o Hence:
𝑃𝐿
Δ= ∎ Eq. 3-4
𝐸𝐴
o It is seen from Eq. 3-4 that the deflection
of the rod is directly proportional to the
applied force and the length and is
inversely proportional to 𝐴 and 𝐸.
• Graphic interpretation of the solution:
o A graphic interpretation of the solution is
shown in Figs. (f)-(h).
o The constant axial bar strain follows by
dividing the constant axial force 𝑃 by
𝐴𝐸.
o Since the axial strain is constant, the
displacements of the points on the bar
increase directly with the distance from
the origin of 𝑥 at a constant rate. No
displacement is possible at the left end.
• Spring constant or member stiffness 𝑘:
o Since Eq. 3-4 frequently occurs in
practice, it is meaningful to recast it into
the following form:
𝐸𝐴
𝑃 = ( )Δ Eq. 3-5
𝐿
o This equation is related to the familiar definition for the spring constant or stiffness 𝑘
reading:
𝑃 𝑙𝑏 𝑁
𝑘= 𝑜𝑟 Eq. 3-6
Δ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
o This constant represents the force required to produce a unit deflection (i.e., Δ = 1 ).
Therefore, for an axially loaded 𝑖𝑡ℎ bar or bar segment of length 𝐿; and constant cross
section,
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
(𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖 )
𝑘𝑖 = Eq. 3-7
𝐿𝑖
and the analogy between such a bar and a spring shown in Fig. (e) is evident.
• Flexibility of the member:
o The reciprocal of 𝑘 defines the flexibility 𝑓; that is,
1 Δ 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝑓= = 𝑜𝑟 Eq. 3-8
𝑘 𝑃 𝑙𝑏 𝑁
o The constant 𝑓 represents the deflection resulting from the application of a unit force (i.e.,
𝑃 = 1).
o For the particular case of an axially loaded 𝑖𝑡ℎ bar of constant cross section:
𝐿𝑖
𝑓𝑖 = Eq. 3-9
𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
• Concepts of structural stiffness and flexibility:
o The concepts of structural stiffness and flexibility are widely used in structural analysis,
including mechanical-vibration problems.
o For more complex structural systems, the expressions for 𝑘 and 𝑓 become more involved.
Example 3-2
A cast magnesium alloy bar 500 mm long is to resist an axial tensile force of 10 kN. What should the
diameter of the bar be so not to exceed the axial stress of 100 MPa or elongation of 0.1 %? Note that
𝐸 = 45 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Solution
• Diameter based on stress (strength) criterion:
𝑃 𝑃 𝜋𝑑2 𝑃 4𝑃 4 × 10000
𝜎= ⟹𝐴= ⟹ = ⟹𝑑=√ =√ = 11.3 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝜎 4 𝜎 𝜋𝜎 𝜋 × 100
• Diameter based on deformation:
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants along the member length; therefore, the
deformation can be determined based on Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐿 0.1 10 × 1000 × 500
𝛥= ⟹ × 500 =
𝐸𝐴 100 𝜋 × 𝑑2
45 × 1000 × (
4 )
Solve for 𝑑
10 × 1000
𝑑=√ = 16.82 𝑚𝑚
0.1 𝜋
45 × 1000 × ×( )
100 4
• Therefore, the diameter based on the deformation requirements governs, and the required
diameter would be:
𝑑 ≥ 16.82 𝑚𝑚
Example 3-3
A steel rod 10 m long used in a control mechanism must transmit a tensile force of 5 kN without
stretching more than 4 mm or exceeding an allowable stress of 150 MPa. (a) What is the diameter of
the rod? Give the answer to the nearest millimeter. 𝐸 = 210 𝐺𝑃𝑎. Does strength or stiffness of the
rod control the design? (b) Find the spring constant for the rod.
Solution
• Diameter based on stress (strength) criterion:
𝑃 𝑃 𝜋𝑑2 𝑃 4𝑃 4 × 5 × 1000
𝜎= ⟹𝐴= ⟹ = ⟹𝑑=√ =√ = 6.51 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 𝜎 4 𝜎 𝜋𝜎 𝜋 × 150
• Diameter based on deformation:
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants along the member length; therefore, the
deformation can be determined based on Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐿 (5 × 1000) × (10 × 1000)
𝛥= ⟹4=
𝐸𝐴 𝜋 × 𝑑2
(210 × 1000) × (
4 )
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
Solve for 𝑑
(5 × 1000) × (10 × 1000)
𝑑=√ 𝜋 = 8.70 𝑚𝑚
(210 × 1000) × 4 × ( )
4
• Therefore, the diameter based on the deformation requirements governs and the required
diameter would be:
𝑑 ≈ 9 𝑚𝑚
• Does strength or stiffness of the rod control the design?
The required diameter is determined based on the deformation requirements. Therefore, the
stiffness instead of the strength controls the design of the rod.
• Spring constant for the rod:
Based on Eq. 3-7:
𝜋 × 92
(210 × 1000 × (
(𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ) 4 )) 𝑁
𝑘𝑖 = = = 1336
𝐿𝑖 10 × 1000 𝑚𝑚
Example 3-4
A mass 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔 is attached to a 20-mm-diameter nickel
alloy rod 400 mm long. Determine the frequency of vibration.
Consider mass concentrated at a point, and neglect the weight
of the rod. For the rod, let 𝐸 = 180 𝐺𝑃𝑎 . The natural
frequency of vibration is given as 𝑓 = √𝑔⁄Δ⁄(2𝜋) 𝐻𝑧 ,
where 𝑔 is the gravitational acceleration and Δ is the statical
deflection of the system.
Solution
• This example aims to show how the stiffness and
deformation properties of a member affect its natural
frequency.
• The deformation:
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants
along the member length; therefore, the deformation
can be determined based on Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐿 (2 × 9.81) × 400
𝛥= =
𝐸𝐴 (180 𝜋 × 202
× 1000) × (
4 )
𝛥 = 0.000139 𝑚𝑚
• The natural frequency:
1 𝑔 1 9.81 × 1000
𝑓 = √ = √ = 1337 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋 𝛥 2𝜋 0.000139
Example 3-5
A solid bar 50 mm in diameter and 2000 mm long
consists of a steel and an aluminum part fastened
together, as shown in the figure. When axial force P
is applied to the system, a strain gage attached to the
aluminum indicates an axial strain of 873 μm/m. (a)
Determine the magnitude of applied force 𝑃. (b) If
the system behaves elastically, find the total
elongation of the bar. Let 𝐸𝑠𝑙 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, and 𝐸𝐴𝑙 = 70 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Solution
• The magnitude of applied force 𝑃:
Based on the information from the strain gage that attached to aluminum part:
𝜎 𝑃 𝑃
𝜀𝐴𝑙 = = ⟹ 873 × 10−6 =
𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴 𝜋 × 502
70 × 1000 ×
4

