1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In the world of tourism, it's important to understand what factors affect why

people choose certain destinations and how they perceive them. It examines the

factors that impact how tourists perceive safety measures in Binondo, Manila,

and how these perceptions influence their decision-making process. By

understanding some factors, it will aim to provide insights to improve safety

perceptions and enhance tourism in Binondo, Manila.

The implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act No. 9593,

otherwise known as the Tourism Act of 2009, mandate the Office of

Administrative Affairs to develop and administer maintenance programs for

building, grounds, facilities, equipment, repair, improvement, and/or

enhancement as well as security programs and measures, while Section 135

stipulates the establishment of a tourism security force by the Philippine National

Police (PNP) to assist in maintaining peace and order within areas of high

tourism traffic.

The implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act No. 9593, otherwise

known as the Tourism Act of 2009, underscore the importance of safety

measures in tourist destinations. This legislation mandates the development and

administration of maintenance and security programs, including the

 2

establishment of a tourism security force, which directly influences tourist

decision-making on safety measures in places like Binondo, Manila.

The problem addressed is the need to understand the various factors that

affect tourists' decision-making processes regarding their perceptions of safety in

Binondo, Manila. This problem arises from the recognition that safety perceptions

significantly influence tourists' choices of destinations, particularly in areas like

Binondo where safety concerns may exist. By exploring the factors influencing

tourists' perceptions of safety measurements, the study aims to identify key

determinants that shape tourists' decision-making and ultimately contribute to the

development of strategies to enhance safety perceptions and promote tourism in

the area.

In addressing the safety concerns surrounding Binondo, Manila, a place

that will measure its safety issues. The researchers want to figure out what

influences’ tourists' feelings about safety where the aims to understand is why

tourists feel safe or unsafe in the area. This understanding is important for

making Binondo safer and more enjoyable for tourists. It can take specific actions

to reduce safety risks and make Binondo a place where tourists feel comfortable

exploring its culture. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute to

making Binondo a safer and more welcoming destination for tourists, thereby

fostering its cultural heritage and economic development.

 3

Background of the Study

In tourism, considering the factors influencing traveler perception and

decision is necessary in the tourism industry. This study explores how visitors'

perceptions of safety in Binondo, Manila, are shaped by a complex web of factors

and how these perceptions affect their decision-making. The study aims to

analyze these elements in considering the important part that safety perceptions

play in destination selection, particularly in places like Binondo with both cultural

appeal and safety issues. It aims to uncover important factors that influence

travelers' decisions by analyzing every aspect of their perceptions of safety.

Sonmez and Graefe (1998) discovered that a significant majority, 77% of

tourists, exclusively opt for destinations deemed safe. The decision-making

process of travelers regarding their chosen destination invariably intertwines with

considerations of travel risks. It is imperative for the tourism industry to enhance

market understanding and education regarding travelers' perceptions of safety

and security while traveling. This approach not only fosters the industry's stability

or growth but also serves as a preventive measure against unforeseen declines.

Safety perceptions play a crucial role in tourists' decision-making processes,

particularly in tourist destinations like Binondo, Manila. Understanding and

addressing safety concerns can contribute to the stability and growth of the
 4

tourism industry, as well as prevent declines in tourist arrivals. Addressing these

factors can enhance tourism in Binondo and similar destinations.

Manila's "Chinatown" area is called Binondo. As of the most recent 2020

census, Binondo, Manila—which is home to ten barangays—had 20,491

residents. During the American occupation, it served as the commercial hub of

the nation and is the oldest Chinatown globally. Binondo in Manila celebrated on

February 1 its 430th year making it the oldest Chinatown in the world.

Established in 1594, Binondo has served as the center of Chinese commerce

and migration in the Philippines for over four centuries.

It lies in understanding how different things work together to shape

tourists' feelings of safety in Binondo, Manila, and how these factors affect their

decisions. While safety is a big factor in where people choose to go, especially in

places like Binondo with a lot of culture but also some safety worries,

researchers don't know all the details about what exactly makes people feel safe

or unsafe there. Also, even though the police and community leaders are trying to

make things safer, researchers need to fully understand how tourists see and

experience safety in Binondo. So, this study wants to find out all these details to

help make Binondo safer and more welcoming for tourists.

In summary, this study investigates the factors influencing travelers'

perceptions of safety in Binondo, Manila, a popular destination with cultural

appeal and safety measure. It aims to understand how these perceptions

 5

influence decision-making and contribute to the stability and growth of the

tourism industry. Binondo, Manila's "Chinatown," is the oldest Chinatown globally

and has served as the commercial hub for over four centuries. Understanding

how different factors shape tourists' feelings of safety in Binondo is crucial for

enhancing tourism and preventing declines in tourist arrivals. Despite efforts by

police and community leaders, researchers need to fully understand how tourists

perceive and experience safety in Binondo to make it safer and more welcoming

for tourists.

Theoretical Framework

The study explores factors influencing tourists' decision-making on

perception of safety measures in Binondo, Manila. The findings provide insights

for tourism management, policy formulation, and safety enhancement strategies,

promoting responsible tourism and improved visitor experience.

Risk Perception Theory

Beck (2016) the "risk-perception" was developed by cognitive psychology.

There have been two main components to attractiveness: fear and fancy of

locations starting with the beginning of tourism. When people's ontological

security is threatened physical relocation is a preventative measure to restore the

sense of security in the face of danger. Risk can be loosely defined as any

element that has the potential to influence a visitor's perspective, experience, or

 6

integrity before, during, or after their visit. M. Shakya differentiates between

"good and bad risks."

Risk perception in cognitive psychology is crucial in tourism, as it

influences decision-making on safety measures in Binondo, Manila. Factors such

as fear and attraction to destinations can impact tourists' perceptions and

behaviors. Understanding these factors is essential in influencing tourists'

choices and behaviors in Binondo, Manila, ensuring a safe and enjoyable

experience.

Destination Image Theory

Beerli and Martin (2004) defined destination image as a composite of

multiple elements. These elements encompass perceptions related to natural

and cultural resources, the quality of infrastructure for both general and tourist

activities, the overall ambiance and social environment, as well as specific

features like sun and sand availability. Additionally, aspects such as the

destination's capacity for providing knowledge, opportunities for relaxation and

entertainment, and its perceived prestige also contribute to the formation of its

image among potential visitors.

Binondo, Manila, a popular tourist destination, is influenced by its

destination image, which includes natural and cultural resources, infrastructure

quality, ambiance, and perceived prestige. Factors such as safety measures play

a crucial role in tourists' decisions, emphasizing the importance of considering

destination image in enhancing safety measures.

