MATH1131/1141 Lab Test 2

Solutions to Question Bank

Feb 2024
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1 Calculus

Question 1
Find, to 10 significant figures, the unique turning point x0 of
 
x 3x
f (x) = 3 + 3 cos
2

in the interval [0, 0.7] and enter it in the box below.

We notice that a turning point occurs when the derivative is equal to 0.

In Maple, we apply the following commands.

f := 3^x + 3*cos(3*x/2);
g := diff(f, x);
fsolve(g = 0, x, 0..0.7);

The derivative of our function is found with the first two lines. In the third line, we set the
derivative to 0 and solve for x in the interval 0 to 0.7. This command gives us the x value
of the turning point.

Ans: x0 = 0.2078623547

Find, to 10 significant figures, the value of the second derivative of f ′′ (x) at the
turning point, that is f ′′ (x0 ). Enter your answer in the box below.

We calculate the second derivative and substitute x0 in the following Maple code,

h := diff(g, x);
evalf(subs(x = 0.2078623547, h));

Ans: f ′′ (x0 ) = −4.907971159

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 2

Question 2
The Maple expression for the ex is

Ans: exp(x)

The Maple expression for the constant π is

Ans: Pi

The Maple expression for ∞ is

Ans: Infinity

Evaluate, to 10 significant figures,

∞
e−x sin(x2 /3)
Z
dx
1 1+x

We will write out this integral in Maple and then evaluate it to 10 significant figures.

int(exp(-x)*sin(x^2/3)/(1+x), x=1..infinity);
evalf(%);

Ans: 0.07554615124

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 3

Question 3
The Maple expression for the inverse tan of x is

Ans: arctan(x)

The Maple expression for cosec(x) is

Ans: csc(x)

The Maple expression for the imaginary unit (square root of -1) is

Ans: I

Evaluate, to 10 significant figures,

5
2 + 5x2
Z
dx
3 tan−1 x

We will write out this integral in Maple and then evaluate it to 10 significant figures.

int((2 + 5*x^2)/arctan(x), x=3..5);

evalf(%);

Ans: 125.8311321

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 4

Question 4
Select the option below which is the plot of the polar curve

r = 3 sin(θ) − cos(4θ)

for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

For this question, we will graph this polar curve on Maple and then match the image to the
options on Mobius. Instead of θ, we will use t.

with(plots):
polarplot(3*sin(t)-cos(4*t), t = 0..2*Pi);

Note that the colon in the first line is very important!

Ans:

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 5

Question 5

Find the largest interval of the form [a, b] containing −1.36 on which the function
f : R → R defined by the rule

f (x) = 2x3 + 21x2 + 36x − 11

has an inverse.

We know that cubic will either have 0 turning points or 2 turning points. If the cubic has
no turning points, then the function is one-to-one and so it is invertible everywhere. We can
check this by finding when the derivative is 0 with Maple.

f := 2*x^3 + 21*x^2 + 36*x - 11;

fsolve(diff(f, x), x);

If there are two turning points, then the general shape of the curve will look something like
this.

We see that the regions which are one-to-one are before the first turning point, after the
second turning point or in-between the two. From Maple, we notice that our turning points
are -6 and -1. This gives us the 3 regions, (−∞, −6], [−6, −1], [−1, ∞).

Now, we just find which interval contains -1.36. This interval is [−6, −1].

Ans: a = −6 and b = −1

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 6

Question 6

Consider the funciton f : R → R, defined by the rule f (x) = |x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9|.
Find all critical points of f on the interval [−2, 3] and enter them in the box below in
Maple syntax as a set of exact values.

There are three types of critical points. The first are endpoints of the interval. In this case,
−2 and 3 are critical values.

