SECTION 9.

9 Castigliano’s Theorem 601

Castigliano’s Theorem

The beams described in the problems for Section 9.9 have constant M0
flexural rigidity EI. A B
Problem 9.9-1 A simple beam AB of length L is loaded at the left-hand
end by a couple of moment M0 (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation
A at support A. (Obtain the solution
by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castigliano’s L
theorem.)

Solution 9.9-1 Simple beam with couple M0

M0 STRAIN ENERGY
L
M20 M20 L



A B M2dx x 2
U

¢1  ≤ dx

2 EI 2 EI 0
L 6 EI

x dU M0 L
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM uA

(clockwise)
L dM0 3 EI
(This result agree with Case 7, Table G-2)
M0
RA
(downward)
L
M0 x
M
M0  RAx
M0 
L
x

M0 ¢ 1  ≤
L

Problem 9.9-2 The simple beam shown in the figure supports a P

concentrated load P acting at distance a from the left-hand support and A D B
distance b from the right-hand support.
Determine the deflection D at point D where the load is applied.
(Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and a b
then using Castigliano’s theorem.)
L

Solution 9.9-2 Simple beam with load P

M2dx
P STRAIN ENERGY U

2EI
A a b B
a

D 1 Pbx 2 P2a3b2
UAD
¢ ≤ dx

2 EI 0
L 6 EIL2
x x
L b

1 Pax 2 P2a2b3
UDB
¢ ≤ dx

Pb Pa 2EI L 6 EIL2
RA
RB
0
L L
P2a2b2
Pbx U
UAD  UDB

MAD
RA x
6 LEI
L
Pax CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
MDB
RB x

L dU Pa2b2
D

(downward)
dP 3 LEI
602 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

Problem 9.9-3 An overhanging beam ABC supports a concentrated load P

P at the end of the overhang (see figure). Span AB has length L and the
overhang has length a. A B C
Determine the deflection C at the end of the overhang. (Obtain
the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using
Castigliano’s theorem.) L a

Solution 9.9-3 Overhanging beam

P M2dx
STRAIN ENERGY U

A B C 2 EI
L

1 Pax 2 P2a2L
UAB
¢ ≤ dx

x x 2 EI 0
L 6 EI
L a a

(Px) dx
6 EI
1 P2a3
UCB
2

Pa 2 EI 0
RA
(downward)
L P2a2
Pax U
UAB  UCB
(L  a)
MAB
RA x
 6 EI
L
MCB
Px CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
dU Pa2
C

(L  a) (downward)
dP 3EI

q0
Problem 9.9-4 The cantilever beam shown in the figure supports
a triangularly distributed load of maximum intensity q0.
Determine the deflection B at the free end B. (Obtain the
solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then B
using Castigliano’s theorem.) A
L

Solution 9.9-4 Cantilever beam with triangular load

q0 STRAIN ENERGY
L
q0 x3 2



M2dx 1
P U

¢ Px  ≤ dx
2 EI 2 EI 0
6L
B 4
A
2 3
PL Pq0 L q20 L5
x
 
6 EI 30 EI 42 EI
L

P
fictitious load corresponding to deflection B CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM

q0 x3 0U PL3 q0 L4
M
Px  B

 (downward)
6L 0P 3 EI 30 EI
(This result agrees with Cases 1 and 8 of Table G-1.)
q0 L4
SET P
0: B

30 EI
 SECTION 9.9 Castigliano’s Theorem 603

Problem 9.9-5 A simple beam ACB supports a uniform load of intensity q

q on the left-hand half of the span (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation
B at support B. (Obtain the solution C
A B
by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)

L L
— —
2 2

Solution 9.9-5 Simple beam with partial uniform load

q
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)
C M0

EI
A M 0M
B uB
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
0M0
x x L2
qx2


1 3qL M0 x
L
—
L
—
B¢  ≤x  R B R dx
2 2 EI 0
8 L 2 L
L2

1 qL M0 x
M0
fictitious load corresponding to angle of  B¢  ≤ x  M0 R B 1  R dx
EI 0
8 L L
rotation
B
3 qL M0 qL M0 SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO
RA
 RB

8 L 8 L L2
3qLx qx2 x


1
uB
¢  ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
EI 0
8 2 L
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AC L2

1 qLx x
2 2  ¢ ≤ ¢ 1  ≤ dx
qx 3 qL M0 qx EI 8 L
MAC
RA x 
¢  ≤x  0
2 8 L 2
qL3 qL3 7qL3
L

