Design and Analysis of Electric Bicycle Frame

Dr. S. Benjamin Franklin#1 , D. Rajkumar #2 , R. Nishanth#3 , M. M. Nithish#4

#1 Associate Professor, Department of MECH, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology
#2, #3, #4 Students, Department of MECH, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract - The main part of an electric bicycle is frame, II. LIERATURE SURVEY
which is available in several different styles. An electric A. Technologies in E-Bicycle
bicycle's frame usually determines its pricing. The goal is to [1] Y. Tanaka et. al, (2009) examined that in electric
create a two different electric bicycle frame and analysis the bicycles, posture and straight-line tracking are used for the
frames which one is does better at the structural analysis also features of future development and the final assembly is
the frame must be aesthetically look, while also being able to shown in fig.1. Here there are two strategies are used to
support and distribute weight evenly. The operating concept, stabilize the posture of the bicycle namely Trajectory control
technologies of the E-cycle, types of throttle systems it uses, and Lateral velocity. Experimented both the function by a
how well it performs in daily transportation, charging and controller and shows the steering function controller is more
power management, health benefits and its advantages are all powerful than the lateral velocity controller in straight path
covered tracking oh the bicycle.
Keywords - Electric bicycle, Electric Bicycle frame,
Electric bicycle frame analysis, Working Principle of Electric
bicycle.

I. INTRODUCTION

The electric vehicles are mainly classified into three

types, Electric cars, Electric motorcycles, Electric
bike/bicycles. Electric cars are more expensive when
compared to the other to EV’s. Electric bicycles are
working is combined of both traditional bicycle and electric
motorcycles. Electric bicycles are ideal for daily
commuting, such as trips to nearby gyms, stores, and Fig.1 Assembly of Straight Line and Posture Tracking E-
schools. Cycling is best suited for shorter commutes Bicycle et. al, Y. Tanaka (2009)
because we can't pedal for very long before we get tired.
This is where the electric bicycle made its debut. By [2] Bucko Radoslav et. al, (2017) expressed the GPS is
utilizing a motor, battery, and throttle type, we can travel a used to locate the bicycle where it is. The GPS is used to
greater distance than with a regular, conventional, or locate the bicycle where it is. The GPS cycle computer
traditional cycle. Combine those parts to create an electric system can also provide the speed, mileage, and other
bicycle. An electric bicycle is not the same as a regular parameters. Get the information and turn it into ASCII code
bicycle. Conventional bicycles can only be operated form. Collected the data from the CV file uploaded it to the
manually, but electric bicycles can be operated both Google disk and monitored those parameters as mentioned
manually and with a motor. Electric bicycles are becoming above. The GPS application calculated travelled distance to
more popular due to their convenient mode of 11.94 km, a difference of 28meters and an average speed of
transportation. An electric bicycle promotes better health. 63.8 km/hr.
Because it is smaller, anyone can handle an electric bicycle
with ease. People prefer to use this for their daily commutes
as a result. Two unique electric bicycle frames will be
designed, analyzed, and chosen as the best one. The
explanation for how the electric bicycle works and its
components will be included as well.

1
 B. Design and Fabrication /Development in E-bicycle
[6] D. Xiao et. al, (2012) expressed designers pay more
attention to the frame than any other component. The second
thing is the battery. The main thing on the frame is to allocate
the battery and proper weight distribution and shortlist the
power supplies to the components. Configuration of an
electric bicycle is defined on two data Geometry data and
Topological data. Designed a frame for the Electric bicycle
and distributes the weight equally.

Fig.2 Wiring diagram of GPS Cycle Computer et. al,

Bucko Radoslav (2017)

[3] S. Islam et. al, (2020) proposed a torque sensor to

reduce the human effort providing help to the battery. It is
also ensured with a solar charging kit. The torque sensor is
tested in the field test. Torque sensors consist of a voltage
regulator, voltage divider, and amplifier circuit.
Experimented and reduced the human efforts and providing
desired output to the motor.