The second type is points where f is not differentiable at c. For absolute values, this would
happen when the original curve, x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9, crosses the x-axis, leaving a sharp bend
when the absolute value function is applied. To find these points, we can find the roots of
x3 − 5x2 + 3x + 9. Using the following command in Maple,

f := x^3 - 5*x^2 + 3*x + 9;

solve(f, x);

We get the roots -1, 3 and 3. Since -1 only occurs once, we know that crosses the x-axis at
this point. The root 3 occurs twice which means that (x − 3)2 is a factor of this cubic so
it acts like a parabola around this root. Thus, it does not cross the x-axis but bounces off.
Therefore, we have one critical point of this type which is −1.

The third type is points where f is differentiable at c and f ′ (c) = 0. The turning points of
the original function are the same as the turning points an absolute values so we can just
differentiate the original function. Using Maple, we can find where the derivative is 0.

solve(diff(f, x), x);

1
We get the values and 3. Critical points of this type must occur in the domain (−2, 3) so
3
the only point of this type is 1/3.

Ans: {−2, −1, 1/3, 3}

The function f is guaranteed to have (a) value on [−2, 3] because it is (b) on the
interval [−2, 3] which is (b) and bounded.

a) both a maximum and a minimum

b) continuous
c) closed

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 7

 What is maximum value of f on [−2, 3]? What is minimum value of f on [−2, 3]?

The critical points are every point where a minimum or maximum value can occur. Thus,
we calculate the value at each point to find the maximum and minimum values.

• f (−2) = 25

• f (−1) = 0
 
1 256
• f =
3 27
• f (3) = 0

Clearly, the maximum value is 25 and the minimum value is 0.

At which type of critical point or points does the maximum occur?

The maximum occurs at −2 which is an end point.

Ans: An end point of [−2, 3]

At which type of critical point or points does the minimum occur?

The minimum occurs at −1 and 3. We know that at −1, the function is not differentiable. We
also know that 3 is an end point. Note that the stationary point has to be on (−2, 3).

Ans: An end point of [−2, 3], A point in (−2, 3) where f is not differentiable.

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 8

Question 7
For f and g real functions defined on a suitable domain and a a real number in that
domain, L’Hopital’s rule says that

f (x) f ′ (x)
lim = lim ′
x→a g(x) x→a g (x)

provided the following conditions hold.

From Theorem 10.1, to use L’Hopital’s rule, you need one of the following to hold

• f (x) → 0 and g(x) → 0 as x → a

• f (x) → ±∞ and g(x) → ±∞ as x → a

f ′ (x)
and we must know that lim exists.
x→a g ′ (x)

Ans: A and D (as selected from an example paper)

Can the following limit be calculated using L’Hopital’s rule?

cos(x)
lim
x→0 ln(x)

Let’s check our first condition. The limit of cos(x) as x → 0 is 1. The limit of ln(x) as x → 0
is −∞. Since we require either both limits to be 0 or ±∞ and the first limit is 1, then we
know that we cannot use L’Hopital’s rule.

Ans: The reason why we cannot use the rule is A

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 9

Question 8
Can the following limit be calculated using L’Hopital’s rule?

5x + cos(x)
lim
x→∞ 5x + sin(x) + 2

We will check the limits of the top and bottom functions as x → ∞. We know that the
top approaches ∞ and the bottom approaches ∞ so it satisfies condition A for L’Hopital’s
rule.

We now consider that

(5x + cos(x))′ 5 − sin(x)
′
= .
(5x + sin(x) + 2) 5 + cos(x)
From this, we see that there is no limit for sin(x) or cos(x) as x → 0 and so we see that
5 − sin(x)
lim does not exist. This breaks the second condition for L’Hopital’s rule.
x→∞ 5 + cos(x)

Ans: The reason why we cannot use the rule is D

Can the following limit be calculated using L’Hopital’s rule?

√
x−1
lim
x→1 x−1

We will check the limits of the top and bottom functions as x → 1. We know that the
top approaches 0 and the bottom approaches 0 so it satisfies condition A for L’Hopital’s
rule.