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
𝜋 × 502
(873 × 10−6 ) × (70 × 1000 ×
4 )
𝑃= ≈ 120 𝑘𝑁
1000
• The total elongation of the bar:
𝑃𝐿𝑆𝑡 𝑃𝐿𝐴𝑙 120 × 1000 × 1500 120 × 1000 × 500
𝛥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛥𝑆𝑡 + 𝛥𝐴𝑙 = + = +
𝐸𝑆𝑡 𝐴 𝐸𝐴𝑙 𝐴 𝜋 × 502 𝜋 × 502
200 × 1000 × ( ) 70 × 1000 × (
4 4 )
𝛥 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛥𝑆𝑡 + 𝛥𝐴𝑙 = 0.458 + 0.437 = 0.895 𝑚𝑚
Example 3-6
Assume that segments 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 , and 𝐿3 of
the round member of variable cross Part 2
section in the indicated figure are, Part 1 Part 3
respectively, 600, 500, and 400 mm
long. Plot the axial force, the axial
strain, and the axial displacement
diagrams along the bar length 𝐸 =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 . Find the axial spring
constant for the system.
Solution
• The axial force diagram:
The FBDs for the three parts are presented below:
P = 3 kN

P = 1 kN

P = 5 kN

The corresponding axial force diagram would be:

