Mohammad Bin Hamad Al Sharqi School

EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Name:

Grade 12 / /

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
Table of Contents
The following table is a list of the 16 grammar categories and sub categories that G12 students need to know to be ready for
the EmSAT. The column on the right gives the page numbers in this booklet that review each objective.

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

a) subject / verb (e.g. He

are is Emirati. My uncle
My cousin playing football.
he is Emirati. I am
a) enjoy
1 Agreement Emirati.)
b) noun / ‘number word’ b) enjoying Pages 8-10
c) enjoys
(e.g. Several new
d) is enjoy
students are from
Salalah.)

We need to use__________books, not

a / the / an; this / that / these / the ones over there.
2 Articles and those (+ one / ones);
a) this
determiners other / another / others; Pages 11-14
possessive adjectives (e.g.
b) that
my, her, his) c) these
d) them

a) many/much/more/
most/few/fewer/
fewest/little/less/least
Can I have a_______minutes to speak
b)
with you?
c) some / any
3 Quantifiers a) less
d) both...and... / neither...
b) few
Pages 15-19
nor / either...or
c) little
e) every / each / all / none
d) several
f) too much/many/few/
little
not enough

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

I usually have lots of energy but I

am tired right now.
a) even
b) much
very, quite, awfully, really, c) not so
pretty, too, fairly, more, d) really
4 Intensifiers
rather, most, still, even, Page 20
much, somewhat, not so, It is common for Emirati
and ever so students to study at university.
a) only
b) ever
c) fairly
d) anything

a) personal pronouns
(subject/object e.g.
they/them; I/me)
b) possessive pronouns Ali and his brother are driving to A l
(e.g. mine, yours, hers, Ain tomorrow, so you can ride with
its) if you like.
5 Pronouns 1
c) reflexive pronouns (e.g. a) it Pages 21-23
myself, herself) b) they
d) indefinite pronoun (e.g. c) you
someone, everyone, d) them
everything)
e) existential pronouns (e.g.
There is, There are)

a) person (that, who, Did you read about the woman

6 Pronouns 2 whom, whose) has 30 children?
(Relative b) thing (that, which, a) who
pronouns) whose) b) what
Pages 24-26
c) place (where) and time c) whom
(when) d) whose
d) relative clauses

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

a) place, time, motion,

agent / instrument
b) verb + preposition + There is no food in the house. I need to
object (e.g. succeed in) go the supermarket.
c) noun + preposition a) from
7 Prepositions (e.g., rise in, problem b) to
Pages 27-31
with) c) between
d) adjective + preposition d) of
(+ ing) (e.g. proud of,
interested in)

a) present simple /
continuous Susan is________________the bus to
b) past simple / work.
continuous a) take
c) present perfect simple b) taken
d) past perfect simple c) takes
8 Verb forms 1 e) present perfect
d) taking
(tense / aspect continuous
/ voice) f) ‘futures’ (will / going to Pages 32-36
/ present continuous) I ________on my homework when
g) passive voice simple she called.
tenses only (e.g., The a) am worked
car was destroyed in b) was worked
the crash.) c) am working
h) imperatives d) was working

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

a) verb + infinitive (e.g.

want to)
b) adjective + infinitive
(e.g. afraid to do)
c) gerund as subject (e.g.
Swimming is… )
d) gerund as object (e.g., I
like swimming.)
e) gerund as object of
Fatima loves____________books on
9 Verb forms 2
(infinitives / preposition (e.g., The the weekend.
gerunds, etc) mayor thanked him for a) read Pages 37-38
giving the speech.). b) reads
f) phrasal verb + gerund c) to read
g) adjective + preposition d) will read
+ gerund (e.g.
interested in buying,
good at driving)
h) causative have/make
(e.g. He’s had his hair
cut.)

_ are you going to the

ball game?
a) question words (who,
a) Who
10 Questions which, what, how etc.)
b) How
Pages 39-41
b) auxiliary word choice
c) When
d) Which

a) ability (can, could, be

able to)
b) obligation / absence of
obligation (must,
mustn’t, have to, I didn’t speak English two years ago,
needn’t, ought) but now I speak very well.
11 Modals c) possibility / probability a) could
(may / might / could) b) ought
Pages 42-48
d) prediction / speculation c) can
(will) d) mustn’t
e) permission (can, may,
could)
f) advice (should)

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

‘zero’ (e.g. If/when you heat

ice, it melts. If the phone
rings, answer it)
‘first’ (e.g. If/When you If there’s a fire, the
press that button, the stairs.
12 Conditionals machine will start.) a) takes
Pages 49-51
‘second’ (e.g. You would be b) takes
healthier if you did more c) taken
exercise.) d) took
‘third’ (e.g. If you had
studied harder, you
would have passed.)

a)
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, I’m going to the beach, I
so don’t plan to go for a swim.
13 Conjunctions b) paired conjunctions a) for
b) but
Pages 52-55
(both… and; not only…bu
also; neither…nor, c) so
either…or) d) also

a) time (after, as soon as, I will return home

before, since, until,
when, whenever, while) I possibly can.
b) place (where, a) because of
wherever)
b) even though
c) reason (as, because,
since)
c) as soon as
14 d) in order to
d) purpose (positive / Pages 56-57
Subordinating
conjunctions negative) (to / in order
to / for / so that) Here in the UAE, you should take
e) condition (if, unless) water with you you
f) comparison (just as) go.
g) contrast (although, a) because
even though, while, b) wherever
whereas) c) in order to
d) even though

My friend Ahmed is the

15 boy in our class.
Comparatives a) adjective and adverb
a) quicker
and b) (not) as… as / than / Pages 58-61
superlatives enough / too
b) quickest
c) more quick
d) too quick

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Categories & Sub-categories Sample Items Pages in this Booklet

a) subject + verb + object Which sentence is correct English ?

+ complement a) My mother bought a
subject + verb + place + book at the store.
time
b) A book my mother
b) question formation
16 Word Order (direct / indirect)
bought at the store. Pages 62-67
c) adjective strings (e.g., a c) At the store bought
very large green my mother a book.
balloon) d) Bought at the store
my mother a book.

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 1: Subject-Verb Agreement

Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is
singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.

In present tenses, nouns and verbs form plurals in opposite ways:

Nouns: ADD an s to the singular form of the noun.
Verbs: REMOVE an s from the singular form of the verb.

The dog chases the cat. The dogs chase the cat.

singular singular pluralplural

-s+s +s-s

Here are five main subject-verb agreement rules:

1. A phrase or clause between subject and verb does not change the number of the subject. Examples:

subject verb

A can of beans sits on a shelf.

prepositional phrase

subject verb

The women who went to the meeting were bored.

dependent clause

The verb were agrees with the subject women, not with meeting.

2. Indefinite pronouns as subjects: Singular indefinite pronoun subjects take singular verbs.
(SINGULAR: each, either, neither, one, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything,
someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything)

Each does a good deal of work around the office.

singular singular

Plural indefinite pronoun subjects take plural verbs. (PLURAL: several, few, both, many)

Both do a good deal of work around the office.

plural plural

Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or plural: with uncountable, use singular; with
countable, use plural. (EITHER SINGULAR OR PLURAL: some, any, none, all, most)

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Some of the sugar is on the floor.

singular singular
Sugar is uncountable; therefore, the sentence has a singular verb.

Some of the pencils are on the floor.

plural plural
Pencils are countable; therefore, the sentence has a plural verb.

3. Compound subjects joined by ‘and’ are always plural.

A pencil and eraser make writing easier.

plural plural

4. With compound subjects joined by ‘or’/’nor’ the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it.

Neither the director nor the actors are following the lines closely.

singular plural plural

5. Inverted Subjects (in questions) must agree with the verb.

What is he doing about that?

singular singular

How are the relatives taking the bad news?

plural plural

Objective 1: Subject-Verb Agreement - Practice A

Adapted from www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp

Choose the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1-My cousin...................playing football.

a- enjoy b-enjoying c-enjoys d-is enjoy
2--My new teacher...................blond hair and blue eyes.
a-is having b-have c-having d-has

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

3-My…..................usually gets up at 6 o'clock.

a-uncles b-uncle c- uncle he d-uncle is
4-Mariam's best..................often borrows her walkman.
a-friends b-friend c-friend she d-friend is
5-Our.............sometimes goes on holiday.
a-bosses b-boss c-boss he d-boss is
6-Their mother.....................in a private company.
a-is a manager b- she a manager c-she is manager d-is manager
7-Their....................often washes the car on Sundays.
a-brothers b-brother c-brother is d- brother’s
8...........................a lot of errors in the student’s essay.
a- there is b- they are c- their d- there are
9- Some horses......................many races.
a- wins b- win c- winning d- is winning
10- Your sister usually......................swimming on the weekend
a- go b-going c-gone d- goes
11- My.........................usually goes to school by taxi.
a- sisters b-sister c- sister she d- sister is
12- My brother usually… to music when he is studying.
a- listens b- listen c- listening d- is listening
13- In some countries, elections......................place every four years.
a- take b-takes c- taking d- are taking it
14- My brother is an accountant. ____________________works in a school.
a-He b- His c- He’s d- He is
15-Ali and Samy......................to the beach to surf with their friends.
a-goes b-go c-going d-is going
16- Our best friend.....................a wonderful holiday in Paris this week.
a-is having b-have c-having d-are having

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
Objective 2: Articles and
Determiners Objective 2.1
Articles

There are only three articles in English: indefinite ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ and definite – ‘the’.
a/an/the
Indefinite articles – ‘a’ and ‘an’
A and an are the indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are
communicating with.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before.
A and an are also used when talking about your profession.
"I saw an elephant this morning."
Use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant. For example, "a city" and "a factory"
"I ate
"I amaanbanana
English
forteacher."
lunch."
Use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel. For example, “an apple” and “an idea” -
"I am a builder."
except when a vowel sounds like a consonant.
For example: “an umbrella” but “a university” or “an open door” but “a one dirham coin”
Definite Article – ‘the’
a. Use the when you know that the listener knows or can understand the particular person/thing you are
talking about.

“The apple you ate was rotten."

b. Use the when you have already mentioned the thing you are talking about.
"Did you lock the car?"
“She's got two children; a girl and a boy. The girl's eight and the boy's fourteen."
c. We use ‘the’ to talk about geographical points on the globe. For example, “the North Pole” and “the equator”

We usually use no article to talk about things in general – “the” doesn't mean all.

"Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)

Common problems of Arabic students with articles:
"The books are expensive." = (Not all books are expensive, only the ones I'm talking about.)
□ Using incorrect articles with countable and uncountable nouns. The most common errors are “the
informations” and “the works/homeworks.”
□ Using an article when none is necessary.

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
o Do not use an article before nouns when talking in general terms. For example: “The Inflation is rising.”
and “The People are worried about rising crime.” (Note! People generally, so no article)

o Do not use an article when talking about sports. For example: “My son plays the
football.” and “The Tennis is expensive.”
o Do not use an article before uncountable nouns when talking about them generally. For example: “The
Information is important to any organization.” and “The Coffee is bad for you.”

o Do not use an article before the names of countries except where they indicate multiple areas or
contain the words (state(s), kingdom, republic, union).
No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England
Use the – the United Arab Emirates, the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United States
of America), the Irish Republic

Objective 2.2: Demonstrative adjectives (this/that/these/those)

Demonstrative adjectives indicate which one of something you are talking about. In English, there are different forms of the
demonstrative adjective according to the number of items and where they are located.

singular plural
closer this these
farther that those

The demonstrative adjective is used directly in front of a noun - there is no article. For example: “this book”
“that book” “these books” “those books”

Is this your book? No, that’s mine over there.

Are these your sunglasses?
Objective 2.2: other/another
Whose pencils are those on the desk by the window?

“Other” and “another” refer to something different, remaining, or additional. They are placed before the noun.
Another is used with singular nouns, other with singular or plural.

There are other jobs you could try. (You don’t have to stick with this one)
Where's the other packet of cereal? (I know that there are two packets and I don’t want this one)
Is there any other bread? (a different type of bread)
Have another cup of tea. (You have already finished one)

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 2.3: Possessive Adjectives (my/your/his/her/its/our/t heir)

A possessive adjective modifies a noun to show ownership. For example: “I'm Lynne. My name's Lynne.”

Possessive adjectives go before their nouns. “Lynne is my name.”

Singular Plural
Personal I you he, she it you we they
Pronoun
Possessive my your his, her, its your our their
Adjective

I have dark hair. She has long hair. They have short hair.
My hair is dark. Her hair is long. Their hair is short.

This is my cake – and you’re not having any of it!

Objective 2: - Practice
Is t his your car? Or is it the other one?
Her father is very sick – she has to go to the hospital.
1- She returned three of my six books yesterday and promised to bring on Friday.
His sister is getting married this weekend.
a- other b- Our
another
house will be built c-others
in Dhaid, next to thed- mosque.
the others
Their
2- We’ll take three cars. You go in s on
one and is studying
we’ll take at university
. in Australia.
a- others b- the others c- another d- the other
3- Some people prefer vegetables while prefer meat.
a- other b- another c- the others d- others

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

4- Who gave you books?

a- that b- these c- they d- this
5- Would anybody like piece of this cake?
a- other b- another c- others d- the others
6-. My cousins and I always enjoy doing the same things. favourite activity is going camping. a-
Our b- Their c- His d- Her

7-. I want to phone Mr. and Mrs. Dennis to say ‘thank you’. Do you have phone number?
a- they b- their c- them d- theirs
8- are my books not yours.
a- This b-That c- These d- Then
9- Can you give me pen, please?
a- that b-those c-these d-there
10- You have got to buy uniform for your new job.
a- an b- a c- zero article d- the
11- Ahmed usually has with his friends in the cafeteria.
a- the lunch b- the lunches c- lunch d- a lunch
12- We need to buy for our living room.
a- chair b- some chair c- a chair d- a chairs
13--Asma and her cousins sometimes go abroad together. favourite country is Holland
a- Hers b-They c- She’s d-Their
14-I use new computer to write stories.
a-me b-mine c-my d-I
15-Princess Rania has become famous for her work with______________children.
a-a b-the c-an d-zero article
16- Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa.
a- a b-an c-the d- zero article
17- _ Soviet Union disappeared after 1989.
a- a b-the c-zero article d-an

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 Objective 3.1: Graded Quantifiers

Many /much/
Quantifiers function like comparatives more/
and hold few/ position
a relative less /little
on a/least /most
scale of /fewest
increase or decrease.
INCREASE With plural countable nouns: many more most
With uncountable nouns: much more most
DECREASE With plural countable nouns: few fewer fewest
With uncountable nouns: little less least

There are many people in England, more in India, but the country with the most people is China.
Objective 3.2: Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns
Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent on national defence.
(a little/a bit/no/none/a few/a number/some/several/a
Few rivers great deal/a lot/ a large
in Europe are not polluted.
number/plenty
Fewer people of/lots
die young now than of)
in the seventeenth century.
Thephrases
Adjectives and adjectival countrythat
with the fewest
describe people
quantity are per square
shown kilometre
below. must
Some can bego
only Australia.
with countable nouns
Scientists
(friends, cups, people), have
and some canlittle
onlyhope of finding
go with a complete
uncountable cure fortea,
nouns (sugar, cancer before
money, the year
advice). The words in the
middle column can be used 2000. Shecountable
with both had less time to study thannouns.
and uncountable Paul but had better results.
She seemed
Only with uncountable nouns Withthe least worried
uncountable andofcountable
everybody in the room.
nouns Only with countable nouns
a little a bit no/none
-
a few
a great deal
a number several
a large amount of
a large number
- some a lot a great number of
plenty of -
lots of

+ noun

I had a little money left, so I bought a book.

I looked for the coffee, but there was none left.
I tried to book tickets to fly to Doha, but there were none left
He wanted to buy a lot of video games, but he only had enough money for a few.

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

I only have a bit of time left before the exam.

He had a greatObjective 3.3: Quantifiers
deal of money before he spent it all on a house.
He has several friends who have motor bikes.
He said there would be plenty of Some
seats, butand
thereAny
were only a few empty chairs in the hall.
Some and any are used with countable and uncountable nouns, to describe an indefinite or incomplete quantity.

Some is used in positive statements:

I had some rice for lunch.

Some is used in situations where the question
He's gotnot
is a request
some booksfor information,
from the library.but a method of making a request,
encouraging or giving an invitation:

Could I have some books, please?

Any is used in questions and with not in negative statements:
Would you like some milk with that?
Have you got any tea?
Objective 3.4: Both ... and.., Neither ... nor.., Either ... or...
I haven’t got any shoes to wear to the interview.
Both … and They haven’t got any more information about university courses.
Subjects connected by 'both … and' take a plural verb form.

Both Alice and Janice attend USC.

Either … or Both Jim and Peter are attending the conference in New York this weekend.
'Either … or' is used in sentences in a positive sense meaning "one or the other, this or that, he or she, etc." Verb
form depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to the verb.

Either Peter or the girls need to attend the course. (second subject - plural) Either
Jane or Matt is going to visit next weekend. (second subject - singular)

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Neither … nor
'Neither … nor' is used in sentences in a negative sense meaning "not this one nor the other, not this nor that, not he
nor she, etc". Verb form depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to the main verb.

Neither Frank nor Lilly lives in Eugene. (second subject - singular) Neither
Objective 3.6: Each, Every, All and None
Axel nor my other friends care about their future. (second subject - plural)
Each
We use “each” to talk about the individual people or things in a group. The group has a definite and often small
number.

Each prize-winner can choose a book.

Every
We use “every” to talk about each individual (or period of time), including all individuals (or periods of time.)
Every requires a singular noun

Every school student needs to sit the EmSAT exam.

All
Every year the results get better.
We use ‘all’ to mean the entire number, every individual. All
requires a plural noun (where the noun is countable)

All parties are exciting, I think.

All students in the UAE need to sit the EmSAT exam.
None
We use none to mean no part, not one, no one or nothing.

NoneToo
Objective 3.6: of themany/much/few/little/not
students want to take exams. enough
I wanted some coffee, but there was none left.
Too many / too few
We use ‘too many’ when we want to express a meaning of more than enough, more than necessary We use
‘too few’ when we want to express a meaning of less than enough, less than necessary.

We use ‘too many’ and ‘too few’ with countable nouns.

There were too many guests in the room and too few chairs
There were too many difficult questions on the exam and too few easy ones!.

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Too much / too little
We use ‘too much’ when we want to express a meaning of more than enough, more than necessary We
use ‘too little’ when we want to express a meaning of less than enough, less than necessary. We use ‘too
much’ and ‘too little’ with countable nouns.

Is there too much sugar in that coffee for you?

Not enough...
I have too little money in the bank to buy you a new computer.
We can use ‘not enough’ instead of either ‘too little’ or ‘too few’. We
use ‘not enough’ with countable and uncountable nouns.

There were too many guests in the room and not enough chairs.
I don’t have enough money in the bank to buy you a new computer game.

Objective 3 - Practice
1 – There is milk left in the fridge.
a- any b- a little c- many d- a few
2- Could you buy me________stamps, please?
a- many b- a few c- a little d- several
3-- Are there students in your class?
a- many b- much c- a little d- some
4-You shouldn’t drink coffee.
a- too many b- few c- too much d- a lot
5-The children have warm clothes for this winter.
a- much b- a little c- enough d- too much

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
6-Are there people in the park?
a- many b- much c- a little d- lots
7-Could I have tea please?
a- several b- some c- many d- much
8- “Can I have some salt?” Sorry, we don’t have .
a- any b- many c- none d – some
9- Would you like milk in your coffee?
a- some b- many c- a few d- a lot
10- Don’t pay attention to what he says.
a- a few b- some c- many
d- any
11- There isn’t cheese left in the fridge. We have to get some. a-
any b- some c- many
d-no
12- Can I have more of that tomato soup? I am really hungry. a-
few b- many c- some
d- several
13- Do you have any fresh bread? No, I am sorry. We don't have left.

a-some b-no c-any

d-much
14- There is time to get to the airport.
a- a few b- most c- many
d- little
15- We had money left, so we went out for a meal.
a- a little b- any c- a few d- many
16-Would you like _ orange juice with breakfast?
a- a few b- many c- any d- a lot
17- He doesn’t have close friends and often feels lonely.
a- much b- many c- little
d- a few
18- He eats junk food to stay healthy.
a- too little b- too few c- too much
d – too many
19- She doesn’t have money for her taxi fare home.

a- enough b- many c- few

d- little
20- We don’t have snow here.
a- many b- much c- very
d- few
21 – There are ___cars on the roads of Dubai.
a- too much b- too many c- not enough
d- too little
22 – Eating _ is just as bad as eating too much.
a- too b- too many c- too few
d- too little

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
23- I asked two people the way to the station, but of them could help me.
a- one b- either c- both d- neither
24- We couldn’t buy anything because of the shops were open.
a- all b- either c- none c- nothing

Objective 4: Intensifiers (fairly/quite/rather/so/too/very/extremely/a bit/a little)

An intensifier is an adverb which is used with adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used with verbs. We say
it modifies the adjective or adverb which means it makes the meaning stronger or weaker.

