Arons Kito’ Mozecuces (sree 2 ere, gat bach &?) Lot's Slat with some definitions — + Atoms : The smallat entity 0 an clement, which shows the properties 4 that clement. » Molecules : The smallest entity & a compound. - Wow, all thee reactions and combmation were going on, So we weeded to find some laws thal can govern the chemical reactlons = Gaitu love foetbal, but when he doesn't know the laws of foolbae then — how will he © play Lang Or Cuemicac Comereavio : This (aw woo eatablished after the experiments by, Zavotslee and Toseph 2. Proust. # The chemical reaction between lwo or more subslana gis rite to produds which Is govemed by, conlain, Cows Called Lowy 44 Chembat Combination.Lin Or Consegvarrer Or Mase > During chemical reaction, the tolal mas ef reactants will be equal “jo the ‘otal mas of the products . > Mass Can éither be crealed nor destroyed fn a chemical veadion, - > Example: A(readanl) + 8(reacdant) —> AB ( product) mass f A + mas = mas % AB. Lang Or Cosy “Prorogsaits : In a Chemica reaction, Compounds always conan the Same elements pruent fn dejintte proporlions by rma nwapective of thei Sou « © Tt woo qien by Lael. oF example : () 18 gm af HzO - 2 qm H hydrogen + 16 gm of ongen > Mass 0 hydrogen/mass of oxygen = 2/6 = 1/2 i) 36 gm of HO = 4 gm HY hydrogen + 32 gm oH oxygen > Mass 6 hydrogen /mmass Of oxygen = 4/32 = fa itt) 9 gm 8 HD = 1m o hydmgn + Bgm 6% oxygen a | hydrogen [mass Of Oxygen = a/s «This vesifies (aw 6 constanl —proporifons aa the valle o& mass 65 hydrogen to. Onygen fs always © Same.Picron's Krome Weory- "Every matter is made ae oo th tide . wor a i mi up Of Very Sm im Paw ‘Atoms axe vet divisible and carmel be created or deitroyed th a Chemical veaclion. ‘All atoms of a given element ane same fn size, mass and chemical propertics. "Moms of different cements one dilffewenl in sie, mass and Chemical — propatties. "Atoms Combine in the ratio 6 a small whole number to form compounds. +The yolative number and Kinds 4 atoms ane constant in a given Wmpound . x Atoms ot fara anh ; Aros - Smalial unt of an element — May or may not exist independently , bul takes paxt fn chemical veaclion. - Rodius an atom is Atomic Radia , generally, tn nanomeleu.Symbol 64 allem, OThe first Gl of a symbol is always wrilien as a capital ate (a et te Coed Glin. a2 a senate fae. (lauded, Tor example : Hydwogen(H) 5 aluminium (Al), Cobalt (Co). > Some other symbols have been laken from the name 5 dlements in Latin, German or Greek. For eg.: Te from its Latin name furum, Sodium is No. {rom valvium, potasdum is KK {yom kalium, Hlemest Symbol Cae al cu Nitrogen N Fluorine F Oxygen Q Gold Au Potasstum K Hydrogen u Silicon st lodine 1 Silver Ag Tron Fe Sodium Na Lead Pb Sulphur Ss Magnesium = =Mg Uranium u Neon Ne Zine Za Avome Mars > The max o an alom uy an cement ie calted fie atomic mais. >The otomt maw unit ts defined an the quanlity af mass equal fo 4/42 of macs of on alom of carbon- 12. tamu or U= 1 x Mass an atom CR. 7 iy % oF 24 Vu = 166 x Wo kg. y Atooc Mass Oe Some Lerorimir Ecemenrs (usally asked in_exam’)Hydrogen 1 Carbon 12 Nitrogen 14 Oxygen 16 Sodium 23 Magnesium 24 Sulphur 32 Chiormne 35.5 Calcium 40 t Molewies ay maa oat A molecule 1s tn genenal a group of two ov move aloms thal axe Chernivally bonded together . ~ A molecule ts the smallul particle of matter(except element) which ts Capable & an Independent existence and shows alt properlies of thal Subelance. > €.g: 'H,0" & the smallat ponticle of water which shows all the Propedia =f waken. ¥ Molecules H Elemenis : + BB elements st introvert at EB ar wer exet a oF vee cq Oh, Introvert , FT at si oe ag Few. ge OF TS 5 at pond said, & yorm F exil oe St, Morecucs OF €xemearg + Molecula of an clement axe conslituled by the Same type H atoms. * Number atoms consittuling a molecule is called fis atombity, * Molecules 6 some elements contain only one —_alom (rmonoatomic ). ‘Molecules of some ements contain only two atoms (diatomic).Triatomic|Poly atomte Mono atomic] Pilate mic Phosphorus P, , Helfum He, | ttydrogen H2,| Ozone O3; Sulphur S, Copper Cu, | Oxygen 0, Krypton Kr, | Nitrogen Na Silver Ag, Carbon C Wolewutes 6 Compounds > Aloms 6 different elements jofn togethen in definite proportions fo form molewile of 2 >For eq. a rmnolecule 6{ water consists 6{ two aloms of hydrogen and one alom 0 oxygen 40 form a trialomic mokule +H,0. foits - Compounds composed melats and non-metals contain charged eo The Charged Species are known a» Tons. - fin fon ts a charged pontice and can be negalively or positively charged .