Introduction to Java

Module-1

Professor & Technical Trainer / CSE

Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai-602 105
[email protected]
+91-9500600868
 Outline
Looping

 Introduction to Java
 Features of Java
 Components of Java
• JDK
• JRE
• JVM
 Data Types
 Variable
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JAVA
 Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is open source, platform
independent, object-oriented and specifically designed to have as few implementation
dependencies as possible.
 Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems and released in 1995.
 Java was initially named as Oak language and renamed to JAVA in 1995.
Current Version Java SE 15 (as of feb-2021)
Version we will use Java SE 11 (LTS)
Setup size 149 MB (Linux), 152 MB (Windows x64)
Download Link https://www.oracle.com/in/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html
Official Website https://java.com
Integrated Development 1. Eclipse (going to use this IDE in later chapters)
Environment 2. NetBeans
(IDE) 3. IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition
4. BlueJ

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Features of JAVA
Simple: Java inherits C/C++ syntax and many object-oriented features of C++.

Object Oriented: “Everything is an object” paradigm, which possess some state, behavior
and all the operations are performed using these objects.

Robust: Java has a strong memory management system. It helps in eliminating error as it
checks the code during compile and runtime.

Multithreaded: Java supports multiple threads of execution, including a set of

synchronization primitives. This makes programming with threads much easier.

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Features of JAVA (Cont.)
Architectural Neutral: Java is platform independent which means that any application
written on one platform can be easily ported to another platform.

Interpreted: Java is compiled to bytecodes, which are interpreted by a Java run-time

environment.

High Performance: Java achieves high performance through the use of bytecode which
can be easily translated into native machine code. With the use of JIT (Just-In-Time)
compilers, Java enables high performance.

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Features of JAVA (Cont.)

Distributed: Java provides a feature which helps to create distributed applications. Using
Remote Method Invocation (RMI), a program can invoke a method of another program
across a network and get the output. You can access files by calling the methods from
any machine on the internet.

Dynamic: Java has ability to adapt to an evolving environment which supports dynamic
memory allocation due to which memory wastage is reduced and performance of the
application is increased.

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Components of Java
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JDK  Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
 Java Development Kit (JDK)

Compiler Java Packages

(javac.exe) (math, util, awt JVM
Java Application etc…)

Launcher
(java.exe), Runtime
AppletViewer, Libraries
etc..)

Development tools JRE

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Java Development Kit (JDK)
 JDK contains tools needed ,
 To develop the Java programs and
 JRE to run the programs.
 The tools include
 compiler (javac.exe),
 Java application launcher (java.exe),
 Appletviewer, etc…
 Java application launcher (java.exe) opens a JRE, loads the class, and invokes its main method.

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Java Runtime Environment (JRE)
 The JRE is required to run java applications.
 It combines the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), platform core classes and supporting libraries.
 JRE is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK), but can be downloaded separately.
 It does not contain any development tools such as compiler, debugger, etc.

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Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 JVM is a virtual machine that enables a computer to run Java programs as well as programs
written in other languages and compiled to Java Bytecode.
 Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions designed to be executed by the Java Virtual
Machine(JVM).
 Byte code is intermediate representation of java source code.
 Java compiler provides byte code by compiling Java Source Code.
 Extension for java class file or byte code is ‘.class’, which is platform independent.
 JVM is virtual because , It provides a machine interface that does not depend on the operating
system and machine hardware architecture.
 JVM interprets the byte code into the machine code.
 JVM itself is platform dependent, but Java is Not.

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Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

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Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
JVM contains the following main components that are as follows:
 Class loader sub system
 Runtime data areas
 Execution engine
 Native method interface
 Java native libraries
 Operating system

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Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
How JVM works Internally?
Java Virtual Machine performs the following operations for execution of the program.
They are as follows:

a) Load the code into memory.

b) Verifies the code.
c) Executes the code
d) Provides runtime environment.