The following words are commonly used as intensifiers: fairly, quite, rather, so, too, very. The intensifier comes before
the adjective or adverb it describes (“The music was very loud.”). ‘Very’ and ‘extremely’ make the meaning of an
adjective or adverb stronger. ‘Rather’, ‘pretty’, ’fairly’ and ‘quite’ make it a little bit stronger.
‘A bit’ and ‘a little’ make it weaker.

I am very happy.
In these examples, very modifies the adjective happy, quite
The film wasmodifies the adjective good, rather modifies
quite good.
You
the adverb well, and so modifies the adverb soon. did that rather well.
Must you leave so soon?

Objective 4: Intensifiers - Practice

1 I usually have lots of energy but I am tired right now.
a-even b-much c-not so d-really
2-It is __________common for Emirati students to study at university.
a- only b-ever c-fairly d-anything
3- I love your shirt! Yes, I’m pleased with it myself.
a-rather b-even c-enough d-much
4- Her voice is beautiful. Do you think so? I think she sounds awful.
a- ever b horrible c-any d-very

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
Objective 5.1: Pronouns

Subject Pronouns: I/you/we/they/he/she/ it

Object Pronouns: me/you/us/them/him/her/ it

Non-defining Pronouns: someone/anyone/everyone/no-one/something/

anything/everything/nothing/somewhere/anywhere/everywhere/nowhere/
somebody/anybody/everybody/nobody
Possessive Pronouns: mine/yours/ours/theirs/his/hers/its
Reflexive Pronouns: myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves
Subject Pronouns
I, you, we, they, he, she, and it are the subject pronouns. They are followed by verbs

I am hungry
You must stop talking, now
Object Pronouns She drinks too many sodas in a day
We went to the funfair yesterday
me, you, us, them, him, her, and it areThey
the object pronouns.
have spoken They
to him follow
about thatabefore
verb orIta preposition
isn’t the most important thing in the world
Give it to me now!
Take us to the airport, please I
Non-defining Pronouns haven’t seen them for a while
Tell him to call me when you see him
Non-defining pronouns: some/any/every/no +I one/thing/where/place/body
want her to see it for herself

There is something strange about that situation Is

there anything you want to tell me?
Everyone wants to meet the new boss There’s
nowhere open to visit on a Monday afternoon
Can anybody else do it?
There must be someplace we can go!
23

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Possessive Pronouns
Mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers and its refer to possession. They are not followed by a noun.

“Is this my book?” “No, it’s mine. Look, here’s my name in

Reflexive Pronouns
it.” Take that sandwich, it’s yours.
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves and itself are used in reference to a pronoun that has
Look at the photos of the house. It’s all ours now that we’ve finished paying for
already been used.
it. “Is it the red one?” “No, the blue one is theirs.”
I did
“Are you sure it’s his? it all bymine
I thought myself
was the green
Objective
It looks 5: Pronouns
great! I can’t believe you made -Practice
it yourself
one.”
He That’s
said hehers. The to
wanted onedowith
it bythehimself
green top.
1-Open the door. It’s . She went on that trip all by herself
a- I b- they It would be cheaper if we painted it ourselves
c- me d- she
Yes, it’s true. They thought of it themselves It
2-Aisha, Nora and Hind were angry because looks good on hadthe
waited
wall ages for the bus. a-
by itself
them b- she c- they d- it
3- Is that your book on your desk? Yes, it is .
a- mine b- me c- my d- I
4- Asma and her cousins sometimes go abroad together. favourite country is Holland.
a- Hers b-They c- She’s d-Their
5- My brother is an accountant. works in a school.
a- He b- His c- He’s d- He is
6-The people living next door are friendly. I like a lot.
a- they b- them c- their d- theirs

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

7-Waleed’s car is red. is blue.

a- My b- He c- Mine d- Me
8-Hamad watched his children carefully as crossed the street.
a- they b- us c- them d- him
9-This is not your book. is older.
a-Your b-Yours c- You d- I
10 _ of the boys offered their help to the old lady.
a- Another b- Each c- All d- One
11-Hold the bag please while I put the shopping in .
a- him b- it c- she d- I 12-We are going
soon, so you can come with .
a- we b- them c- they d- us
13-Thank you for helping _. I’m very grateful.
a- me b- he c- she d- they
14-I wonder why Salem rushed off. Did you upset ?
a- he b- him c- we d- they
15- hope those flowers are for me.
a- We b- Them c- I d- Him
16-David stopped the car when he realised was making a strange noise. a-
its b- it c- she d- he
17-At that shop you can’t buy for less than 80 dirhams.
a- nothing b- something c- anything d- everything
18-Ali would like to invite _ _ to his wedding.
a- you b- I c- they d- she
19-I didn’t see at the gym. The place was empty.
a- somebody b- anybody c- nobody d- someone
20-Please tell the salesman at the door that we don’t want to buy .
a- nothing b- something c- anything d- anyone
21-Mr Smith, is here to see you.
a- no one b- someone c- anyone d- others
22-Check in that bag. I bought you .
a- nothing b- something c- everyone d- anything
23-My brother is the________wearing the red shirt.
a- one b- few c- most d- several

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
Objective 6: Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are supporting, or subordinate clauses in multi-clause sentences. They are
introduced using relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to
make a complex sentence.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns:

Function in Reference to
the sentence People Things / concepts Place Time Reason

Subject who, that which, that

Object (that, who, whom) (which, that) where when why

Possessive whose whose, of which

Can be left out of a clause

Relative clauses can be either ‘defining’ or ‘non-defining’

Defining Relative clauses:

Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of a subordinate clause which gives some specific information about
the main clause.
In defining relative clauses the sentence does not make sense without the subordinate clause.

This is the house that Jack built.

Relative pronoun used as a subject:
I don't know the day when Jane plans to marry him.
This is the house
Mikethat hadtells
never extrame
rooms added
where he on last year. People
is going.
Relative pronoun used as an object:
who eat pop-corn during
Friends the movie
are people whoused to annoy
never me.down
let you
1) When referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun can sometimes be left out in the object position:

24
EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

This is the man (who / that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
The library didn't have the book (which / that) I wanted.
I didn't like the book (which / that) John gave me.
This is the house (that) I lived in when I first came to the US.

2) Whom is most commonly used following a preposition.

I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English. It can be used with both people and things:
I don’t know to whom you were speaking.
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel.
that / who
The book whose author is a famous actress has become a bestseller.
Referring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to refer to someone in general:

He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.

However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
Objective 6: Relative clauses - Practice
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
1. Neil Armstrong was the man was the first human on the moon.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
2. The man___________father was sent to prison lives in my home town.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
3. The story, was written by Najeeb, will probably win an award.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
4. The pilot is flying the plane is very clever.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where
5. Ali is the student can answer these questions.
a- who b- whose c- which d- where

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

6. This is the house in I live.

a- who b- whose c- which
d- where
7. I saw a sick old man _____ _ could not walk.
a- who b- whose c- which
d- where
8. This is the bus _ I came on.
a- who b- whose c- which
d- where
9. The pupil is clever succeeds every year.
a- who b- whose c- which
d- where
10. Fatima, mother makes lovely cakes, has invited us to tea.

a- who b- whose c- which

d- where
11-The computer I bought last week is already broken. a-
which b- who c- when
d- whom
12-This is the house my grandfather was born. a-
which b- whenc- who
d- where
13-The man bought our house has just won 2 million Dhs.
a- who b- whose c- whom
d- how
14-The cake I've just baked is too hot to eat. a-
when b- where c- who
d- that
15-The books are on the desk are mine.
a- where b- whose c- that
d- when
16-The teacher _________ we all like is ill today.
a- how b- whom c- whose
d- which
17-The man car broke down went to the station. a-
whose b- who__c- that 18-This is the place __
d- whom
_________________________we usually meet.
a- when b- why c- where
d- that
19- The house they have rented is in the centre of town. a-
who b- where c- which
d- whose
20- That is the place____________my cousin works.

a- whose b- where c- which

d- whom
21-He is the man wife died last week.
a- whose b- where c- who
d- which
22-I really enjoyed the time we went to that Italian restaurant.

a- who b- when c- whom

d- which

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

23-The student _ the teacher punished last week is still angry.

a- whose b-which c-when d- whom
24-He bought all the books are required for the course.
a- that b- who c- where d- whose
25-I remember the day I graduated like it was just yesterday.
a- which b- who c- when d- whom

Objective 7: Prepositions: at/in/on/of/about/for/to/with/between

A preposition tells us where something is or the direction in which something is moving. Some
prepositions are used after certain verbs, nouns and adjectives.
at, on and in (time)
Use at to talk about a point in time:
at 4 o'clock at 10:45 at breakfast

Use at in the following expressions

at the moment, at the same time, at night

Use in to talk about a period of time

in 2003
Use on to talk about days and dates:in July in the winter in the morning in the middle of the day
th
on my birthday on July 4 on Saturday on Tuesday afternoon
in, on and at (place)
In
Use in to talk about places that surround us:
in a room in a city \ town in a taxicab

On
Use on to talk about places that something is touching something else:
Hang the picture on the wall over there
He placed the ring on her finger Look
at all the words on the page!
The book is on the table

At
Use at to talk about places that something is near and for some special places where we go to see people or
do something:
at the bus stop the door
at theatdoctor's
home at school at the end of the road at the mall at

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Prepositional verbs

A prepositional verb is a verb + preposition.