(" &) - A negatively charged fon ts called an ‘anton’ and the positlvely Changed lon, & ‘Cation. “Tons can consist o a Single charged atom or a group of atoms thal haa a net charge on them — Called Polyatomic Ton.() Cation s It ts positively charged fon and ts formed by the logs = one ov more “efectrons. from an adorn. «Tor example + Sodium atom, loses one electron 10 form a sodium fon Na Na — e- — Na+ (i) Anions Tt ts a negatively charged fon and ts (ormed by, by the gain of one or more electvons by an atorn. + for eg.3 Chlorine atom gains one eecivon fo form @ Chlorine ton cr. Cl +e => ele VWazency ‘The Comblring capadly { an element {s known ao tls Valeney . *Valency fs uoed to find out how the atom of an element will Wombine with the atom of anolnex dement to form a chemical Wompound. (Gvery atom wants G bewme Stable, to do so tt may lose, gain or Shoxe dectrors. ) - Tf an atom consists of 1,2 or 5 elechrons in its valence chelt then its valeney 1s 1,2 or 3 rapedively, -T§ an atom constsls of 5,6 or F electrons fn the outenmost shee, then it will gain 3,2 or 1 Wedron rapectively. and its vatenag. will be 3,2 or 1 repectively . -If an atom hoo 4 electrons in the oulenmost shell then It will shave this electron and bene fils valeny will be 4.-If an atom has 3 electrons tn the outewmos electyon and hence Ts valency, will be O. x Valeriy tn simple (orguage( only for understanding ) > Every alom wanls to have 2 electrons fn fils outermot shelt to be Stable (except H and He which only have Single shell, they require only 2 Cedrons to be stable ) fra ceurons B Rr BF AW usst BA am GT sabe ort & Te, AQ alegt gr eet at AST, that ts Vale rey» For example,Na has total o 11 electrons, i.e. 1 elecivon tm the outermost shelt « Now either you can add # eletrons to tt, or you can remove 1 electron. In both the cases the Outermost Shete will have 2 Clectrons. But since 1 electron remove vet eat S, sHIMG valency i 1. On the other hand, Cl hoo + electrons in the oulermoest shell So etthes we_ add 1 electron to it or rermove F electrons. Ow ager ene otitait 2 , Any: electron remove Der AW! fe fs valonoy te abo 41. wget’ Ber thet te valeny *fow Ce wile chemical founulaa ules for _woiling, chemical : 1. We — fuwt write symbols of elements which fowm wrrpound - 2. Below the symbel of cach clement, we should wrile thei valenay. 3. Wow cross oven «the valencin of © combining. atoms.4. With the feat atom, we write the valeny 0 the second atom (Cas a subscript). 5. With the second, © atom . we write the valency frat lo (subsonpl). Chemical —{oarula 04 Sometime — compounele$ a) Caldum hydroxide Symbol + Ca OH vey > 42 Criss cross. Formula, — Co(oH),, b) Alumintum — oxtde Symbol — AL O een, hoo oe Formula —> Al,O; Moteculax Mass +I ts the sum & atomic masa Of all te atoms in a moleue of that substance « Example : Molecular mass Of H,0=2Zx Alomic mas o& Hydrogen + 1x fllomic mass of Oxygen So, Molecular mass of H,0=2x141x16= 1u Formula Unit Mass : Tt & the sum of atomic mass of fons and aloms proenl tn formula for @ compound .Examples : Th Natt, Na = 23 amu. Cl = 35 amu. So, Formula unit mass = 1x23 +1x 35.5 = 58.54 Mole Concept (ensiet explanation tn “Trumph Seva Vlleo) ¥ Simple turns vt wane at a é ~~ 1 Dozen Bananas = 12 Bananao 1 Toix Banaras = 2 Banana fe we hove (earned that dozen always means 12, pair always means 2,In the Same way — 4 Mole Bananas = 6.022x 10° bananas 1 Moe 4 Bined = 6.022 x 10° Binods Strnflanly, 1 Mole Atoms = 6.022 x10” Atoms This number (6.022 x10”) ts also cated Avogadro Number (Na) Mocag Mass >The molax mass Of a substance is the mas 6 1imole of thal — Substance. > Lt is equal 40 the 6.022 x 10" atoms 9 that clement / cubstance. € xoump es + @) Momic mass 0 hydrogen (H) ts Vu. Tts molox mas fs 1q/mol. b) /\tomic mass | ri is Wu. So, molar man of deg is Wgqime.C) Milan mas % Sp- Mas Y Sx8- 32x @ - 256 q/mat: © Molon mas of HCl = Mas of H+ Mas of C62 1-555 = 36.5 q/mot. “Tmpsclant —Toxmulae : 1) Number of mola(n)- Given mass - m Holox rmaus ii) Number mela (n) = Given number of pavitder Avogadro's number n= N No ii) m2 m= Mxv M oN, Ny W) Fovcentage {any atom in given Compound = Macs yf lement_ x “00 Masso compound