 7

Social Cognitive Theory

Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, (2024) that human behavior is

the product of the interaction between personal factors, environmental

influences, and behavioral patterns. He emphasized the role of observational

learning, social experience, and reciprocal determinism in human behavior,

suggesting that people are both influenced by and actively influence their

environments. The theory is an extension of social learning that includes the

effects of cognitive processes — such as conceptions, judgment, and motivation

— on an individual’s behavior and on the environment that influences them.

In Binondo, Manila a popular tourist destination, is influenced by Albert

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, which highlights the interplay of personal

factors, environmental influences, and behavioral patterns in shaping tourists'

safety perceptions and behaviors. This theory provides a comprehensive

understanding of the complex cognitive processes and environmental factors that

shape safety decisions.

Figure 1.
 8

Illustrates Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory model, depicting the

dynamic interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and

behavioral patterns in shaping human behavior.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Tourist Decision-Making

 Perceived safety
1.Demographic Profile of the
respondents. levels

1.1. Age  Risk perception

1.2. Gender
1.3. Residency Status  Media portrayal of
1.4. Social Status
1.5. Travel motivation safety in the area

2. Safety Measures in
Binondo. Manila
2.1. Police presence
2.2. Lighting and Surveillance
2.3. Crime prevention program
2.4. Education and awareness
 9

Figure 2.

The relationship between independent and dependent variable of the study.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of the study is to examine how perceptions of safety

measures in Binondo, Manila, impact tourist decision-making processes, it aims

to address the following inquiries:

1. What is the Demographic Profile of the respondents?

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Residency Status

1.4 Social Status

1.5 Travel motivation

2. What is the level of safety measures in Binondo, Manila in terms of?

2.1 Police presence

2.2. Lighting and Surveillance

2.3. Crime prevention program

2.4. Education and awareness

3. What is the level of Tourist Decision Making in Binondo, Manila in terms of?
 10

3.1 Perceived safety levels

3.2 Risk perception

3.3 Media portrayal of safety in the area

4. Is there any significant relationship between factors Influencing Tourist

Decision Making on Safety Measure in Binondo, Manila?

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between factors Influencing Tourist

Decision Making on Safety Measure in Binondo, Manila.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study hold significant promise for a range of

stakeholders, from local government and tourism authorities to tourists

themselves, business owners, entrepreneurs, the local community, and

researchers in various academic fields. For local governments and tourism

agencies, the insights gained can inform targeted efforts to enhance safety

perceptions and drive tourism growth in areas like Binondo, Manila, known for its

crime rates. By addressing safety concerns and investing in tourism

infrastructure, authorities can foster an environment conducive to attracting more

visitors and fostering economic prosperity within the region.

Tourists, who prioritize their safety when choosing destinations, can

benefit from a deeper understanding of the factors influencing decision-making in

crime neighborhoods like Binondo. Armed with this knowledge, tourists can make
 11

more informed choices about whether to visit and how to navigate potential risks

during their stay, contributing to a safer and more enjoyable travel experience.

For business owners and entrepreneurs in Binondo and neighboring

areas, the study’s findings offer valuable insights into visitor preferences and

safety concerns. By adapting their services and marketing strategies accordingly,

these businesses can enhance their appeal to tourists, attract more guests, and

strengthen their competitive position in the tourism industry.

The local community and residents also have a pivotal role to play in

improving safety and promoting tourism in Binondo. By understanding the factors

influencing tourist decision-making, residents can actively participate in initiatives

aimed at creating a welcoming and secure environment for visitors. Their

involvement can contribute innovative ideas and initiatives that enrich the overall

tourism experience and foster community engagement.

Moreover, for researchers and academics in fields such as tourism

management, criminology, and urban studies, the study represents a valuable

contribution to understanding the complex relationship between tourism and

crime in urban settings. By providing empirical evidence and theoretical insights,

the study serves as a reference point for further research and scholarly inquiry

into similar topics, driving ongoing exploration and advancement in these

disciplines.

In summary, the study's findings offer valuable insights for local authorities,

tourists, business owners, the local community, and researchers. It provides a

 12

roadmap for improving safety perceptions, driving tourism growth, and fostering

economic prosperity in crime areas like Binondo, Manila. By understanding

tourist decision-making, stakeholders can adapt strategies to enhance safety,

attract visitors, and strengthen competitiveness. The study also contributes to

academic knowledge, serving as a reference for further research in tourism

management, criminology, and urban studies.

Scope and Delimitations

The primary focus of this study is to perform a thorough assessment of the

several elements that influence visitor decision-making in Manila's bustling

district of Binondo, which is known for its crime rate. This study conducted in S.Y.

2024 - 2025, the study uses quantitative research methodologies to examine the

complex link between visitor safety perceptions and behaviors.

This study focuses on investigating the various factors that influence

tourists' decision-making processes regarding safety measures in Binondo,

Manila. It aims to explore a wide range of factors, including perceived safety

levels, law enforcement presence, lighting and surveillance systems, crime

prevention programs, and education and awareness initiatives. By examining

these factors comprehensively, the study seeks to provide insights into how

tourists perceive safety in Binondo and how these perceptions affect their

decisions to visit or engage in activities within the area. The scope of the study

encompasses quantitative research design to gather data from tourists who have

visited Binondo, Manila.

 13

While this study aims to investigate various factors influencing

tourists' decision-making on safety measures in Binondo, Manila, it

acknowledges certain delimitations. Firstly, the study focuses specifically on the

perceptions and decision-making processes of tourists who have visited Binondo,

excluding perspectives from those who have not visited the area. Additionally, the

study does not address broader socio-economic or cultural factors that may

indirectly influence tourists' perceptions of safety in Binondo. Furthermore, the

study does not aim to assess the effectiveness of specific safety measures

implemented in Binondo but rather seeks to understand how these measures are

perceived and how they impact tourists' decisions. Lastly, the study's scope is

limited to a specific geographic area, namely Binondo, Manila, and may not be

generalizable to other tourist destinations with distinct contexts and

characteristics.

In summary, this study examines tourist decision-making in Binondo,

Manila, using quantitative research methodologies from 2024-2025. It

investigates factors such as perceived safety levels, law enforcement presence,

lighting, surveillance systems, crime prevention programs, and education

initiatives. The research aims to provide insights into tourists' perceptions of

safety in Binondo and their decisions to visit or engage in activities. However, the

study is limited to Binondo, Manila, and may not be generalizable to other tourist

destinations with different contexts and characteristics.

Definition of terms
 14

The terms applied in this study have been defined conceptually and

operationally.

Behavior

The actions and choices of both locals and tourists are based on how safe

they feel while exploring Binondo's mix of culture and urban life.