Using of
A language consists of many different parts
I don’t approve of letting children watch too much television I
can’t think of anything to talk about

Using in

Using at I don’t believe in fairy stories

If you want to succeed in life you need to work hard
Using about Don’t laugh at me! Help me get up
Look at that little girl, her dress is so cute!
Try not totalk
You shouldn’t about
point people– behind
at people it’s rudetheir backs
Stop complaining about everything and try and sort things out
Don’t worry about your exams so much – Relax!
I must ask about the plans for the weekend
We’ll speak about this later
Come and sit here – I want to hear about your news I
want you to think about what you need to do
They wondered about what would happen to the old school

Using for
Hurry up! I’m not waiting for you any longer
I must apologize for being late. I took the wrong road
You have to pay for those at the cash desk
I must ask her for the recipe – this cake is delicious!
Using on

Using to Be quiet! I’m trying to concentrate on my homework

I’m depending on you to give me all the information you have
offer decide want hope deserve promise agree plan manage afford
threaten refuse arrange rely on forget
You have tofail your family tolearn
get you through
seem difficult times. tend
appear pretend
claim talk write listen

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Noun + Preposition

Use noun + for

Use noun + of A cheque for (a sum of money) a demand \ a need for a reason for

Use noun + in An advantage of starting early is that it allows you to finish early
A disadvantage of sending your children to private school is that it is very expensive Not
Use noun + to An your
brushing increase
teeth in population
after every mealisisnecessary for economic
a major cause growth is
of dental problems
A decrease in the valueofof
A photograph HistheHighness
dollar could be dangerous
is in every school infor thethe local economy A
Use noun + with If
rise there
in is
global any damage
temperatures to the
could car,
be you will
dangerous havefor to pay
the for it.
environment
country My favourite picture of my mother is on my mobile
Have youinreceived
A fall the yourofinvitation
number road to the graduation
accidents is the aim ofceremony,
the traffic yet?
police
phone A mapaofgood
I had the world is essential inmy
relationship every school
Use noun + between He claims he has the solution towitheveryone’sfatherproblems.
‘A plan of action is what is neededHetofeltsorta this
real out‘, he saidwith
connection enthusiastically,
his studiesoften ‘and a drawing of the
The key to fitness is eating well and exercising She
A They
relationship
have between
had no you two
contactbuilding
people is
with him the
alwaysfirst
hasstep’
a few difficulties The
can give the answer tosince
your he left home
question Are
road connection between Dubai and Fujairah is fast and reliable.
In reply toyouyourfamiliar
email, with
may the way to12.30pm
I suggest my house? on Thursday?
Contact between them became impossible after their argument A
I really don’t think that your reaction to their announcement was appropriate.
difference of opinion between friends is only natural sometimes
Your attitude to the decision was terrible!

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Adjective + Preposition
Use adjective + of.........to+ verb

Use adjective + about / with/ for It was nice of her to collect it for you
It was kind of them to invite you to their wedding
Use adjective + of He was annoyed
It was good of at him
me for missing school
to apologise
They weregenerous
It was furious withof herhimto for
buytaking
you suchthe ancarexpensive
without permission
gift It
Use adjective + at He was angry wasIswith
there
meanything
polite offor he’s
nottostudying
you afraid
say ‘thank hardof?
you’enough at school
He’s frightenedthemofmy tomice,
newI project.
I am think
It very
was excited
stupid ofabout argue so loudly He’s
Use adjective + for I’m very
a bitof Are
proud
worried you
aboutgood
of my at
no
histhe sports?
absence
exam resultsrecord
She’s
It was
No, I’m silly
very you
bad to borrow
atofanything that car without
involves permission
running
She’s aware
very upset the challenges
about her that face
mother’s her around
illness
We are They
tiredI’mof theWhat
better at
same exactly
word
old is he
games
sandwiches famous
than team
every for?
games
day for
Who isofare very nervous
responsible for about
this mess?what theyitwill
Clean saylunch,
We I’m
up immediately
sick listening to him complain
are so happy about getting good grades at school all the time
Use adjective + in They are sure of one thing, they will never go on holiday there again
There’s one person you can always be certain of – your mother
Are you interested in teaching as a career?

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 7: Prepositions - Practice

1.Could you explain this rule me?

a- to b- of c- from d- for
2.I’ve been looking my keys everywhere, but I can’t find them.
a- from b- at c- for d- about
3. He is writing________a pen instead of a pencil.
a- with b- to c- from d- by
4. You should try to be there six o'clock at the latest.
a- to b- on c- at d- on
5. What he said reminded me what my father used to say.
a- to b- for c- with d- of
6. Please be quiet, I'm trying to concentrate my book.
a- for b- to c- on d- with
7. I get up............7.00 every day.
a-at b-in c-on d-for
8. I usually go out Thursday evenings.
a-at b-from c-on d- in
9. You should apologize arriving late.
a- for b- to c- at d- on
rd
10-David’s new restaurant will be open the 23 of August.
a- in b- at c- on d- to
11. The students are sitting________the classroom.
a- to b- at c- on d- in
12. Are you afraid spiders?
a- from b- to c- for d- of
13. That sports car belongs________my brother.
a- to b- about c- for d- in
14. You can drive from here the shopping centre in under 10 minutes.
a- at b- in c- for d- to
15. Not many people are interested_________grammar.
a- on b- at c- to d- in
16. She is not very good tennis.
a-at b- in c- on d- from
17. She accused me breaking her sunglasses.
a- of b- at c- on d- for

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 EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

18. The noise from downstairs prevented me sleeping.

a- to b- for c- about d- from

19-We are all responsible the success or failure of this project.

a- from b- for c- in d- of

20-.My sister is suffering a terrible toothache.

a- about b- on c- of d- from

Objective 8: Verb Forms I

8.1 Verb Tense Overview

Simple Present and Present continuous

Use
We use the present simple for talking about habits and routines; talking about things that are always
true or permanent; and for talking about a state

We use the present continuous for talking about things that are happening now, at this moment; for talking about
temporary situations that are happening around about now; for talking about definite plans for the future.

Simple Past and Past Continuous I go to school every day

She wears too much make-up
Use
The sun
We use the past simple to describe a completed comes
action up past.
in the every morning
We use the past continuous to describe
I usuallyanwalk
ongoing activity
to school, butintoday
the past;
I amtotaking
decribe
thesomething
bus that was happening
in the past when another action interrupted it.
She is going to the shops
They are eating hot dogs.
I went
We visit ourtograndmother
the market yesterday
most Saturdays
I saw
I’m seeing theher last week
Principal on Thursday
I was walking down the street when I noticed it was raining She
was listening to the radio as she was driving her car While I was
eating lunch I got a text message from my mother

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Future tenses ‘Will’ and

‘Going to’ ‘Future
Continuous’

Use
We use will or will not (won’t) to talk about general plans for the future, to predict events using our beliefs,
knowledge and guesses or to make a spontaneous decision about the future.

We use present forms – the present continuous and 'going to + verb - to talk about definite plans and intentions, to
talk about future events with a present reality or to predict events when there is evidence for something about to
happen.

We use the future continuous to talk about things that will be happening in the future.

I'm definitely having a holiday this year – I need a break.

Perfect tenses I'm going to book it on Tuesday.
present perfect simple and continuous I can’t decide. I know, I think I’ll have a coffee.
What are you having?
I know her, she won't go!
I'm sure I'll get married one day.
I havetobeen
Past perfect simple and continuousIt's going rainstudying
any minuteEnglish foratfive
– look years.
those clouds.
I have studied English in several different
It will be raining all weekend according to the weathercountries.
report.
I will be driving all night to get there on time
Future perfect simple andI continuous
had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S. I
had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.

I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive I
will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.

33
 8.2 Passive Voice
Form of Passive Subject + to be + Past Participle
Examples:
Mistakes are made all the time.
A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
the form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Ali writes letters

Passive: Letters are written by Ali.
Simple Past Active: Ali wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Ali.
Present Perfect Active: Ali has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Ali.
Future I Active: Ali will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Ali.

Use
The passive voice is used when the focus is on the action, not the person or thing doing the action. The
person or thing doing the action is not important or is not known.

In the examples above, the focus in the first sentence is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know,
however, who did it. In the second sentence, it is My bike was or
unimportant stolen.
unknown who invented chocolate or when.
We just know it Chocolate was invented in South America
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You
have made a mistake.). A mistake was made.

8.3 Imperatives

We use imperatives for different reasons, such as telling people what to do, giving instructions and advice,
making recommendations and suggestions, and for making offers.

We use the infinitive to form the imperative.

affirmative sentences negative sentences

Come here, please. Don't come now, please.
Help your father, please. Don't play on the computer, please.
Clean the bathroom, please. Don't clean the living room, please.

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 8 : Verb Forms - Practice

1. I up at seven o'clock yesterday.

a- got b- gets c- get d- have got
2. What tonight? Anything special?
a- have you doing b- are you done c- are you doing d- do you
3. I wish you________me about the party. I would have bought something nice for them.
a- told b- had told c- have told d- were telling
4. While Majid_________the film, somebody stole his jacket with his wallet in it.
a- watched b- was watching c- was watched d- watching
5. John and Mary living in London when they got married.
a- did b- was c- have d- were
6. I'm sorry, I________understand what you said. Could you say it again?
a- haven't b- wasn't c- didn't d- hasn't
7. How long have you waiting?
a- been b- be c- being d- were
8. The play before we got to the theatre.
a-was starting b- had started c- has started d- starts
9. Give me a call when you home.
a- are getting b- got c- get d- have got
10. Mohammed swimming with his friends next Thursday.
a- went b- is going c- going d- has gone
11. A student last month for cheating in the exam.
a- dismissed b- would be dismissed c- was dismissing d – was dismissed
12. I'm not interested in seeing that film. I it before.
a- was seen b- have seen c- was seeing d- have been
13. When I was a child, I a toy that looked like a dragon.
a- had b- was had c- was having d- have
14. You need a lot of qualifications a doctor.
a- being b- been c- to be d- be
15. The programme at three o'clock tomorrow.
a- finish b- finishes c- finished d- has finished
16. Please me when you get home tonight.
a- phoning b- phoned c- are phoning d- phone
17. I don't know what I _ doing at three o'clock. I can't remember.
a- were b- have c- was d- did
18. Don't make so much noise. Fatma _ to study for her math test.
a- tries b- tried c- is trying d- try

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
19. Since they got married in 1966 , the AL Kasim family had 5 children.
a- is having b- have c- having d- has

20. Sorry, he can't come to the phone. He a bath!

a- has b- is having c- having d- had

21. A new hotel in the centre of town.

a- is being built b- built c- is building d- building
22. This is the best pizza I . I must get the recipe.
a- have ever had b- am ever having c- have been had d- will never have
23. What _ _ you doing when I rang last night?
a- did b- were c- was d- have
24. We all our money already. Please send us some more!
a- spend b- spends c- spent d- have spent
25. Which university next year?
a- are you going to join b- shall you be joining c- will you join d- would you join
26. At seven fifteen this morning, I down the corniche when I saw my teacher. a-
was walked b- walked c- was walking d- walking
27. Look! It again .Why does it always snow so much in Germany?
a- ’s snowing b- snow c- ’s snow d- snows
28. There are a couple of people to see you, Dr Johnson. Shall I send them in? a-
waited b- are waiting c- have waited d- waiting
29. She the house since 9 o’clock .
a- is cleaning b- has cleaning c- has been cleaning d- been cleaning
30. Jassem his blue jeans today, but usually he wears a kandora.
a- wear b- is wearing c- wears d- wearing
31. It’s so hot in here. I turn the air-conditioning on.
a- will b- will be c- am d- am going to
32. Shakespeare _ many very famous plays and poems.
a- write b- writes c- wrote d- have written
33. Water at zero degrees.
a- freezes b- is freeze c- is freezing d- freeze
34. everyone finished the exercise? Can we continue?
a- Was b- Had c- Did d- Has
35. Sorry I'm late. I'm afraid my bike .
a- has been stolen b- were stolen c- being stolen d- be stolen
36. Most shops _ closed by the time I got to the shopping mall last night. a-
has b- would c- had d- was

38

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 9: Verb Forms II

9.1 Verbs Normally Followed by an Infinitive

These are the most common of the verbs followed by a to-infinitive.

