Micro-Para Laboratory

Department of Biological Sciences

Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

LABORATORY EXERCISE 1

Group No.: 5 Date Submitted:

Name: Medalla, Yllaiza M.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. What are the different parts of the microscope? Complete the table.

Mechanical parts Function

 Base  Bottommost portion that supports
the entire/lower microscope
 Pillar  Part above the base that supports the
other part
 Inclination Joint  Allows for tilting of the microscope for
the convenience of the user
 Arm/Neck  Curved/slanted part which is held
while carrying the microscope
 Mechanical Stage  Platform where an object to be
examined is placed
 Stage Clips  Secures the specimen to the stage
 Body Tube  Attached to the arm and bears the
lenses
 Draw Tube  Cylindrical structure on top of the
body tube that holds the ocular lenses
 Revolving/Rotating Nosepiece  Rotating disc where the objectives are
attached
 Dust Shield  Lies at the top of the nosepiece and
keeps dust from settling on the
objectives
 Coarse Adjustment Knob  Elevates or lowers when rotated
bringing the object into approximate
focus
 Fine Adjustment Knob  A smaller knob for delicate focusing
bringing the object into perfect focus
 Iris Diaphragm Lever  Elevates and lowers the condenser to
regulate the intensity of light
 Lever in front of the condenser which
is moved horizontally to open/close
 Condenser Adjustment Knob the diaphragm

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Micro-para_lab_2023
Micro-Para Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

Magnifying parts Function

 Ocular/ Eyepiece  To further magnify the image
produced by the objective lenses.
(Usually ranges from 5x to 15x)
 Objectives  Metal cylinders attached below the
nosepiece and contain especially
ground and polished lenses
- Low Power Objective - Gives the lowest magnification,
usually 10x
- High Power Objective - Gives higher magnification,
usually 40x or 43x
- Oil Immersion Objective - Gives the highest magnification,
usually 97x or 100x, and is used
wet either with cedar wood oil or
synthetic oil

Illuminating parts Function

 Mirror  Gather and direct light to illuminate
the object
 Electric Lamp  Used if sunlight is not preferred or is
 Substage not available
- Iris Diaphragm  - Regulates the amount of light
- Condenser necessary to obtain a clearer view of
the object
 - A set of lenses between the mirror
and the stage that concentrates light
rays on the specimen

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Micro-para_lab_2023
 Micro-Para Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

2. Label and study the different parts of the compound microscope

Table 1. Tabulated scientific names and descriptions of microorganisms

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Scientific name: Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota
Description Bacteria are tiny, single- Archaea represent single- Eukaryotes are organisms
celled microorganisms that cellular organisms; they have whose cells contain a
do not have a nucleus or unique characteristics which nucleus enclosed by
membrane-bound are differentiating them from membranes and have other
organelles. They consist of both bacteria and eukaryotes. membrane-bound
a cell wall and a single Archaea are typically found in organelles. There is more
strand of DNA. Bacteria can extreme environments like hot complexity in eukaryotic
be round, rod-shaped, or springs, deep-sea than prokaryotic cells, which
spiral-shaped. They can be hydrothermal vents, and acidic can be either unicellular or
found in diverse environments. These possess multicellular. Eukaryotes
ecosystems like soil, water, characteristics like belong to the domain
hot springs, and extreme pseudopeptidoglycan cell eukarya and include plants,
environments such as walls, many RNA polymerases, animals, fungi, and protists
radioactive waste. Some and their close evolutionary as examples of these kinds of
bacteria are good relationship with eukaryotes. organisms. They vary in their

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Micro-para_lab_2023
 Micro-Para Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

(probiotics) for digestion Initially referred to as shapes, sizes and colors. In

while others can be “archaebacteria”, archaea now various ecosystems,
harmful pathogens causing form their domain of life. eukaryotes play important
diseases. roles that include familiar
ones such as trees or
humans or algae.

3. Draw the different microrganisms as seen under the HPO and indicate their color, shape and other
morphological features.

Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus sp.

Amoeba proteus Paramecium Spirogyra

Guide Questions:
1. Define the following terms used in microscopy.

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Micro-para_lab_2023
 Micro-Para Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

a Parfocal: Microscope objectives that stay in focus when rotating them. Once one objective is
in focus, switching to another should require minimal adjustment.

b Working Distance: The distance between the objective lens of the microscope and the
specimen being viewed while in focus. A large working distance provides more space
between the lens and the specimen.

c Field of view: The measurement of the circular image seen through the eyepiece of a
microscope. It represents the area that can be examined at certain magnifications.

d Micrometer: One metric system unit in microscopy that equals one-millionth part of a meter,
this is extensively employed to measure the size of microscopic objects.

2. Compare the image of the specimen as seen under the naked eye with the image seen under LPO?

 The image of a specimen seen with the naked eye only gives limited in detail and smaller
magnification compared to seeing them at low power objectives (LPO). Under LPO, it allows finer
specimen details to become visible due to increased magnification and resolution, providing a
clearer and more detailed view than what can be seen with the naked eye.

3. What is meant by magnification, resolution, and depth of field?

4. With regards to magnification, compare the magnifying power of the three objectives. How many
times is the image enlarged?

 Microscope objective lenses have different magnification powers, such as Low Power Objective
(LPO), High Power Objective (HPO), and Oil Immersion Objective (OIO). In terms of the three
objectives’ magnifying power, LPO’s range is usually 10x to 100x, and HPO on the other hand offers
40x to 400x magnification. Lastly, OIO provides the highest magnification range—100x to 1000x.
Thus, the image is expanded by a factor depending on the objective lens magnification. A simple
example is when using LPO having a magnification factor of 10×; hence this means that we each
object will be seen ten times larger than they would have passed by our naked eyes. Likewise,

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Micro-para_lab_2023
 Micro-Para Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

through their respective magnification factors: HPO (40×) and OIO (100×), their images will be
enlarged too

5. Compare the three objectives in terms of field of vision.

 In terms of field of view, the three objectives – Low Power Objective (LPO), High Power Objective
(HPO), and Oil Immersion Objective (OIO) – differ significantly. The LPO comes with a larger field of
view, allowing for the observation of larger areas of the specimen, as well as a longer working
distance that aids in surveying large areas. The HPO offers a narrow field of view, enabling detailed
examination of smaller areas and a shorter working distance for specific structure examination. The
OIO has the smallest and provides a very narrow field of view and the shallowest depth of focus
allowing enhanced and extremely detailed observations of specific areas of the specimen.

6. Name the other types of microscopes and discuss the principles involved in their applications and
modifications.

CONCLUSION

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