(counterclockwise)
¢0  x  ≤ 128 EI 96 EI 384 EI
2 (This result agrees with Case 2, Table G-2.)
0MAC x


0M0 L

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR

SEGMENT CB
qL M0
MCB
RBx  M0
¢  ≤ x  M0
8 L
L
¢0  x  ≤
2
0MCB x

 1
0M0 L
604 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

Problem 9.9-6 A cantilever beam ACB supports two concentrated loads

P1 P2
P1 and P2, as shown in the figure.
Determine the deflections C and B at points C and B, respectively. A C
B
(Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s
theorem.)
L L
— —
2 2

Solution 9.9-6 Cantilever beam with loads P1 and P2

P1 P2 MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION B

A C L2

B 1 0MCB
B
(MCB ) ¢ ≤ dx
L L EI 0P2
— — 0
2 2
x L

1 0MAC
 (MAC ) ¢ ≤ dx
EI L2
0P2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
L2

SEGMENT CB 1

(P2x) (x) dx
L EI 0
MCB
P2 x ¢ 0  x  ≤
2 L

1 L
0MCB 0MCB  B P1 ¢ x  ≤  P2x R (x) dx

0
x EI L2
2
0P1 0P2
P2L3 L3

 (5 P1  14 P2 )
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR 24 EI 48 EI
SEGMENT AC L3

(5P1  16P2 )
L L 48 EI
MAC
P1 ¢ x  ≤  P2x ¢  x  L≤
2 2 (These results can be verified with the aid of Cases 4
and 5, Table G-1.)
0MAC L 0MAC

x
x
0P1 2 0P2

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C

L2

1 0MCB
C
(MCB ) ¢ ≤ dx
EI 0
0P1
L

1 0MAC
 (MAC ) ¢ ≤ dx
EI L2
0P1
L

1 L L

0 B P1 ¢ x  ≤  P2x R ¢  x ≤ dx
EI L2
2 2

L3

(2 P1  5 P2 )
48 EI
 SECTION 9.9 Castigliano’s Theorem 605

Problem 9.9-7 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure is q

subjected to a uniform load of intensity q acting between points A and C.
Determine the angle of rotation
A at the free end A. (Obtain the A C B
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
L L
— —
2 2

Solution 9.9-7 Cantilever beam with partial uniform load

q MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)

EI
M 0M
M0 A C B uA
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
0M0
x L2
qx2


1
—
L L
—
¢ M0  ≤ (1)dx
2 2 EI 0
2
L

1 qL L
M0
fictitious load corresponding to the angle of  B M0  ¢ x  ≤ R (1)dx
EI 2 4
rotation
A L2

SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AC L2
qx2 L

1 1 qL L
2 uA
dx  ¢ ≤ ¢ x  ≤ dx
qx L EI 2 EI 2 4
MAC
M0  ¢0 x ≤ 0 L2
2 2
0MAC qL3 qL3

1

0M0 48 EI 8 EI
7qL3
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
(counterclockwise)
48 EI
SEGMENT CB (This result can be verified with the aid of Case 3,
qL L L Table G-1.)
MCB
M0  ¢x  ≤ ¢  x  L≤
2 4 2
0MCB

1
0M0

Problem 9.9-8 The frame ABC supports a concentrated load P at point C b

(see figure). Members AB and BC have lengths h and b, respectively. B C
Determine the vertical deflection C and angle of rotation
C at end C
of the frame. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of P
Castigliano’s theorem.)

A
606 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

Solution 9.9-8 Frame with concentrated load

b MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C
B C
M0

EI
M 0M
x C
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
P 0P
h b

(Px  M )(x)dx
1 1

(Pb  M0 )(b)dx  0
h EI 0
EI 0

Set M0
0:
x h b

Px dx
1 1
A C
Pb2dx  2
EI 0
EI 0

Pb2

(3h  b) (downward)
3 EI
P
concentrated load acting at point C
(corresponding to the deflection C)
M0
fictitious moment corresponding to the angle MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF
ROTATION
C
of rotation
C

EI
M 0M
uC
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR 0M0
MEMBER AB h b

(Px  M )(1) dx
1 1

(Pb  M0 )(1)dx 
MAB
Pb  M0 (0  x  h) EI EI 0
0 0
0MAB 0MAB

b
1 Set M0
0:
0P M0
h b

Px dx
1 1
uC
Pb dx 
EI EI
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR 0 0

MEMBER BC Pb

(2h  b) (clockwise)
MBC
Px  M0 (0  x  b) 2EI
0MBC 0MBC

x
1
0P 0M0

q
Problem 9.9-9 A simple beam ABCDE supports a uniform load of
intensity q (see figure). The moment of inertia in the central part of the
beam (BCD) is twice the moment of inertia in the end parts (AB and DE).
A B C D E
Find the deflection C at the midpoint C of the beam. (Obtain the
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.) I I
2I

L L L L
— — — —
4 4 4 4
 SECTION 9.9 Castigliano’s Theorem 607

Solution 9.9-9 Nonprismatic beam

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)

q P
Integrate from A to C and multiply by 2.

