Modals are auxiliary verbs used to form the tenses, moods, voices, etc. Of other verbs.

1.MUST :Must is used to express obligation:

You must obey your parents.

You must go to school in time.

(ii) It is used to express compulsion,i e. Ordering someone to do something because it is

necessary or important to do so:

iii)It is used for saying that something is probably true because nothing else seems
possible:

You must be tired after your long journey (inference).

There must be some mistakes

(iv)It is used to give emphatic advice:

She must consult a doctor at once.

You must work hard if you want to get good marks.

Must and have to:

Have to, like must, expresses obligation in the present while had to does so in the past.
Must expresses an obligation imposed by the speaker. Have to/Had to expresses
external obligations—an obligation by some authority or circumstances.

I must reach there in time (the speaker himself feels so).

You must reach in time (ordered to do so by some external authority).

Had to is used when describing something belonging to the past.

He had to go early to catch the train.

These two verbs have the following forms:

Have to and had to have alternative negative and interrogative forms:

For example:

Have you to obey his orders?

Or

Do you have to obey his orders? Had you to work on Sundays?

Or
Did you have to work on Sundays? Do you have to mind your watch
every day?

Did you have to pay customs duty on your watch?

2. Have to/Had to:

(i) Have to express obligation and necessity in the present. Had to does so in the past:

She has to look after her mother.

He had to finish his work before 5 p.m.

(ii) Have to and had to are used for giving advice:

First you have to mix the water and the sugar.

She had to take those pills to get better.

(iii) Have to and had to are used to draw a logical conclusion:

There has to be some reason for his mischief.

This has to be a part of the whole plan.

(iv) Have to is used for supposition or to describe something based on possible ideas or
situations:

You will have to work very hard to stand first.

If she has to choose, she won’t marry him.

Have to is used to indicate that something is very important or necessary:

We have to be more careful in the future.

They will have to clear all their debts before December.

3. Should:

(i) Should is the past tense of shall. In the indirect form of speech ‘shall’ changes into
should:

I said, “I shall go to school tomorrow.”

I said that I should go to school the next day.

(ii) Should is used to express obligation, duty, etc.

You should look after your old parents.

You should pay all your taxes.

(iii) Should is used to give advice or suggestion:

You should consult a doctor.

She should do yoga exercises daily.

He should learn English if he wants to get a good job.

(iv) Should is used to express purpose:

Mohan walked fast so that he should catch the train.

Satish worked hard so that he should stand first in the class.

(v) Should is used to state imaginary results:

He should get angry if he had come to know about it.

(i) Should is used to express polite requests:

I should be thankful if you give me some money.

1. Need:

As a modal verb, need is usually followed by an infinitive without ‘to’:

The modal verb need is mainly used in questions and negatives, which are formed
without ‘do’:

Need I go now? You need not go.

You needn’t have gone to see the doctor. He was on leave today.

You needn’t have carried an umbrella as it was not raining.

5. Ought

Ought is usually followed by ‘to’ and an infinitive:

You ought to tell the truth.

It does not change its form so that the third person singular form does not end in ‘-s’:

She ought to work a little harder.

It can be used as a present, past, or future tense.

The negative is ought not (oughtn’t) and the interrogative is ought I?, Ought you?, Ought
he?, etc:

Ought I do it at once?
He ought not disobey his teachers.

(i) Ought to is used for expressing what is the right or sensible thing to do, or the
right way to behave:

You ought to get up earlier.

We ought to exercise daily.

Teachers ought not smoke before students.

(ii) Ought to is used when we believe strongly or expect that something will
happen:

The Indian team ought to win.

Satish ought to pass.

The meeting ought to have finished by 2 o’clock.

(iii) Ought to see/hear/meet, is used for emphasising how good, impressive or

unusual something or someone is:

You ought to see their new house.

You ought to meet his elder brother.

(iv) Ought to have is used when we realise that we did not do the right thing in the
past:

You ought to have listened to my advice.

She ought to have taken the money.

Ought, must, have to, and should

Note: Ought is used to express the subject’s obligation or duty. But it indicates neither
the speaker’s authority as with must nor an outside authority as with have to. The
speaker is only reminding the subject of his duty. Besides this, he is giving advice or
indicating a correct or sensible action.

Ought can be used in exactly the same way as should:

You ought to/should obey your parents.

Have to and must:

You have to be regular. (These are the rules.)

You must obey your teachers. (The speaker insists on it.)

You have to take this medicine. (The doctor insists on it.)

You must take this medicine. (The speaker insists on it or It is the speaker’s emphatic
advice.)

You mustn’t drink this, it is poison, (prohibition)

You oughtn’t to smoke so much. (It is not right or sensible.)

Exercise (Solved)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

We…………………… obey our teachers, (have to, must)

She…………………………. Pass this time, (ought to, has to)

He…………………. Not buy a car. (has to, need)

He works hard lest he…………………… fail, (should, must)

Do you……………………. Cook your own meal? (should, have to)

The villagers…………………. Use kerosene lamps a few years ago. (must, had to)

The old lady…………… take a bath every day before taking meals, (ought to, should)

She……………….. finish this work before I go. (has to, must)

Ramesh said that they…………….. report for duty on Monday, (should, ought to)

We………………………….. prepare our lessons well before the examination. (ought to,
must)

Answer:

Must

Ought to
Need

Should

Have to

Had to

Should

Must

Should

Ought to

Exercise (Unsolved)

Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals:

We………………….. pay attention to our studies, (ought to, should)

You………………………… not litter the classroom, (should, could)

I talk to you immediately, (need to, ought to)

They will………………… clear all the doubts before the starting of meeting, (have to, had
to)

He………………….. take those medicines to get better, (has to, had to)

You………………. Consult a physician, (should, ought to)

You………………….. exercise daily, (ought to, need)

They………………. Not send the letter now. (need, would)

Sahil ran fast so that he………………… catch the train, (should, needs)

You………………………… not use the office phone for private calls, (must, have to)