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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aasaa
s as
asaa

et
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

.N
ai
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad

t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
w

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa saa 74696
94433 81701, 94422 69810,s90474
dd 89400 02321
81110 94696, 89400 02320,
add
a a aa
325/- ss
a
ww ..PP ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
1

eet t eet t
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ww
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
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assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
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assaa aasaa
s as
asaa

et
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

.N
ai
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad

t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
w

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
add
a aassaa
ww P
..P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
2

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
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assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
wwww wwww
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aasaa
s as
asaa

et
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww

.N
ai
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
as
P Paadd P Paadd
w
w .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad

t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
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assaa aa aa
w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
w

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa a
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s
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..P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
3

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
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eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N l a
l
CONTENTS
i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aassaa
dd Volume - I aa a
dNo.
d s
a aa
s
Unit
ww P
.. P ww P
..P
Page

1 wwww wwww 5

2 34
et
e t t
ee t
lalai.iN
.N 3 l a
l i
a .
iN. N 54
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aasaa
s 73 as
asaa

et
4
PPaadd P Padd
a
ww.. w
w . . 88
wwww wwww

.N
5

6 104

ai
eet
7t
eet t 128

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 8 al l a
l i
a .iN
.N 159 l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aassaa aassaa
as
P Paadd Volume - II P Paadd
w
w .. ww. . 187
9
wwww wwww
ad

10 213

t t
.P

e11
e t ee t 238

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 12 l a
l i
a.iN
.N
Basic concepts of Organic Reactions 269 l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

ddaas s ddaass
13
P
.. P aa P Paa
282
. . 312
w

ww ww
14
wwww wwww
w

15 338

eet t eet t
Govt. Supplementary Exam - August 2022 353

l a
l i
a .iN
.N Govt. Exam - March 2023 lal i
a.iN
.N 357 l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aadda assaa
aaddaassaa
ww P
.. P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
4

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

UNIT
t t
e t e t
lalai .N1
.iN e BASIC CONCEPTS
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N eOF CHEMISTRY
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
AND CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS ssaa
assaa a
ssaa
ad daa aa d a
d a
Part .IP
–P
. Evaluation (Book Back Questions) .P.P
w w w w
wwwthe
I. Choose wbest answer ww
3. Assertion : Two wwof glucose contains
mole
23
12.044 × 10 molecules of glucose
1. 40 ml of methane is completely burnt
using 80 ml of oxygen at room Reason : Total number of entities present

et t
temperature. The volume of gas left after
e eet t in one mole of any substance is equal to

lalai.iN
.N cooling to room temperature is
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 6.02 × 1022
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
(a) both assertion and reason are true and
assaa aa aa
a) 40 ml CO2 gas
aass
b) 40 ml CO2 gas and 80 ml H2O gas as
as
the reason is the correct explanation of

et
aadd
c) 60 ml CO2 gas and 60 ml H2O gas
PP P Padd
a assertion
d) 120 ml CO2 gas
ww.. w
w .. (b) both assertion and reason are true but

wwww wwww

.N
Ans: a) 40 ml CO2 gas reason is not the correct explanation of
assertion
Solution :
(c) assertion is true but reason is false

ai
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (I) (d) both assertion and reason are false

N e et t CO2 e et t Ans: c) assertion is true but reason is false

l a
l i
a .N Content
.iStoichiometric CH4
al 1
O2
l a
l ai .iN N:
.Correct
Solution
l a
l i
a .iN
. N
assaa coefficient a aa
1 2
aa ss a s
reason : Total number of entities
a a s
as
P Pa
Volume of reactants 40 mL 80add
mL
present in one mole of any
P Paadd
substance is
allowed to react ww .. equal to 6.022 × 10 .
ww . . namely car-
23

w www40 mL 80 mL 40 mL bon monoxideww

4. Carbon forms ww
two oxides,
ad

Volume of reactant
and carbon dioxide. The
reacted and product
equivalent mass of which element
formed
remains constant?
t t
.P

40 mL
e e t
Volume of gas after - -
ee t
a) Carbon

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
cooling to the room
temperature l a
l i
a.iN
.N b) oxygen
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa Since aa aa
c) both carbon and oxygen
w

the product was cooled to rooma as s a s

a s
asd dd
d) neither carbon nor oxygen
P
P a
temperature, water exists mostly a d
liquid.
P Paa Ans: b) oxygen
.. ..
w

Hence, option (a) isw w w wwww

wwhaswthe following isotopic Reaction
correct. Solution :
ww
w

1:
2. An element X
2C + O → 2 CO
composition 200X = 90 %, 199X = 8 % and 2
202 2 x 12g carbon combines with 32g of
X = 2 %. The weighted average atomic
eet t
mass of the element X is closest to
e et t oxygen. Hence,

l a
l i
a .iN
.N(a) 201 u (b) 202 u
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
Equivalent mass of carbon = 2 x 12 x 8 = 6
i 32

assaa Solution : aa aa
(c) 199 u (d) 200 u Reaction 2 :

dda as s C + O2 → CO2
dd aass
P
..Paa
Ans: d) 200 u
aa
12g carbon combines with 32g of oxygen.
..P P
ww
(200 x 90) + (199 x 8) + (202 x 2) = 199.96
ww
Hence,
wwww wwofww
=
100 12
200 u Equivalent mass carbon = x8=3 32
UNIT - 1 5 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a
l i
a .iN
5. The equivalent mass of a trivalent metal
.Nelement is 9 g eq–1 the molar mass of its.N 44g CO2.
l a
l i
a .iN
100% pure 84g MgCO3 on heating gives
.N
assaa anhydrous oxide is
a) 102 g
a a
dd
b) 27 g
a
s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a
0.44g CO2.
aa
s
Given that 1g MgCO3 on heating gives

c) 270 g
ww P
.. P
d) 78 g
ww P
..P
Therefore, 84g MgCO3 sample on heating

Solution :
wwww Ans: a) 102 g
wwww gives 36.96g CO2
Percentage of purity of the sample =
Let the trivalent metal be M3+ 100% x 36.96g CO = 84%
2
Equivalent mass
et
e t= mass of the metal / valance factor eet
44gCO 2
t
lalai.iN
.N 9g eq–1 = mass of the metal / 3 eq
l a
l ai .
iN. N Percentage of impurity = 16%
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
assaa a a aa
Mass of the metal = 27g
a as s 8. When 6.3 g of sodium bicarbonate is
aas s

et
Oxide formed M2O3 ;
PP a add
Mass of the oxide = (2 × 27) + (3 × 16) residual solution is foundP
P add 33 g.
added to 30 g of acetic acid solution,
toa
the

w w ..
= 102g The number of moles w wof. .carbon dioxide
weigh

ww ww is

.N
6. ww
The number of water molecules in a drop ww
released in the reaction
of water weighing 0.018 g is a) 3 b) 0.75

ai
a) 6.022 × 1026 b) 6.022 × 1023 c) 0.075 d) 0.3

N e et t
c) 6.022 × 1020 d) 9.9 × 1022
eet t Ans: c) 0.075

l a
l i
a .N :
.Solution
i Ans: c) 6.022 × 1020
al l a
l i .iN
.N :
Solution
a l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa Weight aa aa
NaHCO 3 + CH 3COOH Ȣ CH 3COONa + H2 O + CO 2 ȡ
a ass a as s
as
6.3 g + 30g 33g + x
No. of moles of water in P
P add
of the water drop = 0.018g
the a The amount of CO released xP P a
Ȣ
add
ww
= Mass of water. ./ molar mass No. of moles of CO released
drop
w w . .= 3.3/44 = 0.075
2
= 3.3g

w w w/w18 = 10 mole
-3
wwww 2
ad

= 0.018 mol
No. of water molecules present in 1 mole of 9. When 22.4 litres of H2 (g) is mixed with
water = 6.022 × 1023 11.2 litres of Cl2 (g), each at 273 K at 1 atm
No. water molecules in one drop of water
t t
.P

ee t
(10-3 mole) e e t the moles of HCl (g), formed is equal to

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
= 6.022 × 1023 × 10-3 = 6.022 x 1020
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
a) 2 moles of HCl b) 0.5 moles of HCl
(g)
l a
l i
a.iN
.N (g)

assaa 7. carbonate aa c) 1.5 moles of HCl aa

w

aa s
1 g of an impure sample of magnesiums
ddthermally d) 1 moles of HCl dd a
(g)s
a s
(containing no
P Pa a
. . on complete P Pa a
1.moles
.
w

(g)

ww w w
decomposable impurities) Ans:w
w
w w
d) of HCl (g)
ww gas. The percentage of Solution : ww
thermal decomposition gave 0.44 g of
w

carbon dioxide
impurity in the sample is H2(g) + Cl2 (g) → 2 HCl (g)
a) 0 % b) 4.4 % Content H (g) Cl (g) HCl
e et t
c) 16 % d) 8.4 %
e et t (g)
2 2

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
. N
Ans: c) 16% Stoichiometric 1 1 2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
s
a a
sa Solution :
a as s aa coefficient
a as aa
s
MgCO → MgO + CO ↑ ad d a dd
3
P P a No. of moles
. . = 84g react at 273 K and 1 ww. .
2
reactants
of
allowed to
22.4 L
(1mol) P P a
11.2L
(0.5mol)
-

ww
MgCO : (1×24) + (1×12)+(3×16)
ww = 44g wwww
3
2 ww
CO : (1×12) + (2×16)
atm pressure
UNIT - 1 6 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.N
No. of moles of re-
actant reacted and
0.5 0.5
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l
1
i
a .iN
.N 13. Which one of the following represents
180g of water? QY-2019 AUG-2021

assaa product formed

a a a
dd assaa a) 5 Moles of water
b) 90 moles of water a a a
dd s
a aa
s
10. Hot concentrated w
w P
Amount of HCl formed = 1 mol
P
. . acid is a c) w w ..PP 6.022 x 10
23

wwwoxidising agent. Which wwww

sulphuric molecules of water
moderatelyw
180
strong
of the following reactions does not show d) 6.022 x 1024 molecules of water
oxidising behaviour? Ans: d) 6.022 x 1024 molecules of water

N e et t
a) Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Solution :
N e e t t
lalai.i. N
b) C + 2H SO → CO + 2SO + 2H O
l a
l i
a .
i . N
No. of moles of water present in 180g.
= Mass of water / Molar mass of water la l i
a .iN
.N
assaa c)d) BaCl aa = 180g / 18g mol = 10 moles aassaa
2 4 2 2 2
+ H SO → BaSO + 2HCl ss
aa

et
-1
2
none of the above
PPa add
2 4 4

One mole of water containsP P a add

Ans: c) BaCl + Hw w. .→ BaSO + 2HCl
SO w w ..
wwww ww 23

.N
2 =2 6.022 ×410 water molecules
4
Solution :
+2 −1 +1 + 6 −2 +2 +6 −2
wwcontains
10 mole of water
+1 −1
BaCl 2 + H2 SO4  Ba S O4 + 2HCl = 6.022 × 1023 × 10 = 6.022 × 1024

ai
11. Choose the disproportionation reaction water molecules
eet t
among the following redox reactions. 14. 7.5 gee tatgas occupies a volume of 5.6 litres
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
a) 3Mg(s) + N (g) → Mg N (s)
al l a
l ai .iN
.N
at
of
0ºC and 1 atm pressure. The gas is
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa b) P (s) + 3NaOH + 3H O →aaPHdda(g)as+saa a) NO s saa
2 3 2 HY-2018 MAY-2022
a a
as
4
PP 2 b) N O a
3
PP add

ww .. + I
3NaH PO (aq) c) CO
w w ..
d) CO 2 2
2

w w ww
c) Cl (g) + 2KI(aq) → 2KCl(aq)
ww ww Ans: a) NO 2
ad

2 2
d) Cr O (s) + 2Al(s) → Al O (s) + 2Cr(s)
2 3 Solution : 2 3
Ans: b) P4(s) + 3NaOH + 3H2O → PH3(g) + 7.5 g of gas occupies a volume of 5.6 liters
t t
.P

at 273K and 1 atm pressure. Therefore, the

N ee t 3NaH2PO2(aq)
ee t
l a
l i
a .N :
.Solution
i l a
l ai.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N mass of gas that occupies a volume of 22.4
liters
a a a a aa
w

s
a s P +
0
3NaOH + 3H O  PH +
dda
3NaHas
POs 
3
7.5g
× 22.4L = 30g
dd aa s s
1
4

PP a a
2
5.6L 3

P
. . of potassium Molar mass of NO (14w+w16). .= 30g Pa a 2 2
w

12. The equivalentw w

mass
ww
permanganate ww
in alkaline medium is 15. Total numberw w ww
w

of electrons present in 1.7 g

– –
of ammonia is –
MnO + 2H O + 3e → MnO + 4OH
4 2 2
AUG - 2022

a) 31.6 b) 52.7 6.022 ´ 1022

a) 6.022 × 1023
e et t
c) 79
eet t
d) None of these 1.7
b)

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N Ans: b) 52.7
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 6.022 ´ 10 24
6.022 ´ 1023

assaa Solution aa aa c) d)
:
a as s
d3delectrons. ddaass 1.7 1.7

P
. P
agent (MnO ) involves.gain
a
The reduction reaction of the
a
of -
oxidising
P
.. Paa Solution : Ans: a) 6.022 × 1023
No. of electrons present in one ammonia
ww ww 4
ww
Hence the equivalent
ww
of KMnO )/3
mass =
= 158.1/3 = 52.7.
4
(Molar mass
wwww (NH3) molecule (7 + 3) = 10

UNIT - 1 7 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
.NNo. of moles of ammonia =
Mass l a
l ai .
i N
. N l a i
a .
i N
c) the definition of mass in units of grams
. N
d) the mass of one mole of carbon
l
assaa aa aa
1.7g
Molar mass

17gmol
dda as s 1

Bdd aa s s
Ans: d) the mass of one mole of carbon

 0.1mol P P a a
. .in 0.1 mol of . P
.P a
19. Two 22.4 litre containers A and a contains
w w ww
8 g of O and 8 g of SO respectively at 273
w×ww wwwwthen
2 2
No. of molecules present
ammonia = w
K and 1 atm pressure,
23 22
0.1 6.022 × 10 = 6.022 × 10 a) Number of molecules in A and B are
No. of electrons present in 0.1 mol of same
ammonia = 10 × 6.022 × 1022 = 6.022 × 1023 b) Number of molecules in B is more than
et
e t
16. The correct increasing order of the eet t that in A.

lalai.iN
.N oxidation state of sulphur in the anions
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N c) 
The ratio between the number of

assaa saa s aa
2- 2- 2- 2-
molecules in A to number of molecules
SO4 , SO3 , S2O4 ,S2O6 is
aa s aas

et
2- 2-
a) SO3 < SO4 < S2O4 < S2 O6
PPaadd 2- 2-
P Padd
a in B is 2 : 1

ww.. w
w .. d) Number of molecules in B is three times

wwww wwww
2- 2- 2- 2-
greater than the number of molecules in A.

