NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022

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Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

Male reproductive structure of flower Female reproductive structure of flower

Stamen • The gynoecium represents female reproductive part of flower.

• Stamen has two parts, anther and filament • Gynoecium may consist of a single pistil (monocarpellary) or
• Anther is bilobed structure. may have more than one pistil (multicarpellary)
• Each lobe has two pollen sac (theca)  dithecous • Multicarpellary Syncarpus : Papaver
anther • Muticarpellary Apocarpus : Michelia
• The anther is a four-sided (tetragonal) structure • Fused pistil: Syncarpus gynoecium
consisting of four microsporangia located at the • Free pistil : Apocarpus gynoecium
corners, two in each lobe. • Pistil is composed of Stigma, Style and Ovary
• The microsporangia develop further and become • One ovule in one ovary: wheat, paddy, mango
pollen sacs. • Many ovules in single ovary: Papaya, Water melon, Orchids

Structure of microsporangium Structure of ovule

• It is surrounded by four wall layers epidermis, endothecium, • Placenta connects ovules to ovary through stalk called funicle
middle layers and the tapetum. • Ovule has hilum, ovule fuses with funicle in region called hilum.
• The outer three wall layers perform the function of protection • Each ovule has protective envelopes called integuments. I
and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. • Small opening where integuments are absent : Micropyle
• The innermost wall layer is the tapetum. It nourishes the • Basal part of ovule, opposite to micropyle : Chalaza
developing pollen grains
• Sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each Megasporogenesis
microsporangium. • The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore
mother cell is called Megasporogenesis
Microsporogenesis • One of the cell of nucellus differentiate into megaspore mother
cell. It undergoes meiosis form 4 megaspores. one of the
• Cells of the sporogenous tissue undergo meiotic divisions to megaspores is functional while the other three degenerate
form microspore tetrads • Functional megaspore develops into the female gametophyte
• Each cell of the sporogenous tissue give rise to a microspore (embryo sac) – 7 celled 8 nucleated structure
tetrad. Each one is a potential pollen or microspore mother cell.
The process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother Pollination
cell (PMC) through meiosis is called Microsporogenesis Transfer of pollen grains to the stigma of a pistil is termed
• Microspores formed, are arranged in a cluster of four cells–the pollination.
microspore tetrad
• Microspores dissociate from each other and develop into pollen Autogamy
grains • Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower
Pollen grain • requires synchrony in pollen release and stigma
• Hard outer layer is exine and inner layer is intine • Some plants such as Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and
• Exine is made up of spropollenin Commelina produce two types of flowers –
• Sporopollenin is one of the most resistant organic material • Chasmogamous flowers which are similar to flowers of other
known. species with exposed anthers and stigma, and cleistogamous
• It can withstand high temperatures and strong acids and alkali. flowers which do not open at all
• No enzyme that degrades sporopollenin is so far known.
• Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called germ pores Geitonogamy
where sporopollenin is absent • Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another
• The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine flower of the same plant.
• When the pollen grain is mature it contains two cells, the • Genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains
vegetative cell and generative cell come from the same plant.
• Vegetative has abundant food reserve
• Generative cell divide mitotically to give two male gamete on Xenogamy
pollination. • Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a different
plant
• Pollen grains also causes pollen allergy in some individual • Brings genetically different types of pollen grains to the stigma.
• Used as nutritional supplement by athletes
• Can be stored grains of a large number of species for years in
liquid nitrogen (-1960C) : cryopreservation

Biology BOMB
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Agents of Pollination Artificial hybridisation
Majority of plants use biotic agents (eg honeybee) for pollination • This is a method where desired pollen grains are used for
pollination and the stigma is protected from contamination (from
Abiotic pollinating agent unwanted pollen). This achieved by emasculation and bagging
• Emasculation: removal of anthers,
Wind Pollination • Bagging: covering of flower with a bag made up of butter paper
• Pollination by wind is more common amongst abiotic  In Bisexual flower : Both emasculation & bagging is done
pollinations  In unisexual flower: no need for emasculation, only
• Requirements for wind pollination bagging is done
 Light non sticky pollen
 Well exposed stamens Double fertilisation
• Wind pollinated flowers often have a single ovule in each ovary • Pollen tube releases two male gametes into the cytoplasm of the
and numerous flowers packed into an inflorescence; a familiar synergid.
example is the corn cob • One male gamete fuses with egg cell nucleus  zygote formed
• Another male gamete fuses with central cell  k/a triple fusion
Pollination by water triploid primary endosperm nucleus forms
• Shown by Vallisneria and Hydrilla and sea-grasses such as
Zoster Post-fertilisation : structures and events
• In Vallisneria , pollen grains are released on to the surface of
water Endosperm
• In sea-grasses such as Zoster , pollens are released inside water • PEN undergoes successive nuclear divisions to give rise to free
• In most of the water-pollinated species, pollen grains are nuclei. This stage of endosperm development is called free-
protected from wetting by a mucilaginous covering nuclear endosperm e.g. Coconut water

