12/10/2023

Technology
The word 'technology' is derived from two Greek words:
"techne" and "logia.“

Techne means "art," "skill," or "craft."

Logia (comes from "logos," which means "word" or "speech,“
but) in this context, refers to the study or science of
something.

Hence, "technology" literally translates to "the study or

science of craft" or "the study of the arts and skills."

The word 'technology' however evolved over time to refer

widely to the tools, systems, and methods created and used
by humans to solve problems and enhance capabilities.

• Advancements in technology is a primary,

leading driver in the evolution of human
civilization.

• When we examine the past and the present

we see that technology has brought about
great social and cultural revolution.

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Major Technological Revolutions

• The Neolithic Revolution (From 8,000 - 4,000 BCE to 2000

BCE*)

• Printing Revolution (15th c)

• Industrial Revolution (19th c)

• Digital Revolution ( second half of 20th c)

The Neolithic Revolution

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The Neolithic Revolution

• Beginning of Agriculture.

• From 8,000 - 4,000 BCE to 2000 BCE*. Dates varies by

region.

• Change from hunter/gatherers to food production. Urban

revolution.

• Domesticated animals.

• The formation of the earliest

settled communities.

Impact:

• Increased Food Production:

– New farming techniques and tools, improved crop varieties, and

the domestication of animals led to increased food production.
This surplus in food allowed for..

• Population Growth

• Establishment of Permanent Settlements

– Agriculture enabled the development of permanent settlements
and the growth of communities. People could now live in one
place year-round, which was a departure from earlier nomadic
lifestyles. This eventual would lead to cities and civilizations.

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Impact:
• Social Hierarchies and Specialization

֊ Surplus food allowed for the development of social hierarchies

and job specialization. Not everyone needed to be involved in
food production, freeing up individuals to take on other roles
such as artisans, soldiers, or administrators

• Cultural Developments:

– The settled lifestyles and surplus resources allowed for cultural and
intellectual advancements. The Agricultural Revolution laid the
groundwork for the growth of civilization, including the development
of written language and architectural achievements.

Revolution in Printing
• A Printing press is machine by which text and
images are transferred from movable type
to paper or other media by means of ink.

• Movable type and paper were invented in China,

and the oldest known extant book printed from
movable type was created in Korea in the 14th
century.

• Printing first became mechanized in Europe

during the 15th century.

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The Printing Revolution, marked by Johannes

Gutenberg's invention of the movable-type printing
press around 1440.

A replica Gutenberg-era printing press, Glencairn Museum

Revolution in Printing

Impressio Librorum (Book Printing), plate 4 from the Nova Reperta (New
Inventions of Modern Times), c. 1580–1605, engraving by Theodoor Galle
after a drawing by Jan van der Straet, c. 1550; in the British Museum.

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Although in a very early form, the printing revolution

marked the beginning of the globalization of information,
as printed material could be distributed far and wide,
crossing regional and national boundaries.

This had a profound impact on society…

This invention had profound effects on society

• Democratization of Knowledge:

– The printing press made books and other printed materials more accessible
and affordable, which helped to democratize knowledge. Prior to this,
manuscripts were laboriously copied by hand, making them rare and
expensive.

• Literacy and Education:

– The increased availability of books contributed to a rise in literacy rates and

fostered the growth of education. People had more access to a wide range of
learning materials, leading to an intellectual flowering.

• Scientific Advancements:

– Printing facilitated the spread of new ideas and discoveries among scholars
across Europe. This exchange of ideas accelerated scientific advancements
during the Renaissance and later periods.

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• Religious Reformation:

– The Printing Revolution played a key role in the Protestant

Reformation. Martin Luther’s theses were widely disseminated
thanks to printing, challenging the Catholic Church’s authority
and leading to the proliferation of Protestantism.

• Cultural Shifts:

– Printing nurtured a culture of reading and individual

interpretation, fostering the rise of new intellectual and cultural
movements like the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution(s)

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The 4 Industrial Revolutions

The 4 Industrial Revolutions

• 1st – Mechanisation: Out of the fields into the
factories, out of the countryside into the towns.
(steam power)
• 2nd – Electrification (instead of steam power) and
mass production techniques (Henry Ford) so that
production became faster and more efficient.
• 3rd –Invention of the Internet, rise of home
computers
• 4th – The Digital Revolution. Dirven by increased
connectivity, big data and all sorts of new
technology.

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The First Industrial Revolution:

• From roughly 1760–1850, the First Industrial Revolution took place
and was predominantly the result of humanity’s ability to harness
two key energy sources: steam and coal.

• Major invention: the steam engine by James Watt

• The invention of the steam engine enabled the blasting of air into
the blast furnace with a machine.

• Provided a powerful and consistent source of energy for machinery,

enabling the mechanization of industry and transportation.

• The steam engine enabled the mechanization of the textile industry

(put an end to sheer manual work).

Steam Engine by James Watt

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Steam Engine by James Watt

• A key invention of the
Industrial Revolution.

• It provided the power

needed to run many
different machines.

• Used to power machinery

in factories, in mining, it
powered the steam boat
and the locomotive

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Technology revolutionizes the textile

industry
• We have a shift in which the production of cotton
production and textile shifted from rural families
performed spinning and weaving tasks in their homes, to a
large, mechanized, factory-based industry.

• The boom in productivity began with a few technical

devices, including the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and
power loom.

• First human, and then steam power were applied to

operate power looms, and other specialized equipment.

• Another well-known innovation was the cotton gin. Which

was later also steam power.

