The Scientific Insights And Parallels In Time-

Honoured Scriptures With Morden Scientific

Paradigms
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Abstract—In this era of rapid scientific advancement and In scriptures we find the curiosity of ancient India to
technologies, the ancient Indian scriptures provide a reservoir understand the universe and advanced knowledge of science
of profound scientific knowledge. The advanced development of sages and Rishis. Where the famous Indian astronomers,
in the knowledge of ancient India in astronomy, chemistry, physicists and mathematicians like Aryabhata,
mathematics, medical-science, architecture, cosmology, Bhaskaracharya, Saynacharya and many more studied and
quantum studies were the results of careful, accurate and extended this subject.
precise observations of the natural events and phenomena. This
paper presents a remarkable parallel between the scientific and II. METHODOLOGY
astronomical analysis found in ancient scriptures and in
morden scientific understandings. This study aims to bridge The study of this paper is a descriptive type in nature, this
the gap between the bygone scientific wisdom and current paper is based on the secondary sources data of the Vedic
scientific paradigms and to explain the advanced scientific science, astronomy and physics studies in ancient scriptures
knowledge in the fields of science, astronomy and physics in found in India.
ancient Indian texts. The study of this paper is based on the
Sources of Data and Analysis: The sources are taken
secondary sources data of the Vedic science, astronomy and
physics studies in ancient scriptures found in India. from ancient India’s scriptures and texts like Vedas, Puranas,
Upanishads, Shrimad Bhagavat Geeta and their different
Keywords— Astronomy, Atomic Theory, Quantum Physics, translated books and research-papers, articles and from
Cosmology, Gravity, Vedas. research papers published at different time in different
journals.
I. INTRODUCTION
The different text and materials are taken from many
This The knowledge found in the Vedas as Shlokas, different sources and all the sources are verified and
Puranas, Upanishads, Shrimad Bhagavad Geeta and in many examined carefully and the data is organized systematically
more epics is totally scientific. They contain the advanced under appropriate headings to ensure the comprehensive
knowledge of Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics, results and conclusion.
Engineering and knowledge of many more fields (generally
in Sanskrit language). Form the ancient time in India, the III. SCIENTIFIC JUXTAPOSITION
scientific information is fused with hymns and stories in
everyday life by explaining them with examples and A. Atomic Theory and Quantum Physics
metaphors, where all the scientific facts are applied and When we talk about ‘The Atomic Theory’, the first name
implemented in everyone’s life practically (Like tradition that comes into our mind is “John Dalton”, who first
connected to health benefits to the daily routine according to proposed the morden atomic theory in 1808 [1], but it is a
Ayurveda) through traditions and customs and stories. Many matter of startling fact that, we find the definition of
different scientific theories and calculation can be observed Paramāṇu (atom) first mentioned in the ancient Indian text
in the ‘Rig Ved’ which was written in 2000 BCE in ancient of Shrimad Bhagavat Purana and future more characteristics
Bharat. are explained in Vaiśeṣika sutras by Sage Kaṇāda.
In Rig Veda, Puranas, Upanishads and in many more 1) Paramāṇu (atom) explanation in Shrimad Bhagavad
epics and scriptures we can find the evidences of the Purana:
advanced scientific knowledge and the different applications In chapter 11, shloka 1 [2][3]:
of Astronomy, physics and mathematics has been observed.
In scriptures we can directly find the evidences of knowledge “maitrīya uchava
of, 1. Atomic Theories and Quantum Physics (where we can caramaḥ sahviśiṣāṇāmanekosaṃyutaḥ sadā |
see the similar explanation of theory similar to Schrodinger’s
cat in Yog Sutra) in Bhagwat Puran and Rig Veda; 2. Time paramāṇuḥ sa vijñeyo nṛṇāmaikyabhramo yataḥ ||”
Dilation and Age of Our Solar-System; 3. The idea of
Gravity; 4. The calculation of Speed of Light in the form of
Shloka; 5. The distance between the Sun and the Earth Where, Maitreya explain Paramāṇu or atom as: The
according to the shlokas and Hanuman Chalisa and its ultimate irreducible partical of the part of a substance (which
calculations. It is noticed in human psychology that humans cannot be further divided), which is ever separate (which has
can remember hymns more easily than just statements, as we not yet evolved) and which is not combined with any other
know that music and sound play a vital role in our nature our similar particles and eternally existed, is known by the name
advanced knowledge in scriptures are described in the form of Paramāṇu (atom). It combines with one or more than one
of hymns and shlokas to easily understand and to easily such Paramāṇu which create an illusion of a unity or a whole
remember them. substance in the mind of men.