[4] Suraj D. Patil (2020) discussed about the significance

of eco-friendly technology in response to the environmental
impact of traditional bikes and vehicles. The concept of a
self-power generating electrical bike as an innovative
solution to overcome the drawbacks associated with
conventional e-bikes. The design aims to address pollution
concerns, limited fuel storage, and the need for sustainable
transportation, positioning the self-power generating
electrical bike as an eco-friendly alternative for our fast- Fig.4 Electric Bicycle Frame Mechanical Model
et. al, D. Xiao (2012)
paced lives.
[7] M. Mitesh et. al, (2017) proposed the need for
[5] F. Tabei et. al, (2021) experimented about bicycle high-technology solutions to address fossil fuel shortages
riders being exposed to accident injuries such as head trauma and combat climate change. Proposed the need for high-
and the accident detection components is shown in fig.3. In technology solutions to address fossil fuel shortages and
2017 nearly 50% of bicycle-related accidents occurred combat climate change. The block diagram of E-cycle
especially in urban areas at night. Hence there is a system that requirements is shown in fig.5. Electric bicycles (e-bikes)
can detect accidents and notify the urgent care clinics. emerge as a promising and sustainable alternative for
MARG type of sensor is used to detect the bicycle. Support mobility and transportation, offering features like
vector algorithm detects fall accidents. Conducted 34 trails efficiency, compactness, electric power, comfort, and
and each of which includes cycling status and fall status lightweight design. The focus on e-bikes as a visionary
segment. solution highlights their potential to create a better world
for future generations, making them a versatile and
advantageous mode of transportation.

Fig.3 Accident Detection Components et. al,

F. Tabei (2021)
2
 by China. The health consequences are an important thing
among e-cycle riders. In Canada, the 2000 projects were
examined. 83% of people felt safer in an e-cycle than a
conventional bicycle.

[12] JE Peterman et. al, (2016) expressed those

electric bicycle sales soared from 30000 to 30 million in
China. In Holland, the sales grew up to 30% in the year
2015. Pedelecs-type electric bicycles are a broader
category. Using the pedelec type it gives a good physical/
health benefit to the rider.

[13] J. Van Cauwenberg et. al, (2018) discussed how

electric bicycles are performed in Belgium with older adults
(> 65 years). Here we get the conclusion from older adults
in an interview process. The older adults give their
experience in electric bicycles and the benefits of the
Fig.5 Block Diagram of E- Cycle Requirement electric cycle older women are scared of riding injuries and
et. al, M. Mitesh (2017) the men older adults feel safer in electric bicycles.

[8] Ventsislav Petko Keseev (2020) fabricated the best [14] Alianna Thomas (2021) discussed the cargo-type
design, and performance for electric bicycle and make their electric cycles used in the United States and California. These
electric bicycle a front wheel ride by using a 500W types of cycles play a vital role among parents and caretakers.
brushless motor (BLDC) motor and classifies the electric Parents used electric cargo bikes over cars to commute their
bicycle into two types, pedelec and throttle types. Pedelec children to school. These types of electric cargo cycles can
types of bicycles have low-power electric motors and easily commute in hills.
throttle types have high-power electric motors. Gave the
detailed information for electric bicycle components. [15] P. Plazier et. al, (2023) explored the usage of electric
bicycles in urban areas as a big deal than in rural areas. Most
[9] G. Ashok et. al, (2020) utilized the pressing issues people in rural areas like to use the electric cycle for their
of rising fuel prices and increasing urban pollution, daily commutes to eliminate the daily traffic. Most of the
prompting the exploration of alternative energy sources for Netherlands' conventional bicycle riders are three times more
vehicles. Electric bicycles offer a practical solution by open/willing to use an electric cycle.
integrating an electric motor with traditional bicycle
D. Charging and Power Management
components, providing a convenient and eco-friendly mode
[16] R. S. Jadoun, Sushil Kumar Choudhary et. al, (2014)
of transportation. The description of the dissertation project
fabricated the dual chargeable method, the battery gets
involving a 250W hub motor and lead-acid batteries
charged. Using an alternator, the dual chargeable system
underscores the practical implementation of such solutions,
works, and the rest of the work is the same as the other
contributing to the advancement of electric bike
electric bicycles. The result of using dual chargeable system,
technology.
When the battery is fully charged it obtained 10-51km/hr,
when coming down the hill the charging can be achieved in
[10] Ali Ramadhan et. al, (2021) discussed the electric
1hr.
bicycle is firstly at stationary state, if we need to move it
from the state we need to pedal or throttle the bicycle. An
[17] HZZ Beh et. al, (2014) expressed the feasibility of
electric cycle uses electric power to move and, we can run
having a magnetic coupler within the kickstand for wireless
the cycle with the pedal. In electric bicycles, the major
charging of electric bicycles and different types of kickstands
components are classified into two types. Frame and
used for wireless charging and which stand gives more
Battery. The outcome of the paper is working principle of
efficiency in charging an electric bicycle. The study
the Electric bicycle.
emphasizes the impact of interfering materials on charging
C. Commutation of E-bicycle efficiency and highlights the importance of achieving high
[11] G. Rose (2012) explained different electric transfer efficiency and safety while meeting weight, cost, and
vehicles such as electric cars, motorcycles, and bicycles size requirements.
used for commutes and transportation that are dominated