I asked to see the book.

9.2 Common Adjectives Followed by an Infinitive
I begged him not to drive so
fast He chose to ignore my
Example: I am eager to see
advice you
Adjective
I expect to pass Infinitive
all my exams next year
It helps to start revising early
afraid determined frightened
I want ready
to do well in my exams
alarmed disappointed furious relieved
amazed distressed glad reluctant
angry disturbed happy sad
anxious eager hesitant scared
ashamed ecstatic interested shocked
astonished embarrassed intrigued sorry
careful encouraged lucky surprised
curious excited pleased touched
delighted fascinated prepared upset
depressed fortunate proud willing

9.3 Gerunds
Gerunds can be thought of as verbs in noun form. Like nouns, gerunds can be the subject, object or
complement of a sentence.

Parachuting costs a lot of money.

9.4 Gerunds as objects of prepositions: I don't like writing.
My favourite occupation is reading.

James is not known for studying.

He failed his last exam on identifying the parts of speech.

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9.5 Phrasal verbs + gerund

I am used to standing in line.

Don't plan on finishing it soon.
He will take care of sending it to you.
Let me look after mailing the tickets..

Objective 9.1: Verb + Infinitive or Verb + Gerund - Practice

1 - I ‘m not keen on tennis.
a-play b-playing c- to play d- played
2 - I enjoyed them again.
a-see b-will see c-to see d-seeing
3 – Let me you.
a-help b- helping c- to help d- helps
4 – The scientist wants his hypothesis.
a-prove b- proving c-proved d-to prove
5 – The teacher asked Mona carefully.
a- listened b-listening c-to listen d-listens
6 - Would you like ?
a- come b-coming c- to come d- came
7 – He refused________me the car.
a-lent b-lending c- to lend d- lend
8 - She taught me it.
a- do b- to do c- doing d- did 9 - I don't feel
like a film.
a- watching b- watch c- to watch d- have watched
10 - Do you mind it with you?
a- take b- took c- to take d- taking
11 – We are trying this problem.
a- to solve b- solving c- solve d- solved
12 - He stopped when he got married.
a- to smoke b- smoking c- smoked d- smoke
13 - Remember her at lunchtime.
a- call b- to call c- calling d- will call
14 - She made us the whole house.
a- cleaning b- clean c- to clean d- cleaned

15- the country to study is a very hard feeling.

a- Leave b- Left c- Leaving d-Living

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 Objective 10a: Question Words (who/what/when/where/how/which)

Question words are used to ask about specific qualities, times, places, people, etc. They are different from yes / no questions
(Do you live in France?). This chart provides question words, the use and example sentences. Study the question words,
understand the uses and then look at the examples. Try to think of a few examples of your own.

Who
Use: Asking about people
What
Use: Asking about things or activities Who do you like?
Who studies Russian?
What does he do at weekends?
What is that?
What kind of / type of
Use: Asking about specific things or characteristics
What type of car do you drive?
What kind of person is he?
What time
Use: Asking for a specific time
What time is it?
What time does the show begin?
What ...like
Use: Asking about characteristics
What was the weather like?
What is Mary like?
When
Use: Asking about general or specific times
When do you like going out?
When does the bus leave?
Where
Use: Asking about places

How Where do you live?

Where did you go on vacation?
Use: Combined with many words to ask questions about specific characteristics, qualities, quantities, etc. For
example: How much (price, quantity), How long (length), How often (frequency)

Which How often do you go to the movies?

Use: Asking to specify a thing or person from aHow long of
number wasthings
the film?
or people
How much does it cost?
Which book did you buy?
Which boy won the race?

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Objective 10a: Question Words - Practice

1. time is it now? It’s nine o’clock.

a- What b- Where c- When d- Why

2. is reading in the library? Sue is reading in the library. a-

Where b- What c- Who d- When

3. does Mary get up in the morning? At six o’clock. a-

Why b- When c- Where d- Why
4. are you going? I’m going to the market.
a- Who b- When c- Where d- What

5. is your school? It is near the post office.

a- Where b- What c- When d- Why

6. did it take you to finish the exam?

a- How often b- How far c- How long d- How much

7. luggage are you going to take?

a- How much b- How many c- How d- How far

8. should we go before we find a place to stop and rest for a while? a-

How often b- How much c- How far d- How

Objective 10b: Auxiliary Word Choice in Questions (be/do/have)

Auxiliary verbs are conjugated depending on the subject of a sentence. Here are a few examples of auxiliary
verbs: be, do, have. Here is a quick overview of auxiliary verb usage:

1. Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

In questions, if there is an auxiliary verb (be, do, have, will, can, should, etc), it is placed before the subject:
I’ve lived here a long time. ~ How long have you lived here?
The house was built a long time ago. ~ When was the house built?
I can see the Sydney opera House from my window? ~ Can you see the bridge too?

Note that if there is more than one auxiliary verb, only the first one is placed before the subject: I will be
living in Geneva next year. ~ Will you be living in Geneva next year?
I could have moved there last year. ~ Could you have moved there last year?

2. Be or have as main verbs:

When be is the main verb, there is similar subject-verb inversion:
She was happy when she was living in London. ~ Was she really happy when she was living in London?

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
When have is the main verb, we normally form the question with Have …….got? or Do …..have…..? Simple
subject verb inversion is possible, but it sometimes sounds rather formal or unnatural.
Compare the following:

3. do / does
I love animals. I have two cats at home. ~ Have you a dog? / Have you got a dog? / Do you have a dog?
As you know,I have
wea normally
sister, butuse
she’s
do younger
or does +than me. ~ to
infinitive Have
formyou any younger
questions (doesbrothers? / Have
for the third yousingular,
person got any he, she,
younger brothers?
it / do for all other persons, I, you, we, they): / Do you have any younger brothers?
4. did
Do you like music? – Yes, I do.
Does Henry?
The same rules apply when using did in the simple - Yes, it
past tense; heisdoes.
normally used for making questions:
What kinds of music do you like? - I quite like reggae, but I don't care for garage very much.
Did you go and visit your family last weekend? - Yes, I did.
Did you see everybody? - No, I didn't.
They travelled to England last year. Where did they travel last year?

Objective 10b: Auxiliary Word Choice - Practice

1. Where you from?

a. are b. do c. is
2. she a teacher?
a. Is b. Does c. Are
3. Where you yesterday?
a. are b. were c. was
4. Where she born?
a. is b. was c. were
5. When you last speak to Tom?
a. did b. do c. were
6. there any cheese left?
a. Are b. Is c. Do
7. there many people in the theatre last night?
a. Was b. Did c. Were
8. you come here often?
a. Do b. Does c. Are
9. How long it take to get there?
a. is b. are c. does
10. Where you this morning?
a. were b. are c. is

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Objective 11a: Modals of Ability [can/can’t/could/couldn’t/be able to/(not) be able to]

Can is often used to express ability.

Subject + can/cannot (can’t) + base verb is used to show ability in present time
I can speak three languages.
They can run faster than me.
Negative forms: cannot or cannot; contraction-->can't

Past ability and possibility: could and couldAndy

not;can't come to class tomorrow.
contraction-->couldn't
I cannot learn to play a musical
When Tom was little, he could speak English and Spanish. Jerry instrument
couldn't – it’syesterday
come to work too difficult
because he was sick.

Question forms and short answers:

Can Gary play the piano too? Yes, he can.
Can animals reason like humans? No, they can't.
To be able to is also used to express ability

Subject + to be able to + base verb is used to show ability in past and present time. It has the same meaning
as can.
Affirmative Sentences
Brad is able to see the board without glasses.
They’re able to translate the letter if you want.
We were able to swim when we were children
She was able to talk before she was one.
Negative Sentences
I’m not able to write any more on that topic.
She is not able to cook anything complicated
We were not able to speak English before we went to school. He
was not able to play football until he practiced regularly
Questions
Are you able to go shopping in a foreign country?
Were you able to drive a motorbike when you were fourteen?

Modals + be able to: Modals such as should, will, might, may, and be going to can be used with be able to.
I will be able to get my driver’s license after I pass the written test and the driving test. We

should be able to arrive in Corpus Christi by 11:00 if we leave San Antonio at 8:00.

I think you might be able to set up the computer on your own without the help of a technician.