.N
b) SO4 < S2 O4 < S2 O6 < SO3
2- 2- 2- 2- Ans: c) The ratio between the number of
c) S2 O4 < SO3 < S2 O6 < SO4 molecules in A to number of molecules

ai
2- 2- 2- 2-
d) S2 O6 < S2 O4 < SO4 < SO3 in B is 2 : 1

N e et t 2-
Ans: c) S2 O4 < SO3 < S2 O6 < SO4
eet t 2- 2- 2-
Solution :

l a
l i
a i .N :
.Solution al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
No. of moles of oxygen = 8g/32g

assaa aa aa = 0.25 moles of oxygen

3 4 5
aa s s 6
a s
a s
as
P P add
S2 O 42   S O 23   S 2 O 26   S O 24 
a P Paadd No. of moles of sulphur dioxide = 8g / 64g

17. The equivalent mass of. ferrous

. .. = 0.125 moles of sulphur dioxide
w w oxalate is
ww
wwww wwww
Ratio between the no. of molecules
ad

a)molar mass of ferrous oxalate = 0.25 : 0.125 = 2 : 1

1
20. What is the mass of precipitate formed
b) molar mass of ferrous oxalate
when 50 ml of 8.5 % solution of AgNO3 is
t t
.P

2
ee t ee t mixed with 100 ml of 1.865 % potassium

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nc) molar mass of ferrous oxalate
3
l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N chloride solution?

assaa d) none of these aa aa a) 3.59 g b) 7 g

w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s c) 14 g d) 28 g
Ans: c)
P
.. Paa P
.. Pa
molar mass of ferrous oxalate
a Solution : Ans: a) 3.59 g
w

3
w
w ww AgNO3 + KCl → KNO3 + AgCl
wwww wwww
Solution :
50 mL of 8.5% solution contains 4.25g of
w

2+ 3+ Oxidising 3+ +4
agent
AgNO3
n = 1 + 2(1) = 3 No. of moles of AgNO3 present in 50mL of

eet t
18. If Avogadro number were changed from
eet t 8.5% AgNO3 solution

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 6.022 × 1023 to 6.022 x 1020, this would
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
= Mass/ Molar mass

assaa aa aa
change = 4.25 / 170 = 0.025 moles
a
dd s
a s
a) the ratio of chemical species to each other
ddaass Similarly, No. of moles of KCl present in
in a balanced equation
P
..Paa P
.. Paa 100 mL of 1.865% KCl solution
ww
b) the ratio of elements to each other in a ww
compound wwww wwww = 1.865 / 74.5
= 0.025 moles
UNIT - 1 8 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

N eet t No. of e
N et t
lalai .
i . NSo total amount of AgCl formed is 0.025
moles (based on the stoichiometry)
l a
l a .
 i.
i N moles in 7.5g
ethane = 7.5 / 30 = 0.25 moles a
l l i
a .iN
.N
assaa AgCl s saa = 2 × 0.25 × 6.022 × 10 carbon atoms. ss aa
23

= no. of moles × molara add

mass
a a
Amount of AgCl present in 0.025 moles of
a a aa
dd(S) has/
= 0.025 × 143.5w=w P
.. P
3.59g w w
have percentage of carbon P
23. Which of the following compound
P
. .same as that in
21. The mass ofww ww
a gas that occupies a volume wwww
ethylene (C H ) 2 4
Qy-2019 March-2019 & 2023

of 612.5 ml at room temperature and a) propene b) ethyne

pressure (250C and 1 atm pressure) is 1.1g. c) benzene d) ethane
Solution : Ans: a) propene
et
e t
The molar mass of the gas is
e et t
lalai.iN
.N a) 66.25g mol–1
c) 24.5 g mol–1
b) 44 g mol–1
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
d) 662.5 g mol–1 l a
l a .iN
.N
Percentage of carbon in ethylene (C2H4) =
i
mass of carbon

assaa saa s aa   100

Solution :
aa s
Ans: b) 44 g mol–1
aa s Molar mass

et
aadd
No. of moles of a gas that occupies a
PP P Pa add
ww.. w
volume of 612.5 mL at room temperature
w.. 
24
 100 = 85.71%

wwww wwwin propene (C H )

28

.N
and pressure (25ºC and 1 atm pressure)Percentage of w
carbon 3 6
= 612.5 × 10–3 L/24.5 Lmol–1 36
  100 = 85.71%

ai
= 0.025 moles 42

N e et t
We know that, 24. Whichtof
N e e t the following is/are true with

l a
l i
a .
i . N al
Molar mass = Mass / no. of moles
l a
l ai .
i . N
respect to carbon -12.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 22. Which of the following acontain aa b) oxidation number of carbon is +4aa aa
= 1.1 g/ 0.025 mol = 44g mol–1 a) relative atomic mass is 12 u
aa s s insall
s
as
P P adind 6 g of
same
its compounds.
P P aadd
w ..
number of carbon atoms
w as
c) 1 mole of carbon-12 ww . . 6.022 × 10
contain 22
carbon-12.
wwww b) 8 g methane carbon atoms.ww ww
ad

a) 7.5 g ethane d) all of these

c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these Ans: a) relative atomic mass is 12 u
Solution : Ans: c) both (a) and (b) Solution :
t t
.P

e t
No. of moles of carbon present in 6g of
e e e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N C - 12 = Mass/ Molar mass
l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l a.iN
.N
relative atomic mass of C - 12 is 12 u
i
25. Which one of the following is used as a
assaa aa aa
w

= 6/12 = 0.5 moles

a
dd s
a s
= 0.5 × 6.022 × 1023 carbon atoms. a
dd s
a s
standard for atomic mass ? GMQ - 2018

P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
a) 6C12 b) 7C12
w

No. of moles in 7.5g of ethane

w
w w
d)w 13 14

wwww wwww Ans: a) C

= 7.5/30 = 0.25 moles c) C C 6 6
w

= 2 × 0.25 × 6.022 × 1023 carbon atoms. 12

6
II. Write brief answer to the following questions

e t t
26. Define relative atomic mass.
e e et t
27. What do you understand by the term

l a
l i
a .iN
.N The relative atomic mass is defined as the
lal i
a.iN
.N mole?
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
ratio of the average atomic mass factor to
the unified atomic mass unit.
dd aa ss One mole is the amount of substance
aa
datoms
d inss
P Pa a
Relative atomic mass (Ar) :
. . of the atom
of a system,
elementary
which
particles as P
.. P
there
a
contains
a
are
as many

w
Averagewmass
ww atomic mass w w

= w
wUnified 12g of C-12
wwww
isotopes.

UNIT - 1 9 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

N e et t N ee t t
lalai .
i
28. Define equivalent mass.
. N GMQ - 2018 QY - 2018 & 19
l a
l
(iii) Boric
ai .
i B
N
May - 2022
acid [H BO ]
. = 1 x 11 = 11 l a
l i
a .iN
3
.N 3

assaa compoundGram equivalent mass of an element,

a a a s
a aa H = 3 x 1 = 3 aassaa
s
dd(or) 8g O = 3 x 16 = 48PPaadd
or ion is the mass that combines

w w
oxygen or 35.5g chlorine.
P
.. P
or displaces 1.008 g hydrogen
w w .62.
29. What do youwww w
understand by the term
oxidation number ?
Molar mass ofw www : 62g mol
Boricacid
(iv) Sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
–1

Oxidation number is defined as the S = 1 x 32 = 32

et
e t
imaginary charge left on the atom when all
ee t t H= 2 x 1 = 2

lalai.iN
.N other atoms of the compound have been
l a
l ai .iN
removed in their usual oxidation states that.N O= 4 x 16 =
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
64

assaa 30. Distinguish aa aa

98
ss
are assigned according to set of rules.
aa a ass

et
a add and
between oxidation
PP PP a dd
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98g mol–1
a
reduction. w w.. HY - 2019 March 2023
w
32. The density of carbon w. . is equal to
dioxide
wwww ww

.N
Oxidation Reduction 1.965 kgm atww –3
273 K and 1 atm pressure.
1. Addition of Removal of Oxygen
Calculate the molar mass of CO2.

ai
Oxygen
Given :
eet
2.
t Removal of Addition of
e e t t The density of CO2 at 273K and

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 3.
Hydrogen
al
Loss of Electrons
Hydrogen

l a
l i
a
Gain of Electrons.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
1 atm pressure = 1.965 kgm–3

assaa 4. Increases in
a ssaa
Decreases in
a s saa
Molar mass of CO2 = ?
aa
as
Oxidation number
P P a add
Oxidation number
a dd
a
At 273 K and 1 atm pressure,
P P
31. Calculate the molarw
w . . of the following
mass ww..
1 mole of CO2 occupies a volume of 22.4 L
compounds.w www ww ww = 1.965Kg ×22.4L
ad

Mass of 1 mole of CO 2
i) Urea [CO(NH2)2] 1m3
ii) Acetone [CH3COCH3] 3 -3 3
= 1.965×10 g × 22.4 × 10 m
t t
.P

ee t
iii) Boric acid [H3BO3]
e e t = 44.01 g

l a
l i
a .(i)iN
.N
iv) Sulphuric acid [H2SO4]
l a
l i
a.iN. N mass of CO = 44.01 g mol
molar l a
l i
a.iN
1m 3
.N –1
a a aa 33. Which contains the greatest number aa
w

s
a s Urea [CO(NH ) ] 2 2
28 d a
d s
a s dda as s
of
2

N= 2 x 14 =
= .PP a
. 12 a moles of oxygen atoms
P P a a
. .of formic acid
w

H= 4 x 1 4
1 x w w
w i) 1 mol of ethanol ii)w
ww 1w
mol
C =
1 xww16w = 16
12 =
iii) 1 mol of Hww
O
w

O= 2
Given :
60
Molar mass of urea : 60g mol–1 Compound Given no. No. of oxygen
eet t
(ii) Acetone [CH3COCH3] eet t of moles atoms

l a
l i
a .iN
.N C = 3 x 12 = 36
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Ethanol - C2H5OH 1 1 × 6.022 × 1023

assaa H=
O=
6 x
1 x
1
16 =
=
aa a
dd6
16
s
a aa
s
add
a aassaa
Formic acid -
HCOOH
1 2 × 6.022 × 1023

58 ww P
..P ww P
.. P Water - H2O 1 1 × 6.022 × 1023

wwww
Molar mass of acetone = 58g mol–1 wwww Answer : Formic acid

UNIT - 1 10 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN data
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
34. Calculate the average atomic mass of naturally occurring magnesium using the following
.N .N
assaa Isotope
aa a
dd a
Isotopic atomic masss saa Abundance
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Mg24 w
23.99w P P
. . 78.99 (%)
ww P
..P
Mg25 wwww
24.99 10.00 wwww
Mg26 25.98 11.01

t t
Solution :
ee e et t
lalai.iN
.N 100
l a
l a .iN
.N
Average atomic mass = (78.99×23.99) + (10×24.99) + (11.01× 25.98)
i l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a as saa a as saa

et
P Paa dd = 2430.9
100
= 24.31u
PP aadd
35. In a reaction x + y +w
zw
.. w w ..
ww ww

.N
→ xyz identify the Limiting reagent if any, in the following reaction
mixtures. w w ww
2 2

(a) 200 atoms of x + 200 atoms of y + 50 molecules of z 2

ai
(b) 1mol of x + 1 mol of y+3 mol of z2
t t
(c) 50 atoms of x + 25 atoms of y+50 molecules of z2
e e eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al
(d) 2.5 mol of x + 5 mol of y + 5 mol of z2
l a
l i
a .iN.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa Reaction : x + y + z → xyz aaddaassaa aa
Solution :
a as s
as
2
P P 2
P Paadd
Numberw w
of .moles
. of reactants w w ..
Number of moles of reactants
ww wwallowed to react consumed duringw
ww w
reaction Limiting
ad

Question
reagent
x y z 2
x y z 2
200 200 50 50 50 50
t t
.P

ee a)
t atoms atoms molecules ee t atoms
atoms molecules
z 2

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nb) 1 mol 1 mol 3 mol a
l l ai1.iN.
mol
N 1 mol 1 mol x and y
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

50 atoms 25 atoms d a
d as
50s 25 a
ddy as s
c)
P
.mol
. Paamolecules
25 atoms 25 atoms
molecules a
PP
.. xa
w

ww w w
d)
wwww
2.5 mol 5 5 mol 2.5 mol 2.5
wwww
mol 2.5 mol
w

36. Mass of one atom of an element is 6.645 x 10-23 g. How many moles of element are there in
0.320 kg.
e t t
Solution :
e eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Given : mass of one atom = 6.645 × 10-23g
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa ∴ Mass of 1 mole of atom = a6.645 s saga× 6.022 × 10 = 40g ssaa
-23 23
× 10
a a
dd a add
a aa
w PP
. . in 0.320 kg =
∴ number of moles of element
w ww P
.. P = = 8 mol

wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 11 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a i
a .iN
mass and molar mass for carbon monoxide.
l .N l a
l i
a .iN
37. What is the difference between molecular mass and molar mass? Calculate the molecular
.N .N
assaa Solution :
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
Molecular mass aa a
dd s
a aa
s Molar mass

ww P
.. P
1. The relative molecular mass is defined as the
ww P
..PMolar mass is defined as the mass of a one

wwww wwww
ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified
atomic mass unit.
mole of a substance.