We now consider that √ √

( x − 1)′ 1/(2 x) 1
′
= = √ .
(x − 1) 1 2 x
1 1
From this, we see that lim √ = and so the limit exists. This fulfills condition D for
x→1 2 x 2
L’Hopital’s rule and so this is our limit.
1
Ans:
2

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 10

Question 9
Plot the two curves defined by

4x3 y − 3y 4 + x2 = 4

and
x2 − 2y 2 = 1

and find the number of intersections of these curves in the square

−10 ≤ x ≤ 10, −10 ≤ y ≤ 10.

We will graph both curves onto Maple and then count the intersections by hand.

f := 4*x^3*y - 3*y^4 + x^2 = 4;

g := x^2 - 2*y^2 = 1;
implicitplot([f,g], x=-10..10, y=-10..10);

This plots both curves on the same plot, specifying that x ∈ [−10, 10] and y ∈ [−10, 10]. We
get the following output:

Clearly, there are two intersections.

Ans: 2

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 11

2 Algebra

Question 1
Find the moduli of the 5 roots of the polynomial

p(z) = z 5 + z 3 + 2z + 1

and enter a decimal approximation to the largest modulus. Your approximation should
be correct to 10 significant figures

In Maple, we find the roots of our polynomial.

p := z^5 + z^3 + 2*z + 1;

a := [evalf(solve(p, z))];

This code will find all the roots of p as complex numbers and put them into an array. We
will then use the following code:

sort(map(abs, a));

This takes each root and calculates its modulus and then sorts the moduli. We have the
output
[0.4465852612, 1.203432268, 1.203432268, 1.243443782, 1.243443782]

and so we can take the largest value which is 1.243443782.

Ans: 1.243443782

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 12

Question 2
Find the principal arguments of the 5 roots of the polynomial

p(z) = z 5 + 2z 4 + 5z 3 − 1

and enter a decimal approximation to the largest principal argument. Your approxi-
mation should be correct to 10 significant figures

In Maple, we find the roots of our polynomial.

p := z^5 + 2*z^4 + 5*z^3 - 1;

a := [evalf(solve(p, z))];

This code will find all the roots of p as complex numbers and put them into an array. We
will then use the following code:

sort(map(argument, a));

This takes each root and calculates its principal argument and then sorts the arguments.
We have the output

[−2.037455250, −2.032005653, 0., 2.032005653, 2.037455250]

and so we can take the largest value which is 2.037455250.

Ans: 2.037455250

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 13

Question 3
Let z and w be complex numbers with the following properties.

π 3π
|z| = 6, |w| = 3, Arg(z) = , Arg(w) = .
4 4

Enter the following quantities:

z3 z2
 
|z| z
|zw|, , Arg(zw), Arg( ), |z 2 w4 |, 4 , Arg(z 2 w4 ), Arg .
|w| w w w3

The modulus of zw is the modulus of z multiplied by the modulus of w so

|zw| = |z| × |w| = 6 × 3 = 18.

|z| 6
We see that = = 2.
|w| 3

The Arg rules are similar to the log laws and so we will use this to calculate the Arg
questions. Note that Arg is the principal argument and so it has to be in the range (−π, π]
and so we can add or subtract some amount of 2π to get the answer in this range.

π 3π
We have Arg(zw) = Arg(z) + Arg(w) = + = π. It is in our range and so we do
4 4
not need to do any additions nor subtractions.
z π 3π π
We know that Arg = Arg(z) − Arg(w) = − =− .
w 4 4 2
2 4 2 4 2 4
We see that |z w | = |z| |w| = 6 × 3 = 2916.
z3 |z|3 63 8
We have 4
= 4
= 4
= .
w |w| 3 3
π 3π 7π
Using our Arg rules, we see that Arg(z 2 w4 ) = 2Arg(z) + 4Arg(w) = 2 · +4· = .
4 4 2
π
Subtracting 4π to get into the principal argument range, we get Arg(z 2 w4 ) = − .
2
 2
z 7π
We see that Arg 3
= 2Arg(z) − 3Arg(w) = − . We add 2π to get into the right range
 2 w 4
z π
and get Arg = .
w3 4

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 14

Question 4

Let p(x) be a real polynomial of degree 5. You are given that p(2 + 3i) = 0. Find a
real quadratic factor of p(x) and enter it in the box below in Maple syntax.