5 kN
3 kN
1 kN Axial Force
Diagram, kN
• The axial strain diagram:
𝜎1 𝑃1 5 × 1000
𝜀1 = = = = 12.5 × 10−5
𝐸 𝐸𝐴1 (200 × 1000) × 200
𝜎2 𝑃2 1 × 1000
𝜀2 = = = = 5 × 10−5
𝐸 𝐸𝐴2 (200 × 1000) × 100
𝜎3 𝑃3 3 × 1000
𝜀3 = = = = 10 × 10−5
𝐸 𝐸𝐴3 (200 × 1000) × 150
The corresponding axial strain diagram would be:

12.5x10-5 10x10-5
5x10-5 Axial Strain
Diagram
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
• The axial displacement diagram:
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants along the length of each part, hence Eq.
3-4 is applicable and the deformations would be:
𝑃1 𝐿1 (5 × 1000) × 600
𝛥1 = = = 0.075 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐴1 (200 × 1000) × 200
𝑃2 𝐿2 (1 × 1000) × 500
𝛥2 = 𝛥1 + 𝛥(2|1) = 0.075 + = 0.075 + = 0.075 + 0.025
𝐸𝐴2 (200 × 1000) × 100
= 0.1
𝑃3 𝐿3 (3 × 1000) × 400
𝛥3 = 𝛥2 + 𝛥(3|2) = 0.1 + = 0.1 + = 0.1 + 0.04 = 0.14
𝐸𝐴3 (200 × 1000) × 150
The corresponding displacement diagram would be:

0.14
0.1 Deformation
0.075 0.04
Deformation
0.025
Axial
Displacement
Diagram, mm
For the displacement diagram, it is necessary to note:
o The displacement is accumulated in nature as it is determined based on an integration
process of Eq. 3-3:
𝐿 3
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖
Δ=∫ ≡∑
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑖 𝐴𝑖
0 𝑖=1
o Diagnose between the displacement and the pure deformation. The displacement includes
the member deformation and its rigid body movements due to the deformations of the
adjacent members.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
As Part 1 is attached to a fixed point on the left of the structure, it has pure deformation
with no rigid body component.
𝑃1 𝐿1
𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 1 = 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0 + = 0.075 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐴1
Part 2 has a rigid body movement due to the lengthening of Part 1 and its own deformation:
𝑃2 𝐿2
𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 2 = 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.075 + = 0.075 + 0.025
𝐸𝐴2
= 0.1𝑚𝑚
In the same way, Part 3 has a rigid body movement due to the lengthening of Part 1 and
Part 2 and due to its own deformation:
𝑃3 𝐿3
𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 3 = 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑀𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0.1 + = 0.1 + 0.04
𝐸𝐴3
𝛥𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 3 = 0.14𝑚𝑚
• The axial spring constant for the system:
o From the stiffness point of view, the systems can be classified into series and parallel
systems.
o A series system may have a common force but cumulative displacement as shown below.