2. The relative molecular mass of any compound Molar mass of a compound is equal to sum of
can be calculated by adding the relative the relative masses of its constituents.

e et t
atomic masses of its constituent atoms.
eet t
lalai.iN
.N 3. It is expressed in ‘u’
l a
l i
a .iN.N l a
l i
a .iN
It is expressed in gmol–1 .N
assaa 38. What is the empirical formula aa aa
Molecular mass of CO = 12 + 16 = 28 u Molar mass of CO = 28 gmol–1
aas s as
as

et
PP a add
of the following ?
P Padd
a QY - 2018

ww . . in honey
i) Fructose (C H O ) found
w
w ..
wwHw www

.N
6 12 6
ii) Caffeinew(C N O ) a substance found in tea and coffee. w
8 10 4 2
Solution :

ai
Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula
eet t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Fructose
al C6H12O6
l a
l i
a .iN
.N CH2O
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa Caffeine C H N O ss
a a aa C H N O aas saa
as
P Paa ddand ferric oxide can generate temperatures
8 10 4 2 4 5 2

PP a adtod3273 K
w w .metals.
.
39. The reaction between aluminium
w w.O. = 16 u)
up

www w
and is used in welding (Atomic mass of Al = 27 u
wwwiswallowed to react with
Atomic mass of
ad

2Al + Fe O →
2 3
Al O + 2Fe; If, in this process, 324 g of aluminium
2 3
1.12 kg of ferric oxide.
i) Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
t t
.P

ee t ee t
ii) How much of the excess reagent is left at the end of the reaction?
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Solution :
l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa Reactants Products
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
Al Fe2O3 Al2O3 Fe
w

Amount of reactant allowed to react 324g 1.12 kg - -

Number of moles allowed to react 3 - -
=12 mol 1.12 10 = 7mol
324

eet t eet t 27 160

l a
l i
a .iN
.NStoichiometric Co-efficient
lal i
a.iN
.N 2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 1 1 2

assaa a s
a aa
s
Number of moles consumed during reaction
aadd a aass
12 mol
dd
a
aa 6 mol - -

ww P
..P
Number of moles of reactant unreacted
and number of moles of product formed ww P
.. P - 1 mol 6 mol 12 mol

wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 12 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
.N Molar of Al2O3 formed
= 6 mol x 102g mol  2 3
-1 Al O
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s aa
s s aa
s

= 612 g
aa dd a a  (2×27)+3(×16) 
 54+48= 102 
aa a
dd a

ww P
.. P  
ww P
.. P
wwwwreagent left at the end of the reaction = 1 molwxw160wwg mol–1
Excess reagent =
Amount of excess
Fe O 2 3

 Fe2O3 
 
= 160 g  (2×56)+(3×16)  = 160 g
e et t 112+48= 160 
eet t
lalai.40.iN
.N  
l a
l i
a .
iN. N l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
s
a a
sa How many moles of Ethane is requireda
a as s a
to produce 44 g of CO after combustion ?
as
asaa 2(g)

et
Solution :
P P aadd of ethane PPa a dd QY - 2019

C H + 7/2 O w →w
ww.+.3H O ⇒ 2C H + 7O → 4CO + 6H O wwww. .
Balanced equation for the combustion

.N
2 6 ww 2CO
2 2 2 2
To produce 4 moles of CO , 2 moles of ethane is required
2
6 ww 2 2 2

ai
∴ To produce 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 required

e et t
number of moles of ethane = 4 mol CO x 1 mol CO2 e et t
2 mol ethane

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
al 2

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
= 1/2 mole of ethane = 0.5 mole of ethane l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 41. itself aas saaIt oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion and reduced
a assaa
as
PP a addequation.
Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising agent.
PP aadd
Solution : w ..
to water. Write a balanced
w w w ..
wwww wwww
ad

1 2
H 2O2  Fe 2 
 Fe 3 + + H 2 O 2+ 3+
Ȣ H 2O2 + 2Fe Fe + H 2 O
 H O + 2Fe2+ +2H + Ȣ 2Fe3++ 2H O
t t
.P

ee
t
(1e ×2) 1e

e e t 2 2 2

l a
l i
a .42.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.ofNa compound containing 76.6% carbon, lalai.iN
.N
assaa Solution aa density is 47. aa
Calculate the empirical and molecular formula
w

6.38 % hydrogen and rest oxygena

dd a
itss s
vapour
dd aas s MAR - 2019 SEP -2020 AUG - 2022
:
.. PPa a P
.. Pa a
w

w w w w
Element
wwww
Percentage Atomic mass
wwww
Relative number of atoms Simple ratio Whole no.
w

76.6 6.38
C 76.6 12 = 6.38 =6 6
12 1.06

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N H 6.38
lal i
a.iN
.N 1
l a
l i
6.38
a .iN
.N
= 6.38
6.38
=6 6

assaa aa aa 1 1.06

a
dd s
a s ddaass
O
P
..
17.02
Paa 16
P
.. Paa 17.02
= 1.06
1.06
=1 1
ww ww 16 1.06

wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 13 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

N Neet t N N eet t N N
lalai .
i . Empirical formula = C6H6O
l a
l i
a
= .
i2. vapour density
l a
l i
a .
i .
s
a a
sa n=
Molar mass
aa ssaa 94
a s
a aa
s
Calculated empirical
P P add
formula
a mass
2  47
PPaadd
ww .. = = 1
w
w ..
wwww wwww
94
∴ Molecular formula ( C6H6O) × 1 = C6H6O

43. A Compound on analysis gave Na = 14.31% S = 9.97% H= 6.22% and O= 69.5% calculate
the molecular formula of the compound if all the hydrogen in the compound is present

N e et t eet t
in combination with oxygen as water of crystallization. (molecular mass of the

lalai i.N :
.Solution
compound is 322).
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
March-2023

assaa a a s aa
s as
asaa

et
Element %
PPaadd number of atoms Simple ratio PPaadd
Relative
w w .. w w..
wwww www

.N
0.62
14.31
Na 14.31 w
0.31
23
=2 = 0.62

ai
9.97 0.31
S 9.97 = 0.31 =1
eet t eet t 32 0.31

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N 6.22 l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa= 6.22 aa
6.22
H 6.22
a s
a s = 20
a s
a s
as
P Paadd 1 0.31
P Paadd
w w .. 4.34 w w..
wwww69.5 www=w14
69.5
O = 4.34
ad

16 0.31

Empirical formula = Na2 SH20 O14 Na2 SH20 O14

t t
.P

e e t Molar mass e e t 322 = (2 × 23) + (1 × 32) + (20 × 1) + 14(16)

l a
l i
a .iN
.N n=
Calculated empirical formula mass
l a
l i
a.iN
.N =
322
l a
l a.iN
.N
= 1 = 46 + 32 + 20 + 224
i
assaa Molecular formula = Na SHaaOddaassaa aa
= 322
w

a
dd s
a s
P P
2 20 14
. .the compound present as water P
.. Paa
w

w w
Since all the hydrogen in
ww
∴ Molecularw www is Na SO .10H O
formula wwww
w

2 4 2
44. Balance the following equations by oxidation number method. QY 2019 March-2023

e t t t t
(i) K2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + I2 + H2O
e ee
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
(ii) KMnO + Na SO → MnO + Na SO + KOH
4 2 3
lal i
a.iN
.N 2 2 4
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa (iii) Cu + HNO → Cu (NO ) + NO s
3
a a aa+saHaO
d→dK SO + MnSO + CO + H O
3 2 2 2
add
a aassaa
4
ww..P
(iv) KMnO + H C O + H SO
P
2 2 4 2 4 2
ww P
..4P 4 2 2

wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 14 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t ee t t
lalai .iN
Solution :
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N 3

assaa aa aa
6 1 0

ddaass a
dd s
a s
(i) K 2 Cr2 O7 + K I + H 2 SO 4  K 2 SO 4 + Cr 2 (SO 4 )3 + I 2 + H 2 O

P
.. Paa P
..Paa
2×3e 1e
⇒ K Cr Ow
-
w
w -

ww+ H SO → K SO + Cr (SO ) + I + H O wwwwww

+w6KI
2 2 7 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 2 2
⇒ K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 3I2 + H2O

et
e t eet
⇒ K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 → 4K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 3I2 + 7H2O
t
lalai.iN
.N 7 4 4
l a
l i
a .iN
6.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa (ii)
s aa
s
K M nO4 + Na 2 SO  + M nO2 + Na 2 SO 4 + KOH
aa as
asaa

et
P
3

Paadd P Padd
a
3e-
⇒ 2KMnO + w
w w. . 2e-
w
w . .
wSO → MnO + Na SO + KOH ww

.N
ww 3Na 4
⇒ 2KMnO + 3Na SO → 2MnO + 3Na SO + KOH
w
w 2 3 2 2 4 -

4 2 3 2 2 4

ai
⇒ 2KMnO4 + 3Na2SO3 + H2O → 2MnO2 + 3Na2SO4 + 2KOH
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 0 5 2 4
iii) Cu+ H N O C u (NO ) + N O + H O
l a
lal
i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
3 3 2 2 2

aass a s
a s
as
2e- 1e-

P Pa ddNO + H O
a
P Paadd QY 2019

ww..
⇒ Cu + 2HNO → Cu(NO ) + 3
ww.. 3 2 2 2

wwww wwww
ad

⇒ Cu + 2HNO + 2HNO → Cu(NO ) + 2NO + 2H O 3 3 3 2 2 2

⇒ Cu + 4HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
7 3 2 4
t t
.P

ee t
iv) K M nO +H
ee t
2 C 2 O 4 + H 2SO 4  K 2 SO 4 + M nSO 4 + C O 2 + H 2O

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 4

l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa ⇒ 2KMnO + 5H C O + HaSOadd→aaKsSO saa+ MnSO + CO + H O aa
w

5e- 1e- ×
2
a
dd s
a s
PP P
.+.H SO → K SO + 2MnSO + 10CO + H O ww. . Paa
w

4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2

ww
⇒ 2KMnO + 5H Cww
O ww
ww 4
ww 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2
w

⇒ 2KMnO + 5H C O + 3H SO → K SO + 2MnSO + 10CO + 8H O

4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2

45. Balance the following equations by ion electron method.

e t
e t + SnCl + HCl → MnCl + SnCl + H e Oe
t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N (i)
KMnO 4
lal i
a.iN
.N + KCl 2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 2 4 2

assaa (iii) Na S O + I → Na Saa aa aa

2– 2– 3+
(ii) C O + Cr O → Cr + CO (in acid medium)
2
Od
4
aas
d+ NaIs 2 7
ddaass 2

P P
. .+ NO (in acid medium)
2 2 3 2
P
.. Paa 2 4 6
(iv) Zn + NO →w w
Zn –
ww 2+

wwww 3
wwww
UNIT - 1 15 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
Solution :
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
i) Half reaction are
+7
ddaass a
dd s
a s
MnO-4  Mn 2+ ................. aa aa

w w ..P P (1)
ww P
..P
and Sn w →w ww............... (2)
Sn 2+ 4+
wwww
(1) ⇒ MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
(2) ⇒ Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e–
eet t 2+ + 8H e et t
lalai.iN
.N(1)  2  2MnO - +16H+ + 10e
4
   -   2Mn
l a
l i
a .iN
.N2O
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa (2)  5  5Sn 2+   5Sn 4+ +10ea s
a -a
s a as
asaa

et
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2MnO + 5Sn a
PP a dd →2Mn +5Sn +8H O
+16H –
P Padd
a 2+ + 2+ 4+

w w .. 4
w
w .. 2

⇒ 2KMnO + w w + 16HCl → 2MnCl + 5SnCl + 8H O wwww

.N
ww5SnCl -
4 2 2 4 2

3 4

ai
ii) C O 2-  C O ................ (1)
2 4 2

e e
6t t 3 e e t t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Cr2 O 2-  Cr ................ (2)
7 al l a
l a i .iN. N l a
l i
a .iN
. N
s
asaa (1) ⇒ C O 2–
→ 2CO + 2e
a a s s a a –
............. (3)
a s
a aa
s
as
2 4 2
Cr O + 14H → 2Cr + a
2–
P P a
7H dOd............... (4)
+ 3+
P Paadd
2 7
(3) × 3 ⇒ 3C O →w w. .+ 6e ............... (5)
6CO 2– –
w
2
w..
ww+w6ew→ 2Cr + 7H O ........... (4)
2 4 2
wwww
ad