In a real polynomial, we know that if a is a root, then the conjugate ā is also a root. We
know that 2 + 3i is a root and so we know that 2 − 3i, its conjugate, is also a root.

This gives us the two linear factors x − (2 + 3i) and x − (2 − 3i). We can multiply these two
factors to get a real quadratic factor. We see that

(x − (2 + 3i))(x − (2 − 3i)) = x2 − x(2 − 3i) − (2 + 3i)x + (2 − 3i)(2 + 3i)

= x2 − x(2 − 3i + 2 + 3i) + (22 − (3i)2 )
= x2 − 4x + 13

Ans: x2 − 4x + 13

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 15

Question 5
Consider the augmented matrix below.
 
−1 2 3 1 −1 −3 −2
0 1 −1 −3 2 1 −1 
 

 

 0 4 0 −4 −4 0 −4 
0 −4 0 −4 3 0 −4 
 

0 2 1 −3 3 4 2

When following the standard Gaussian elimination algorithm, the next row operation
has the form
Ri = Ri + αRj ,

that is, Ri becomes Ri + αRj . Enter the values of i, j, α.

With Gaussian elimination, our goal is to make an upper triangular matrix which is a matrix
where we have a bottom triangle made up of 0’s. In our matrix, the coloured numbers make
up our bottom triangle.
 
−1 2 3 1 −1 −3 −2
0 1 −1 −3 2 1 −1 
 

 

 0 4 0 −4 −4 0 −4 
0 −4 0 −4 3 0 −4 
 

0 2 1 −3 3 4 2

We can add rows to other rows to achieve this. We start with the first column, going down
and then the second column, going down and so on. Since the first column is finished, we
want to make the second column’s first red number to be 0. We can do this by subtracting
4 of the second row from the third row. Notice that since the first number in the second row
is 0, it will not affect the first number in the third row.

Therefore, we want to perform the operation

R3 = R3 − 4R2 .

Ans: i = 3, j = 2, α = −4

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 16

Question 6
For the following matrix, decide whether or not the corresponding linear system has no
solution, a unique solution, infinitely many solutions with one parameter or infinitely
many solutions with two parameters.
 
−1 2 3 1 −1 −3 −2
0 1 −1 −3 2 1 −1 
 

 

 0 0 0 −4 −4 0 −4  
0 0 0 0 0 0 −4 
 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The first thing to do is check if it has no solutions. To do this, see if there is any row that
has all 0’s on the left and a non-zero number on the right.

We see that in this matrix, the fourth row has this property. This row says that 0 = −4
which is clearly a contradiction and so there is no way that there can be any solutions that
satisfy this condition.

Ans: No solution

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 17

Question 7
For the following matrix, decide whether or not the corresponding linear system has no
solution, a unique solution, infinitely many solutions with one parameter or infinitely
many solutions with two parameters.
 
−1 2 3 1 −1 −3 −2
0 1 −1 −3 2 1 −1 
 

 

 0 0 0 −4 −4 0 −4  
0 0 0 0 3 0 −4 
 

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

We first check if this matrix has no solutions and see that there is no such row so this matrix
has solutions. We will now calculate the number of leading columns. We can do this by
drawing arrows from left to right until we hit a column on the left side for each row.

Our arrows hit 4 columns, taking note that the last arrow does not hit any column on the
left side, so we have 4 leading columns. We now calculate the number of columns on the left
- the number of leading columns. We have 6 columns on the left and 4 leading columns so
this number is 2 in this case.

• If this number is 0, then the matrix has a unique solution.

• If this number is 1, then the matrix has infinitely many solutions with one parameter.

• If this number is 2, then the matrix has infinitely many solutions with two parameters.

• If this number is n, then the matrix has infinitely many solutions with n parameters.

Ans: This matrix has infinitely many solutions with two parameters.

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2024 18