Cultural Legacy

Binondo, the oldest Chinatown globally, is rich in culture with diverse

traditions and landmarks, enhancing its allure as a tourist destination.

Destination Image

The overall perception of a district, impacting travelers' decisions,

experiences, and recommendations, crucial for tourism success and economic

growth.

Law enforcement

Local police and authorities are responsible for maintaining public order,

preventing crime, and ensuring safety within the district.

Local

Individuals residing or working within the Binondo district, including

residents, business owners, and community members may interact with tourists.

Perception
 15

How individuals interpret and understand their surroundings, experiences,

and interactions within Binondo, Manila.

Public safety measures

Measures in Binondo, Manila, including adding streetlights, boosting

police patrols, aimed at enhancing safety.

Robbery

In Binondo, Manila, robbery entails the forcible taking of money often in

crowded areas, raising safety concerns for residents and tourists.

Tourist Decision-Making

Strategic assessment by travelers aligning interests, preferences, and

expectations with Binondo, Manila's offerings.

Tourism Development

Targeted efforts addressing safety concerns in Binondo, Manila, such as

enhancing police presence and improving public lighting.

Tourism Management

Coordinated efforts of stakeholders ensuring a positive and safe

experience for visitors while preserving cultural heritage and promoting

sustainable tourism growth in Binondo, Manila.

Tourist Perception of Safety and Security

 16

The level of safety and security felt by tourists influenced by factors like

law enforcement presence and visibility of safety measures in Binondo, Manila.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides an extensive review of relevant research and

literature and studies concerning the factors influencing tourist decision-making

on safety measures in Binondo, Manila. This review reviews existing research

to explain the different aspects that impact the various factors that shape tourists'

choices to visit. The chapter then goes on to outline the variables that are being

examined in this study. The chapter concludes by synthesizing the literature and

studies examined and outlining important conclusions and insights that will inform

and direct the current research project.

The Demographic Profile

Despite Binondo's crime rate, an examination of the demographics of the

locals and visitors provides important information on the factors impacting their

decisions and perceptions of safety. This profile provides an angle through which
 17

to see the characteristics, demands, and interests of different categories within

these populations. Key demographic variables such as age, gender, residency

status, occupation, and marital status offer an important background for

understanding the many reasons and experiences that people have when

dealing with the challenges of traveling to a crime-prone area.

Age

The first demographic ‘’Age’’ can provide useful data on how different age

groups view safety issues and decide whether to visit such locations. While older

travelers may prioritize security and safety, younger tourists may place more

value on adventure and cultural encounters. Through the examination of age

demographics among survey participants, researchers can more effectively

customize approaches to cater to the varied requirements and inclinations of

tourists visiting Binondo, Manila.

In the article on the Risk of Crime and Violence in Tourism cited by

Mataković (2023), age emerged as a significant factor related to the type of crime

experienced. Specifically, younger respondents were more frequently victims of

assault (72.2%) and burglary (52.2%), whereas middle-aged respondents (aged

35-54) were more commonly victims of vehicle burglary (44.0%). Interestingly,

the majority of complainants (60%) were over the age of 35, possibly indicating

that this area predominantly attracts older visitors.

The article on the Risk of Crime and Violence in Tourism, referenced by

Mataković (2023), highlights age as a notable determinant of the type of crime

 18

encountered. Notably, younger respondents were more frequently subjected to

assault (72.2%) and burglary (52.2%), while individuals in the middle-aged

bracket (aged 35-54) were primarily victims of vehicle burglary (44.0%).

Intriguingly, the majority of complainants (60%) were over the age of 35,

suggesting a prevalence of older visitors in the area.

In Mataković's, (2019) paper, "Tourism and Crime Characteristics in a

Particular Destination," Harper, (2006) observed that most attacks (84%) targeted

male victims who were alone at the time of the incident. A significant portion of

victims (47%) fell within the age range of 25 to 35 years. Furthermore, in 94% of

the attacks, perpetrators utilized weapons, with guns being the most prevalent

(58% of attacks). Many incidents occurred between midnight and 2 a.m. (26% of

attacks), with two-thirds of the attacks taking place in alleyways outside the main

pedestrian zone.

In Mataković's, (2019) paper titled "Tourist Attitudes to Crime, the

Perception of Security, and the Fear of Crime," Boakye, (2012) highlighted that

tourists younger than 30 are perceived as the most vulnerable demographic, with

58% of respondents in this age group considering themselves vulnerable to

crime. In contrast, only 25.3% of respondents aged over 50 shared the same

perception about themselves.

In Volume 18 of the Journal of Destination Marketing and Management,

Karl et al. (2020) authored a paper titled "Examining the Tourist's Decision-

Making Process: Identifying Salient Travel Risks for Destination Choice." They

emphasized that each tourist's "sociodemographic profile" plays a crucial role in

 19

shaping travel risk perceptions and subsequent decision-making.

Sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, and social and cultural

background have been identified as significant factors influencing these

perceptions.

These results from a variety of studies provide insight into the complex

interactions that exist between demographic characteristics, traveler decision-

making, and perceptions of safety, especially in a crime-prone neighborhood like

Binondo, Manila. These findings highlight the complexity of the variables

affecting travelers' decisions and perceptions of safety with a crime

neighborhoods like Manila's Binondo, underscoring the necessity of focused

interventions and methods catered to various demographic groups.

Gender

The perception of safety problems and the decisions people make when

traveling can be uniquely influenced by their gender. Studies indicate that while

traveling to new places, gender could view risk differently and prioritize different

levels of safety. Researchers can learn more about how tourists' perceptions of

safety and decision-making processes in crime-prone neighborhoods like

Binondo, Manila, are influenced by examining the gender demographics of

survey respondents.

In Mataković's (2019) study titled "The Impact of Crime on Security in

Tourism," Boakye (2012) noted a correlation between gender and vulnerability

perception. Specifically, 49.7% of female respondents were deemed vulnerable

 20

to crime, whereas the corresponding figure for male respondents was lower, at

37%.

In the travel-decision risk typology cited by Karl et al. (2020), "Risk

adverse tourists" are characterized by their tendency to adjust their travel plans

when considering visiting a destination affected by any type of risk. This group is

predominantly composed of females, with 57% being affected by such concerns.

Conversely, "Risk resilient tourists" exhibit a low probability of adjusting their

travel intentions regardless of the risk type associated with the destination. This

segment is primarily comprised of male tourists, accounting for 61% of the group.

Tourism promotion often portrays women as sexual objects, while men's

landscapes are dominated by women. This reduces the feminine subject to her

sex, perpetuating specific masculinities and femininities. Strategic branding

decisions must balance authenticity and distortion, highlighting the role of gender

in shaping perceptions of security and crime rates in tourist destinations.