2– + - 3+
Cr O + 14H2 7 2

(5) + (4) Cr2O72– + 3C2O42– + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O

t t
.P

e e t e e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
iii) Na2 S2 O3 + I2 → Na2 S4O6 + Nal
l a
l a i .iN.N(1) l a
l i
a.iN
.N
a a 2–
aa
2–
aa
w

S O →S O ...........
s
a s 2 3 4
a
dd s
a
6
s a
dd s
a s
Half reaction I → I
P
.. Paa –
............. (2)
P
.. Paa
w

2
2S O 2  w w
 S O 2 + 2e ww
wwww wwww
(1)    - ..........(3)
2 3 4 6
w

  - 
(2)  I2  2e  2I- ..........(4)
(3) + (4) ⇒ 2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I-

eet t
2Na2S2O3+ I2 → 2Na2S4O62 + 2NaI eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa iv) Zn + NO 3
-
→ Zn + NO
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
2+

add
a aassaa
0
Z n →Zn2+ ............... (1)
ww P
..P ww P
.. P
+5 - +2
wwww
N O →NO ............... (2)
3 wwww
UNIT - 1 16 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

e et t
(1) ⇒ Zn → Zn2+ + 2e– e et t
lalai .iN
.N – – +
l al a i .iN
........... (3)
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa (3)  3  3Zn  3Zn a+a+6e aa (5) aa
(2) ⇒ NO + 3e + 4H → NO + 2H O ......... (4)
3
a
dd s
a s 2
a
dd s
a s
P
- w. . P
- 2+
.........
P
..Paa
w
ww -   -  8H 2NO+4H O ............(6)
(4) × 2  2NO3 + 6e
wwww
(5) + (6) ⇒
w
w 2
 3Zn 2  2NO + 4H O
3Zn  2NO  8H 

w
w
3 2

III. Evaluate Yourself

N ee t t N e e t t
lalai.i.
1. N
By applying the knowledge of chemical
i .
i . N
classification,
l a
l a classify each of the following into
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa i) Sugar aa iii) Distilled water iv) Carbon dioxideaassaa
elements, compounds, or mixtures.
ii) Sea watera ass

et
PP a adsaltd P P a addballs
v) Copper wire
w w ..
vi) Table vii) Silver plate viii)
w ..
Naphthalene
w
wwwwire, Silver plate wwww

.N
Solution :
i) Element -wCopper
ii) Compound - Sugar, distilled water, carbon dioxide, Table salt, Naphthalene balls.

ai
iii) Mixture - Sea water
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N
2. Calculate the relative molecular mass of the following.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
i) Ethanol (C2H5OH) ii) Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
a as s a s
a s
as
P P a add
iii) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) iv) Sucrose (C12H22O11)
P Paadd
Solution :
w w .. ww..
w w ww
i) C2H5OH : (2×12)+(5×1) + (1×16) + (1×1) = 46 g
w
w ww
ad

ii) KMnO : (1×39) + (1×55) + (4×16) = 158 g

4
iii) K2Cr2O7 : (2×39) + (2×52) + (7×16) = 294 g
t t
.P

e e t
iv) C12H22O11 : (12×12) + (22×1) + (11×16) = 342 g
ee t
l a
l i
a .3.iN
.N
a) Calculate the number of moles presentlin al ai
9g.iofN
.Nethane. l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa b) 273 aofaoxygen gas that occupies a volume of 224amlassataa
w

a a
Calculate the number of molecules
K and 3 atm pressure.ad d s s dd
..P P a P
.. Paa
w

Solution :
ww ww ww w w -1
w w
a) Molar mass of ethane, C H = (2 x 12) + (6 x 1) = 30 g mol
ww
w

2 6
-1
n = mass / molar mass = 9g / 30 mol = 0.3 mole
b) At 273 K and 1 atm pressure 1 mole of a gas occupies a volume of 22.4L

N ee t t eet t
∴ number of moles of oxygen, that occupies a volume of 224 ml at 273 K and 3 atm pressure.

l a
l i
a .
i .N = 1 mole
la a .iN
.N
= i0.03 mole
x 0.224 L x 273K x 3 atm
l l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 1 Mole of oxygen contains 6.022x aa aa
273 K x 1 atm x 22.4L
aa
d6.022 ss
d x 10 x 0.03
10 molecules 23
ddaass
..P P
0.03 mole of oxygen contains
aa
= 23
P
.. Paa
w w ww

www =w 22
1.807 x 10 molecules of oxygen
wwww
UNIT - 1 17 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a i
a .iN
.N l a i
a .iN
4. a) 0.456g of a metal gives 0.606g of its chloride Calculate the equivalent mass of the metal.
.N .N
b) Calculate the equivalent mass of potassium dichromate. The reduction half-reaction in
l l
assaa Solution :
aadd s
a aa
s
acid medium is Cr2O2–7 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
a aa a
dd s
a aa
s
P
.. P
a) Mass of the metal = 0.456g
ww ww P
..P
wwww
Mass of the metal chloride = 0.606g
wwww
0.456g of the metal combines with 0.15g of chlorine.
Mass of the metal that combines with 35.5g of chlorine is 0.456 × 35.5 = 107.92g eq–1
0.15
et
e t e et t Molar mass

lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
b) Equivalent mass of an oxidising agent = number of moles of electrons gained by
i one mole of the reducing agent l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a as saa a a ssaa

et
P P aadd 
294.18 mol
-1

P Pa add
 49.0g eq
1

w w.. 6 eq mol
-1
ww ..
onww gave the following percentage composition wwC=54.55%, H = 9.09%,

.N
5. A compoundw w analysis ww
O = 36.36%. Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

ai
Solution :

eet t
Element
Percentage Atomic
e et t
Relative no. of atoms= Percentage Simple ratio

l a
l i
a .iN
.N Composition
al Mass
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Atomic mass

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
C 54.55% 12 54.55 / 12 = 4.55 4.55/2.27 = 2
aass a as s
as
H 9.09%
P P aadd1 9.09 / 1 = 9.09
P Pa a dd 9.09 / 2.27 = 4
O
w
36.36%
w .. 16
w w ..
36.36 / 16 = 2.27 2.27 / 2.27 = 1
w w ww w w ww
ad

6. Experimental analysis of a compound containing the elements x,y,z on analysis gave the
following data. x = 32%, y = 24%, z = 44%. The relative number of atoms of x,y, and z are 2,
1 and 0.5, respectively. (Molecular mass of the compound is 400 g) find out.
t t
.P

ee t
i) The atomic masses of the element x,y,zee tii) Empirical formula of the compound and

l a
l i
a .iN
.N a i.iN
iii) Molecular formula of the compound.
l l a .N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

Solution :
a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P a
Percentage
.. P a Relative no. of atoms=
P
.. Paa Atomic mass =
w

Element Percentage Percentage Simple ratio

w
w
Composition
ww Relative no. of atoms
wwww wwww
Atomic mass
w

X 32% 2 16 4
Y 24% 1 24 2
Z 44% 0.5 88 1

e et t eet t
Empirical formula (X4Y2Z)

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a
calculated empirical formula mass = (16×4) + (24×2)
.i+N
.88N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a a a
= 64
dd +s
a s
48
a+a88 = 200
add
a aassaa
w w P
.. P n=
Molar mass
ww P
.. P
Calculated empirical formula mass
n =
400
=2

www (X Y Z) = X Y Z wwww
200
∴ Molecularw formula 4 2 2 8 4 2
UNIT - 1 18 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

e et t e et t
lalai .iN x react with 15 moles of y, then
l a
l ai .iN
7. The balanced equation for a reaction is given below 2x + 3y → 4l + m. When 8 moles of
.N .N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa I)ii) Which is the limiting reagent?ass
Calculate the amountP a a a aa
dd formed. aa a
dd s
a aa
s
w w P
. . of excess reactant left at the end of the reaction.
of products
w w ..P
P
wwww
iii) Calculate the
Solution :
amount
wwww
Reactant Products

ee t t eetContent
t x y l m

lalai.iN
.NStoichiometric coefficient l a
l i
a .iN
.N 2 3 4 1
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa No. of moles allowed to reactaaddaassaa -as
asaa

et
P P
8 15
P P
-
add4
a
w w ..
No. of moles of reactant reacted and product formed 8
w12
w.. 16
ofww reactants and the product formed ww - w
w3 16 4

.N
ww
No. of moles un-reacted
Limiting reagent : x

ai
Product formed : 16 moles of l & 4 moles of m
e et t
Amount of excess reactant : 3 moles of y eet t
l a
l i
a .8.iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN N method
.number l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa As S + HNO + H O → H a aa aa
Balance the following equation using oxidation
AsO a +a ss a s
a s
as
2 3
P3
P add H SO + NO 
2 3 4
P Paadd
2 4
GMQ - 2018

Solution :
w w .. ww..
As S w+w
ww →H AsO + H SO +NO
+3 -2 +5 +5
wwww +6 +2
ad

HNO
2 3 3 3 4 2 4

_ _ _

t t
.P

2 × 2e 3 × 8e 3e
e e t_ + _
ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 4e 24e
_
l a
l ai.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa Equate the total no. of electrons aa side by cross multiplying, aa
28e
w

ddina as
the
s
reactant a
dd s
a s
⇒ 3As S + 28HNO →.H P
. Pa a P
.. Paa
w

w
w AsO + H SO + NO
ww
wwwwside, balance the products wwww
2 3 3 3 4 2 4
Based on reactant
w

⇒ 3As S + 28HNO → 6H AsO + 9H SO + 28 NO

2 3 3 3 4 2 4
Product side : 36 hydrogen atoms & 88 oxygen atoms
e et t e et t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l ai.iN
Reactant side : 28 hydrogen atoms & 84 oxygen atoms
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa ∴ Add 4H O molecule on theaareactant aa aa
Difference is 8 hydrogen atoms & 14 oxygen atoms
aa ss
ddAsO + 9H SO + 28 NO
side. Balanced equation is,
ddaass
3As S + 28HNO + 4H.O
2
P
. P
→ 6H P
.. Paa
2 3
w w 3 2 3
w
w 4 2 4

wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 19 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

e et t eet t
lalai .iN
.N IV. PROBLEMS
l a
l i
a .iN
-(2/3/5
. NMarks)
l a
l i
a .iN
. N
s
a a
sa aa s a
s
BOOK EXAMPLEa PROBLEMS
aassaa
1. An acid found in Tamarind ondd Find dd: 32%
Carbon: 4% Hydrogen.: P
. P
64%
a aanalysis
Oxygen. the empirical formula of the .. aa
shows the following percentage composition
PP
compound.
ww ww
Solution :

Element
wwww Percentage
Molar Relative no. of
wwww Simplest ratio
Simplest ratio
Mass moles (in whole nos)

et
e t C 32 12
eet
32
t 2.66
= 2.66 =1 2

lalai.iN
.N l a
l ai .iN
. N 12 2.66
l a
l i
a .iN
. N
assaa aasa
s a4
=4
4
= 1.5 as
asaa

et
H 4 1 3

PPaadd 1 2.66
P Padd
a
ww.. 64 4 w
w ..
wwww www

.N
O 64 =
16 4 = 1.5 3
16 2.66 w
The empirical formula is C2H3O3

ai
2. An organic compound present in vinegar has 40% carbon, 6.6% hydrogen and 53.4% oxygen.
eet t
Find the empirical formula of the compound. eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Solution : al l al ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a aa
sAtomic Relative no. of
a s
a aa
s Simplest ratio
as
Element
P Paadd
Percentage
Mass moles
P P add
Simplest ratio
a (in whole no)

w
w .. 40 3.3 ww..
C
wwww 40 12 = 3.3 =
3.3 w www
1 1
ad

12
6.6 6.6
H 6.6 1 = 6.6 =2 2
1 3.3
t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N O 53.4 16
l
53.4
a
l i
a.iN. N
= 3.3
3.3
=1
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
1

assaa aaformula is CH O aa
16 3.3
w

Thed
daas s
empirical a
dd s
a s
P Pa a
of. .hydrogen (H) is
2 3
P
.. Paa
w

3. How many molesw w ww 5

required to ww ww10 moles of ammonia?

produce ww ww
3 moles of H 2  10 moles of NH
3
w

2 moles of NH3
Solution :
= 15 Moles of hydrogen are required
The balanced stoichiometric equation for
4. Calculate the amount of water

N ee t t
the formation of ammonia is
N ee t
produced t by the combustion of 32g of

l a
l i
a .
i . N
N (g) + 3H (g) → 2NH (g)
2 2 3
l a
l ai.i. N
methane.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N QY-2018

s
a a
sa As per the stoichiometric equation,a
produce 2 mole of ammonia, d a s
a s a
to Solution :
aassaa
hydrogen are required.PP a a3dmoles of 4 2
P Pa add
CH (g) + 2O (g) → CO (g) + 2H O (g)
As per the stoichiometric .equation,
2 2

ww .
∴ to produce 10
w w .
wwww
moles of ammonia. Combustion of
w 1
w ww
mole (16g) CH produces
2 moles (2 x 18 = 36g) of water.
4