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Objective 11a: Modals of Ability - Practice

1) A good 1500 meter runner _ run in the race in less than 2 minutes.
a- can b- could c- was able to d – couldn’t
2) I run at all. I’m very unfit.
a- can b- couldn’t c- wasn’t able d – can’t
3) When I was younger I speak better Italian than now.
a- could b- can c- am able d – couldn’t
4) In the end Jessica to save for her hi-fi equipment.
a- could b- was able c- can d – is able
5) He walk at three, but then he became a famous mountaineer.
a- wasn’t able b- couldn’t c- can’t d – was able
6) play a musical instrument?
a- Could you b- Can you c- Are you able d – Can’t you
7) I______________understand why you won’t let me.
a- couldn’t b- could c- be not able to d – can’t
8) Although it contains many difficult words, I read this book now.
a- can b- could c- able to d – was able to
9) __ ________ speak a foreign language is always useful when you go abroad.
a- Be able to b- Being able to c- Can d- I can
10) You must swim if you want to come on the boating holiday with us.
a- be able to b- can c- to be able to d- will be able to
11) There was a fire in his office but he escape through a window.
a- can b- could c- could to d- was able to
12) My grandfather was an excellent athlete. He run a mile in just over four minutes. a-
can b- could c- couldn’t d- is able to
13) The doctor says he will never______________play tennis again after his accident.
a- can b- could c- be able to d- is able to
14) After his car crashed he was so confused that he tell the police who he was or where he was going. a-
could b- couldn’t c- didn’t could d- wasn’t able to
15) I live alone because I come and go as I please.
a- can b- to can c- being able d- be able to
16) The police ran after the burglar, but she get away from them.
a- was able to b- could c- has been able to d- was being able to
17) I read this – it’s in Spanish.
a- can b- am able to c- can’t d- could

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Objective 11b: Modals of Obligation (must/mustn’t/have to/don’t have to/ought

to/ought not/need to/need not)

Must is used to express necessity or obligation.

You must improve your spelling.
You must get up early.

Must or need to are often used when the obligation comes from the speaker. When the obligation comes
from somewhere else, have to is often used.

I must go on a diet. I (It is my own idea) (I

need to call my father I feel the obligation)
have to go on a diet.
(The doctor has told me to go on a diet)

Ought to expresses moral obligation.

We ought to respect our neighbours.
You ought to know better.

Absence of Obligation

1. We use must not or mustn't to express that something is forbidden.

2. We use don't have to, need not,InorAmerica,

needn't toyou must
show notthere
that driveis your car on the left.
no obligation.
In England, you mustn't drive your car on the right.
You don't have to study now; you can do it later.
Objective 11b: Modals of Obligation - Practice
Children need not/needn't drink milk more than twice a day.
1. In California, you have a driver’s license to drive a car.
a. has to b. must c. don’t have to d. must not

2. While you are driving, you listen to the radio. It’s not necessary.
a. doesn’t have to b. must c. don’t have to d. must not

3. If you plan to take a long trip in the car, you get a full tank of gas or you might
run out of gas!
a. should b. don’t have to c. has to d. must not

4. When you are putting gasoline in your gas tank, you _ smoke! It is forbidden.
a. don’t have to b. must c. have to d. must not

5. It’s not a good idea to talk on a cell phone and drive at the same time. Drivers do that.
a. should b. must c. shouldn’t d. have to

6. In some states, it is illegal to talk on a cell phone in your car. Those drivers use phones
in their cars.
a. don’t have to b. must c. have to d. must not

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7. If you plan to take a long car trip, you _ take a cell phone with you in case of
emergencies. It’s a good idea.
a. should b. must c. shouldn’t d. must not

8. Drivers on the freeway be very careful because UAE freeways are dangerous.
a. has to b. must c. don’t have to d. must not

9. People who ride horses take their horses on the freeway. That would be a
stupid thing to do!
a. have to b. must c. don’t have to d. must not
10. In California, you have a driver’s license to ride a bicycle.
a. have to b. must c. don’t have to d. must not
11. When driving on the freeway, drivers go faster than the speed limit, or they might
get a speeding ticket!
a. don’t have to b. must c. doesn’t have to d. must not
12. Drivers _ be kind to other drivers on the road. It’s a good thing to do.
a. should b. must c. shouldn’t d. must not
13. But drivers be kind to other drivers on the road. It’s a choice, not a law.
a. don’t have to b. must c. doesn’t have to d. must not
14. In the UAE, a driver wear a seatbelt. It’s the law.
a. have to b. must c. doesn’t have to d. must not
15. Motorcycle riders wear helmets in most countries.
a. should b. must c. shouldn’t d. mustn’t
16. Motorcycle riders _ wear a leather jacket. It’s their choice.
a. have to b. must c. don’t have to d. mustn’t
17. Drivers have sunglasses for driving. They make it easier to see, but they’re not necessary.
a. have to b. don’t have to c. shouldn’t d. mustn’t
18. When a driver sees an ambulance or fire truck coming, the driver move to the right
side of the right side of the road to get out of the way.
a. have to b. must c. should d. mustn’t
19. A bus driver_________________have a special license to drive passengers. They pass a test for this license.
a. should b. must c. doesn’t have to d. mustn’t
20. Passengers on a bus ___ __ ____________smoke. It is against the law.
a. should b. must c. don’t have to d. mustn’t

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Objective 11c: Modals of Possibility/Probability

must/might/may/could
"Degree of certainty" refers to how sure we are-what we think the chances are-that something is true. If we are sure that
something is true in the present, we do not need to use a modal. For example, if I say, "Mariam is sick," I am sure; I am
stating a fact that I am sure of. My degree of certainty here is 100%. If I am asked "Why isn't Mariam in class?" and I am
not sure of the reason, I can respond in the following ways:

She must be sick.

Here, I am 95% sure that she is (not 100%)
Objective 11c: Modals of Possibility/Probability - Practice
She may be sick.
Here, I am 50% sure that she is.
1. Bob English 1 next term. If he
Shedoesn’t,
might beI don’t
sick. think he can graduate.
a. could take Here, I am lessc.than
b. may take 50%
must takesure that she is. d. can take
She could be sick.
2. Judy Here, I that book next
am stating week.
a mere guess. This is a very weak degree of certainty.
a. might reads b. mights read c. may read d. may reads

3. Bill _ ESL 65 next year.

a. may teaches b. mays teach c. might teaches d. might teach

4. Carol may a movie tonight.

a. seen b. saw c. sees d. see

5. The test difficult.

a. may being b. could be c. might been d. could will be

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 11d: Modals of Prediction

"Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might
happen in the future. If we use going to, there is usually some evidence to support the prediction.

I think it will rain later

(a guess based on a feeling I have)
With ‘I believe’, ‘I’m sure’, ‘I think’, we usually use will or won’t as we may not have any evidence to
support our prediction. It’s going to rain later
(I can see black clouds in the sky)
Liverpool won’t win the FA Cup this year – their team isn’t good enough. (a
prediction basedIon
think you will
my own pass. and feelings
knowledge
I believe
Chelsea are goingshe will
to win score the highest.(I
the Championship.
Objective 11e: Modals of Permission
I’m sure they will win the match.
know they have enough points)

can/could/may
Can, could and may are used to ask for permission. Can, could and may are almost identical when used as modals
of permission. Can is considered more informal than could and may. Since can, could and may are modals of
permission, they are used in questions. The modals of permission are usually used with questions involving "I" or
"we." However, they can be used in questions that ask permission for everyone except the person or people that one
is asking. Examples:

Can I have some candy, please?

Could you close the window, please?
May I have a cup of tea?
Can we leave now?
Could you keep the noise down, please?
May I have a glass of water, please?
Could they do it instead of me?

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Objective 11e: Modals of permission - Practice

1. No, you _ leave the class without permission.

a. couldn’t b. may not c. can d. cannot

2. I bring my juice in class?

a. Can b. May c. Be allowed d Can’t

3. Bring your bike. You leave it in the school’s garden.

a. may b. can c. could d couldn’t
4. Children under six leave the room without permission.
a. might b. might not c. could d can

Objective 11f: Modals of Advice (should)

‘Should’ is the modal for advice. It is used to give advice for or against something.
Note that “should” can be understood as the present or future tense when used as a modal of advice.

He shouldn’t exercise in hot weather.

You11f:
Objective should talk to your
Modals mother. -
of Advice Practice

Complete these sentences. Use "SHOULD" + one of these verbs:

clean go read visit watch wear

1. When you play tennis, you the ball.

2. You look tired. You to bed.

3. You your teeth after every meal.

4. The city museum is very interesting. You it.

5. When you are driving, you a seat belt.

6. The new Harry Potter book is a good book. You it.

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 Objective 12: Conditionals (if...)

1. Zero Conditional: certainty

We use the so-called Zero Conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.
Example: Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes
water). You would be surprised if it did not.

IF condition result

present simple present simple

If you heat ice it melts.

Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an
absolute certainty. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result.

2. First Conditional: A real possibility in the future

A First Conditional sentence is one connecting two possible future actions, where one must take place before the
second is possible.

IF Condition Result
present simple WILL + base verb
If She gets good marks, She will go to university.

We are talking about the future, but we use the present tense for the condition and the ‘will’ future tense for the
result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university.

If youadvice,
We also use the first conditional to give someone don’t want
to makeit, I’ll have it. or a request or to give someone
a suggestion
an order. If they are late, we’ll start without them.
If he drives too fast, he’ll have an accident.
If we don’t set off soon, we’ll arrive after the film starts.
If you don’tPresent
3. Second Conditional: Imaginary tidy yourorroom, I’ll take
Unlikely away your Gameboy.
Future
If you don’t mind, I’ll close the window as I’m rather cold.
The Second Conditional can be used to talk about imaginary present situations, where we are imagining something
different from what is really the case. We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to
happen, as the condition is unlikely to be met. We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result.
IF Condition Time Result Possibility
past simple present WOULD + base verb impossible
If I had the time, I would learn Italian. I don't have the time, so I'm not going to learn Italian.
past simple future WOULD + base verb unlikely
I won the I would travel around the There's a very small chance of winning the lottery, so
If lottery, world. the trip is unlikely

If I were younger, I would go and live in a different country. If

we had more money, we would buy a new house.
If she passed her exams, she would go to university.
If they saved more money, they would be able to buy a new car.

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4. Third Conditional: Imaginary Past
The Third Conditional is used when we are talking about the past and imagining something different from what
actually happened:

Condition Result What actually happened

Past Perfect WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If I had known, I would have helped. I didn't know and didn't help.

If I hadn’t gone to bed so late, I would have woken up in time for my flight. If
she hadn’tObjective
eaten all that12: Conditionals
chocolate, - Practice
she would have A skin.
had very good
If they had saved more money, they would have had enough to buy a new car.
1. If people were a little moreIftolerant, .
we hadn’t missed the plane, we would have been on holiday now.
a- our world would have been a better place
b- our world would be a better place.
c- our world will be a better place

2. If my father had locked his car properly, . a-

his car would never have been stolen.
b- his car will not be stolen. c-
his car would not be stolen.