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

 Where it is also described as the concept of quantum speed and forces it to choose only one state and collapse the
physics, where all the subatomic particles are not solid but superposition, where on not observing the particle, it can
are exists in the form of fuzzy waves (Strings or vibration have more than one states. From this The Copenhagen
according to String Theory [4]), which create an illusion of interpretation arises that whatever particle is a subatomic
reality.[3] particle; it changes its behavior on our observation [12]. This
means that universe changes with the observation.
2) Characteristics of Paramāṇu in Vaiśeṣika sutras:
Before the John Dalton’s atomic theory, Kaṇāda’s As an objection Erwin Schrödinger introduced the
atomic theory was interduce in 600BCE in the Indian ancient Schrödinger's cat thought experiment in 1935. Where in this
text of Kaṇāda’s Vaiśeṣika sutra (Vaiśeṣika Darshan also experiment it is imagined that a sealed box containing a cat
known as Kaṇāda Sutra) [5][6], which describes the atom, and a radioactive substance which have probability of 50%
and its characteristics of an atom [7]. He defined an atom as that it will decay or not and with a vial of poison, and a
the Paramāṇu or āṇu which is the smallest unit of matter that Geiger counter to release the poison when decay is detected.
cannot be divided further, where everything is divisible and In quantum mechanics before decay is observed the
subdivision eventually result in reviling an āṇu and radioactive atom should exists in a state of superposition
subsection of every particle has an end and cannot be divided where both decayed and not decayed condition can be
indefinitely. possible at the same instant time. where, this experiment
(thought) demonstrates that how accepting the uncertainty at
Characteristic of āṇu or atom according to Kaṇāda [5][6] the microscopic level affects the macroscopic objects. The
are: cat in the Schrödinger's cat in box which is alive or dead,
• An āṇu cannot be seen from our naked eyes. made it totally dependent on the state of a subatomic
particles [13].
• An āṇu is the smallest unit or building block of
matter (all material existence). According to The Copenhagen interpretation in this
experiment the fate of the atom is undetermined until the
• An āṇu is indestructible. observer observes it. So, if the cat's life depends on the state
• An āṇu has some unique properties, and that of the atom, shouldn't the cat also be in a superposition state
properties are same as the class of the substance (where the cat is both alive and dead at the same instance of
from which it belongs to. the time)? Simply which is not possible because if the cat
will survive it will only remember being alive [14]. As a
• They can combine in many different ways and result, they said that the state of an object does not depend on
produce chemical changes in them by heating or by one person’s observation.
using other measures.
The similar explanation we get in The Yog Sutra written
• A paramāṇu or atom, can exist in two different by maharishi Patanjali in 500BCE. When the student of
states: in a moving(dynamic) state or completely in Maharishi Patanjali asked that thus the universe get chance
a static state. on one’s perspective or observation or not? He answered it In
3) Size of Atom according to The Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa: Patanjali Yog Darshan, Kaivalya Pāda, Shloka 16 [15][16]:
We can directly find the description of the size of an atom “na ca ekacitta tantraṁ ced vastu
or āṇu in the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa chepter 49, shloka 37 [8]:
tat apramāṇakaṁ tadā kiṁ syāt”
“paramāṇu para sūkṣma trasareṇumahoraṇaḥ |
where, Śrī Patañjali said that “The world is not
vālāgraścaiva niṣkāśca yūkāṁścaiva yavodaraṇaḥ ||” dependent on a limited mind or on a group of similar minds.
