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Lecture 12 - Development 1

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Lecture 12 - Development 1

Uploaded by

christian
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT
• “Development" is a process of change which means an "event constituting a
new stage in a changing situation“. It is implicitly intended as something
positive or desirable.
• Development may occur due to some deliberate action carried out by single
agents or by some authority. "Development" is a multi-dimensional concept.
• Development came to be interpreted as a process that is for the benefit of the
society and only economic growth minus societal progress cannot be termed as
development. Development thus stands for improvement in quality of life and
conditions of living.
• The concept of development can be viewed as a process of achieving certain
goals or values such as improved health, housing, nutrition, communication
facilities , transportation etc.
• It involves the transformation of the whole society; social, economic, political and
physical structure as well as the value system and way of life of the people.
• But it was in the post Second World War period and the subsequent process of
decolonization, the concept of “Development” got a momentum. During this
period, the pro active role of the International agencies in assisting the war
affected nations to rebuild their economies, the nation building process initiated
by the newly liberalized countries gave a boost to the concept of development.
Dimensions of Development
Economic development
• Economic development has traditionally been seen as the first form of
development.
• It has often been strictly associated with the concept of economic growth, in
turn defined as an increase in the per capita income of the economic system.
• It proposes economic transformations to initiate growth and does not speak
much about social transformation. However, soon it was realised that economic
development cannot ensure true development as the benefits are cornered by
a few.
Human Development
• This is people-centered development, where the focus is put on the
improvement of the various dimensions affecting the wellbeing of
individuals and their relationships with the society (health, education,
entitlements, capabilities, empowerment etc).
• The concept was insisted upon by a Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq
and Indian economist Amartya Sen in 1990 and was published by the
United Nations Development Programme.
• To quote Haq, “income or growth figures cannot be the sole determinant
of development.”
• Development needs to ensure greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and
health services, more secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical
violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of
participation in community activities to people of a society.
• The objective of human development lies in creating an enabling environment for
people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.
Territorial development

• This dimension of development refers to a territorial system. It is intended


to establish interrelationships between rural and urban areas connecting
them by information systems and transport infrastructures.
• Territorial development implies focusing on the assets of the territory, its
potential and constraints (FAO, 2005). Policies to exploit and enhance this
potential play an important role in the development process.
Social Development

• James Midgley conceives social development as “a process of planned social


change designed to promote the well-being of the population as a whole in
conjunction with a dynamic process of economic development”.
• The goal of social development in the context of modern welfare is to produce a
social well-being that makes people capable of acting and making their own
decisions in the broadest sense.
• Social development is conceived as development of the individual human being
and is therefore associated with self development.
• It stands for making specific individuals capable of acting, who then, with
the help of participation, serve as motors to drive forward the economic
and social well-being of the community as a whole.
• One of the crudest measures of Social Development is Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) per capita, determined by the value of all goods and services
produced within a region over a given time period, averaged per person.
Several of the indicators of Social development are used to measure
progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) - a set of
targets agreed upon by United Nations member states as crucial for global
human progress.
• There are targets for reducing extreme poverty, hunger, disease, and
environmental impacts. Population, Standard of living, Water and
sanitation, Health Care, Education, Employment etc are some of the
indicators of social development. Social development includes
economic development, human development etc.
Socio-Economic Development
• Socio-economic development is the process of social and economic
development in a society.
• It is measured with indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), life
expectancy, literacy and levels of employment.
• Socio-economic development is a process that seeks to identify both the social
and the economic needs within a community, and seek to create strategies that
will address those needs in ways that are practical and in the best interests of
the community over the long run.

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