UNIT - 1 20 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e e t t
lalai .iN
.N C H4

l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
22.4 litres of chlorine gas are required.
.N
∴ To produce 11.2 litres of HCl,
assaa aa aa
-1
(12) +(4 × 1) = 16g mol

H2 O
dd a s
a s 22.4 L Cl2
dd aass1
 11.2 L of HCl

P
.. Paa PP a a
44.8 L of HCl

are.required.
4
.
w w
(2×1) + (1×16) = 18g mol
-1
= 5.6 litres of chlorinew
w
ww
Combustionw
of
w
32g CH produces  7. Calculate the
4
w w ww composition
percentage
of the elements present in magnesium
36 g H2O
=  32 g CH 4 = 72 g of water carbonate. How many kilogram of CO2
16 g CH 4
et
e t ee t t can be obtained by heating 1 kg of 90%

lalai.iN
.N
5. How much volume of carbon dioxide is
l
produced when 50 g of calcium carbonate a
l i
a .iN
.N Solution :
l a
l a .iN
.N
pure magnesium carbonate.
i
assaa is heated completely under standard
aasaa
s a s
asaa
The balanced chemical equation is

et
conditions?
PPaadd P P aa dd
.. . . mol
MgCO3   MgO  CO 2

Solution :
ww ww
wwww wwww

.N
The balanced chemical equation is, -1
Molar mass of MgCO is 84g 3
CaCO3 (s) Δ CaO(s) + CO 2 (g) Mass of the element in the compound
 Molar mass of the compound
 100

ai
Ca CO3

e et t e
(40) +(12) + (3×16) = 100 g mol
et t
-1 % of Mg =
24
×100=28.57%

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al
As per stoichiometric equation, 1 molela
l i
a .iN
.N 84
12
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa (100g) aa aa
% of C =
CaCO on heating produces 1 s s ×100=14.29%
a a s
moles
a a s
84
as
CO .
P
3

Pa add % of O = 100 - (% of Mg + %C) d

P Paa d
At STP, 1 mole of CO .occupies
. ..
2

of 22.71 litres. w
www a volume 2
ww w w
= 100 - (28.57+14.29)
w w = 100 -w
w
42.86
ad

∴ At STP, 50g of CaCO on heating % of O = 57.14%

3
produces, 90% of pure of 1kg MgCO3
22.71 litres of CO2 × 50 g CaCO3
t t
.P

N ee t N e e =t
90
 1kg = 0.9kg
l a
l i
a .
i . N 100g CaCO3
2
l a
l i
a.i N
.MgCO  MgO  CO
100
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa As per equation, 84g of pure MgCOaasonsaa
w

= 11.35 litres of CO
aas s
disdrequired heating gives 44g of CO PPaadd
2
3 2

6. How much volume of chlorine

PP a a
. .273 K and 1 atm 0.9 kg of pure MgCO wonw.heating . 3
w

to form 11.2L of HCl

ww w w at
ww 2
pressure?
w w w w 3
w

Solution : 44g  0.9kg

= 0.471kg of CO
 0.471kgCO 2 2
The balanced equation for the formation of 84g
HCl is
eet t eet t 8. In a process

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)
l
As per the stoichiometric equation, underal i
a.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
646g of ammonia is allowed to react with
i
1.144kg of CO2 to form urea.
assaa given conditions,
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
add
a aassaa
1. If the entire quantity of all the reactants is
To produce 2 moles of HCl,
ww P
..P
1 mole of chlorine gas is required ww P
.. P not consumed in the reaction which is the
limiting reagent?
wwww
To produce 44.8 litres of HCl, wwww
UNIT - 1 21 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a
l i
a .iN
.N
The balanced equation is 2NH3 + CO2 → H2NCONH2+ H2O l a
l i
a .iN
2. Calculate the quantity of urea formed and unreacted quantity of the excess reagent.
.N .N
assaa Solution :
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
ww P P w
w P
..P
1. The entire quantity of ammonia is consumed in the reaction. So ammonia is the limiting
..
reagent. Some quantity of CO2 remains unreacted, so CO2 is the excess reagent.
wwww www Products
Reactantsw
NH3 CO2 Urea H2O

eet t
Stoichiometric coefficients 2
e et t 1 1 1

lalai.iN
.NNumber of moles of reactants allowed to
l a
l i
a .
iN. N
646 1144
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
s
a a
sa react
aas sa a 17 44 -
aa aa
- ss

et
n=
M ass
M olar m ass
P Pa a dd = 38 = 26
P Padd
a
w w .. moles moles
w
w ..
Actual numberw wmoles consumed during moles 19 w
ww -

.N
ww(2:1)
reaction Ratio
of 38
w
moles
-

ai
No. of moles of product thus formed - - 19 moles 19 moles

e et t
No. of moles of reactant left at the end of the
-et t 7 moles
e - -

l a
l i
a .2.iN
.N
reaction
al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa × molar mass of urea aa
Quantity of urea formed
a as s a ass
as
= 19 moles x 60P gP aadd
= number of moles of urea formed
P Paadd
= 1140wg =ww . .kgmol -1

w
w ..
1.14
wwleftover wwww
w at the end of the reaction is carbon dioxide.
ad

Excess reagent
Amount of carbon dioxide leftover
= number of moles of CO2 left over × molar mass of CO2
t t
.P

e e t
= 7 moles x 44g mol-1 = 308 g. e e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Part-II – GMQ & GOVT. EXAMlalaQUESTION i.iN
.N AND ANSWERS l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa 2. Match the List I with List II correctly aa
w

dd aas s dd a s
a s
by
..PP a a
I. Choose the correct answer
P
.. Pa a
w

using the code given below the list.

w w
1. The equivalent mass
w wof a divalent metal
ww ww QY - 2018
w w
element is 10g –1
eq . The molar mass of its w w
w

anhydrous oxide is List I

GMQ-2018 List II (Amount
a) 46g b) 36g (No. of moles)

N ee t
c) 52g t d) none of these
e
A 0.1 mole
et t 1 4480 ml of CO
B.iN
.0.2Nmole 2 200 mg of hydrogen gas lalai.iN
2

l a
l i
a i .N :
.Solution l a
l i
Ans: c) 52 g
a .N
assaa Atomic mass of divalent metal a
to 2 multiple of atomic P aadd s
isa saa C 0.25 mole 3 9 ml of water
equal
aa a
ddof s
a aa
s
ww P
.of. oxygen.
mass of metal + 2
D 0.5 mole 4 P
.. P
1.51 × 10 molecules
oxygenw w
23

wwww wwww
multiple of atomic mass

UNIT - 1 22 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e t
e t
lalai .iN
.Na) A - 2, B - 3,C - 4, D - 1
b) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D - 2
l a
l ai .
i N
.
= N 3 moles of H
´ 10 moles of NH
l a
2
l i
a .
i N
. N 5

assaa aa aa 3

a
dd s
c) A - 3, B - 1, C - 4, D - 2
a s 2 moles of NH
dd aass 3

P
.. Pa
d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3
a
Ans: d) A - 2, B - 1, C - 4, D - 3 ..P Pa a
= 15 moles of hydrogen are required
ww w
3. Define limiting reagent.w
Solution :
wwww
Number of moles is equal to Mass / Molar wwww GMQ-2018 QY-2018 AUG - 2022
mass Number of moles is equal to Volume When a reaction is carried out using
molar volume. non-stoichiometric quantities of the

et t
3. The oxidation number of chromium in
e eet t reactants, the product yield will be

lalai.iN
.N dichromate ion is
l a
l ai .iN
.N
QY - 2018
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
determined by the reactant that is

assaa aa aa
a) + 4 b) + 6 completely consumed. It limits the further
aass a as s
reaction from taking place and is called as

et
c) + 5 d) 0
PPa dd
a Ans: b) + 6 aa dd
the limiting reagent.
P P
w
w ..
4. The empirical formula of glucose is : ww . . ? Give
wwww b) CHO
4. What is combination
ww reaction

.N
a) CH2O
example.
HY - 2019
ww
When two or more substance combine to
HY-2019

ai
c) CH2O2 d) CH3O2 form a single substance, the reactions are
Ans: a) CH2O combination reactions.
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
5. The relative molecular mass of ethanol is
al l a
l i
a
SEP - 2020.iN
.N Oxidation

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a) 0.46 g b) 4.6 g
aa ssaa +4
a s
a aa
s
as
d) 46 g d d d) 46g 0 dd
c) 460 g
..P P a aAns: C + O P
CO
.. Paa
w w
wwMarks Questions 0 wwww 2 2

II. Two andw wThree ww –2

ad

Reduction
1. Write the electronic concept of oxidation
and reduction reactions. QY - HY - 2018
5. Define basicity. Find the basicity of
t t
.P

The process can be explained on the basis

ee t e e t ortho-phosphoric acid. SEP - 2020

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nelectron is termed oxidation.
l a
l ai
(i).iN
.N : The number of replaceable lalai.iN
of electrons. The reaction involving loss of
Basicity .N
assaa aa hydrogen atoms present in a molecule aa
w

a
dd s
a s
Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e– (loss of electron-oxidation).
dd aass
of
aa the
The reaction involving gain of electron is
P
.. P
acid is referred to as its
P a a
basicity.
P
. . acid - H PO
w

termed reduction.w
w ww
(ii) Basicity of ortho-phosphoric
wwww wwww
3 4
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu (gain of electron- H
w

reduction). O O
2. How many moles of hydrogen is required
H
e et t
to produce 10 moles of ammonia ?
e e t t P H

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l l i
a.iN
.N
HY-2018
a O
l a
l
O i
a .iN
.N
assaa hydrogen aa aa
N (g) + 3H (g) → 2NH (g)
2 2 3
To produce 2 moles of ammonia, 3a
dd ass
moles of The number of Hydrogen atoms bonded
a ass
dd is 3.
are required
P
.. Paa Therefore, the basicity of . P
. Paa
to the oxygen atoms in this compound
w w w w ortho-phosphoric
wwww wwww
To produce 10 moles of ammonia
acid is 3.

UNIT - 1 23 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

N e et t CH e e t t
lalai .
i N III. PROBLEMS
. N
. Statement 1: Two mole of glucose containslalai i.Now to calculate n we have 30/15 = 2 lalai.iN
N and its mass is 15
3
.N
assaa 12.044 × 10 molecules of glucoseassa
a so molecular formula is CH × 2 = CaHassaa
1.
23

aa a
dofdentities 5. X + 3Y → 2XY In this reaction a add2 moles 3 2 6

present in one mole w w

ofP
Statement 2 : Total number
P 2
P
2
P
. .any substance is of X and 4.5 moleswofw.Y. react to give 3

equal to 6.02 × w10w w w

22 2 2
w w .
Whether the above statements are true ?
ww
products. Which is the limiting agent and
calculate the no. of moles of X . Y and XY 2 2 3
Is there any relation between these two in the reaction mixture? QY - 2019
statements ?  GMQ-2018

et
e t
Solution: e et t
Solution: X2 + 3Y2 → 2XY3

lalai.iN
.N The statements 1 & 2 are true. But there is
l a
l i
a .iN
.N No. of moles
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
2 4.5 ?

assaa aa aa
no relation between statement 1 and SC 1 3 2
a as s ratio
as
as 2/1 4.5/3 -

et
statement 2.
P P aaddelectrons P Padd
a 2(ER) 1.5(LR) -
2.
ww..
Calculate the total number of nX nY .nXY
= w w .
www w1www3 nXY 2

.N
present in 17g of ammonia. GMQ-2018 mole - mole = = 2 2 3

Solution: w
No. of electrons present in one ammonia 2 4.5
= = =
3
= 3moles

ai
(NH3) molecule (7 + 3) = 10 1 3 2

eet t
No. of moles of NH3 =
Mass
eet t No. of moles of 2XY3 = 3 moles.