This means: “A minute atom, a para-suksma, the mote in Otherwise, if that limited minders were to lose perception of
a sunbeam, the dust of the earth, and the point of a hair, and a an object, the item would no longer exist, which is not
young louse, and a louse, and the body of a barley-corn; men possible”. Where everything is getting observed all the time,
say each of those things is eight times the size of the that consciousness is defined as the Purusha.
preceding thing. Eight barley-corns equal an angula (finger- B. Time Dilation and age of Our Solar System:
breadth), six finger-breaths are a pada (step), and twice that is It is defined as the difference in rate of time passes for the
known as bitasti; and two spans make a cubit measured with different observers. In Vedas time is described as the relative
the fingers closed in at the root of the thumb; four cubits quantity. We see that Prabhu Shree Kṛṣṇa said in Shree
make a bow, a danda (stick), and equal to two nadikayaga; Bhagavat Geeta, chapter 8, in Shloka 17 to Arjuna [17]:
two thousand bows make a gavyūti; and four times that are
declared by the wise to be a yojna; this is the utmost measure “sahasrayugaparyantamaharyad brahmano viduḥ|
for the purpose of calculation.” [9][10]
rātrim yugasahasrāntām te'horātravido janāḥ ||”
Let us consider, 1 Pada (step) = 1 foot,
where, it is described as “Those Yogis who know from
On calculating the size of paramāṇu using ‘Mārkaṇḍeya- realization Brahma’ s day as covering a thousand
Purāṇa’, the result came out that the size of a paramāṇu or Mahayugas, and so his night as extending to another
āṇu (atom) = 2.9 x 10-9m. thousand Mahayugas know the reality about Time.” [18],
where we can clearly see that the time for Brahma in Brahma
which is so close to the modern calculated value of an loka passes differently where one day of the Brahma is equal
atom (10-10 m or 1 Å) to 4.32 Billion human years [19]. Where it is also supporting
4) Schrödinger's Cat concept of observer effect in Yog the Einstein’s Theory of Time Dilation [20].
Sutra: In continuity in shloka 18:
In the quantum world, on observing any particle, its
behavior gets changed [11], like measuring its position or “avyaktād vyaktayaḥ sarvāḥ prabhavantyahar-āgame |
 rātryāgame pralīyante tatraivāvyakta-sanjñake ||” bibhranah paramam saktim brahmano dharanatmikam”
Where, he says that in the starting of the day of the This means that The spherical earth (bhūgolo) stands at
Brahmā he creates or manifest all the heavenly bodies and the center of space due to the dharanatmikam sakti (force or
destruction occur at the end of his night [17]. Where if we energy also known as gurutvākṛṣaṇa), which is of the self-
calculate the age of our solar system according to this shloka, supporting in nature.
1 day of Brahmā = 1 night of Brahmā = 4.32 Billion Also, in Sidhanta Shiromani, Bhuvanakosa, 6th Sloka:
human years
“akrsta saktisca mahi taya yat svastham guru
1 Ahoratri (1 day + 1 night combine) of Brahmā = 8.64 svabhimukham svasaktya
billion human years
akrsyate tatpatativa bhati same samantat kva patatviyam
Means the life span of our solar system is of 8.64 billion khe”
years, and the estimated present age of our solar system is
This means that every object falls on the ground because
4.568 billion years [21] and according to the estimation our
of the earth’s force of attraction (Gurutvākṛṣaṇa or gravity).
sun will enter into a red giant phase in 4.5 billion years,
where, this force of attraction allows the planets and
where the expected life span of our sun came out to be 9.068
constellations to stay in their respective orbits.
billion years, which is so near to the expected life span
according to ancient Indian texts. In these shlokas we can directly see that how
Bhaskaracharya is explaining the concept of gravity very
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF CALCULATION OF LIFE SPAN OF SOLAR clearly and also specifying that the earth is spherical in shape
SYSTEM
not flat. Ebenezer Burgess and Pundit Bapu Deva Shastri
Calculation
Solar System’s Total [23] also define Gurutvākṛṣaṇa or gravity as self-supporting
Life Span in nature and it is also referred as Brahma’s most excellent
1 Ahoratri (24 hours) power of steadiness and which is all around in
Shree Bhagavat
of Brahmā = 8.64 universe(ether) from the two shlokas.