3. If the ozone layer disappears a little more, we . a-

ran a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.
b- would run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.
c- will run a much higher risk of attracting skin cancer.

4. I would never feel comfortable on a plane if . a-

I know it's the pilot's first time to fly a plane.
b- I knew it was the pilot's first time to fly a plane.
c- I would know that it's the pilot's first time to fly a plane.

5. A dog will never bite you if .

a- you will look it straight in the eyes.
b- you look it straight in the eyes.
c- you looked it straight in the eyes.

6. The first thing I will do is drive to Spain if

.
a- I would get my driving license.
b- I got my driving license.
c- I get my driving license.

7. If John hadn't responded in such an aggressive manner, he

.
a- will never have had a black eye.
b- won't have a black eye.
c- would never have had a black eye.

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018

Objective 12: Conditionals - Practice B

Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) .
3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete.
7. Okay, I (get) _ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would tell everybody.
9. She (help) you if you had only asked her.
10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.

Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

1. If I stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.

a- am b- will be c- were d- had been
2. If we'd seen you, we
a- stop b- will stop c- stopped d- would have stopped
3. If we _ him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
a- meet b- will meet c- met d- had met
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he the tools.
a- has b- will have c- had d- had had
5. If you drop the vase, it __ __ ___ __ __ __
a- breaks b- will break c- broke d- had broken
6. If I hadn't studied, I the exam.
a- do not pass b- will pass c- had not pass d- wouldn’t have passed
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I a driving license.
a- have b- had had c- will have d- had
8. I to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
a- don’t travel b- won’t travel c- didn’t travel d- wouldn’t travel
9. We'd be stupid if we him about our secret.
a- tell b- told c- will tell d- had told

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EmSAT Grammar Study Guide 2017/2018
Objective 13a: Coordinating Conjunctions

for/and/nor/but/or/yet/so
A conjunction is a joining word, a word that connects (joins) parts of a sentence.

The Coordinating Conjunction

And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet—these are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember all seven,
you might want to learn this acronym: FANBOYS.

F = for
A = and
N = nor
B = but
O = or
Y = yet
S = so

and
“And” links two noun phrases.

We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. but

(sentence + sentence)
The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday.

or (verb + verb)
Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin?

so (sentence + sentence)
I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early

for (independent clauses)

She was a good leader for she could delegate well.

Nor
negative clause + affirmative clause which has a negative meaning

He hasn’t written, nor has he called me. (Note that the subject and auxillary verb are inverted
after nor).

Yet
joins two contrasting ideas

I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate daily.

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Objective 13a: Coordinating Conjunctions - Practice

1. The bus stopped _ the man got off.

a- and b- but c- or
2. We stayed at home ate there.
a- and b- but c- or
3. I wanted to buy a newspaper didn’t have enough money. a-
and b- but c- or
4. He’s so nice he doesn’t have enough money. a-
and b- but c- or
5. Do you want tea coffee?
a- and b- but c- or

Use so, but, or, nor and and complete the following sentences.

1. I’m going to go shopping on Sunday buy some new clothes.

2. I’ve just eaten dinner I’m not hungry.
3. I love to travel I hate traveling by bus.
4. Betty’s just got a promotion at work _ she’s very happy.
5. I like living in the city my brother prefers living in the country.
6. I paid too much for this coat, I needed it to stay warm.
7. I don’t enjoy scary movies, do I like comedies.

Fill in the appropriate coordinating conjunction in the sentences below. You may use the following
conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Use the correct punctuation in the correct place in
the sentence.

1. The small dog had little hope for recovery her owner believed she would be well in time
for the dog show.
2. Would you rather go to France on vacation do you want to stay at home?
3. The traffic was heavier than usual _we were late for our appointment.
4. In our home, we encourage our children to save their money they do not learn the value of saving
money in school.
5. He was not young or in very good shape we believed the man would win the marathon.
6. The shirt was neither inexpensive was it the correct size.
7. I have finished this lesson _I feel comfortable using coordinating conjunctions.

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Fill in the gaps with the appropriate coordinating conjunction from the choices in the brackets.
1. I opened the door looked out. (and, yet)
2. She was not in the back yard, was she upstairs. (or, nor)
3. The sun had set, _ it was still light outside. (or, yet)
4. Do you know his address telephone number? (but, or)
5. He has not arrived yet, have they. (and, nor)
6. I read the book, did not understand it. (but, or)
7. We searched diligently, found nothing. (or, yet)
8. I invited him his friends. (and, but)

Objective 13b: Paired Conjunctions

Correlative (paired) conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in
different parts of a sentence. For instance, in the following example, the expression either ... or is used to indicate that
the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternative choices of action.

Either you should study harder, or you should take a different course.
The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are both ... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the table
below, each pair of correlative conjunctions is accompanied by an example of its use.

both ... and He is both intelligent and good-natured.

either ... or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor He is neither rich nor famous.
not only ... but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.

Important Points About Paired Conjunctions

1. Both words in the conjunction should be present. Do not leave out one part of the conjunction.
INCORRECT: Paul is not only tall but strong.
CORRECT: Paul is not only tall but also strong.

2. When a singular and a plural subject are joined by the pair-word conjunctions either/or, neither/nor and not
only/but also (NOT both/and), the verb will agree with the subject closest to the verb.
INCORRECT: Neither his brother nor his sisters was there.
CORRECT: Neither his brother nor his sisters were there.
CORRECT: Neither his sisters nor his brother was there.
3. Elements joined by pair-word conjunctions should be parallel.
INCORRECT: I like both reading and to write.
CORRECT: I like both reading and writing.

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Objective 13b: Paired Conjunctions - Practice

1. He is neither my uncle ___ __ _ my cousin.

a. and b. or c. but d. nor
2. Mariam and Ahmed can swim.
a. As b. Neither c. Either d. Both
3. For lunch, you may have chicken or fish
a. both b. neither c. not only d. either
4. You will have to buy the blue shirt the red. They don’t have the green one in your size.
a. neither, nor b. both, and c. neither, not b. either, or
5. The book was neither interesting well written.
a. or b. and c. nor b. either

Use paired conjunctions to complete the following sentences.

1. Roger Carlos knows how to speak Russian.

2 did the man lose his keys, he _ lost his wallet.

3. my uncle my cousin live in San Diego.

4. You will have to take biology geology next semester.

5. Maybe I should take biology geology.

6. I don't like science classes. I want to take biology geology.

7. My sister is going to England _ Ireland this summer.

8. My brother cannot take a vacation. He is going to England Ireland.

9. If she has enough time, she will go to Las Vegas _the Grand Canyon.

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Objective 14: Subordinating

Conjunctions
when/whenever/after/until/before/since
where/wherever
because/since/as
to/in order
to/for/so/that
if/unless just as
although/even though/while/whereas

Subordination uses a subordinating conjunction to make one clause dependent on another. The dependent
clause is subordinate to the independent clause.

I can’t go to the cinema until my mother comes home.

Independent Clause Dependent Clause

The list of subordinating conjunctions is long, but here are some of the more common ones:
Relationship Conjunctions Examples
When  I will phone you when I arrive.
Whenever  I promise to help you whenever you ask.
After  My uncle always calls after he watches the news
Time
Until  I never knew what happiness meant until I met you..
Before  Before you go, sign the log book.
Since  I have been working as a teacher since 1986.
 I know a place where blackberries grow wild all along the
Where roadside.
Place
Wherever  Wherever you can find an empty spot, just drop your
luggage there.
 The cat took off in a panic because the dog started
barking and growling.
Because
 Since you have to leave early, why don't you arrive a few
Reason Since
days earlier too?
As
 As I work six days per week, I can’t even find time to
see my friends.
 I’m travelling to Egypt to visit my family.
To  I’m working hard in order to pass my exams with
Purpose In order to flying colours.
(positive/ negative) For  Most of the visitors were happy just sitting in the
So that shade, for it had been a long trip on the train.
 I’m learning English so that I can get a better job.
 If my ticket doesn't arrive today, I won't be able to fly out
If
tomorrow.
Condition Unless
 He won't listen to you unless you make him turn off the
radio and look at you.
 It is a waste of energy to be angry with a man who
behaves badly, just as it is to be angry with a car that
Comparison Just as
won’t go.

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□ Although I have called repeatedly, the credit

card company has not corrected my account.
Although
□ He still brings her roses even though he knows she
Contrast Even though is allergic to them.
While □ Bob is very tall while Bill is very short.
Whereas □ I like to go out, whereas my husband likes to stay
at home.

If you look carefully at the example sentences, you'll notice an important punctuation rule that applies
to subordination: Place a comma after, but not before a dependent clause.

Therefore, whether or not you use a comma depends on the order of clauses in the sentence
After the final touchdown, the fans stormed out onto the field. (Dependent clause, comma, independent clause) The fans
stormed out onto the field after the final touchdown. (Independent clause, no comma, dependent clause)
Objective 14: Subordinating Conjunctions - Practice

1. it was raining, I didn't get wet.

a. Although b. Because c. Just as d if

2 Mona couldn’t buy any Eid presents, she didn't have any money.
a. whereas b. because c. to d even though

3 my wife likes to travel abroad, I prefer to stay at home for my vacations.

a. Whereas b. As c. Since d So that

4 Jerry passed the exam first time, _ I had to retake it three times.
a. as b. even though c. although d. while

5 I will be late today, my car has broken down.

a. because b. though c. even though d. unless

6 Fatima doesn't speak English, she can't go to university in Canada.

a. Whereas b. Since c. Whenever d. After

7 Aliya got the job, she had no experience.

a. as b. whereas c. even though d. until

8 I don't drink coffee, it makes me nervous.

a. while b. although c when d. because

9 Some apples are red, ____________others are green.

a. so that b. unless c. while d. wherever

10 The ship could not move there was no wind.

a. since b. In order to c. just as d. even though

11 Surfing is fun it can be dangerous.

a. as b. in order to c. because d. although

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12 I took my umbrella it was raining.
a. in order to b. whereas c. just as d. unless

13 You should stay away from bears_____________they are dangerous.

a. because b. even though c. while d. after

14 Deer are cute they eat all your flowers.

a. although b. for c. because d. wherever

Objective 15a: Comparative and Superlative adjectives

Comparatives and Superlatives are special forms of adjectives. They are used to compare two or more things. Generally,
comparatives are formed using -er and superlatives are formed using -est. This part will explain the rules for forming
comparatives and superlatives, and also show some basic ways of using them.