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al
Molar mass
17g l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
6. Calculate the equivalent mass of H2SO4.

assaa aa aa
Solution:

=
a s
a s
17g mol -1
= 1 mol
a s
a s MAR - 2019
as
P Paadd
No. of molecules present in 1 mol of NH3
P P add
H2SO4 basicity
a = 2eq mol–1

w
w ..
= 6.023 × 1023 w
w ..Molar mass of H2SO4= (2× 1)+(1 × 32)+(4 × 16)

wwww wwww 98 = 98 g mol–1

ad

No. of electrons present in 1 mol of NH3

= 10 × 6.023 × 1023 Gram equivalent of H2SO4 = = 49 g eq–1.
= 6.023 × 1024 2
t t
.P

7. A compound having the empirical formula

ee t
3. Calculate the oxidation states of oxygen in
ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.NH2O2 and KO2. QY - 2019
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
MAR - 2019
l a i
a.iN
C6H6O has the vapour density 47. Find its
.N
Molecular formula.
l March - 2019

assaa aa aa
w

Solution:
a
dd s
a
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is –1s a
dd s
a s
Solution:
Empirical Formula = C6H6O
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

2 (+ 1) + 2x = 0 ; ⇒ 2x = – 2 ; ⇒ x = – 1 Molar mass
w
w ww n=
wwww
Super oxides such as KO2 is = –1/2
wwww calculated empirical formula mass
w

+ 1 + 2x = 0 ; ⇒ 2x = – 1 ; ⇒ x = – 1/2.
2 ´ vapour density 2 ´ 47
4. Calculate the empirical and molecular = = =1
94 94
formula of the compound containing 80%
t t
Carbon, 20% Hydrogen. If the molecular
ee eet t Molecular formula (C6H6O)×1=C6H6O

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nthe molecular formula. lal a.iN
.N
mass of the compound is 30 then determine
i QY - 2019
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
8. Calculate the oxidation number of

assaa aa aa
underlined elements. MAY - 2022
Solution:
a
dd s
a s (i) CO2
dd a s
a s
(ii) H2SO4
For C ⇒ 80/12 = 6.6
P
..Paa P P a a
i) CO2 = X + 2(–2) = 0 ⇒ X = + 4
..
ww ii) H SO = 2(+1) + Xw
for H ⇒ 20/1 = 20 now divide 6.6 and 20 by
+w
wwww
6.6 to get simple whole no. ratio of C and H

which will come 1:3 so empirical formula is ww2w w 4(–2) = 0 2
+ X – 8 = 0, X = + 6
4

UNIT - 1 24 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

e et t ee t t
lalai .iN
.N Part-III – ADDITIONAL
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
QUESTIONS
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
s
a a
sa I. Choose the best answer ss
a a aa Solution :
a assaa
P a a
1. Which of the following contains
P ddmaximum aadd
a) 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
PP
Reactant Product

number of moleculesww . .STP?

at w w.. Mg O2 MgO
a) 100 cc of CO ww ww2
w
c) 50 cc of SO2
w 2
b) 150 cc of N
d) 200 cc of NH
2
3
w
w
Stoichiometric
Coefficient 2 1

Solution : Ans: d) 200 cc of NH3 1 0.56

et
e t
d) 22,400cc of any gas at STP contains same
eet t No. of moles allowed
to burnt - 24 32

lalai.iN
.Nnumber of molecules ie., 6.022 × 1023.
l a
l
Hence, larger volume at STP, greater is the i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
mol .N
= 0.0416 = 0.0175
mol

assaa number of molecules.

aasaa
s No. of moles of
aa ss aa

et
2.
P P
Number of atoms of oxygen a adpresent
d in 0.035 0.0175d
a a d0.035
reactant reacted and
P P
10.6g Na CO will w
bew.. ww ..
product formed

a) 6.02 x 10 ww w b) 12.04 x 10 ww - 0.035

.N
2 22 3 No. of moles of un-
23
c) 1.806 x 10
w d) 31.80 x 10
22
28 w
w 0.0066
reacted and product
formed
Solution : Ans: c) 1.806 × 1023

ai
Mass of Mg left in excess = 0.0066 x 24 = 0.16 g
c) Molar mass of Na2CO3 = 106g mol-1
eet t eet t 5. The volume of CO2 released at STP on

l a
l i
a .iN
.N 10.6 al
No. of moles of Na2CO3
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
heating 9.85g of BaCO3 (Atomic mass,

assaa = 106 = 0.1 mol aa ssaa a s

a aa
s
Ba=137) will be
as
P Pa add P Paadd
a) 1.12 l b) 2.24 l
..
23
= 0.1 × 6.022 x 10 molecules
ww ww..
c) 4.06 l d) 0.84 l

ww ww× 10 atoms of O
= 3 × 0.1 × 6.022 23
w
w ww
Solution : Ans: a) 1.12 l
ad

d) BaCO3 → BaO + CO2

23
= 1.806 × 10 (M.M of BaCO3 = 197g mol-1)
3. Which has maximum number of atoms? As per equation, 197g of BaCO3 gives
t t
.P

ee t
a) 1gm atom of Nitrogen e e t 1mol of CO2 ie., 22.4L

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
b) one mole of water
l a
l ai.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
22.4L ´ 9.85

assaa aa aa
9.85g of BaCO3 gives = = 1.12L
w

c) one mole of sodium

a
dd s
a s ddaas s 197

P
.. Pa
d) one molecule of H2SO4
a 6. How many moles of a
P P a
magnesium
) . .will contain
w

Solution : Ans: c) one mole of sodium

w
w phosphate, Mg (PO w w
wwww wwatoms? 3 4 2
c) 1gm atom nitrogen = 14g; 1mole Na = 23g
ww
0.25 mole of oxygen
w

One mole H2O = 18g –2 –2

a) 1.25 × 10 b) 2.5 × 10
98 c) 0.02 d) 3.125 × 10–2
One molecules of H2SO4 = g
6.022 ´ 1023 Solution : Ans: d) 3.125 × 10–2
eet t eet t 6. b) 1 mol of Mg3(PO4)2 contains 8 moles of
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
4. 1g of magnesium is burnt with 0.56g
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
oxygen atoms

assaa aa aa
oxygen in a closed vessel. Which reactant
a s
a s
is left in excess and how much?
dd ddaass
∴ 8 moles of oxygen atoms
a) Mg 0.16 g
P
..Paa
b) O2, 0.16 g
P
.. Paa = 1 mole of Mg3(PO4)2
c) Mg, 0.44 g ww d) O2, 0.28 g ww 0.25 mole of oxygen atoms = 1/8 × 0.25
wwww Ans: a) Mg 0.16g wwww = 3.125 × 10-2 mol of Mg3(PO4)2

UNIT - 1 25 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
7. The total number of atoms of all elements
.Npresent in one mole af ammonium
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Solution :
l a i
a .iN
.N
c) 1 mole (NH4)2Cr2O7 contains 2 atoms of N
l
assaa dichromate is
a) 19
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
b) 6.023 x 1023
aa a
dd s
a aa
s
8 atoms of H
2 atoms of Cr and 7 atoms of O
c) 114.437 x 1023
P
.. P
d) 84.322 x 1023
ww ww P
..P
So, total (2 + 8 + 2 + 7) x 6.022 x 1023
wwwwAns: c) 114.437 × 1023
wwww = 114.437 × 1023
8. 25.4g of I2 and 14.2g of Cl2 are made to react completely to yield a mixture of ICl and ICl3.
Calculate the moles of ICl and ICl3 formed
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N a) 0.1, 0.1 b) 0.2, 0.2
l a
l i
a .
iN. N c) 0.1, 0.2
d) 0.2, 0.1
Ans: c) 0.1, 0.2 ai.i.N
l l a N
assaa Solution : aasaa
s a as s aa

et
P
P aadd P Paa dd
Product
2 2
w ..
c) I + 2Cl → ICl + ICl
w 3
Reactant
w w ..
wwww www ICI ICI

.N
I Clw 2 2 3
Stoichiometric coefficient 1 2 1 1

ai
25.4 14.2
e et t
No. of moles allowed to react
254
= 0.1 t = 0.2 mol
e e t
71
- -

l a
l i
a .iN
.NNo. of moles of reactant reacted and lalai0.1.iN
al N
.mol l a
l i
a .
iN. N
s
asaa product formed
a s
a a
s a 0.2 mol 0.1 0.1 a
a assa
as
aa dd and
No. of moles of unreacted reactant
P P PPaadd0.1
product formed
w w .. - -
w
w ..
0.1

w ofw
w w required to produce Solution : wwww
ad

9. The amount Zinc

224ml of H at STP on treatment with dil. b) CaCO → CaO + CO
2 3 2
H2SO4 will be As per equation, 100g of CaCO3 on heating
gives 44g of CO2
t t
.P

ee t
a) 6.5 g b) 0.65 g
ee t 44 ´ 10

l a
l i
a .iN
.Nc) 65 g d) 0.065 g
l a
l i
a.iN
.N ∴ 10g of CaCO3 on heating gives
l a
l i.iN
100
a .N = 4.4g

assaa Solution : aa aa
w

Ans: b) 0.65 g
dd a ass dd aass
11. Volume occupied by one molecule of
water (Density = 1 g cm-3)
b) Zn + H SO → ZnSO +.H P P a a
.is liberated from a) 9 x 10 cm ww P P a a
. . x 10 cm
w

-23 3 -23 3
2
At STP, 22, 400w
4
ww 4 2
w
b) 6.023
wwHwSO
ml of H 2 c) 3 x 10 cmw w
w d)Ans: -23 3
5.5 x 10 cm -23 3
w

65g of Zn with 2 4 c) 3 × 10 cm –23 3

∴ 224ml of H2 is liberated from Solution :
65 ´ 224 Mass
eet t
22400
= 0.65g of Zn
t t
ee Volume c) Density =

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal
10. 10 g of CaCO3 gives on strong heatingi
a.iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa Volume = 1 gram cm = 1cm aassaa
1 gram
a
dd s
a s
CO2 and quick lime. The mass of quick
dd -3
3

lime is
a) 5 g P
..Paa
b) 4.4 g Volume occupied by P
.. Paa
ww w
w
wwww wwww
3
c) 5.6 g d) 4 g 1 gram water = 1 cm
Ans: b) 4.4 g
UNIT - 1 26 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

ee t t ee:t t
lalai .iN
.N
(or) Volume occupied by
6.022 ´ 10
l a
l a
23

i
b) .iN
Solution
.Nthe atomic mass of metal is M
Let
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa molecules of water = 1cm aaddaassaa aa
18
3 Element % a
dd s
a s
Atomic mass Relative number of moles

P P
. .by 1 molecule of M
..P P a
50a M 50/M = 1
ww
Thus, Volume occupied O ww 50 16 50/16 = 2
water
wwww
1 ´ 18
www
Since the formula
w
MO 2
is = 3 × 10-23 cm3. 50
6.022 ´ 1023 M1

e et t
12. One mole of magnesium nitride on the
eet t 50 2

lalai.iN
.N reaction with an excess of water gives.
l a
l i
a .iN
. N mass of metal = 32
Atomic
16
l a
l i
a .iN
. N
s
a a
sa a) two moles of ammonia
aassaa For second oxide a a ssaa

et
b) one mole of nitric acid
c) one mole of ammonia.P Paadd PPadd
a
w w . w w ..
Element % Atomic Relative number Simplest

www wwww40

.N
d) two moles of nitric acid mass of moles ratio
wAns: a) two moles of ammonia
M
1.25
40 32 = 1.25 =1
Solution : 32 1.25

ai
a) Mg 3 N 2 + 6H 2O ® 3Mg ( OH )2 + 2NH3
eet t
13. A compound made up of two elements A e et t O
60
= 3.75
60
3.75
16=3

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al a
and B is found in contains 25% A (atomic
l l ai .
i N
. N 16 1.25
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a saa Formula for second oxide is MO aassaa
mass = 12.5) and 75% B (atomic mass = 37.5).
as
P P add
The simplest formula of the compound is
a 15. The mass of water formed bya
P P add
combustion
3

b).AB
. ..
a) AB
w
w of 16 g of methane is ww
wwww d) A B Ans: a) AB c)a)2236gg wwwwb)d) 0.518 gg
2
ad

c) AB3 3

Ans: a) 36 g
Solution :
t t
.P

ee t
a) The simplest formula is AB
ee t Solution :

l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Element % Atomic
i.iN
.NAs per equation, 16g of CH on
Relative number Simplest
l a
l a
a) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
mass of moles ratio
w

25
2d
=a
a
d s
a s combustion gives 2 moles ofa
a as
ddie., s 4
A 25 12.5
P
.. P a 1
..PP a
CO
w

12.5 2
w
w 2 × 18 = 36gw w
wwww 37.5
75
16. The numberw w ww
w

B 75 37.5 =2 1 of electrons required to

balance the following equation
NO3– + 4H+ + e– → 2H2O + NO is
eet t
14. Two oxides of a metal contain 50% and
ee t t a) 5
b) 4
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 40% metal (M) respectively. If the formula
lal i
a.
of first oxide is MO2 the formula of secondiN
. N c) 3
d) 2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a) MO oxide will be
b) MOa dd
a a as saa
Solution : aaddaa c) a
Ans:s
s 3a

c) M2O
2
ww P
d).M
.PO
3
w w P P
. .+ NO +

wwww wwww
 
2
Ans: b) MO
5 NO + 4H + 3e  2H O 3 2
3

UNIT - 1 27 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
17. Consider the following reaction,
.N 5H2O2 + X ClO2 + 2OH → XCl– + YO2 + 6H2O
l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N 20. The oxidation state of S in Na2S4O6 is
a) 1.5 b) 2.5
assaa a)c) XX == 4,5, YY == 102 d) X = a
5,aYdd
=5
5 ss
b) X = 2, Y = a
a aa
aa a
dd s
a aa
s c) 3 d) 2
Ans: b) 2.5
w
w P
. P
.Ans: b) X = 2, Y = 5 Solution :
w
w P
..P
Solution :
ww ww b) Na S O ⇒ w
– w –
ww 2 4 6
b) XC1O + 5H O + XOH → XCl + YO + 6H O
2 2 2 2(1) + 4x + 6 (-2) = 0 2 2

(Clt tO + 5e-
+4

2
(
Cl - x 2
t t
4x = 10

i.iN
. Ne(e H2 O 2-1
i
.
iN
O 2+ 2e- x 5
. Nee

( x  10  2.5
4
i .iN
.N
s a
salala 2ClO2 + 5H2O2
s l a
l a
aa 21. Which is not disproportionation reaction?
s
_
2Cl + 5O2
s saal a
l a
a aa a a

et
To Balance O, Add 2H O to a
P P add
RHS a)
P P aadd Al(OC2 H5)3

ww .. 2
ww .. CHO COOCH 2

ww2H O to -

wwww

.N
2ClO + 5H O → 2Cl + 5O + 4H O
2
wwadd
To balance H,
2 2
b)
2
2 2 CHO

COOH
+ OH Ȣ
_
CH2OH
COO
_
+
COO
COO
_

RHS and 2OH- to LHS

ai
c) NaH + H2O → NaOH + H2

N e t t
2ClO2 + 5H2O2 + 2OH →
e
-
e e
d) 3ClO t t → 3ClO + 2Cl – – –

l a
l i
a .
i .N 2Cl + 5O + 4H O + H O-
al l a
l ai .iN
.N Ans: c) NaH + H O → NaOH + H lalai.iN.N 3

assaa aa Solution : aa
2 2 2 2 2
2ClO2 + 5H2O2 + 2 OH
aass  
2Cl + 5O2 + 6H2O
a s
a s
as
(X)
P Paadd (X) (Y)
P Pa add 1 1 1
Y =.5. . . oxidation. Na H   H 2 O 2  Na O 2 H 1 H 2o
c)
∴x=2
18. What is thew
w w
ww mass of IO when So, it is not disproportionation
In this reaction H w
atomw
ww reaction.
undergo
w w w
ad