Geeta, chapter 8, in 8.64 billion years
Billion human years
Shloka 17
Further, in his book name Lilavati, where he explained
Present age of our the earth’s gravitational force (Gurutvākṛṣaṇa Shakti) and
solar system (or sun) +
estimated time left that there is a mutual-attraction between the planets, this
Morden Science 9.068 billion years helps them to hold themselves strongly in the universe or
(before sun becoming
red giant) = 9.068 space and many more concepts. Theres a lot to understand
billion human years but we don’t have any idea about the knowledge of sage
Bhaskaracharya and their “Bhaskaracharya’s Law of
Gurutvākṛṣaṇa” [24].
The continuous cyclic of nature of the universe implies that
the expanding universe is always followed by the contraction D. Calculation Of Speed of Light in Rig Veda:
or destruction in cosmos. A cosmos without end (as the day From a long time, it was really fascinating and
and night’s cycle of Brahma). Whereas, the same theory for challenging to calculate the speed of light in our world. Great
this universe is said by Prabu Shree Kṛṣṇa in Bhagavad Gita scientists and astronomers like Galileo, Hippolyte Fizeau,
nearly 5000 years ago and the same is said by Einstein in his Albert A. Michelson and many more tried to find and
theories [20]. calculate the speed of light. Where, before 1675 it was not
even known that whether the light travel instantaneously or at
C. The idea of Gravity: a very high and finite speed [27]. In 1907 Rosa and Dorsey
Whenever we start the discussion on gravity, the first concluded that the speed of light to be 299710000±30000
scientist that comes to our mind is the “Sir Isaac Newton”. In m/s [25][26].
our school books we read a story that he discovered the
gravity when he was sitting under an apple tree and suddenly But amazing fact is that the Speed of light is already
an apple falls on his head and he got the idea of gravity. But mentioned in the Rig Veda, in 14th century, 600 years before
as a matter of fact, that 1200 years ago before the discovery the calculation of speed of light Maharishi Saynacharya
of theory of gravitational force an Indian Mathematician added a shloka with the original sloka of chapter 50, shloka 4
BhaskarAcharya gave the concept of gravity as [28] where we can see that the speed of light is mentioned as:
Gurutvākṛṣaṇa. Where, in his thesis Siddhānta Śiromaṇi, “taraṇi-viśva-darśavo jyotiṣkṛd asi sūrya |
where he talked about many topics like position of planets,
solar-eclipse and lunar-eclipse, cosmology, different viśvam ā bhāsi rocanam ||”
mathematical techniques and about many astronomical This mean: “Swift and all beautiful art thou, O Surya,
equipment and many more. maker of the light, Illuming all the radiant realm.”
Gravity plays a vital and important role in the existence “tathā ca smaryata yojanānāṁ sahasram dve śate dve ca
of our universe, its due to gravity only that earth revolves yojane |
around the sun and sun, moon, earth, planets and everything
in our universe is affected by gravitational forces. We can ekena nimiṣārdhena kramamāṇa namo'stu te ||”
say that one of the major things due to which this universe This mean: “With deep respect, I bow to the sun, who
and life exists. travels 2202 yojanas in half nimesha.”