In the study on the effects of rail transit on the lives and travel experiences

of women in the developing world, the researchers utilized a combination of

participant observation and semi-structured interviews involving 51 women. By

integrating insights from two bodies of literature—gender and mobility, and

women's fear of crime in public transit—the study also investigates the influence

of safety measures on women's utilization of the Metro and their adaptive

strategies in addressing safety concerns during travel. These findings carry

substantial implications for women's mobility and empowerment.

 21

Gender plays a significant role in influencing perceptions of safety and

travel decisions, especially in crime areas like Binondo, Manila. Studies reveal

that individuals may assess risks differently based on gender, leading to varying

levels of prioritization of safety measures while traveling. Research findings show

that female tourists often perceive themselves as more vulnerable to crime

compared to males. Gender dynamics also impact how safety is portrayed in

tourism promotion, affecting perceptions of safety and crime rates in tourist

destinations. Moreover, studies on the impacts of rail transit on women's travel

experiences underscore the importance of considering gender in addressing

safety concerns and enhancing mobility in urban environments. Overall,

understanding gender dynamics is crucial for developing gender-sensitive

approaches to improve safety and empowerment in crime areas.

Residency Status

It is important to understand the demographic of the residency status,

particularly if the respondents are locals or visitors. Locals may have firsthand

experience of the safety issues in the area, which could affect how they perceive

it differently from visitors. On the other hand, when it comes to determining

safety, travelers might depend on outside resources like travel advisories or local

advice. By distinguishing between locals and visitors in the poll, researchers can

find out how a person's knowledge of the region affects their sense of safety and

how they make decisions when navigating a crime-prone neighborhood like

Binondo, Manila.
 22

In Hrvoje Matakovic's (2023) citation of the article on the Risk of Crime

and Violence in Tourism, it is observed that residents are at a higher risk of

experiencing violent crimes such as assaults, rapes, and murders. Unlike Walker

and Page's (2007) analysis, which did not distinguish between residents and

foreign tourists but rather between residents and tourists overall, it was

discovered that thefts occurred more frequently among tourists than residents.

Additionally, residents were found to be more susceptible to victimization.

Furthermore, in a study conducted in Scotland by Walker and Page

(2007), it was emphasized that visitors were twice as likely to fall victim to vehicle

theft or theft from vehicles compared to residents. Researchers generally agree

that destinations plagued by crime and safety concerns, whether actual or

perceived, are less likely to attract new visitors and may deter repeat visitation

(Walker and Page, 2007).

Goldman and Ram (2023) pointed out the noteworthy focus of existing

criminology literature on the intersection of crime and tourism rather than

terrorism and tourism. They highlighted findings suggesting that tourists are more

prone to criminal incidents compared to locals Vakhitova et al., (2023), with

female tourists especially vulnerable to negative and criminal sexual encounters

during their travels (Ram, 2021). This illustrates the dual dynamic of the

relationship between tourism and crime, where tourists may become victims of

crime while the tourism industry itself can exacerbate crime and disorder issues

(Mawby et al., 2015)

 23

In the article "Theft Victimization in Urban Settings: Comparison of Tourist

and Resident Case Profiles," cited by Marteache and Trinidad (2023), it is

highlighted that comparisons to resident victimization indicate certain case

profiles that are more likely to result in tourists being victims of theft. Specifically,

these cases predominantly involve female, young targets and commonly occur at

restaurants/bars, particularly during the summer.

In Mataković's (2019) research paper titled "The Impact of Crime on

Security in Tourism," it is underscored that the most significant consequence of

crime on a tourist destination is the creation of a negative image, leading to a

decrease in tourist demand. Furthermore, the influence of crime on a micro level

is apparent in its effect on the behavior and attitudes of tourists, impacting their

decisions regarding whether to visit or revisit a destination where criminal

incidents occur.

In summary, these studies highlight the relationship between crime and

tourism, particularly in understanding how it influences tourist decision-making

and safety perceptions in Crime-Prone areas like Binondo, Manila. They reveal

that residents face a higher risk of violent crimes, while tourists are more

susceptible to thefts. Certain case profiles, such as young female targets at

restaurants/bars during the summer, are identified as more likely to result in

tourist victimization. Additionally, tourists, especially females, are vulnerable to

criminal incidents during their travels. Furthermore, the negative impact of crime

on a destination's image can lead to decreased tourist demand. Overall, these

 24

findings underscore the importance of addressing crime and safety concerns to

improve tourist experiences and perceptions in such areas.

Social Status

It provides insights into the factors influencing tourists' perceptions of

safety in Crime-Prone areas. This variable delves into how tourists' views on

safety are shaped by socio-economic considerations, including their own social

status and the socio-economic status of the destination.

In the latest publication, "Social Class and Criminality" authored by C.H.

Charles R. Tittle and Wayne J. Villemez, (2024), the authors examine variations

in self-reported criminal behavior across different social classes. They analyze

data collected from a comprehensive sample of adults residing in three states.

The findings challenge existing theories regarding the relationship between social

class and deviant behavior, particularly those theories suggesting an inverse

connection. Instead, the results align more closely with previous research,

indicating a complex and nuanced relationship between social class and

criminality. These findings suggest the need to rethink current theories of

deviance, emphasizing the importance of minimizing the role of social class as a

determining factor.

Research on the association between social class and crime or

delinquency challenges common beliefs, revealing a problematic relationship

between the two. Despite widespread assumptions, analysis of survey data from

three states fails to consistently link specific socioeconomic groups with self-
 25

reported crime and criminal tendencies. Contrary to prevailing theories, the

findings contradict the notion of a clear relationship between social class and

criminal behavior. Consequently, there is a compelling need for sociologists to

reconsider their reliance on the class variable for understanding deviance and to

explore alternative conceptualizations of crime and deviance that downplay the

role of social

People victimize people like themselves: Working-class people rob other

working people because they are the most convenient targets, whereas upper-

class people embezzle from other rich people because rich people have the

money. Thus, victimization rates also suggest who is committing what type of

crime. (Collins 2020)

Thompson and Thompson (2023) highlight the UK government's oversight

in routinely collecting data on the relationship between social class and crime,

despite its evident impact. They point out that individuals in deprived areas are

more prone to victimization, while even those in higher-income households

experience crime, underlining the complexity of this correlation. The authors

explore various theories, including consensus theory, interactionism, Marxism,

and right and left realism, to understand this relationship. They note the

significant role of education, as evidenced by the low educational attainment

among prisoners. Despite the lack of routine data collection, statistics reveal a

correlation between social class and crime, often measured through income,

deprivation, or education levels. Consensus theories historically attribute higher

crime rates to lower social classes, with theories.