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
o A parallel system may have common displacement
but the total force is distributed among the
members of the system.
o According to this classification, the considered
structure (system) can be classified as a series
system.
Δ = Δ1 + Δ2 + Δ3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 = 𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3
Hence:
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑃
Δ= + + ⟹ = + +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑘𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
1 1
∴ = ∑ ∎
𝑘𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑘𝑖
𝑖=1
For the considered system:
𝐸𝐴1 200 × 103 × 200 𝑁
𝑘1 = = = 66.7 × 103
𝐿1 600 𝑚𝑚
3
𝐸𝐴2 200 × 10 × 100 𝑁
𝑘2 = = = 40 × 103
𝐿2 500 𝑚𝑚
3
𝐸𝐴3 200 × 10 × 150 𝑁
𝑘3 = = = 75 × 103
𝐿3 400 𝑚𝑚
1 1 1 1 𝑁
= 3
+ 3
+ 3
⟹ 𝑘𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 18.7 × 103
𝑘𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 66.7 × 10 40 × 10 75 × 10 𝑚𝑚
Example 3-7
A 10-mm-thick, low-alloy-steel plate 180 mm wide
and 2000 mm long is subjected to a set of uniformly
distributed frictional forces along its two edges, as
shown in the figure. If the total decrease in the
transverse 180-mm dimension at section 𝑎 − 𝑎 due to
the applied forces is 16 × 10−3 𝑚𝑚, what is the total
elongation of the bar in the longitudinal direction? Let
𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝑣 = 0.25. Assume that the steel
behaves as a linearly elastic material.
Solution
• Determine uniformly distributed frictional forces, 𝑝𝑥 , based on given information regarding the
transverse deformation at section a-a:
16 × 10−3
𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎−𝑎 ( 180 )
𝜀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎−𝑎 = = = 0.000356
𝜈 0.25
The corresponding force for this axial strain is:
𝑃 = (𝜀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎−𝑎 × 𝐸)𝐴 = 0.000356 × (200 × 103 ) × (180 × 10) = 128160 𝑁
The uniformly distributed frictional forces, 𝑝𝑥 , can be determined
from the FBD for the right part of section a-a:
128160 𝑁
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑝𝑥 × 400 = 128160 ⇒ 𝑝𝑥 = ≈ 320
400 𝑚𝑚 P
• Total elongation of the bar in the longitudinal direction:
Based on Eq. 3-3:
𝐿 2000 2000
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 320𝑥𝑑𝑥 320
𝛥=∫ = ∫ = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥 𝐴𝐸 𝐸𝐴
0 0 0
2000
320
𝛥= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 1.78 𝑚𝑚
(200 × 103 ) × (180 × 10)
0
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
Example 3-8
The 20-mm-diameter aluminum rod (𝐸aluminum =
73.1 𝐺𝑃𝑎) is subjected to the uniform distributed
axial load. Determine the displacement of end A.
Solution
• Total elongation of the bar in the
longitudinal direction can be determined
based on Eq. 3-3:
𝐿
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Δ=∫
𝐴𝑥 𝐸𝑥
0 Px
• The sectional internal force, 𝑃𝑥 , can be determined with refereeing to
the indicated FDB:
30 × 1000 𝑁
𝑃𝑥 = ( ) 𝑥 = 30𝑥 ( × 𝑚𝑚)
1000 𝑚𝑚
• As the elastic modulus and area are constants, therefore Eq. 3-3 reduced into:
𝐿 900
1 1
Δ= ∫ 𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) × ∫ 30𝑥𝑑𝑥
EA π × 202
0 73.1 × 1000 × ( ) 0
4
12150000
Δ=( ) = 0.529 𝑚𝑚 ∎
π × 202
73.1 × 1000 × ( )
4
Example 3-9
A uniform timber pile, which has been driven to a depth 𝐿 in
clay, carries an applied load of 𝐹 at the top. This load is
resisted entirely by friction 𝑓 along the pile, which varies in
the parabolic manner shown in the figure. (a) Determine the
total shortening of the pile in terms of 𝐹, 𝐿, 𝐴, and 𝐸. (b) If
𝐹 = 400 𝑘𝑁 , 𝐿 = 10 𝑚 , 𝐴 = 64,000 𝑚𝑚2 , and 𝐸 =
10 𝐺𝑃𝑎, how much does such a pile shorten? (Hint: From
the equilibrium requirement, first determine the constant 𝑘.)
Solution
• Determine the constant 𝑘 from the equilibrium
requirement:
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

∫ 𝑓𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹 ⟹ ∫ 𝑘𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹 ⟹ 𝑘 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐹
0 0 0
3 𝐿 3
𝑦 𝐿 3𝐹
𝑘| | =𝐹⟹𝑘 =𝐹⟹𝑘= 3
3 0 3 𝐿
• Determine the total shortening of the pile in terms of 𝐹, 𝐿, 𝐴, and 𝐸:
Based on Eq. 3-3, the deformation of an axially loaded member would be:
𝐿
𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛥=∫
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
0 Py
The constant area, 𝐴 , and elastic modulus, 𝐸 , can be bring out the
integration to have:
𝐿
1
𝛥= ∫ 𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐴
0
The relation for the sectional force, 𝑃𝑦 , can be determined from the
equilibrium of a typical lower part:

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
3𝐹 3𝐹 𝑦 3 𝐹
𝑃𝑦 = ∫ 𝑘𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 3
∫ 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = 3
⟹ 𝑃𝑦 = 3 𝑦 3
𝐿 𝐿 3 𝐿
Therefore, the deformation would be:
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐹 3 𝐹 3
𝐹 𝑦4 𝐹𝐿
𝛥= ∫ 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = | | ⟹ 𝛥 =
𝐸𝐴 𝐿 𝐸𝐴𝐿3 𝐸𝐴𝐿3 4 0 4𝐸𝐴
0 0
Use dimensional analysis to check the validity of the derived equation:
𝐹𝐿
𝐿= = 𝐿 ∴ 𝑂𝑘
𝐹 2
× 𝐿
𝐿2
• Used the relation to determine the pile shorten for the specific value 𝐹 = 400 𝑘𝑁, 𝐿 = 10 𝑚,
𝐴 = 64,000 𝑚𝑚2 , and 𝐸 = 10 𝐺𝑃𝑎:
𝐹𝐿 400 × 103 × 10 × 103
𝛥= = = 1.56 𝑚𝑚
4𝐸𝐴 4 × 10 × 103 × 64000
Example 3-10
Two wires are connected to a rigid bar, as shown in the figure.
The wire on the left is of copper alloy having 𝐴𝐶𝑜 = 0.10 𝑖𝑛2
and 𝐸𝐶𝑜 = 20 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 . The aluminum-alloy wire on the
right has 𝐴𝐴𝑙 = 0.20 𝑖𝑛2 and 𝐸𝐴𝑙 = 10 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖. (a) If a
weight 𝑊 = 2000 𝑙𝑏 is applied as shown, how much will it
deflect due to the stretch in the wires? (b) Where should the
weight be located such that, the bar would remain horizontal?
Solution
• Use equilibrium principle to determine the axial force
supported by each wire:
As the forces represent a parallel force system, then
there are two independent equations, and two unknows
the wires' forces can be determined accordingly.
PCo PAl

𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0
1
𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 30 = 𝑊 × 10 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 𝑊
3
2
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜 + 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 𝑊 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜 = 𝑊
3
• Determine the axial deformations for the wires:
As the wires have constant area, 𝐴, constant elastic modulus, 𝐸, and they are subjected to
constant forces along their length; therefore, their deformations can be determined based on
Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐿
𝛥=
𝐸𝐴
2
( × 2000) × 60
𝛥𝐶𝑜 = 3 = 0.04 𝑖𝑛
20 × 106 × 0.10
1
( × 2000) × 100
𝛥𝐴𝑙 = 3 = 0.0333 𝑖𝑛
10 × 106 × 0.20
• Where should the weight be located such that, the bar would remain horizontal?
To have a horizontal bar:
𝛥𝐶𝑜 = 𝛥𝐴𝑙
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
𝑃𝐶𝑜 × 60 𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 100
=
20 × 106 × 0.10 10 × 106 × 0.20
Solve for 𝑃𝐶𝑜 in terms of 𝑃𝐴𝑙 to have:
20 × 106 × 0.10 100
𝑃𝐶𝑜 = ( ) × ( ) 𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃𝐶𝑜 = 1.67𝑃𝐴𝑙
10 × 106 × 0.20 60 𝐴𝑙
Substitute the obtained relation between 𝑃𝐶𝑜 and 𝑃𝐴𝑙 in two Σ𝐹𝑦 to have:
𝑊
𝑃𝐶𝑜 + 𝑃𝐴𝐿 = 𝑊 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 (1.67 + 1.0) = 𝑊 ⟹ 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = = 0.374 𝑊
1.67 + 1.0
Solve Σ𝑀𝑂 to fined the load location to make 𝑃𝐴𝑙 = 0.374 𝑊:
PCo

𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0
𝑃𝐴𝐿
𝑃𝐴𝑙 × 30 = 𝑊 × 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = × 30 = 0.374 × 30 = 11.2 𝑖𝑛
𝑊
Homework 3-1
Determine the magnitude of an upward force, 𝑃, that would have to be wL+ P
applied at the free end to cause no displacement of the end B.
Ans.
𝑤𝐿
𝑃=
2
Solution Py =P-wy
• The relation for the sectional force, 𝑃𝑦 , can be
determined from the equilibrium of a typical lower wy
part:
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝑦 + 𝑤𝑦 = 𝑃 ⟹ 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃 − 𝑤𝑦
• Determine the magnitude of an upward force, 𝑃,
based on Eq. 3-3: P
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
𝛥=∫ ⟹0= ∫ 𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⟹ ∫ 𝑃𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦 𝐸𝐴
0 0 0
𝐿
2
𝐿 𝑤𝐿 P
∫(𝑃 − 𝑤𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝐿𝑃 − 𝑤 =0⟹𝑃=
2 2
0
Homework 3-2
A wall bracket is constructed as shown in the figure. All joints may be
considered pin connected. Steel rod AB has a cross-sectional area of
5 𝑚𝑚2 . Member BC is a rigid beam. If a 1000-mm-diameter
frictionless drum weighing 500 kg is placed in the position shown,
what will be the elongation of rod AB? Let 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑁/𝑚2
Ans
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 5109 𝑁
Δ𝐴𝐵 = 9.2 𝑚𝑚

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
Solution
• Determine the force in member AB (the static part of the problem):
The FBDs for the drum and member BC are presented below:
T
RWall
mg
N 4
3

Rcy 3
4
Rcx

FBD for the drum:

3 5 5
Σ𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚 = 0 ⟹ 𝑁 × = 𝑚𝑔 ⟹ 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 = × 500 × 9.81 = 8175 𝑁
5 3 3
FBD for member BC:
1500 1500
Σ𝑀𝐶 = 0 ⟹ 𝑁 × 1500 = 𝑇 × 2400 ⟹ 𝑇 = ×𝑁 = × 8175 = 5109 𝑁
2400 2400
• The elongation of rod AB:
𝑇𝐿 5109 × 1800
Δ𝐴𝐵 = = = 9.2 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐴 200 × 103 × 5
Homework 3-3
Determine the shortening of steel tubular
spreader bar AB due to application of tensile
forces at C and D. The cross-sectional area of
the tube is 100 𝑚𝑚2 . Let 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
Ans.
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 16.64 𝑘𝑁
Δ𝐴𝐵 = 0.8335 𝑚𝑚
Solution
• Determine the force in member AB (the
static part of the problem):
Due to symmetry, the FBDs for members AB, AD, and AC would be as presented below:
3 5 1
Σ𝐹𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐷 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑇𝐴𝐷 × = 16 ⟹ 𝑇𝐴𝐷 = × × 16 = 13.333 𝑘𝑁
5 3 2
4 5 1
Σ𝐹𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶 = 0 ⟹ 2𝑇𝐴𝐶 × = 16 ⟹ 𝑇𝐴𝐶 = × × 16 = 10 𝑘𝑁
5 4 2
As a checking, consider Σ𝐹𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 :
3 4
Σ𝐹𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 0 ⟶ +⟹ 13.333 × − 10 × ≈ 0
5 5
4 3
Σ𝐹𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 13.333 × + 10 × = 16.67 𝑘𝑁
5 5

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems

TAC TAD

FAB

TAC TAD

• The shortening of steel tubular spreader bar AB:

𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐿𝐴𝐵 16.67 × 103 × 1 × 103
Δ𝐴𝐵 = = = 0.8335 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝐴𝐴𝐵 200 × 103 × 100
Homework 3-4
A steel bar 2.4 m long has a circular cross
section of diameter 𝑑1 = 20 𝑚𝑚 over one-
half of its length and diameter 𝑑2 = 12 𝑚𝑚
over the other half (see figure). The modulus of
elasticity is 𝐸 = 205 𝐺𝑃𝑎. How much will the
bar elongate under a tensile load 𝑃 = 22 𝑘𝑁?
Ans.
Δ = 1.55 𝑚𝑚
Solution
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants along the member length; therefore, the
deformation can be determined based on Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐿 1 1
Δ = Δ𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 + Δ𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = ( + )
𝐸 𝐴𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
22 × 103 × 1200 1 1
Δ= ( 2 + ) = 1.55 𝑚𝑚
205 × 10 3 𝜋 × 20 𝜋 × 122
4 4
Homework 3-5
The 30-mm-diameter with 𝐸𝑠 =
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 steel rod is subjected to the
loading shown. Determine the
displacement of end C.
Answer: Δ𝐶 = 0.501 𝑚𝑚 ← ∎
Solution
• As the force, area, and elastic
modulus are constants along the member length; therefore, the deformation can be determined
based on Eq. 3-4:
𝑃𝐶𝐵 𝐿𝐶𝐵 𝑃𝐵𝐴 𝐿𝐵𝐴
Δ𝐶 = Δ(𝐶 |𝐵) + Δ(B|A) = ( )+( )
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
• Internal forces in each segment are:
𝑃𝐶𝐵 = 90 𝑘𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −90 𝑘𝑁
4
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = 30 × × 2 − 90 = −42 𝑘𝑁 = 42 𝑘𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
5

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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
• Therefore, the displacement of end C would be:

−90 × 1000 × 600 −42 × 1000 × 400

Δ𝐶 = Δ(𝐶 |𝐵) + Δ(B|A) = ( 2 )+( )
𝜋 × 30 𝜋 × 302
200 × 103 × ( ) 200 × 103 × ( )
4 4
Δ𝐶 = −0.501 𝑚𝑚 = 0.501 𝑚𝑚 ← ∎
Homework 3-6
A two-story building has steel columns AB in the first floor
and BC in the second floor, as shown in the figure. The roof
load 𝑃1 equals 400 kN and the second-floor load 𝑃2 equals
720 kN. Each column has length L=3.75 m. The cross-
sectional areas of the first- and second-floor columns are
11000 𝑚𝑚2 and 3900 𝑚𝑚2 , respectively. Assuming that
𝐸 = 206 𝐺𝑃𝑎, determine the total shortening Δ𝐴𝐶 of the two
columns due to the combined action of the loads 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 .
Ans ΔAC = 3.72 𝑚𝑚
Solution
As the force, area, and elastic modulus are constants
along the member length; therefore, the deformation
can be determined based on Eq. 3-4:
𝐿 𝑃2 + 𝑃1 𝑃1
ΔAC = Δ𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 + Δ𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = ( + )
𝐸 𝐴𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵𝐶
3.75 × 1000 (720 + 400) × 103 400 × 103
ΔAC = ( + ) = 3.72 𝑚𝑚
206 × 103 11000 3900
Homework 3-7
A planar mechanical system consists of
two rigid bars, ED and EG, and three
rods, AB, CF, and EH, as shown in the
figure. On application of force P at G
the stress in all rods is 15 ksi. (a)
Determine the vertical deflection of
points B, D, E, and G caused by the
application of force P = 300 lb. (Since
vertical displacements are small, the
horizontal displacements are negligibly
small.) (b) Show the deflected shape for
the system, greatly exaggerating the
vertical displacements. Let 𝐸 = 30 ×
103 𝑘𝑠𝑖.
Ans
ΔB = 0.01 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
ΔE = 0.01 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
Solution
• Determine the forces in links AB, CF, and EH:
For FBD for member EFG:
FCF

FEH

300 × (30 × 2)
Σ𝑀𝐸 = 0 ⟹ 𝐹𝐶𝐹 × 30 = 300 × (30 × 2) ⟹ 𝐹𝐶𝐹 = = 600 𝑙𝑏
30
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Mechanics of Materials Chapter 3: Axial Deformation of Bars: Statically Determinate Systems
• The vertical deflection of points B, D, E, and G:
As the rods AB, EH, and CF have constant area, constant elastic modulus, and they are
subjected to constant forces along their length; hence their deformations can be determined
based on Eq. 3-4.
𝑃𝐿
Δ=
𝐸𝐴
Since the stresses 𝑃⁄𝐴 are known; therefore Eq. 3-4 can be reformulated as:
𝜎
Δ = ( )𝐿
𝐸
Hence:
15
ΔB = ( ) × 20 = 0.01 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
30 × 103
15
ΔE = ( ) × 20 = 0.01 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
30 × 103

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