Some of the major inventions of the First Industrial Revolution

The cotton gin, a machine used to separate cotton fibers from their seeds,
and the power loom, a machine used to weave cloths and tapestries.

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Societal and Cultural Impact of the

Industrial Revolution

• People moved out of the fields into the factories, out of the
countryside into the towns. The way of life changed radically.

• Society changed from being a rural agrarian culture to being

centred in industrial cities centered around large manufacturing
factories.

• The work force no longer was dominated by individual labourers,

but began to be replaced by industries run by capitalists that
employed the working class.

• Cities started to become the economic powerhouses of whole

nations

• Advancement in transportation: steam powered ships and

locomotives.

• This had the effect of increase trade and globalization.

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Transportation
• Before the Industrial Revolution, people relied on
the horse and their own feet to get around.

• With the invention of the steam locomotive,

transportation took a huge step forward.

• The first two major railroad companies were the

Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads.

Transportation Innovations
• Steam Locomotives
• Growth of Railways
• Tracks could go places
that the rivers could
not.
• Ship goods cheaply and
quickly over land.

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• Canals Boom

• Factories needed a
cheap and fast way of
receiving coal and other
raw materials and then
shipping out these
finished products.

Life Before the Industrial Revolution

• People lived off the land.
• They used handmade tools.
• The best source of power
was horses
• They made their own
clothing
• They grew their own food
• Predominantly rural
population. Small towns
and villages.

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Life Changes as Industry Spreads

• New inventions made work more efficient.
• Shift towards industrialization and mas
production. Growth of factories and
urbanization.
• Newcomb’s Steam Power Engine.
• New modes of transportation
• Machines replaced human labour.
• People lived in cities.
• They bought food and clothes someone else
made.

The Second Industrial Revolution:

• Also known as the Technological Revolution, the Second
Industrial Revolution lasted from about 1870–1914 (the
start of WW1)

Major breakthroughs:
1. The mass production of steel. Before about 1860, steel
was still an expensive product. The problem of mass-
producing cheap steel was solved in 1855 when Henry
Bessemer invented Bessemer process.
2. Electricity.
3. Petroleum.

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Mass Production of Steel

Henry Bessemer The Bessemer converter

Henry Bessemer was an English inventor and engineer who is best known
for his invention of the Bessemer process (1856), a revolutionary method
for mass-producing steel.

Mass Production of Steel

• The Bessemer process, involved
blowing air through molten pig iron
to remove impurities and convert it
into steel. This process significantly
reduced the cost and time required
to produce steel compared to
traditional methods, such as the
crucible process.

• The Bessemer process allowed for

the mass production of steel on a
scale never before possible. It
played a crucial role in meeting the
increasing demand for steel during
the Industrial Revolution,
particularly in the construction of
railways, bridges, buildings, and
machinery.

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FIRST INDUSTRIAL SECOND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION REVOLUTION
Period 1760-1850 1850-1914

Methods of Production Change from Hand to Increased automation and

Machine. efficacy.
Significant advancement Mass production of Mass production of steel
textiles
Power source Coal and Steam Coal, Steam & also
Petroleum, Electricity
New Engines Steam Engine Internal Combustion
Engine
Other inventions Spinning Jenny Automobiles
Power Loom Railroads
Spinning Mule Telegram
Cotton Gin Telephone
(All in textile industry) Radio

Steam Powered
locomotives

First and Second Industrialization

• First Industrial Revolution was the technological bang that started
the concept of modern industrial economies, while the Second
Industrial Revolution was the mastering of the technology, giving
rise to modern cities filled with the first skyscrapers.

• Increase in economic growth and production.

• Increase in trade.

• New trends in migration (moving away became easier to conceive).

• With countries able to trade and communicate like never before,

the world was entering into the beginning stages of its move
towards globalization.

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• What was the impact on the standard of living

and quality of life?

• Standard of living is refers to the material well-being of a person or group.

It is typically measured by income, and access to goods and services.

• Real GDP per capita and Gross National Income per capita are the two
most common ways to measure the standard of living.

• Quality of life refers to a person's overall well-being, including factors such

as happiness, health, and community.

• Thus apart from income, and access to goods, when measuring quality of
life one also looks at the environment, longevity, physical and mental
health, education, recreation and leisure time, relationships and social
belonging, the conditions of women and children, safety, security and
freedom.

NOTE: While a high standard of living is often associated with a high quality of
life, they are not the same thing.

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Standard of Living Quality of Life

Focuses on material well-being, such as Focuses on overall well-being, including
income and access to goods and services emotional, physical, and social health

Measured using economic indicators, such as Measured using a variety of indicators, such as
GDP per capita life expectancy, happiness, and community
engagement

Reflects a society's level of economic Reflects a society's overall level of happiness

development and prosperity and satisfaction

Can be influenced by factors such as job Can be influenced by factors such as access to
opportunities and cost of living healthcare and education, political stability,
and social support

Can vary widely within a society, with some Can vary widely within a society, with some
individuals experiencing a high standard of individuals experiencing a high quality of life
living while others experience a low standard while others experience a low quality of life
of living

https://testbook.com/key-differences/difference-between-
standard-of-living-and-quality-of-life [accessed 7/92022]

• While we may say that the industrial revolution, caused

a sustained rise in real income per person in England
and, as its effects spread, in the rest of the Western
world.

• And by 1840 we certainly see rise in the standard of

living.

• However, the impact of the Industrial Revolution on

the quality of life is complex and it varies greatly
depending on one's social and economic standing,
location, and the time period in question. (See Notes)

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