 26

Jones (2022) explores the enduring debate surrounding the association

between social class and crime within criminal systems. The paper grapples with

the ongoing dispute over whether crime predominantly stems from the middle

class or serves a broader societal function. Jones asserts that the crux of this

discussion, and consequently the longevity of this paper's relevance, lies in the

foundational belief of criminological theories that there exists something

inherently criminogenic within certain socio-economic conditions.

In summary, studying how social class relates to criminal behavior

challenges common ideas, suggesting need to rethink how social class affects

wrongdoing. This connects with research on what influences tourists when they

choose where to go and how safe they feel in places with a lot of crime, like

Binondo, Manila. While many people think there's a direct link between social

class and crime, recent studies show it's more complicated. This has led

sociologists to think differently about crime and bad behavior, focusing less on

social class. Also, not paying enough attention to how social class and crime are

connected in regular data collection shows we need to consider socio-economic

factors more when we study crime and how safe people feel, especially in places

tourists visit that have Crime rates.

Travel Motivation

Binondo, Manila, is a Crime-Prone region with a wide range of travel

objectives, including cultural exploration, gourmet experiences, historical

discovery, adventure seeking, and leisure. These factors shape visitors'

perceptions of safety and desire to visit places with various degrees of crime. As
 27

per MindTheTravel. 2024. What drives individuals to travel. MindTheTraveling is

a tremendous incentive for many individuals, providing a respite from the daily

grind, a fresh viewpoint, new acquaintances, and the opportunity to develop new

connections. It is not only about avoiding everyday routines, but also about

discovering new cultures and immersing oneself in them. The romanticism of

travel is a powerful incentive since it helps overcome loneliness and the desire to

flee unfavorable situations.

Travel motivation refers to a person's inner condition or specific

requirements and desires of visitors, and it is one of the most important

psychological impacts on tourist behavior. Gohar, (2022) stated that a Model of

the Relationship Between Temperature and Travel Motivation in Tourism. This

study investigates the link between temperament and travel motivation

inclinations, discovering that people' propensity to travel components differ

depending on their temperament's characteristics. Tourists interested in cultural

research and historical discovery may be more likely to visit Binondo, despite its

reputation for violence, because the region is rich in tradition and authenticity.

Adventure-seeking tourists may emphasize safety concerns, deterring Binondo

visitors. Individual variations in risk tolerance and perception impact how travel

motivation interacts with safety concerns.

As per Ay E. and Gunay S. (2021). The impact of a sound environment on

emotion from a travel motivation standpoint. Digital Commons at the University of

South Florida. According to the study, the soundscape of tourism places should

be carefully monitored and developed to ensure tourist pleasure. Identifying

 28

visitors' travel motivations may assist tourism stakeholders make strategic

decisions, improve tourism service quality, and contribute to regional and national

growth.

As stated by Trickett C. (2022). Ten Reasons to Love Travel | What

inspires you to travel? Luxury African Safaris, Tours to South America and South

Asia, and More. Travelling is a way of life that provides several benefits. It has

the potential to improve the globe by introducing people to diverse civilizations

and teaching them about geography, history, and culture, among other things. It

also enables us to escape reality, explore new frontiers, and cultivate humility.

Understanding these various incentives is critical for resolving safety problems

and encouraging tourism in these locations. Efforts to improve safety perceptions

should be aligned with tourists' incentives, emphasizing unique experiences and

attractions that make Binondo worthwhile despite its limitations.

Safety Measure in Binondo, Manila

Understanding how safe individuals perceive safety measures in Binondo,

Manila, is crucial for effective urban management and community well-being.

This aims to investigate various factors influencing these safety perceptions. The

safety measures such as of Perceived safety levels, Risk perception, Law

enforcement and media representations of safety in the area. Through the

analysis of these components, this study seeks to provide insights into how

individuals perceive and navigate safety within this unique urban context.
 29

Police presence

Police presence can significantly affect tourist decision-making by

influencing perceptions of safety and security in a destination. When travelers

perceive a destination as having effective law enforcement, they are more likely

to feel safe and confident about their visit. Visible police presence, well-

maintained public spaces, and low crime rates contribute to a positive perception

of safety, which can attract tourists.

This study examines the challenges associated with coordinating law

enforcement agencies' efforts to stop crime, as well as the prosecutor's

involvement in this process. In Anatoly Kruglikov, (2021) points out that only with

a clear coordination of the law enforcement agencies' operations carried out in

compliance with the law can notable progress be made in the battle against

crime. The Presidential Decree No. 567 of April 18, 1996, which established the

Regulation on the coordination of the actions of law enforcement authorities in

the fight against crime.

Police presence in decision-making based on ethics. The high-profile

instances of police violence in the US have not only sparked important

conversations about policing but also made it challenging to make decisions in

inconsistent and stressful situations, which makes it challenging to maintain the

public's confidence in law enforcement. As stated by (Ronald Dempsey et, al.

2023)
 30

As cited by Yusuf et, al (2022) The proficiency of police personnel In charge

of making sure that the upgrades and requirements for security unique to tourism

are met expertise. When the industry's circumstances are Taking into account,

law enforcement officials' areas of expertise Keeping the tourist industry safe

appears to be the initial action to be performed (Tataroğlu & Subaşı, 2009).

In summary, It emphasizes the need for coordinated efforts among police

agencies to combat crime effectively, ensuring a safer environment for visitors.

Ethical decision-making within law enforcement is highlighted as essential, as it

fosters trust and confidence among tourists. Moreover, the specialized

proficiency of law enforcement personnel in tourism security is emphasized,

recognizing the unique needs of tourist areas. These factors collectively influence

tourists' perceptions of safety, which ultimately shape their decisions regarding

whether to visit or engage with destinations like Binondo, Manila. By addressing

these aspects, authorities can work towards enhancing safety measures and

promoting Binondo as a safe and welcoming destination for tourists.

Lighting and Surveillance

Binondo, Manila, is a popular destination for vacationers seeking a

pleasant and safe trip. To improve safety, suitable lighting and surveillance

systems are required. Sufficient lighting promotes a sense of security by

increasing visibility and discourages criminal activities.

Based on Gonzalez, (2020) "Alternative physical security options include

access control systems, physical barriers, and IoT sensors. Hotel properties can
 31

benefit from extra security measures such as secure entrance systems, physical

barriers, and Internet of Things sensors. To implement a video surveillance

system, hotels should have clear protocols defining the purpose of the cameras,

who has access to the material, how long it will be retained, and how it will be

utilized”.

