Using Single-Row Functions to

Customize Output

Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the

following:
• Describe the various types of functions available in SQL
• Use the character, number, and date functions in SELECT
statements

4-2 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 Lesson Agenda

• Single-row SQL functions

• Character functions
• Number functions
• Working with dates
• Date functions

4-3 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 SQL Functions

Input Output

Function

arg 1 Function performs

action
arg 2
Result
value

arg n

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 Two Types of SQL Functions

Functions

Single-row Multiple-row
functions functions

Return one result Return one result

per row per set of rows

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 Single-Row Functions

Single-row functions:
• Manipulate data items
• Accept arguments and return one value
• Act on each row that is returned
• Return one result per row
• May modify the data type
• Can be nested
• Accept arguments that can be a column or an expression

function_name [(arg1, arg2,...)]

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 Single-Row Functions

Character

Single-row
General Number
functions

Conversion Date

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 Lesson Agenda

• Single-row SQL functions

• Character functions
• Number functions
• Working with dates
• Date functions

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 Character Functions

Character
functions

Case-conversion Character-manipulation
functions functions

LOWER CONCAT
UPPER SUBSTR
INITCAP LENGTH
INSTR
LPAD | RPAD
TRIM
REPLACE

4-9 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 Case-Conversion Functions

These functions convert the case for character strings:

Function Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course
UPPER('SQL Course') SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course

4 - 11 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 Using Case-Conversion Functions

Display the employee number, name, and department number

for employee Higgins:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'higgins';

SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id

FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'higgins';

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 Character-Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate character strings:

Function Result
CONCAT('Hello', 'World') HelloWorld
SUBSTR('HelloWorld',1,5) Hello
LENGTH('HelloWorld') 10
INSTR('HelloWorld', 'W') 6
LPAD(salary,10,'*') *****24000
RPAD(salary, 10, '*') 24000*****
REPLACE BLACK and BLUE
('JACK and JUE','J','BL')
TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld') elloWorld

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 Using the Character-Manipulation Functions

1
SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME,
job_id, LENGTH (last_name), 2
INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?"
FROM employees 3
WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';

1 2 3

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 Lesson Agenda

• Single-row SQL functions

• Character functions
• Number functions
• Working with dates
• Date Functions

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 Numeric Functions

• ROUND: Rounds value to a specified decimal

• TRUNC: Truncates value to a specified decimal
• MOD: Returns remainder of division

Function Result
ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92
MOD(1600, 300) 100

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 Using the ROUND Function

1 2
SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),
ROUND(45.923,-1) 3
FROM DUAL;

1 2 3
DUAL is a public table that you can use to view results
from functions and calculations.

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 Using the MOD Function

For all employees with the job title of Sales Representative,

calculate the remainder of the salary after it is divided by 5,000.

SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000)

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP';

4 - 18 Copyright © 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 Lesson Agenda

• Single-row SQL functions

• Character functions
• Number functions
• Working with dates
• Date functions

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 Working with Dates

• The Oracle Database stores dates in an internal numeric

format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, and
seconds.
• The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
– Enables you to store 21st-century dates in the 20th century
by specifying only the last two digits of the year
– Enables you to store 20th-century dates in the
21st century in the same way

SELECT last_name, hire_date

FROM employees
WHERE hire_date < '01-FEB-88';

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 RR Date Format

CurrentYear
Current Year Specified Date RR Format YY Format
1995 27-OCT-95 1995 1995
1995 27-OCT-17 2017 1917
2001 27-OCT-17 2017 2017
2001 27-OCT-95 1995 2095

If the specified two-digit year is:

0–49 50–99
If two digits The return date is in The return date is in
of the current 0–49 the current century the century before the
year are: current one
The return date is in The return date is in
50–99 the century after the the current century
current one

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 Using the SYSDATE Function

SYSDATE is a function that returns:

• Date
• Time

SELECT sysdate
FROM dual;

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 Arithmetic with Dates

• Add to or subtract a number from a date for a resultant

date value.
• Subtract two dates to find the number of days between
those dates.
• Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24.

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 Using Arithmetic Operators
with Dates

SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS

FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90;

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 Lesson Agenda

• Single-row SQL functions

• Character functions
• Number functions
• Working with dates
• Date functions

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 Date-Manipulation Functions

Function Result
MONTHS_BETWEEN Number of months between two dates
ADD_MONTHS Add calendar months to date
NEXT_DAY Next day of the date specified
LAST_DAY Last day of the month

ROUND Round date

TRUNC Truncate date

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 Using Date Functions

Function Result
MONTHS_BETWEEN 19.6774194
('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
ADD_MONTHS (‘31-JAN-96',1) '29-FEB-96'
NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') '08-SEP-95'
LAST_DAY ('01-FEB-95') '28-FEB-95'

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 Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:

• Perform calculations on data using functions
• Modify individual data items using functions

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