The law of gravitation force is first given by Here, we can see that in first 2 lines of shloka it is said
Bhaskaracharya in his book Surya Siddhanta (Siddhant that sun (Surya) produces light and in the second line the
Shiromani) [22]: speed of light described as it covers 2202 yojanas in just half
“madhye samantandasya bhugolo vyomni tisthati a nimesha. Where:
 4 Hasta = 1 Dhanu, also give for the constants like speed of light, size of an atom
or paramāṇu, distance between Sun and earth and even the
8000 Dhanu = 1 Yojana, 1 Nimesha = 0.2 second
Life Span of our Solar System are specified in our scriptures
As, 1 Dhanu = 6 ft, like Hanuman Chalisa, Rig Veda, Shree Bhagavad Geeta,
Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa and in many more in the form of shlokas
1 Yojana = 8000 * 6 ft = 48,000 ft = 9.09 miles and sutras (Laws). These examples are just some drops from
2202 Yojanas = 2202 * 9.09 miles = 18379.98 miles the ocean of the advanced knowledge in our scriptures which
are written centuries ago, it is said that the oldest record
As, speed = distance/ time = 18379.98/0.1 = 183799.8 found is Rig Veda which was written 2000BCE ago, but the
miles/sec truth is that many scriptures in Sanatan (eternal) Dharma was
So, the Speed of light according to the Rig Veda’s shola written ages ago, we should not forget that the many
is 183799.8 miles/s = 295,797.105331 km/s scriptures and their records got destroyed with the time.
Speed of light according to modern physics = We should not forget that the history of homo sapiens is
299,792.458 km/s so old on this planet Earth and we cannot say that humans
got this success in advanced morden science and knowledge
Where, accuracy in speed of light according to Rig Veda from just 400-500 years ago. In support of the knowledge in
to modern physics is 98.67%. it doesn’t stop here in Rig ancient scriptures Vedanta, the opinion of Erwin Schrödinger
Veda we find many things about our cosmos we can’t even and Albert Einstein are:
think how ancient sages calculated this all.
• “When I read the Shrimad Bhagavad Geeta and
E. Distance between Sun and Earth in Hanuman Chalisa: reflect about how God created this universe,
It is well known that the Earth to Sun most precise everything else appears superfluous. “– Albert
measurements of the distance have come from radars in the Einstein.
1960. But the fact is that in Hanuman Chalisa written by • “The Unity and Continuity of Vedanta are reflected
Goswami Tulsidas in 15th century, which proves that the in the unity and continuity of wave mechanics. This
distance between Surya and Prithvi was calculated much is entirely consists with the Vedanta concept of All
more accurately by Goswami Tulsidas ji than the 17th In One.” - Erwin Schrödinger [29].
century scientists that is even 2 centuries ago. where in the
two lines we can find the exact distance between Bhānu and Where, as a fact it is found that that the well-known lines
Pṛthvī is given: said by Erwin Schrödinger [29] was also inspired from
Mandukya Upanishad. Indian ancient scriptures are not only
“yuga-sahasra-yojana-para-bhānu, līlyo tāhāham the religious text but in reality, they are text filled with
adhura-phala-jāna” science and knowledge.
It will be not wrong if we say that there is extremely
This says that the Surya (bhānu or Sun) is at the distance advanced knowledge in our scriptures which can boost our
of yuga * sahasra * yojana from the earth. According to the modern knowledge and science so much and can help us to
following units we can calculate the distance [19]: understand many concepts which are unknown to us till yet.
In era of artificial intelligence and automation and machine /
Where, 1 Yuga = 12,000 divine years deep learning we can use this knowledge and can understand
1 sahastra = 1000 the unknown using the technology and as a result we can
address many decades of the upcoming future with this
1 yojana = 12.8 km advancement in our knowledge. I am dedicating this paper
Total Distance between The Bhānu and The Pṛthvī = 1 and this study to Lord Śiva (Mahadev), who showed me the
yojana * 1 yuga * 1 sahasra. path of knowledge and love and who oversees the whole
brahmāṇḍa (universe) and illuminates the whole brahmāṇḍa
Total Distance between The Bhānu and The Pṛthvī = and reality through their words and knowledge. Jai
12,000 × 1000 × 12.8 km = 153,600,000 km. As the Pṛthvī Vishvanaath.
(Earth) orbit in elliptical orbit around the Bhānu (Sun), so
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