CCTV cameras give valuable evidence in the case of an incident and

dissuade prospective perpetrators. According to Insider. (2023) "CCTV cameras

and video surveillance systems are increasingly used in public places to monitor

population movements and prevent crime, However, privacy concerns and

potential abuse remain, and the Home Office and surveillance industry must

ensure only hardware and software compliant with relevant standards are

installed".

These safety procedures have a significant impact on tourists' decisions to

visit Binondo, hence increasing local tourism and economic activity. According to

the Street Lighting and Road Safety Toolkit. (2020) "Street lighting, which is

typically positioned on a lamp column or pole, improves safety at midblock and

junction areas by increasing visibility for both vehicle and pedestrian traffic.

It assists navigation, lowers nighttime collisions, and helps pedestrians

find safe crossing spots. Providing signalized junctions and roundabouts can help

reduce street violence. Surveillance systems in Binondo, Manila, are crucial for

enhancing safety and attracting tourists. CCTV cameras and well-lit streets deter

criminal activities, providing evidence in case of incidents. Advanced security

 32

technologies, like access control systems and IoT sensors, further bolster safety.

Addressing privacy concerns contributes to local tourism and economic activity.

Crime prevention program

A crime prevention campaign is critical in influencing visitor decisions

about safety measures in Binondo, Manila. Tourists frequently select venues with

strong security systems to safeguard their safety. According to Public Safety

Canada. (2022) "Crime prevention has long been utilized to fund initiatives that

have proven effective in lowering crime and enhancing community safety. This

technique is based on extensive assessment studies and meets high scientific

criteria.

Implementing a thorough crime prevention program in Binondo can

dramatically improve tourists' perceptions of safety. A program like this might

include greater police presence, the installation of surveillance cameras, and

community policing programs that include local businesses and citizens in the

area's safety. As stated by Prevention: Community Programs |

Encyclopedia.com, (2020) “Community crime prevention programs aim to

prevent crime in communities by involving private citizens in efforts to stop

crimes before they occur.

The notion has developed over time, with models evolving based on

customary roles, criminogenic situations, and civilian-public entity interactions."

These precautions not only inhibit criminal activity, but they also foster a sense of

security, enticing tourists to visit and discover Binondo. As stated Community

 33

Crime Prevention Programmes, (2019), "Community Alert focuses on rural areas,

with an emphasis on older and vulnerable people." Text Alert enables

communities to form groups to receive warnings about suspicious or illegal

activities, promoting awareness and reporting to the Garda."

Furthermore, good communication about these safety measures via

multiple means, such as social media, travel guides, and local tourism boards,

may reassure tourists of their safety. As per Crime Prevention Programs |

Fayetteville, NC, (2019), "Crime Prevention Guides and Brochures, Events

Calendar, Community Engagement+Operation Ceasefire Movie Night, Shred

Event, Special Olympics of NC Fundraising Events, Ride-Along Program,

Community Care Program, Request a House/Party Check, and Community

Resources." These projects seek to minimize crime by encouraging active

community engagement, improving environmental design, and using Next-door.

The government also offers free residential security surveys to analyze

criminal risks and make recommendations for changes." Finally, a well-structured

crime prevention program in Binondo may help attract tourists by resolving their

safety concerns, strengthening the local economy and projecting a favorable

image of the region as a safe vacation destination. As stated by Katharina.kiener-

Manu, (2019) "Primary crime prevention identifies conditions in the physical and

social environment that provide opportunities for criminal acts, aiming to alter

these conditions before they occur".

Binondo, Manila is implementing a comprehensive crime prevention

program to enhance safety measures for tourists. Strategies include increased

 34

police presence, surveillance cameras, and community policing initiatives.

Community Alert and Text Alert promote community involvement, while effective

communication reassures tourists about safety. This proactive approach can

attract more tourists, boost the local economy, and establish Binondo as a secure

destination.

Education and awareness

Education and knowledge have an important part in influencing tourists'

decisions about safety precautions in Binondo, Manila. Tourists who are well-

informed are more likely to be aware of possible hazards and take the

appropriate actions to avoid them. In the words of Cheydanus, (2024),

"Familiarize yourself with local customs. As business travelers, you and your

team should get familiarized with cultural and business customs before your

departure."

Educational initiatives, such as travel advisories, safety briefings, and

information campaigns, help visitors gain the knowledge they need to safely

navigate unfamiliar environments. As stated by WeeklySafety.com (2021), "

Awareness campaigns, particularly those stressing local safety regulations,

cultural norms, and emergency contact information, may considerably boost

travelers' confidence and preparation. According to Travel Risk Awareness &

Safety | HEAT Training UK, (2020), "awareness courses aims to equip individuals

with the necessary skills, confidence, and risk awareness to operate safely in

challenging and potentially hostile environments" .

 35

Tourists may make better decisions in Binondo, Manila, if they understand

the importance of safety precautions and how to put them in place. The

importance of mandated safety education for students traveling abroad. It

contains a travel safety pamphlet, a safety manual, and individual paperwork for

each group member. Safety Education | George Fox Employee International

Travel, (2020). Tourists may make better judgments in Binondo, Manila, if they

understand the necessity of safety precautions and how to put them in place. In

the words of Jeffries, (2023), "Travel in education provides subconscious learning

opportunities, introducing new skills and encouraging responsibility. It prepares

kids for the larger world by encouraging independence and comprehension.

Exposure to diverse cultures prepares them for life and fosters 'global

citizens'. Language acquisition is further increased by travel, encouraging real

multilingual interactions." This proactive commitment to education and

awareness helps travelers while also contributing to Binondo's general reputation

and desirability as a tourist destination. Binondo, Manila, is a popular tourist

destination where safety is a top priority. Education and awareness play a

significant role in shaping tourists' perceptions and decision-making process. By

familiarizing themselves with local customs and receiving safety briefings,

travelers become more equipped to navigate unfamiliar environments. Mandating

safety education for students abroad enhances cultural understanding and

appreciation of safety measures.

Tourist Decision Making

 36

The decision-making process for tourists involves various factors that

influence their choices. These factors include personal preferences and external

conditions. Understanding these variables is crucial for destination management

and marketing strategies. This review explores the different elements that impact

tourist decision-making, highlighting how factors such as police presence, lighting

and surveillance, crime prevention program and education and awarenes come

together to shape travelers' decisions.

Perceived safety levels

Tourist decision-making is influenced by perceived safety levels. Tourists

prioritize personal and belonging safety over high crime rates, political instability,

or health risks. They also consider transportation safety and personal

experiences. Destinations that prioritize safety and well-being are more likely to

attract visitors and succeed in the tourism industry.