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

How these forms are created depends on how many syllables there are in the adjective.

Adjective form Comparative Superlative

Only one syllable, ending in E. Add -R: Add -ST:

Examples: wide, fine, cute wider, finer, cuter widest, finest, cutest

Only one syllable, with one vowel and

Double the consonant, Double the consonant,
one consonant at the end.
and add -ER: and add -EST:
Examples: hot, big, fat
hotter, bigger, fatter hottest, biggest, fattest

Only one syllable, with more than one

vowel or more than one consonant at the Add -ER: Add -EST:
end. Examples: light, neat, fast lighter, neater, faster lightest, neatest, fastest

Two syllables, ending in Y. Change Y to I, then

Change Y to I, then add - ER:
Examples: happy, silly, lonely add - EST:
happier, sillier, lonelier
happiest, silliest, loneliest

Use MORE before Use MOST before

Two syllables or more, not ending in Y.
the adjective: the adjective:
Examples: modern, interesting, beautiful
more modern, more most modern, most
interesting, more beautiful interesting, most beautiful

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Use
Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than, or you can use a
conjunction like but.
Fatima is taller than Ghaya.
Superlatives are used to compare more than two things. Superlative sentences usually use the, because there is
only one superlative. Ghaya is tall, but Fatima is taller.

Equatives - As...As Sana is the tallest in the class.

The structure "as...as" is used to compare thingsand
Ghaya is tall, thatFatima is taller,
are equal. but Sana is the tallest.
For example:
Ahmed is 163cm and Ali is 163cm. Ahmed is as tall as Ali.
This house is 40 years old, that house is also 40 years old. This house is as old as
Objective 15a: Comparative/Superlative Adjectives - Practice
that house. Bach's music is as good as Mozart's.
Spring is as warm as fall.
1. Joe is than Ed. (short)

2. Al is the (short)

3. Ed is the (thin)

4. Joe is _ than Ed. (happy)

5. Joe is Ed. (energetic)

6. Joe walks than Ed. (fast)

7. Al laughs than Ed. (loud)

8. Ed gets than Al and Joe. (angry)

9. Al and Joe wear clothes than Ed. (smart)

10. Ed works than Al and Joe. (hard)

1. It's than I thought.

a. good b. better c. gooder d. best
2. Brazil is England.
a. big than b. bigger as c. bigger than d. big as
3. She is in the class.
a. the best b. best c. better than d. as good as

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4. I'm not as successful she is.

a. as b. like c. than d. that
5. That French restaurant that we went to yesterday was the Italian restaurant we always go.
a. more expensive b. the more expensive c. as expensive as d. as expensive than

6. She finished than everyone else.

a. more quickly b. quickest c. quickly d. as quickly as

7. It was test I have ever done.

a. the most hard b. the harder c. the hardest d. as hard as

8. There were people at the game than expected.

a. many b. more c. most d. the most

9. This is the kitchen I've ever seen.

a. dirtiest b. dirtyest c. dirtier d. as dirty as
10. She talks you do.
a. the most b. as more as c. the more d. more than

Objective 15b: “too” and “enough”

Enough means a satisfactory amount or degree.

I'm so busy, I haven't got enough time.
Do you have enough potatoes?
Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs:
This jacket isn't big enough for me.
She speaks English well enough to go to an American university.
Enough usually comes before nouns:
We have enough money to buy our own apartment.
We often use enough...for, especially with people and things. For example:
This job isn't good enough for her.
We have enough time for a quick lunch.
Enough...to infinitive is also a common structure. For example:
She's old enough to drive a car.
We have enough time to eat some lunch.
Too means more than enough, an excessive amount or degree. Too usually means there is a problem. For
example:
This room is too
hot. He eats too

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Too is also used with for: For example:

This book is too simple for me
Our apartment is too small for us.
Too...to infinitive is also a common structure. For example:

Too does not have the same meaning as very.This book is too easy to study.
Our apartment is too small to live in.
My desk is very big. (This is just a comment on the size of my desk.) My
Objective
desk is 15b:is“Too”
too big. (There andwith
a problem “Enough” - Practice
the size of my desk.)

1. That man is poor to buy a car.

a. enough b. too c. very

2. I am just tired to work anymore.

a. too b. very c. enough

3. Is this box light for you to carry?

a. very b. too c. enough

4. Do you have money for emergencies?

a. enough b. too c. very

5. We don’t get enough sleep because we have

much to do. a. too b. enough c. very

Objective 16a: Word Order

Huda sent the book to Rami.
↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
S V O C

The correct order for sentences is (S) subject – (V) verb – (O) object – (C) complement. If there are complements of place
and time, use the (P) place complement first and the (T) time complement second:

Some birds fly south in winter

↕ ↕ ↕ ↕
S V P T

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Objective 16a: Word Order – Practice

Put these sentences in the correct order.

1. in a garage/parks/Mr. Hodges/his car.

2. a parking place/ near the shops/ they/ found.

3. enjoys/swimming/in our pool/ she.

One of the three sentences in each group is correct. Choose the correct sentence.

a. I go everyday there.
b. I go there every day.
c. I everyday go there.

a. He’s been since three o’clock here.

b. He’s been here since three o’clock.
c. He’s here been since three o’clock.

a. I went last week there.

b. I went there last week.
c. I there went last week.

a. Do you come here often?

b. Do often you come here?
c. Do you here come often?

a. It was this morning on the radio.

b. It was on the radio this morning.
c. It on the radio was this morning.

a. We’ll have the answer soon.

b. We’ll have soon the answer.
c. We’ll soon have the answer.

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Objective 16b: Question Formation

When we are reporting questions (indirect questions), the subject comes before the verb.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Where are you going?" REPORTED
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
SPEECH: He askedquestions,
We do not use the auxiliary verb do in reported me where I was going. in negative questions.
except
DIRECT SPEECH:
DIRECT "Who doesn't
SPEECH: "Why like
is hecheese?"
shouting?"
YES / NO QUESTIONS
REPORTED
REPORTED SPEECH: She
SPEECH: asked
He me who
asked me didn't
why like
hecheese.
was shouting.
We report yes / no questions with if or whether.
DIRECT
DIRECTSPEECH:
SPEECH:"Do youdo
want
youme to come?"
"What want?"
REPORTED SPEECH: I asked him if he wanted me to come.
REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what he wanted.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Have you fed the dog?" REPORTED
SPEECH: She asked me whether I had fed the dog.
WHO, WHAT, WHICH
When we report questions with who, what or which + to be + complement, the verb "to be" can come before or
after the complement.
DIRECT SPEECH: "Who is the champion?"
Objective
REPORTED SPEECH: She 16b:
asked me who the Question Formation
champion was - Practice
OR She asked me who was the champion

Choose the answer that is the correctDIRECT

exampleSPEECH:
of reported speech
"What (indirect
is your questions).
favourite colour?"
REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what my favourite colour was OR She asked me what was my favourite colour
1 Khulood asked Mohammed, "Have you been studying English very long?"
a. Khulood asked Mohammed had he studying been English.
b. Khulood asked if Mohammed had been studying English very long.
c. Khulood asked Mohammed if he had been studying English very long.
d. Khulood asked Mohammed if he had very long been studying English.

2 Samira asked me, "May I borrow your English dictionary?"

a. Samira asked me if may she borrow my English dictionary.
b. Samira asked me if she could borrow my English dictionary.
c. Samira asked me if could she borrow her English dictionary.
d. Samira asked me could if she borrow her English dictionary.

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3 Monica asked Ron, "Are you going to visit Cambodia?"

a. Monica asked Ron if is he going to visit Cambodia.
b. Monica asked Ron if visited had he Cambodia.
c. Monica asked Ron if was he going to Cambodia.
d. Monica asked Ron if he was going to visit Cambodia.

4 “Who put salt in my coffee?” he asked.

a. He asked who had put salt in my coffee.
b. He asked had who put salt in his coffee.
c. He asked who put had salt in his coffee.
d. He asked who putted salt in his coffee.

5 “Are you sorry for what you did?” the mother asked the little boy.
a. The mother asked the little boy are you sorry for what you did.
b. The mother asked the little boy if he was sorry for what he did.
c. The mother asked the little boy if was he sorry for what he had done.
d. The mother asked the little boy if he is sorry for what he did.

Objective 16c: Adjective Strings

In English, it is common to use more than one adjective before a noun - for example, "He's a silly young fool,"
or "she's a smart, energetic woman." When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right
order, according to type.

An opinion adjective explains what you think about something (other people may not agree with you).
Opinion Examples: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult

A size adjective, of course, tells you how big or small something is. Examples: large, tiny, enormous,
Size little

An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Examples: ancient, new, young,
Age old

A shape adjective describes the shape of something. Examples: square, round, flat, rectangular
Shape

A colour adjective, of course, describes the colour of something. Examples: blue, pink, reddish, grey
Colour

An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Examples: French, lunar, American, eastern,
Origin Greek

A material adjective describes what something is made from. Examples: wooden, metal, cotton, paper
Material

A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjectives often end with "-ing".
Purpose Examples: sleeping (as in "sleeping bag"), roasting (as in "roasting tin")

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Some examples of adjective order

Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose

a silly young English man

a huge round metal bowl

a small red sleeping bag

Objective 16c: Adjective Strings - Practice

1. Which is the correct order?
a - a small Canadian thin lady b
- a Canadian small thin lady c - a
small thin Canadian lady d - a
thin small Canadian lady

2. Which is the correct order?

a - a carving steel new knife b
- a new steel carving knife c - a
steel new carving knife d - a
new carving steel knife

3. Which is the correct order?

a - a beautiful blue sailing boat b -
a blue beautiful sailing boat c - a
sailing beautiful blue boat d - a
blue sailing beautiful boat

4. Which is the correct order?

a - an old wooden square table b -
a square wooden old table c
- an old square wooden table d
- a wooden old square table

5. Which is the correct order?

a - an new French exciting band b -
a French new exciting band c
- an exciting French new band d
- an exciting new French band

6. Which is the correct order?

a- a red big plastic hat b - a big red plastic hat
c - a plastic big red hat d - a big plastic red hat

7. Which is the correct order?

a - a small Japanese serving bowl b - a Japanese small serving bowl c -
a small serving Japanese bowl d - a serving small Japanese bowl

8. Which is the correct order?

a - a cotton dirty old tie b - a dirty cotton old tie
c - an old cotton dirty tie d - a dirty old cotton tie

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