MAC 0MAC
C
C
2 ¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
A B D E EI 0P
L4
qLx qx2 Px x


I I 1
2I
2¢ ≤ ¢   ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
x EI 0
2 2 2 2
L L2
qLx qx2 Px x


1
 2¢ ≤ ¢   ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
P
fictitious load corresponding to the deflection C 2 EI L4
2 2 2 2
at the midpoint
qL P SET FICTITIOUS P EQUAL TO ZERO
RA
 LOAD
2 2 L4
qLx qx2 x


2
C
¢  ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
EI 0
2 2 2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR THE
L2
qLx qx2 x


LEFT-HAND HALF OF THE BEAM (A TO C) 1
 ¢  ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
qLx qx2 Px L EI L4
2 2 2
MAC
  ¢0  x  ≤
2 2 2 2 13 qL4 67 qL4
0MAC x L


¢0  x  ≤
6,144 EI 12,288 EI
0P 2 2 31qL4
C
(downward)
4096 EI

Problem 9.9-10 An overhanging beam ABC is subjected to a couple MA A B

MA C
at the free end (see figure). The lengths of the overhang and the main span
are a and L, respectively.
Determine the angle of rotation
A and deflection A at end A.
(Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s a L
theorem.)

Solution 9.9-10 Overhanging beam ABC

P BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
MA A B SEGMENT BC
C
MA Pa
Reaction at support C: RC
 (downward)
L L
a L
x x MAx Pax
MBC
RC x
  (0  x  L)
L L
MA
couple acting at the free end A (corresponding 0MBC x 0MBC ax



to the angle of rotation
A) 0MA L 0P L
P
fictitious load corresponding to the deflection A

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR

SEGMENT AB

MAB
MA  Px (0  x  a)
0MAB 0MAB

1
x
0MA 0P
(Continued)
608 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION A
ROTATION
A

EI
M 0M
A
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx


M 0M 0P
uA
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
EI 0MA a

(M  Px)(x)dx
1
a
A

1 EI

(MA  Px)(1) dx 0
EI L

0 1 MAx Pax ax
L  ¢  ≤ ¢  ≤ dx

1 MAx Pax x EI L L L
 ¢  ≤ ¢  ≤ dx
0
EI L L L
0 Set P
0:
Set P
0: a L

1 1 MAx ax
a L A
MAxdx  ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ dx

M dx  EI

1 1 MAx x EI EI L L
uA
A ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ dx
0 0
EI 0 0
L L MAa

(2L  3a) (downward)
MA 6EI

(L  3a) (counterclockwise)
3 EI

Problem 9.9-11 An overhanging beam ABC rests on a simple support P

at A and a spring support at B (see figure). A concentrated load P acts B
A C
at the end of the overhang. Span AB has length L, the overhang has
length a, and the spring has stiffness k. k
Determine the downward displacement C of the end of the
overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of
Castigliano’s theorem.) L a

Solution 9.9-11 Beam with spring support

P STRAIN ENERGY OF THE SPRING (EQ. 2-38a)
B R2B P2 (L  a) 2
A C
L a US


2k 2 kL2
k
x x
RA STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BEAM (EQ. 9-80a)
RB

2 EI
M2dx
UB

Pa
RA
(downward)
L
P
RB
(L  a) (upward) TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY U
L
M2dx P2 (L  a) 2
U
UB  US

2 EI

2 kL2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AB APPLY CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-87)
Pax dMAB ax d P2 (L  a) 2


MAB
RAx

 (0  x  L ) dU d M2dx
L dP L C

 B R
dP dP 2 EI dP 2 kL2
d M2dx P(L  a) 2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR


dP 2 EI


kL2
SEGMENT BC
dMBC
MBC
Px
x (0  x  a)
dP
 SECTION 9.9 Castigliano’s Theorem 609

a
P(L  a) 2

(Px)(x)dx 
DIFFERENTIATE UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN (MODIFIED 1

CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM) EI 0
kL2
P(L  a) 2
Pa L Pa3 P(L  a) 2


2
M dM
C
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx 
 
EI dP kL2 3 EI 3 EI kL2
L Pa2 (L  a) P(L  a) 2


1 Pax ax C


¢ ≤ ¢  ≤ dx 
3 EI kL2
EI 0
L L

q
Problem 9.9-12 A symmetric beam ABCD with overhangs at both ends
supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). A
Determine the deflection D at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the B C D
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
L L
— L —
4 4

Solution 9.9-12 Beam with overhangs

P qx2 L
q SEGMENT CD MCD
  Px ¢0 x ≤
2 4
0MCD
A
x
B C D 0P

x x x
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION D
RB RC

EI
M 0M
D
¢ ≤¢ ≤ dx
q
intensity of uniform load 0P
L4
qx2
P
fictitious load corresponding


1

¢ ≤ (0) dx
to the deflection D EI 0
2
L

length of segments AB and CD L

1 q L 2 3qL P
4  B ¢x  ≤  ¢  ≤x R 
EI 2 4 4 4
L
length of span BC 0

3 qL P 3 qL 5P L4
RB
 RC
 qx2


x 1
4 4 4 4 B  R dx  ¢  Px ≤ (x)dx
4 EI 0
2

BENDING MOMENTS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES SET P
0:

SEGMENT AB L

1 q L 2 3qL x
qx2 D
B ¢x  ≤  x R B  R dx
0MAB L EI 2 4 4 4
MAB

0 ¢0 x ≤ 0
2 0P 4 L4
qx2


1
 ¢ ≤ (x) dx
EI 0
2
SEGMENT BC
5 qL4 qL4 37 qL4
L 1 L
 

MBC
 B q ¢ x  ≤ R B ¢ x  ≤ R  RB x 768 EI 2048 EI 6144 EI
4 2 4
(Minus means the deflection is opposite in direction
q L 2 3 qL P

 ¢x  ≤  ¢  ≤x (0  x  L) to the fictitious load P.)
2 4 4 4
0MBC x 37 qL4

 ∴ D
(upward)
0P 4 6144 EI
610 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

Deflections Produced by Impact

The beams described in the problems for Section 9.10 have constant
flexural rigidity EI. Disregard the weights of the beams themselves,
W
and consider only the effects of the given loads. h
Problem 9.10-1 A heavy object of weight W is dropped onto the A B
midpoint of a simple beam AB from a height h (see figure).
Obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress max due to the
L L
falling weight in terms of h, st, and st, where st is the maximum — —
2 2
bending stress and st is the deflection at the midpoint when the weight
W acts on the beam as a statically applied load.
Plot a graph of the ratio max /st (that is, the ratio of the dynamic stress
to the static stress) versus the ratio h /st. (Let h /st vary from 0 to 10.)

Solution 9.10-1 Weight W dropping onto a simple beam

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) h smax
st sst
max
st  (2st  2hst ) 12
0 2.00
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS 2.5 3.45
5.0 4.33
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress  is 7.5 5.00
proportional to the deflection . 10.0 5.58
smax max 2h 12
∴

1  ¢1  ≤
sst st st WL3
NOTE: st
for a simple beam with a load
2h 12 48 EI
smax
sst B 1  ¢ 1  ≤ R at the midpoint.
st

GRAPH OF RATIO max/st

max 4
st
2

0
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
h
st

W
Problem 9.10-2 An object of weight W is dropped onto the midpoint of a
simple beam AB from a height h (see figure). The beam has a rectangular
cross section of area A. h
Assuming that h is very large compared to the deflection of the beam
when the weight W is applied statically, obtain a formula for the
maximum bending stress max in the beam due to the falling weight. A B

L L
— —
2 2
 SECTION 9.10 Deflections Produced by Impact 611

Solution 9.10-2 Weight W dropping onto a simple beam

Height h is very large. M WL W2L2
sst

s2st

S 4S 16 S2
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-95) s2st 3 WEI
WL3
st

2 (2)
max
2hst 48 EI st SL
For a RECTANGULAR BEAM (with b, depth d):
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS bd 3 bd 2 I 3 3
I
S
2

(3)
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress  is 12 6 S bd A
proportional to the deflection . Substitute (2) and (3) into (1):
smax max 2h
∴