Safety and security become essential elements of a core tourism offering,

influenced by variables such as perceived safety and other considerations in the

decision-making process of tourists. The ability to provide travelers with a secure

vacation experience adds to a destination's allure and the quality of its tourism

offerings. When selecting a vacation destination, many travelers view safety and

security as essential prerequisites and motivators. As a result, in order to

increase visitor satisfaction and pique their interest in returning, tourist locations

must concentrate on raising the standard of safety and security. (Romina Alkier

et, al. 2023)

 37

As cited by Vidya et, al. (2020) Tourists' impression of their level of safety

while at the location. To increase the possibility that travelers will actually visit the

location, safety and security problems that are inherent in the destinations must

be handled by efficient forecasting, planning, managing, and controlling the

crises (Sirakaya et, al. 1997).

Safety perception describes how visitors experience and perceive a place's

level of safety in relation to their own circumstances, external information, and

other variables Both favorable and negative perceptions of location safety exist

among tourists Researchers often gauge how safe they believe a place to be for

tourists based on its social and natural surroundings, as well as its tourist

attractions and categories of safety concerns. (Ding & Wu, 2022)

In summary, the factors that shape tourists' decisions regarding their

perception of safety in Binondo, Manila. It emphasizes the significance of safety

and security as key elements in the tourism experience, affecting visitors' choices

when selecting destinations. Factors such as efficient crisis management, the

quality of safety measures, and tourists' impressions of safety levels play a

crucial role in influencing their decision to visit Binondo. Additionally, perceptions

of safety are influenced by various aspects, including the social and natural

environment, tourist attractions, and how safety concerns are addressed. By

understanding and addressing these factors, destinations like Binondo can

enhance safety perceptions, attract more tourists, and improve overall visitor

satisfaction.

Risk perception
 38

Risk perception in tourist decision-making involves travelers assessing

potential hazards or uncertainties associated with a destination or travel

experience. Factors such as familiarity with the destination, ability to cope with

risks, social factors, cultural background, and individual traits influence

perception. Travelers aim to make informed decisions balancing adventure with

safety and well-being.

Risk perception and travel decision. Familiarity or subjective knowledge

towards a destination moderates the effects of risk perception on travel

decisions. Multiple sources of information and experiences can influence an

increased level of familiarity, and geographical distance can provide a reward for

security which may outweigh the potential cost or uncertainty. (Rina & Alan,

2023)

As cited by Yuyao, (2022) Risk perceptions are crucial for visitors to avoid

a location. If risk assessments are within permissible range, visitors visit

assuming no other factors impact them. During their visit, they can directly

engage with the location and learn about associated hazards through firsthand

observation. (Gartner, 1994)

Risk perception refers to the uncertainty that tourists may face during their

travels or at their destination. It encompasses both natural and man-made

hazards, as defined by Tsaur, Tzeng, & Wang (1997) and Chew and Jahari

(2014) and Reichel et al. (2007). This perception can lead to various misfortunes

during travel. As cited by (Perpina et, al. 2019)

 39

In summary, risk perception influences tourists' decisions regarding their

perceptions of safety in destinations like Binondo, Manila. It highlights the role of

familiarity or subjective knowledge about a destination in moderating the effects

of risk perception on travel decisions. Tourists' perceptions of safety are shaped

by their assessment of risks, including both natural and man-made hazards, as

well as their level of familiarity with the destination. Factors such as geographical

distance may also influence perceptions of safety, with tourists potentially

perceiving greater security in distant locations. Understanding risk perception is

crucial for destinations like Binondo to address safety concerns effectively and

attract tourists. By mitigating perceived risks and enhancing safety measures,

Binondo can improve tourists' perceptions of safety and encourage visits.

Media portrayal of safety in the area

In Binondo, Manila, visitors' views of safety are greatly influenced by

media representation. Potential tourists' perceptions of the area's crime rate and

general safety might be influenced by how it appears in reports, online sites, and

social media posts. Travelers may be discouraged from visiting Binondo if

negative news reports emphasizing criminal incidences are published.

Arrivals of tourists and the development of a destination's image are

greatly impacted by the media, as in a culture where media is consumed with

increasing frequency, the visitor's initial impression of the media is probably

where a destination first appears Brown (2015) Given that extensive coverage of

security issues by the media causes the fall in tourism travel to impact locations.
 40

Crime can have significant effects on tourism, potential tourists may be

discouraged from traveling to a location due to high crime rates or a sense of

discomfort. A place's reputation may suffer as a result of media coverage of

crimes like terrorism, theft, and assault, deterring potential vacationers from

choosing that location. (Staff T. 2023)

The impact of crime on the development and sustainability of a tourist-

based economy events involving crime, particularly those directed at visitors,

throw strain on the destination's sense of safety. Potential visitors are

discouraged from going when they hear about violent occurrences, thefts, frauds,

or crimes spreading quickly through traditional media and social networks. Cited

by (Gamal Newery, 2023)

Social media marketing can influence pro-tourism behaviors by enhancing

destination attractiveness and fostering positive attitudes toward the impacts of

tourism. Media coverage has recently played a highly impactful role in

communication. Specifically, these channels are vital and have a substantial

influence on the attitudes, behavioral intentions, and actual behaviour of tourists.

(Zyad M, Mohamed H., 2023)

A study of factors affecting travel decision making of tourists, this study

investigates how adverse media publicity affects travel tourists make decisions. It

will also highlight the ability of the media to enhance public perceptions of a

tourist destination and the media's contribution to its favorable representation. A

recent study of (Adina Shaikh et, al. 2020)

 41

The media plays a significant role in influencing tourists' perceptions of

destinations and their decision-making process. Extensive media coverage of

security issues can deter tourists from visiting certain locations, impacting their

development and image. Crimes like theft, and assault, when highlighted in the

media, can damage a destination's reputation and discourage potential visitors.

However, social media marketing can counteract these effects by enhancing a

destination's attractiveness and promoting positive attitudes toward tourism

impacts. Understanding how adverse media publicity affects travel decisions is

crucial for analyzing tourists' perceptions of safety, particularly in Crime-Prone

areas like Binondo, Manila.

CHAPTER III
 42

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the approach taken to conduct the study on tourists'

decision-making and their safety measures in Binondo, Manila. It provides a

detailed explanation of the research design, data collection methods, sampling

techniques, and data analysis procedures employed to achieve the study's

objectives. By outlining our methodology, we aim to ensure that our study's

findings are thorough and trustworthy, contributing to a comprehensive

understanding of the factors influencing tourist decision-making on their

perception of safety measurements in urban areas.

Research Design

This research adopts a quantitative research design and utilizes a

descriptive approach to examine the factors influencing tourists' decision-making

on their perceptions of safety measurements in Binondo, Manila. The descriptive

approach allows for a systematic exploration of safety measures and tourist

behavior, providing comprehensive data for analysis. By employing quantitative

methods, the research aims to generate objective insights and statistical analysis

to inform strategies for enhancing safety perceptions and promoting tourism

growth in Binondo, Manila.