-
equivalent 4
it is converted into I in acid medium? 2 22. Which one act as both reducing and
a) M/6 b) M/7
oxidising agent?
t t
.P

ee t
c) M/5 d) M/4
e e t a) KMnO4 b) H2O2
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Solution : Ans: b) M/7
l a
l ai.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
+7 - + - O
c) Fe (SO ) d) K Cr O
w

b) 2 I O4 + 16H + 14 e  I2 + 8H 2O
a
dd
2x Molar mass
s
a s Ans: b)aass
dstrongest
d H O
2 4 3 2 2 7

Equivalent mass of IO =
P
.. Paa ..P P a a 2 2
w

4
23. Assertion (A) : Fluorine act as the
w
w 14
w w
wwww Molar mass
oxidising agent
Reason (R) w

:w
ww
w

7 Fluorine is the most

19. The oxidation state of C in fullerene (C60) electronegative element.
is a) Both A and R are true and reason (R) is
eet t
a) +1 b) ¼+ eet t correct explanation of assertion

l a
l i
a .iN
.N c) 0 d) 1
lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N b) Both A and R are true but reason (R) is

assaa s aa s aa not correct explanation of assertion

Solution :
dd a s
Ans: c) 0
a ddaa s c) Assertion is true but reason is false
..Paa
c) fullerene (C60) exist in elemental state the
P P
.. Paa d) Reason is true but assertion is false.
oxidation state of C is Zero
ww ww
wwww wwww
Ans: b) Both A and R are true but reason (R)
is not correct explanation of assertion

UNIT - 1 28 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Reason (R) : 22.4 lit of H2 at STP contains 6.023 x 1023 moles. l a
l i
a .iN
24. Assertion (A) : Number of moles of H2 in 0.224 litres of hydrogen is 0.01 mole
.N .N
assaa aa a s
a aa
s
aa a s
a aa
s
a) Both (A) and (R) are true and reason (R) is correct explanation of assertion.
dd dd
b) Both (A) and (R) are true but reason (R) is not correct explanation of assertion.
ww P
.. P
c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
ww P
..P
ww ww
d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
w
w ww
Ans: c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
25. Match the following :
A 88 gram of CO2 1 0.25 mole a) A - 2, B - 4, C - 1, D - 3

N eet t 23
N eet t
lalai.i N B
6.022 x 10 water molecules 2 2 moles
. C 5.6 litre of CO at STP l
3 6.023a
l i
×a
. . N
10i molecules
b) A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1
23
c) A - 2, B - 4, C - 3, D - 1 l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa D One mole of any gas aaddaa aa
4ss -s
2s
aa
2
a a

et
1 mole d) A - 4, B - 3, C - 1, D
PP P P a d-d1, D - 3
a
ww .. Ans: a) A
w -
w ..
2, B - 4, C

wwww wwww

.N
II - Two Marks Questions

ai
1. Define amu or Unified atomic mass. 6. Define : Molar mass.
eet t
The amu or unified atomic mass is defined
eet t
It is defined as “the mass of one mole of

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al
as one twelfth of the mass of a carbon –12
atom in its ground state. l a
l ai .iN
.N a substance” (or) The molar mass of a
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s aa s aa
compound is equal to the sum of int relative
1 amu or 1u = 1.6605 × 10-27 kg a a s aa s
as
P P a add P P a dd
stomic masses of its constituents expressed
a
2.
.entities
Define Avogadro number.
The total number ww . in g mol–1.
w w ..
wwsubstance is equal to
wwany of present in
ww ww Questions
ad

one mole of III. Three Marks

6.022 × 1023. 1. Write various expression for determining
This number is called Avogadro number. the equivalent mass of acids, bases,
t t
.P

ee t
3. Define Molar volume. ee t oxidising agent and reducing agent

l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
The volume occupied by one mole of any
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
(i) Equivalent mass of acid =

assaa aa aa
Molar mass of the acid
w

dd s
a s
substance in the gaseous state at a given
a a
dd s
a s
Basicity of the acid
P
.. Paa
temperature and pressure is called molar
..PP aa
w

volume. (ii) Equivalent mass of base =

w
w w w
4. wwww
Define : Basicity w wwof the base
Molar mass
w
w

The no. of moles of ionisable H+ ion present Acidity of the base

in 1 mole of the acid. (iii) Equivalent mass of Oxidising agent =

e e t t
e.g.: basicity of H2SO4 = 2
eet t Molar mass of the Oxidising agent

l a
l i
a .5.iN
.N
Define : Acidity
l a
l i
a.iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Number of moles of electrons gained

s
a a
sa The number of moles of ionisable OH a
present in 1 mole of the base. d aass a (iv) Equivalent mass of reducing agentaas=saa
ion –

e.g.: acidity of NaOH =.1P Pa a d P Paa dd

Molar mass of the reducing agent
ww . w w ..
Number of moles of electrons lost
wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 29 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e et t
lalai .iN l a
l i
a .iN
2. Distinguish empirical formula and molecular formula.
.N .N Molecular Formula l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 1. Empirical aa Molecular formula of a compound is theaassaa
Empirical Formula
aa s s
dd ratio of formula written with the actual
formula of a compound is the
dd of
formula written withP theaa P aa
w w
the number of different
P
. . atoms present in different atoms presentw
simplest
inwone
P
. . molecule as
number

wwww
one molecule of the compound as sub-
script to the atomic symbol
ww
a subscript to the ww symbol.
atomic

2. It is the simplest formula of a compound. It is the original formula of a compound.

eet t
3. We can determine the empirical formula
eet t We can calculate molecular formula from

lalai.iN
.N of a compound from the % composition
of elements. l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N empirical formula.

assaa 3. Identify a as saafollowing. as

asaa

et
P P a add
the type of redox reaction for the
b) 4H PO → 3H PO + PHP Padd
a
c) Cu + AgNO w
2
w w . . ) + Ag
a) N (g) + O (g) → 2 NO(g) 2
ww .. 3 3(l) 3 4(s) 3(g)

wwO w→ Fe O + H wwww+ I

.N
→ Cu(NO 3
d) 2H O → 2H + O2 3 2 2 2
e) 2Fe + 3H (s) 2 (l)
f) Cl + Kl → 2KCl
2 3(s) 2(g) 2(g) (9) (ag) 2

ai
Ans :
o o 
2 2
t t
a) N 2 g  O 2g  2 NO g ⇒ Combination reaction.
e e e et t
l a
l i
a .b)iN
.N 3
l a
lal
ai .
i N
. N
5 3
l a
l i
a .
iN. N
s
asaa 4 H P O 
3 3 H PO  P
3 H
aas saa
3 ⇒ Disproportionation
3 reaction.
4
a s
a aa
s
as
o
c) Cu  Ag NO   Cu NO  a
1
PP d⇒ Metal displacement reaction
Agd
a
2
P Paadd o

w w .. 3
w
3 2
w..
wwww ⇒ Decomposition reaction.
1 o o
wwww
ad

d) 2H 2O 2 
 2 H2  O 2
o 1 2 3 2 o
e) 2 Fes  3 H 2 O l  
 Fe2 O3s  3H 2 g ⇒ Metal displacement reaction.
t t
.P

e
o
e t ee t1 o

l a
l i
a .iN
f) Cl2g  KI 1 g  
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
 2 K Claq   I2 ⇒ Non - metal displacement reaction.
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa 4. Justify aredox
a reactions. aa
w

(a) Fe O + 3CO → 2Fe +d d as s

that the following reactions are
a a
dd s
a s
2
P Pa a 3CO
. .→ 2B H + 3LiCl + 3AlCl
3(s) (g)
P
.. Paa
(s) 2(g)
w

(b) 4BCl w w
+ 3LiAlHww w
w w
w
w w 3(g) 4(s)
w
w 2 6 (s) 3(s)
w

Ans :
3 2 O 4
a) Fe O3  3CO 
 2 Fe 3CO2
2

e t t e t t
Here oxidation number of Fe decreases from +3 to zero while oxidation number of C increases
e e
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
from +2 to +4. Therefore, Fe2O3 is reduced while CO is oxidised. Thus, this is a redox reaction. .N
assaa s saa s saa
31 1 3 3 1 1 1 3  1
b) 4 BCl3  Li Al H4  a a
 2 B2 H 6 3 Li C l + 3 Al Cl3
dd from +4 to -3 while oxidation numberPP a a
dincreases
d
Here, oxidation number.PofPBaa a a
. .this is a redox
w w . decreases
BCl is reduced while LiAlH is oxidised. ww of H

www wwww
from -1 to +1. Therefore, Thus,
reaction. w
3 4

UNIT - 1 30 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e et t
lalai .iN
5. List the substances where carbon can
.Nexhibit oxidation number from - 4 to +4.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N 8. Define :
i) Excess Agent
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa a s
a aa
s
Substance Oxidation Number of carbon
aadd a add aas aa
s
ii) Oxidising agents
iii) Reducing agents
1. CH4
ww P
.. P –4
ww P
.. P
wwww w
Excess Agent :
2. CH3– CH3 –3
w w
The reactant other
w
than the limiting reagent
3. CH3Cl –2
which are in excess are called the excess
4. C2H2 –1
agents.

et
e t
5. C6H12O6 eet
0 t Oxidising agents :

lalai.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
The reagent which facilitate oxidation by
gaining electrons and get reduced.
assaa aa aa
6. C6Cl6 +1
aass as
as

et
Reducing agents :
7. CHCl3
PPaadd +2
P Padd
a The reagent which facilitate reduction by
8. H2C2O4
ww.. +3
w w.. releasing electrons and get oxidised.
wwww wwww PROBLEMS

.N
9. CO2 +4
IV. ADDITIONAL
6. Identify substance act as oxidising 1. Calculate the mass of (i) an atom of silver,

ai
agent and reducing agent for each of the (ii) a molecule of CO2.
eet t
following reaction. e et t Solution :

l a
l i
a .iN
.a) N 1 al l a
l ai .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
i) Atomic of an atom = 108 .N
assaa aa Mass of an atom = aa
 1 1 3 6 4
s s
O
2 Ag Br s C6H6 O2 
s
 2 AgS  2HBr aq 
a a a a s Atomic mass of the atom
as
P Paadd O  4 4
 C6 H4 O2 aq
P P a a dd Avogadro number
4 4
w
w .. One atom of silver w. .
2
w 
108
1.793 10 22 g
w w
O

w
b) PbS  PbO2 S  2H 2SO 4aq   
 PbSO4 S
w 6.022 10 23
ww ii) Molar mass ofw w= 12 + (2 x 16) = 44g mol
ad

 2H2Ol 
CO -1
2
Reaction Oxidising agent Reducing agent Molar mass of the molecule
Mass of a molecule = Avogadro number
t t
.P

a. AgBr C6H6O2
e e t e e t 44  23

l a
l i
a .iN
.N b. PbO2
l a
l ai
.iN
.N Pb
l a
l i
a.iN
.N 
6.022 10 23  7.307  10 g

assaa 7. Give athea 2. How many atoms and molecules aa

w

the empirical formula forss ss

following compounds.
aada
d a aad a
d
sulphur are present in 64g of sulphur
a of
(S )?
P
a) Acetic acid (C H O ). . P . P
. P
w

8
ww
ww (H O ) 2 4 2 Solution :
Molecular mass of S w =w
w w
w w
b) Hydrogen Peroxide
ww 8 x 32 = 256 u
w

2 2 8
c) Benzene (C H ) 6 6 256 g of sulphur contains 6.022 x 10 molecules 23

Solution : ∴ 64 g of sulphur will contain

eet t e et t 23
6.023 x 10 x 64

l a
l i
a .iN
.N Compound

lal i
a.iN N
Empirical formula
. =
= 1.506 x 10 molecules la
l i
a .iN
.N 256

assaa aa 1 molecule of sulphur (S ) contains 8aatoms aa 23

a. Acetic acid (C2H4O2)
a
dd s
a s CH2O
dd ass
b. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
P
..Paa of sulphur HO
P Paa
. . will
8

ww ∴ 1.506 x 10 molecules w
ofwsulphur 23
c. Benzene (C6H6)
wwww CH
contain 8x1.506w
xwww= 1.2048 x 10 atoms
10 23 24

