12CMRE22 - Mathematics II

UNIT III (16)

Ordinary differential equations – Definition, order and degree. Formation of differential
equation. Solution of first order, first degree equations in variables separable form, homogeneous
equations, other substitutions. Equations reducible to homogeneous and exact differential
equations. Linear differential equations of the first order and first degree, reducible to linear.

Ordinary Differential equations (ODE):

An equation in which the differential coefficients are the variable.

n
d y d n−1 y d n−2 y dy
a0 n + a1 n−1 + a2 n−2 + ........ + an−1 + an = 0 is the nth order differential equation.
dx dx dx dx

Order: The highest derivative in the differential equation is the order.

Degree: The highest power of the highest derivative when the differential coefficients
are made free from radicals and fractions as far as the derivatives are concerned.

Find the order and degree for the following problems

3
  dy 2  2 d2y
1. 1 +    = c 2
  dx   dx
2
 dy  d y
2
2. 1 +   = 2
 dx  dx
There are two types of problems, they are
1. Forming Differential equation
2. Solving Differential equation

Forming the differential equations By eliminating arbitrary constants and functions:

Problems:

1. Form a differential equation of a straight line y = mx + c.

2. Form a differential equation of a straight line passes through the origin.
x2 y 2
3. Form a differential equation of the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
4. Form the differential equation of simple harmonic motion given by x = A cos(nt +  ).
5. Form the differential equation from x = a sin(t + b).
6. Form the differential equation y = ax3 + bx 2 .

Solving Ordinary differential equation of first order and first degree:

The methods are

a) Variable separable
b) Homogeneous functions
 c) Linear equations
e) Exact differential equations

Variable separable:
Form the given equation f1 ( x) g1 ( y )dx + f 2 ( x) g 2 ( y )dy = 0 . Method of doing is separate
g ( y) f ( x)
the equations x one side and y one side and integrate  2 dy = −  1 dx + c .
g1 ( y ) f 2 ( x)
Problems:

1. Solve xdx + ydy = 5.

dy
2. Solve = e3 x−2 y + x 2e−2 y .
dx
dy
3. Solve = (4 x + y + 1)2 , if y(0) = 1.
dx
4. Solve y 1 − x 2 dy + x 1 − y 2 dx = 0 .
dy
5. Solve xy = 1 + x + y + xy .
dx

Homogeneous Differential Equation:

dy f ( x, y)
Form the given equation = , where f ( x, y), g ( x, y) are homogeneous functions
dx g ( x, y)
dy dv
of same degree in x and y. Method of doing is put y = vx then =v+x and the equation
dx dx
y
reduces to variable separable type in v and x. The solution is got by substituting v = after the
x
integration is over.

Problems:

1. Solve (x2-y2)dx - xydy = 0.

dy dy
2. Solve y 2 + x 2 = xy .
dx dx
3. Solve ( x y − 2 xy )dx − ( x3 − 3x 2 y )dy = 0 .
2 2

dy x y
4. Solve = + sin .
dx y x
Equations reducible to Homogeneous form
dy ax + by + c
The equations of the form = can be reduced to the homogeneous form
dx a ' x + b ' y + c
as follows
a b
Case 1. When 
a' b'
Put x = X + h, y = Y + k , so that dx = dX , dy = dY
 h k 1
Put ah + bk + c = 0, a ' h + b ' k + c ' = 0 , so that = =
bc '− b ' c ca '− c ' a ab '− ba '
h k 1
Hence h = =
bc '− b ' c ca '− c ' a ab '− ba '
a b
Case 2. When =
a' b'
Problems
dy y + x − 2
1. Solve = .
dx y − x − 4
dy 2 y − x − 4
2. Solve =
dx y − 3x + 3
dy x + y +1
3. Solve =
dx 2 x + 2 y + 3

Linear Differential Equation:

dy
The standard Form of first order linear differential equations is + Py = Q , where P and
dx
Q are functions of x only. Method is first find the integrating factor (I.F) e  . Then the general
Pdx

Solution is ye =  Qe

Pdx Pdx
dx + c
Problems:
dy
1. Solve ( ( x + 1) − y = e3 x ( x + 1)2 .
dx
2. Solve y(log y)dx + ( x − log y)dy = 0 .
3. Solve (1 + y 2 )dx = (tan −1 y − x)dy .
dy
4. Solve x log x + y = log x 2 .
dx
5. Solve ye y dx = ( y 3 + 2 xe y )dy .

Exact Differential Equation:

The standard form of the differential equation is Mdx + Ndy = 0 or
M ( x, y)dx + N ( x, y)dy = 0 .
M N
The necessary and sufficient condition is = .
y x
The general solution is  Mdx +  (the terms of N not containg x)dy = c .
Problems:
xy 2 xy 2
1. Solve ( y 2e + 4 x3 )dx + (2 xye − 3 y 2 )dy = 0.
2. Solve ( x 2 − 4 xy − 2 y 2 )dx + ( y 2 − 4 xy − 2 x 2 )dy = 0.
xy xy
3. Solve ye dx + ( xe + 2 y )dy = 0.
 dy y cos x + sin y + y
4. Solve + =0.
dx sin x + x cos y + x
2x y 2 − 3x 2
5. Solve 3 dx + dy = 0 .
y y4
Equation reducible to Exact Equations

1. Integrating Factor(I.F) found by inspection.

Sometimes a differential equation which is not exact, can be made so on
multiplication by a suitable factor called an Integrating factor, some are
xdy + ydx = d ( xy )
xdy − ydx  y xdy − ydx x
= d   and = −d  
x
2 2
x y  y
xdy − ydx  y
= d  tan −1  etc.,
x +y
2 2
 x
Example Solve y (2 xy + e x )dx = e x dy

2. Integrating Factor of a homogeneous equation.

1
If Mdx + Ndy = 0 be a homogeneous equation in x and y then is an IF
Mx + Ny
(Mx+Ny ≠ 0)
Example Solve ( x 2 y − 2 xy 2 )dx − ( x3 − 3x 2 y )dy = 0
3. I.F. for an equation of the type f1 ( xy) ydx + f 2 ( xy) xdy = 0 .
1
If the equation Mdx + Ndy = 0 be of this form, then is an integerating factor
Mx − Ny
(Mdx-Ndy ≠ 0).
Example Solve (1 + xy) ydx + (1 − xy) xdy = 0
4. In an equation Mdx + Ndy = 0.
M N
−
e
f ( x ) dx
y x
a) If be a function of x only (=f(x) say), then is an integrating
N
factor.
N M
−
e
f ( y ) dy
x y
b) If be a function of y only (=f(y) say), then is an integrating
M
factor.
 2 x13 
Example Solve  xy − e  dx − x ydy = 0
2

 
Problems
1. Solve xdy − ydx + a( x 2 + y 2 )dx = 0
2. Solve ydx − xdy + log xdx = 0
dy x3 + y 3
3. Solve =
dx xy 2