In their study, Hrvoje Mataković and Ivana Cunjak Mataković (2019)

utilized a descriptive method to clarify the concept of security in tourism and

examine the relationship between tourism and crime. The data used in their

analysis were sourced from an extensive review of scientific and professional

 43

literature, as well as policy documents concerning this topic. The findings

revealed that crime's impact on tourism manifests on both macro and micro

levels. At the macro level, crime affects society, including social communities and

tourist destinations. On the micro level, crime influences individuals, particularly

regarding their behavior and attitudes towards visiting or revisiting destinations

where criminal incidents have occurred. The most significant consequence of

crime on tourist destinations is the degradation of their image, resulting in

decreased tourist demand.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents for this study are tourists who have visited Binondo,

specifically those present in the area during the survey period. These individuals

provide valuable insights into their perceptions of safety measures in Binondo,

Manila, based on their firsthand experiences. By targeting tourists who are

currently in Binondo, the study aims to capture real-time feedback and

observations, ensuring the relevance and accuracy of the data collected. Their

responses will help illuminate the factors influencing tourists' decision-making

regarding safety measures in Binondo and provide valuable insights for

enhancing safety and promoting tourism in the area.

To conduct simple random sampling for this study, the researchers first

define the population, which consists of all tourists who have visited Binondo.

Then, they determine the desired sample size. Next, each tourist who has visited

Binondo during the survey period is assigned a unique identifier. Using a random
 44

number generator or randomization technique, random picking corresponding to

these identifiers are generated.

The Slovin’s Formula will be utilized to calculate the sample size (n) from

the population (N) with 0.05 of error (e).

N
n= 2
1+ N e

Where:

n- is the sample size

N- is the total Number of Population

E – is the margin of error

1 – is constant

Sampling technique

The study covered the district of Binondo, Manila. The Simple

Random Sampling technique will be utilized by the researchers. The sample

population from the district will be randomly selected from all the residents

without any specific criteria or preferences, ensuring that each resident has an

equal chance of being chosen for the study.

In the study of Morrison, (2020) Tourist safety is crucial for destination

success, with safety concerns significantly impacting decision-making. This

study, which utilizes simple random sampling, aims to address this gap by

employing a mixed-method research design to develop a reliable and valid TPSD

 45

scale. The peace and security of destinations are fundamental for their

sustainable development, especially considering various safety risks and crises

like the COVID-19 pandemic. Safety and security are intertwined concepts, and

perceptions of safety can vary depending on sources and information available.

Tourist perceptions of safety can be influenced by personal experiences,

discussions with others, and exposure to media reports. Understanding these

perceptions is vital, as they can affect tourism demand and destination image.

Through theoretical conceptualization and empirical validation, this research

seeks to contribute to the understanding of TPSD and its implications for tourism

management.

Research Instrument

The study will employ an adapted survey questionnaire, drawing on the

research conducted by Shaikh et al. (2020), which focuses on factors influencing

travel decision-making among tourists in Pakistan. This questionnaire will be

tailored to investigate the impact of various factors such as travel decision-

making processes, media influence, perceived risk, terrorism concerns, and

safety and security perceptions on tourists' decision-making behaviors within

Pakistan. Adaptations will be made to ensure the questionnaire's relevance to the

cultural, social, and economic dynamics of the Pakistani tourism landscape.

The modified survey questionnaire will have three (3) parts; Part 1: The

Demographic Profile of respondents: Part 2: The level of Tourist Decision-Making

when visiting Binondo, Manila and Part 3: The level of safety measure in

Binondo, Manila.
 46

The 4 – point Likert Scale and its corresponding verbal interpretation will

be used to assess the level of tourist decision-Making when visiting Binondo,

Manila and the level of Safety Measure in Binondo, Manila by the respondent

show below:

Table 1

The 4 – Point Likert Scale the level of tourist decision-Making and

their safety measures in Binondo, Manila. On the assessment of respondent.

Rating scale Verbal Interpretation

4 Strongly Agree
3 Agree
2 Disagree
Strongly Disagree
1

Validation of the Research Instrument

The questionnaire's content will be produced with the assistance of

authorities and experts. The researchers solicited assistance from their Adviser,

Dean, and a field subject expert.

For content confirmation, the dean, experts, and adviser will get the first

draft of the questionnaire. Their thoughts and recommendations will be examined

for improvement and incorporated in the second edition of the questionnaire.

 47

After the approval of the dean, the experts and the adviser, the final draft

of the questionnaire will be presented to the RDE for Final validation and

approval.

The questionnaire will utilize a 4-point Likert Scale to evaluate the level of

tourist decision-making. Each question will be carefully reviewed to confirm its

alignment with industry factors. The scale includes options in the level of tourist

decision-Making and safety measuresuch as 4 Strongly Agree, 3 Agree, 2

Disagree, and 1 Strongly Disagree.

Data Gathering Procedure

Once the RDE has approved the researcher's instrument, the researcher

will submit a letter to the dean asking permission to conduct the survey. A request

letter will be delivered to the 3rd District Representative of Manila, Hon. Joel

Chua will allow the researchers to perform the survey. Following the ratification of

Manila's third district representative, Hon. Joel Chua, the researchers, will

distribute the questionnaire to the intended responders. Respondents take their

time answering the questionnaire, and after three weeks, the researchers will

collect the data.

Following retrieval, the researchers will manually encode the response's

raw data using Microsoft Excel on a computer. The raw data will be sent to a

certified statistician for statistical evaluation.

 48

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data collected will be subjected to statistical analysis and

interpretation. To ensure accurate processing of the data, the assistance of a

statistician will be sought to apply appropriate statistical techniques.

Statistical methods, including frequency counts and percentages, will be

employed to determine the demographic profile of the respondents,

encompassing variables such as age, gender, residency status, occupation, and

marital status.

f
P= × 100
N

Where:

P – Percentage

f – Frequency

N – No. of sample population

Similarly, the weighted mean and standard deviation will be used to

analyze and interpret the results of SOP # 2 and SOP # 3.

Finally, inferential statistics such as Pearson r will be utilized with the

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to examine the significant

relationship between the variables investigated: Factors Influencing Tourist

Decision-Making on Safety Measure in Binondo, Manila. The decision to employ

inferential statistics was informed by the non-normal distribution of the dataset as

 49

determined by a normality test. Given this finding, a non-parametric test was

deemed the most suitable statistical approach. Furthermore, the data collected

were treated at an ordinal level.