UNIT - 1 31 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
3. Calculate the number of atoms of the
.N constituent elements in 53g of Na2CO3.
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
4. Calculate the number of moles in
.N (i) 392 g of H2SO4

assaa Solution : a a aas

ddmass
aa
s
aa a
dd s
a aa
s (ii) 44.8 litres of CO2
(iii) 3.011 x 1023 oxygen molecules

ww
No of moles of Na CO
PP
.=. molar mass
given
ww P
..P (iv) 9g of Al

wwww = 53g 2 3
wwww Solution :
i) No. of moles =
given mass
106g mol -1 molar mass
392
No. of moles of H2SO4 =
eet t
Number of moles of Na2CO3 = 0.5 mole
ee t t (2 + 32 + 4 ´ 16)

lalai.iN
.N
One mole of Na CO contains 2 moles of ai.i.N
l l a N l a
l i
a .iN
.N =
392

assaa ∴ 0.5 mole aa aa

2 3
Na+ (or) 2 x 6.022 x 10 Na a ass
ions 23 +
a a ss 98

et
P P aadd = 4 moles
PP a add
of H SO 2 4
of Na CO will
w w . . x 10 x 0.5
2
contain 3 ii) No. of moles for gaseous
ww . . volume of gas
substance

wwww ww

.N
= 2x 6.022 23 Given
= 6.022 x 10 Na ions 23 ww =
+Molar volume (SATP)
44.8

ai
Similarly, one mole of Na2CO3 will contain No. of moles of CO2= = 2 moles of CO2
22.4
N e et t
one mole of C - atoms (or)
N ee t t
l a
l i
a .
i . N 6.022 x al
10 carbon atoms 23
l a
l a .
iii)
i i .
No.Nof moles of molecules
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
s
asaa ∴ 0.5 mole of Na CO will containa assaa =
Given number of molecules
aassaa
as
2
0.5 × 6.022 x 10 = 3.11P P a adCdatoms
3 Avogadro number
PP a dd
a
w w
23
.Na. CO contains 3
× 10 No.
23
of moles for oxygen
w w..
molecules

www w ww 23
Further, one mole of 3.011 ´ 10
ww
ad

2
= 3 23
mole of oxygen atoms (or) 3 × 6.022 × 10 6.022 ´ 10 23

O - atoms = 0.5 mole of oxygen molecules

t t
.P

ee t
∴ 0.5 mole of Na2CO3 contain
ee t iv) No. of moles of atoms

l a
l i
a .iN
.N = 3 × 6.022 × 10 × 0.5
l a
l i
a.i
=
N. N Given
23 mass of atom
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

atomic mass
= 9.033 x 10 O - atoms
dd aa ss 23
9 a
dd s
a s
P
.. P a a No. of moles of Al =
P
.. Paa
w

27
ww w w ww
= 0.33 mole Aluminium w w
w w w w
w

5. An organic compound having C,H,N and O was found to contain C=41.37%, H=5.75%
N = 16.09% and rest oxygen. Calculate the molecular formula if vapour density is 43.3
Solution :
eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N Element
lal i
a.iN
%
.N l a
l i
a .iN
Atomic mass
.N Relative no of moles Simplest ratio

assaa C
aa a
dd s
a aa 41.37 = 3.45
s 41.37
3.45
= 3
add
a aassaa12

ww P
..P 12 1.15
ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 32 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e e t t
lalai .iN
.N H 5.75
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N 1
5.75
5.75
= 5.75
=5
l a
l i
a .
i N
. N
assaa s aa s aa
1
1.15
a
dd a s a
dd a s
N P
.. Paa
16.09
16.09
= 1.15
14
1.15
=P
..1Paa
ww 14 ww
1.15

O
wwww
(100 – 63.21) = 36.79
36.79
= 2.30
16
w
w ww2.30
=2
16 1.15

et
Hence, the empirical formula C3H5NO2
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
Empirical formula mass = (3 x 12) + (5 x 1) + (1x14) + (2 x 16)
i l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aathe compound (or) 2 × V.D aa
= 36 + 5 +14 + 32 = 87
aas s as
as

et
P P adCalculated
d empirical formula mass
Molar
Whole number (n) = a
mass of
P Padd
a
w w .. w
w ..
wwww 2 × 43.3 86.6 wwww

.N
n= = = n = 0.9954  
87 87

ai
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) n = (C3H5NO2)1

eet t
Molecular formula = C H NO
eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N al 3

l
5

a
l i
a .iN
2
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aassaa a s
a aa
s
as
P P aadd P Paadd
ww .. ww..
wwww wwww
ad

t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa aa aa
w

a
dd s
a s a
dd s
a s
P
.. Paa P
.. Paa
w

w
w ww
wwww wwww
w

eet t eet t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa a
dd s
a aa
s
add
a aassaa
ww P
..P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
UNIT - 1 33 Basic Concepts of Chemistry and Chemical Calculations

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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t e e t t
lalai .iN
.N l al a .iN
.N
GOVT. EXAM - MARCH 2023
i l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s aa
s s saa
Time Allowed : 3.00 Hours Maximum Marks : 70

aadd a a PART - I aadd a a

ww P
. P
.appropriate
Note : i) Answer All the questions.
w w P P
. . and write the
wwwand the corresponding answer.
optionw
ii) Choose the
code
most answer from the given
wwww
four alternatives
15 x 1 = 15
1. – I effect is shown by :
a) – Cl b) – Br c) both (a) and (b) d) – CH3
et
e t eet t
lalai.iN
.N
2. 
(C2H4)?
l a
l a .iN
.N l a
l a .iN
.N
Which of the following compound has percentage of Carbon same as that in Ethylene
i i
assaa a) Benzene saa
s
b) Propene
aa c) Ethane
as
asaa d) Ethyne

et
3. 
aadd add
a
Solubility of carbon-di-oxide gas in cold water can be increased by
PP P P
ww..
a) decrease in pressure
w
w ..
b) increase in volume

wwww wwww

.N
c) increase in pressure d) none of these
4. The pH of Normal rain water is :
a) 5.6 b) 6.5 c) 4.6 d) 7.5

ai
5. The boiling point of heavy water (D2O) is ______
eet t
a) 375.4 K b) 373.4 K eet t c) 376.2 K d) 374.4 K

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N
6. Assertion : Oxygen molecule is Paramagnetic
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa s
a aa
s a s
a aa
s
Reason : It has two unpaired electrons in its bonding molecular orbital.
a
as
P P add
a) Assertion is true but reason is false
a P Paadd
w ..
c) Both assertion and reason are false ww..
b) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
w
wwww wwww
ad

d) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
7. Chloroform reacts with Nitric acid to produce :
a) Chloropicrin b) Nitro toluene c) Chloropicric acid d) Nitro glycerine
t t
.P

e e t
8. Which one of the following is aromatic?
e e t
l a
l i
a .iN
.Na) b)
l a
l i
ac).iN
.N d) both (a) and (b)
l a
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa 9. An unknown gas diffuses ataaadratedaofas0.5saatimes that of Nitrogen at the same temperature aa
w

dd aa ss
P P
.b). 112 g mol P P a
.g. mol a and
w

pressure. The molar mass of the unkown gas is _______

w w d)ww
wwww( ) of a solution is given by the equation: wwww
a) 114 g mol c) 120 g mol 110
–1 –1 –1 –1
w

10. Osmotic pressure

a) v = nRT b) RT = n c) = nRT d) none of these
11. Sodium is stored in
eet t
a) Kerosene b) Alcohol c) Ether
e e t t d) Water

l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
.N
12. Which of the following is not a thermodynamic function?
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
a) entropy b) internal energy c) frictional energy d) enthalpy
13. The IUPAC name of the compound
dd a as s dd a a s s
OH
P P
.. :a a ..P P a a
ww w w w w
www
CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH = CH – CH3
a) hex - 2 - w - 4 - ol b) hex - 4 - en - 2 - ol c) hex - 2 - en - 4 w
enw - al d) hex - 4 - en - 2 - al
357 Govt. Exam Question Paper

eet t eet t
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.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

eet t eet t
lalai .iN
14. 
.Na) didibium
l
b) bibibiiuma
l i
a .iN
What would be the IUPAC name for an element with atomic number 222?
.N c) bibibium
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
d) bididium

assaa 15. 
a) 5 aa a
dd
b) 9
s
a aa
s c) 7 aadd a as saa
The total number of orbitals associated with the Principal Quantum Number n = 3 is:
d) 8
ww ..PP ww P
..P
www Question No. 24 is Compulsory. wwww
PART - II
Answer any sixw
questions. 6 x 2 = 12
16. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction. Unit 1
17. State: Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle. Unit 2
et
e t
18. Mention the uses of Plaster of Paris. eet t Unit 5

lalai.iN
.N l a
l
19. State. Le - Chartelier principle. i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N Unit 8

assaa 20. Define Osmotic Pressure. aasaa

s as
asaa Unit 9

et
PPaadd
21. Draw the Lewis structure for
P Padd
a Unit 10
ww.. w
w ..
wwww wwww
i) H2O ii) HNO3

.N
22. Write short notes on Friedel Craft’s Reaction. Unit 13
23. What are Particular Pollutants? Give example. Unit 15

ai
24. Calculate the entropy change during the melting of one mole of ice into water at 0ºC and 1
e et t eet t
atm pressure. Enthalpy of Fusion of ice is 6008 J mol–1. Unit 7

l a
l i
a .iN
.N al l a
l i
a .iN
.N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa Answer aa aa
PART - III
any six questions. Question aas s a as s
as
P Paa ddby oxidation Number Method.
No. 33 is Compulsory.
P PaaddUnit 1
6x3=18

ww .MnO
.
25. Balance the following equations
ww..
wwwwCu(NO ) + NO + H O
i) KMnO + Na SO → + Na SO + KOH
wwww
ad

4 2 3 2 2 4
ii) Cu + HNO 3
→ 3 2 2 2
26. Write short notes on Principal Quantum Number. Unit 2
27. Explain the Diagonal Relationship. Unit 3
t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
29. Derive ideal Gas equation. l a
l a.iN
.N
28. How do you convert Para hydrogen into Ortho hydrogen?
i l a
l i
a.iN
.N Unit 4
Unit 6

assaa aa aa
w

a s
a s
30. What are State and Path Functions? Give two examples.
dd a
dd s
a s Unit 7

P Paa P Paa
31. An organic compound (A) with molecular formula C2H5Cl reacts with aqueous KOH and
.. ..
w

w
w ww
gives compound (B) and with alcoholic KOH gives compound (C). Identify (A), (B) and (C).
 wwww wwww Unit 14
w

32. Explain inductive effect with suitable example. Unit 12

33. Write the structural formula for the following compounds. Unit 11
i) t t t t
i .iN e em-dinitro
.Niii)ii) p-dichloro
benzene
benzene i.iN
. Nee i .iN
.N
s a
sal a
l a 1,3,5 trimethyl benzene
s aa
s lal a ss l
aa a
l a
a aa a
dd a add
a aa
w w P
..P ww P
.. P
wwww wwww
358 Govt. Exam Question Paper

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
Kindly send me your study materials to [email protected]
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ww
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Loyola EC 11th Chemistry

N eet t eet t
lalai .N all the questions.
.Answer
i l a
l ai .iN
PART - IV
.N 5 x 5 = 25 la
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa 34. a) the
A compound on analysis gavea
molecular formula ofaa
Nas
a=s
a14.31
a %, S = 9.97 %, H = 6.22 %, O = 69.5 %. Calculate
dcompound,
the d if all the Hydrogen in the compounda d
isa
a
d ina
present
s saa
w
combination with w P P
. . as Water of Crystallisation. (molecular mass
Oxygen ww P P
.of.the compound
is 322) ww wwww
ww (OR)
Unit 1

b) i)State Pauli Exclusion Principle. Unit 2

et
e t
ii) State Modern Periodic Law.
eet t Unit 3

lalai.iN
.N
35. a) i)
a i .iN
.N
What are Isotopes? Write the names of Isotopes of Hydrogen.
l l a l a
l i
a .iN
.N
Unit 4

assaa ii)Give the uses of Calcium.

a a ssaa aas saa Unit 5

et
PPaadd (OR)
P Padd
a
w w.. w
w . . Unit 6
b) Derive the values of Critical Constants in terms of Vander Waals constants.
www statements of Second(OR) wwww

.N
36. a) State thew
various law of Thermodynamics. Unit 7

ai
b) i) State law of Mass Action. Unit 8
eet t
ii) What are the limitations of Henry’s Law? eet t Unit 9

l a
l i
a .37.iN al ai .iN
.Na) Explain the salient features of MoelcularlalOrbital
.Ntheory. Unit 10
l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa b) i) Give any three characteristics aassaa(OR) aas saa
as
PP a add of Organic compounds. P
PaaddUnit 11
ww . .group of the following compounds. ww. . Unit 11
wwww wwww
ii) Find the functional
ad

A) Acetaldehyde
B) Oxalic acid
C) Dimethyl ether
t t
.P

ee t ee t
l a
l i
a .38.iN
.Na) Explain the structure of Benzene. lalai.iN
D) Methylamine
.N Unit 13 la
l i
a.iN
.N
assaa b) i) Starting from CH MgI,aahow aa(OR) aa
w

aa ss
ddwill you prepare the following? aas s
ddUnit 14
..P P P
.. Paa
w

ww 3
w
w
wwww
A) Ethylalcohol
wwww
w

B) Acetaldehyde
C) Ethyl methyl ether
Unit 15
eet t ii) What is Eutrophication?
t
ee t
l a
l i
a .iN
.N lal i
a.iN
. N l a
l i
a .iN
.N
assaa aa aa
☺☺☺☺☺
a
dd s
a s dd aas s
P
..Paa P
.. Paa
ww ww
wwww wwww
359 Govt. Exam Question Paper

eet t eet t
aai.iN
.N aai.iN.N aai.iN
.N
Kindly send me your study materials to [email protected]