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How Java become Platform Independent?
Source code .java file
(Program)

Compiler

Bytecode .class file

JVM JVM JVM

(Windows) (Linux) (Mac)

Machine Code Machine Code Machine Code

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Installing JDK
 Download JDK for Windows platform (.exe) from
 https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
 Install the executable of JDK
 Set the path variable of System variables by performing following steps
 Go to "System Properties" (Right click This PC → Properties → Advanced System Settings)
 Click on the "Environment variables" button under the "Advanced" tab
 Then, select the "Path" variable in System variables and click on the "Edit" button
 Click on the "New" button and add the path where Java is installed, followed by \bin. By default, Java is
installed in C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11.0.1 (If nothing else was specified when you installed it).
In that case, You will have to add a new path with: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-11.0.1\bin
 Then, click "OK", and save the settings
 At last, open Command Prompt (cmd.exe) and type java -version to see if Java is running on your machine

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Setting Path Variable

2
3
4

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Hello World Java Program File must be saved as HelloWorld.java

public class HelloWorld

Main method from where execution will start
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{ String must start with capital letter
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
System must start with capital letter
}

 We have to save this in HelloWorld.java file as it has public class named HelloWorld.
 String and System are inbuilt Java Classes.
 Classes in java are always written in Camel case.

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How to execute Java Program?
1. Save the program with the same name as the public class with .java extension.

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How to execute Java Program?
2. Open command prompt (cmd) / terminal & navigate to desired directory / folder.

3. Compile the “.java” file with javac command.

4. Execute the “.class” file with java command without extension.

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Identifiers
 They are used for class names, method names and variable names.
 An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
 uppercase(A…Z) and lowercase(a..z) letters
 Numbers(0..9)
 Underscore(_) and dollar-sign($) characters
 Examples for valid Identifiers,
 AvgTemp
 count
 a4
 $test
 this_is_ok
 Examples for invalid Identifiers,
 2count (Identifiers can not start with digit)
 High-temp (Identifiers can not contain dash)
 Ok/NotOK (Identifiers can not contains slash)

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Data Types

Java Datatypes

Primitive Non-primitive

Floating-point
Integers Characters Boolean Class
numbers

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Primitive Data Types

Data Type Size Range Example

byte 1 Byte -128 to 127 byte a = 10;

short 2 Bytes -32,768 to 32,767 short a = 200;
int 4 Bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 int a = 50000;
long 8 Bytes -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to long a = 20;
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
float 4 Bytes 1.4e-045 to 3.4e+038 float a = 10.2f;
double 8 Bytes 4.9e-324 to 1.8e+308 double a = 10.2;

char 2 Bytes 0 to 65536 (Stores ASCII of char a = ‘a’;

character)
boolean Not defined true or false boolean a = true;

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Escape Sequences
 Escape sequences in general are used to signal an alternative interpretation of a series of
characters.
 For example, if you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape sequence, \", on
the interior quotes.
System.out.println("Good Morning \"World\"");

Escape Sequence Description

\’ Single quote
\” Double quote
\\ Backslash
\r Carriage return
\n New Line
\t Tab

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Type Casting
 Assigning a value of one type to a variable of another type is known as Type Casting.
 In Java, type casting is classified into two types,
 Widening/Automatic Type Casting (Implicit)

 Narrowing Type Casting(Explicitly done)

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Automatic Type Casting
 When one type of data is assigned to other type of variable , an automatic type conversion will
take place if the following two conditions are satisfied:
 The two types are compatible
 The destination type is larger than the source type
 Such type of casting is called “widening conversion”.
 Example:
int can always hold values of byte and short
public static void main(String[] args) {
byte b = 5;
// √ this is correct
int a = b;
}

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Variables

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Variables
 Variable is an identifier which holds data or another one variable.

 It is an identifier whose value can be changed at the execution time of program.

 It is used to identify input data in a program.

 Declaration and Initialization

int age ; // declaration

int rollno=50; // Initialization

age = 20; // Assignment

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Variables

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Variables
Local Variable

 A variable that is declared and used inside the body of methods, constructors, or blocks

 It must be assigned a value at the time of creating.

 No access modifiers/static can be used with local variables

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 5; // local variable
int b; // local variable must be initialized
}

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Variables
Instance Variable

 A variable that is declared inside the class but outside the body of methods,
constructors, or blocks

 These variables are created and destroyed based on object.

 Access modifiers can be used with local variables

class AA {
int aa; // instance variable
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5; // local variable
}

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Variables
Static/Class Variable

 Static variables are always declared inside the class but outside of any methods,
constructors, or blocks.

 It will have common memory, where all the objects shares the same.

class AA {
int aa; // instance variable
static int bb; // static variable
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5; // local variable
}

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