Both wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful and Endospermic seed
do not produce nectar. • Endosperm persist in the mature seed (e.g. wheat, maize, barley
castor and coconut)
Biotic pollinating agent
• Majority of flowering plants use a range of animals as Non endospermic seed
pollinating agents eg Bees, butterflies, flies, beetles, wasps, ants, • Also k/a non-albuminous or ex-albuminous
moths, birds, (lemurs), arboreal (tree-dwelling) rodents, or even • Endosperm is completely consumed by the developing embryo
reptiles (gecko lizard and garden lizard) before seed maturation (e.g., pea, groundnut, beans)
• Insects, particularly bees are the dominant biotic pollinating
agents Embryo
• Requirement for biotic pollination Zygote divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed.
 Large, colourful, fragrant and rich in nectar flowers Dicotyledonous embryo
 Secretion of foul odour to attract insect • Consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
• Special examples • Epicotyl
 Amorphophallus (the flower itself is about 6 feet in height)  Portion of embryonal axis above the level
provide safe places to pollinating agent to lay eggs of cotyledons is  epicotyl
 Moth and Yucca plant : cannot complete their life cycles  Terminal part of epicotyl  Plumule or stem tip.
without each other. • Hypocotyl
Outbreeding Devices  Portion below the level of cotyledons is  hypocotyl
• Continued self-pollination result in inbreeding depression, so  Terminal part of hypocotyl  radicle or root tip
discourage self-pollination some plants have evolved various  The root tip is covered with a root cap.
mechanisms called as outbreeding devices such as : Monocotyledonous embryo
1. Pollen release and stigma receptivity are desynchronised Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one cotyledon
2. The anther and stigma are placed at positions unfavourable • Epicotyl
for self-pollination  The portion above embryonal axis Epicotyl
3. self-incompatibility ,this is a genetic mechanism and  The terminal part of epicotyl  Plumule
prevents self-pollen (from the same flower or other flowers  Covering of Plumule  coleoptile
of the same plant) from fertilising the ovules • Hypocotyl
4. Production of unisexual flowers (seen in castor , maize etc),  The portion below embryonal axis hypocotyl
it prevents autogamy but not geitonogamy  The terminal part of hypocotyl  radicle and root cap
5. Dioceous plant e.g. Papaya, in this plant male and female  Covering of radicle and root cap  coleorhiza
flowers are present on different plants
Seed
Pollen-pistil Interaction
• In some seeds nucellus remains persistent k/a perisperm as in
• The pistil has the ability to recognise the pollen, whether it is of
black pepper and beet
the right type (compatible) or of the wrong type (incompatible).
• Wall of the ovary develops into the wall of fruit called pericarp
• Pollen grain germinates on the stigma to produce a pollen tube
through one of the germ pores. • Integument  seed coat, Ovule  seed
• Generative cell divides and forms two male gametes • Fleshy fruits : guava, orange, mango, etc.,
• Pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle • Dry fruits : groundnut, and mustard etc.
• Filiform apparatus guides the entry of pollen tube • True fruits (Fruit which develops only from ovary)

Biology BOMB
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• False fruits (fruit develop from ovary + thalamus) : apple,
strawberry, cashew, etc.
Generally fruits develops after fertilization, when fruit develop
without fertilisation it is called as parthenocarpic fruit
E.g. Banana

Viability of seed
• Viability of seed varies greatly.
• Lupinus arcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra, germinated an
estimated record of 10,000 years of dormancy
• Seed of date palm( Phoenix dactylifera ) found viable after 2000
years in dead sea

Fruit with large number of seeds

Orchid and parasitic plants (orobrache and striga)
bear fruits with large number of seeds

Apomixis and polyembryony

Apomixis
• Development of fruit without fertilisation  Parthenocarpy
• Development of seeds without fertilisation  Apomixis
E.g. Asteraceae and grasses
• Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction

Polyembryony
• In some plants nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac
protrude into the embryo sac and develop into the embryos, in
such species each ovule contains many embryos 
Polyembryony e.g. citrus , mango, orange

Problems with Hybrid seed

If the seeds collected from hybrids are sown, the plants in the
progeny will segregate and do not maintain hybrid characters.
Production of hybrid seeds is costly and hence the cost of hybrid
seeds becomes too expensive for the farmers. If these hybrids are
made into apomicts, there is no segregation of characters in the
hybrid progeny.

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Biology BOMB