18 WhE
sst st B st smax

B AL
2 hs2st
smax
(1)
B st

Problem 9.10-3 A cantilever beam AB of length L
6 ft is W = 1500 lb

constructed of a W 8  21 wide-flange section (see figure). A
weight W
1500 lb falls through a height h
0.25 in. onto the W 8  21
end of the beam. h = 0.25 in.
Calculate the maximum deflection max of the end of the
beam and the maximum bending stress max due to the falling A B
weight. (Assume E
30  106 psi.) L = 6 ft

Solution 9.10-3 Cantilever beam

DATA: L
6 ft
72 in. W
1500 lb Equation (9-94):
h
0.25 in. E
30  106 psi max
st  (2st  2 h st ) 12
0.302 in.
W 8  21 I
75.3 in.4 S
18.2 in.3
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
Consider a cantilever beam with load P at the free
Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic end:
structure by substituting st
W/k, where k is the Mmax PL PL3
stiffness of the particular structure being considered. For smax

max

S S 3 EI
instance: smax 3 EI
Simple beam with load at midpoint: Ratio:
2
48 EI max SL
k
3 3 EI
L ∴ smax
2 max
21,700 psi
SL
3 EI
Cantilever beam with load at the free end: k

L3
For the cantilever beam in this problem:
WL3 (1500 lb)(72 in.) 3
st


3 EI 3(30  106 psi)(75.3 in.4 )

0.08261 in.

Problem 9.10-4 A weight W
20 kN falls through a height h
1.0 W

h
mm onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L
3 m (see figure). A B d
The beam is made of wood with square cross section (dimension d on
each side) and E
12 GPa. d
If the allowable bending stress in the wood is allow
10 MPa, L
—
L
—
what is the minimum required dimension d? 2 2

(Continued)
612 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

Solution 9.10-4 Simple beam with falling weight W

DATA: W
20 kN h
1.0 mm L
3.0 m SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1)
E
12 GPa allow
10 MPa
2smaxd 3 8hEd 4 12

1  ¢1  ≤
CROSS SECTION OF BEAM (SQUARE) 3 WL WL3

d
dimension of each side SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:

d4 d3 2(10 MPa)d3 8(1.0 mm)(12 GPa)d 4 12
I
S

1  B1  R
12 6 3(20 kN)(3.0 m) (20 kN)(3.0 m) 3
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) 1000 3 1600 4 12
d  1
B1  d R (d
meters)
max
st  (2st  2 h st ) 12
9 9

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS SQUARE BOTH SIDES, REARRANGE, AND SIMPLIFY

For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress  is 1000 2 3 1600 2000
¢ ≤ d  d
0
proportional to the deflection . 9 9 9
smax max 2h 12 2500d 3  36d  45
0 (d
meters)
∴

1  ¢1  ≤ (1)
sst st st
SOLVE NUMERICALLY
STATIC TERMS st AND st
d
0.2804 m
280.4 mm
M WL 6 3 WL
sst

¢ ≤ ¢ 3≤
(2) For minimum value, round upward.
S 4 d 2d3
d
281 mm
WL3 WL3 12 WL3
st

¢ 4≤
(3)
48 EI 48 E d 4 Ed 4

Problem 9.10-5 A weight W
4000 lb falls through a height W = 4000 lb

h
0.5 in. onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L
10 ft h = 0.5 in.
(see figure).
Assuming that the allowable bending stress in the beam is A B
allow
18,000 psi and E
30  106 psi, select the lightest
wide-flange beam listed in Table E-1 in Appendix E that will be
satisfactory.
L L
— = 5 ft — = 5 ft
2 2

Solution 9.10-5 Simple beam of wide-flange shape

DATA: W
4000 lb h
0.5 in. STATIC TERMS st AND st
L
10 ft
120 in.
M WL WL3
allow
18,000 psi E
30  106 psi sst

st

S 4S 48 EI
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) smax 4S 4 sallow S

sallow ¢ ≤
(2)
sst WL WL
max
st  (2st  2hst ) 12
2h 48 EI 96 hEI
max 2h 12
2h ¢ ≤
(3)
or
1  ¢1  ≤ st WL3 WL3
st st
SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1):
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
4sallowS 96hEI 12
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress  is
1  ¢1  ≤
WL WL3
proportional to the deflection .
smax max 2h 12 REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
∴

1  ¢1  ≤ (1)
sst st st WL 96 hEI 12
S
B 1  ¢1  ≤ R
4sallow WL3
 SECTION 9.10 Deflections Produced by Impact 613

SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES Trial Actual Required

beam I S S
20 3 5 I 12 W 8  35
S
¢ in. ≤ B 1  ¢ 1  ≤ R (4) 127 31.2 41.6 (NG)
3 24 W 10  45 248 49.1 55.0 (NG)
(S
in.3; I
in.4) W 10  60 341 66.7 63.3 (OK)
W 12  50 394 64.7 67.4 (NG)
PROCEDURE W 14  53 541 77.8 77.8 (OK)
W 16  31 375 47.2 66.0 (NG)
1. Select a trial beam from Table E-1. Lightest beam is W 14  53
2. Substitute I into Eq. (4) and calculate required S.
3. Compare with actual S for the beam.
4. Continue until the lightest beam is found.

Problem 9.10-6 An overhanging beam ABC of rectangular W

40 mm
cross section has the dimensions shown in the figure. A weight h
W
750 N drops onto end C of the beam. A
B C 40 mm
If the allowable normal stress in bending is 45 MPa,
what is the maximum height h from which the weight may
be dropped? (Assume E
12 GPa.) 1.2 m 2.4 m 500 mm

Solution 9.10-6 Overhanging beam

P 3 EI
DATA: W
750 N LAB
1.2 in. LBC
2.4 m Stiffness of the beam: k

2 (1)
E
12 GPa allow
45 MPa C a (L  a)

bd 3 1 MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)

I

(500 mm)(40 mm) 3
12 12 Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic

2.6667  106 mm4 structure by substituting st
W/k, where k is the

2.6667  106 m4 stiffness of the particular structure being considered.
bd 2 1 For instance:
S

(500 mm)(40 mm) 2 48 EI
6 6 Simple beam with load at midpoint: k
3

133.33  103 mm3 L

133.33  106 m3 3 EI
Cantilever beam with load at free end: k
3 Etc.
L
DEFLECTION C AT THE END OF THE OVERHANG For the overhanging beam in this problem (see Eq. 1):
P
B C W Wa2 (L  a)
A st

(2)
k 3 EI
in which a
LBC and L
LAB:
L a W(L2BC )(LAB  LBC )
st
(3)
3 EI

P
load at end C EQUATION (9-94):

L
length of span AB max
st  (2st  2 h st ) 12
a
length of overhang BC
or
From the answer to Prob. 9.8-5 or Prob. 9.9-3:
Pa2 (L  a) max 2h 12
C

1  ¢1  ≤ (4)
3 EI st st

(Continued)
614 CHAPTER 9 Deflections of Beams

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS Substitute st from Eq. (3), st from Eq. (6), and
allow for max:
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress  is
proportional to the deflection . W(L2BC )(LAB  LBC ) sallowS sallowS
h
¢ ≤¢  2≤ (8)
smax max 2h 12 6 EI WLBC WLBC
∴

1  ¢1  ≤ (5)
sst st st
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO E Q. (8):
M WLBC
sst

(6)
S S W(L2BC ) (LAB  LBC )

0.08100 m
6 EI
MAXIMUM HEIGHT h sallow S 10


3.3333
Solve Eq. (5) for h: WLBC 3
smax 2h 12 10 10
 1
¢1  ≤ h
(0.08100 m) ¢ ≤¢  2 ≤
0.36 m
sst st 3 3
smax 2 smax 2h or h
360 mm
¢ ≤  2¢ ≤1
1
sst sst st
st smax smax
h
¢ ≤¢  2≤ (7)
2 sst sst

Problem 9.10-7 A heavy flywheel rotates at an angular speed  

(radians per second) around an axle (see figure). The axle is rigidly EI Im
A
attached to the end of a simply supported beam of flexural rigidity EI
.and length L (see figure). The flywheel has mass moment of inertia Im
about its axis of rotation.
If the flywheel suddenly freezes to the axle, what will be the
R L
reaction R at support A of the beam?

Solution 9.10-7 Rotating flywheel

NOTE: We will disregard the mass of the beam and CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
all energy losses due to the sudden stopping of the
1 R2 L3
rotating flywheel. Assume that all of the kinetic KE
U Im 2

energy of the flywheel is transformed into strain 2 6 EI
energy of the beam. 3 EI Im 2
R

B L3
KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATING FLYWHEEL
NOTE: The moment of inertia Im has units of kg
m2
1
KE
Im 2 or N
m
s2
2

2 EI
M 2dx
STRAIN ENERGY OF BEAM U

M
Rx, where x is measured from support A.
L

1 R2L3
U
(Rx) 2dx

2 EI 0 6 EI