3
 [18] M. Corno et.al, (2015) introduced a thing called a the rider's health. The flat route has a longer distance whereas
control algorithm that is used when the rider pedals the pedals the hilly route has a shorter distance, but it is sloped.
there is some form of energy is generated that energy is saved Comparatively, the electric bicycle reduces the lower
into the battery pack and used the energy when the rider loses commutes easily climbs on the hill and offers more exercise
his energy. The experimental setup is shown in fig.14. The intensity than the conventional bicycle.
control algorithm is Charge-sustaining. The Charge-
sustaining system provides the efficiency of urban cycling, [21] Hanne Beate Sundfor et. al, (2017) discussed about
and this approach is capable of maintain the charge and the public health implications of e-bike use in Norway,
avoiding the depletion. addressing concerns about potential substitution effects that
could offset the benefits of increased cycling. Combining a
cross-sectional and quasi-experimental design, it explores
hedonistic values associated with e-bike interest and assesses
changes in physical activity pre- and post-purchase. The
findings suggest that, contrary to concerns, the introduction
of e-bikes in the Norwegian cycling population does not lead
to a substantial substitution effect. Instead, the net effect
appears positive, particularly among individuals with lower
pre-existing levels of physical activity.

[22] JE Bourne et. al, (2018) expressed that E-cycling

leads to a reduction in the activity volume and intensity over
Fig.6 Experimental Setup of Charge-Sustaining the same distance compared to conventional cycling and it
Electric Bicycle et. al, M. Corno (2015) provides high intensity to promote positive health outcomes.

[19] Jakkula Harikiran et. al, (2023) fabricated a self- [23] R. A. Chaney et. al, (2019) introduced that there is
charging method used to charge the battery while the cycle is another type of electric bicycle is there i.e., the Electric
moving. The block diagram of self-charging is shown in Mountain bike. This isn't as famous/popular as the other two
fig.15. Using this method, we get additional power and use it types of electric bicycles. Still, this type has been well known
for the cycle to ride. The diagram shows a clear definition of in Europe for many years but it's still emerging in Europe.
the self-charging method. This Electric bicycle provides
more efficient to run for longer rides than the conventional
III. WORKING PRINCIPLE
electric bicycle.
Prior to comprehending the working principle, we
must comprehend how a traditional or conventional bicycle
operates. When riding a traditional bicycle, the rider
provides all the power. By pushing the pedals, the rider
supplies the power source. A pedal is an object with a
tendency to rotate; power is transmitted through pedal
rotation. The chain sprocket is how the power is transferred.
The chain sprocket is fastened to the pedal assemblies. A
large sprocket is held in the front end of the bicycle, while a
small sprocket is held in the rear end, and the chain is placed
on the sprocket. Wheel axial is used to connect the rear
sprocket to the wheel. When the rider pedals, the sprocket
also rotates and transfers the rotation movement to the wheel
axial, which rotates in accordance with the riders pedaling.
Fig.7 Block diagram of Self charging
et. al, Jakkula Harikiran (2023)

E. Health Benfits
[20] S. Berntsen et. al, (2017) explained the comparison
of an electric bicycle and a conventional bicycle. Going to
compare the two bicycles in two different ways and monitor

4
 Rider

Pedal

Sprocket

Wheel Fig. 9 Block Diagram of Electric Bicycle Working

IV. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

Bicycle Motion
We drew the design of the frame and analysis of the
frame by using the conventional bicycle frame as our
Fig. 8 Block Diagram of Traditional Bicycle Working reference point.
The software which is used for designing and analyzing
The operation of an electric bicycle is like that of a is “Solid works”. The analyze is done on the frame called
motorcycle or a conventional bicycle. In a traditional cycle, structural analysis.
the rider pedals and the machine tend to move, while in a
The load is applied above on the seat rod or the center
motorcycle, the rider twists the throttle. The rider of an
position of the bicycle. The fixed positions are the bottom
electric bicycle can choose to twist the throttle or pedal the
center of the handlebar and wheel that is going to held. These
bike.
two are the two fixed ends. The load which is applied is
588N.
The electric energy source that powers the components of
an electric bicycle is the battery. The operation's primary The frame we designed is named as “Frame x, Frame
mover is the motor. A motor is a mechanical device that y”. The analyze part of the conventional bicycle frame taken
transforms electrical energy into motion or mechanical as the benchmark. The Frame y withstands more than the
energy. An essential part of the operation is the converter. It Frame x. The frame chosen to build is Frame x. The frame
transfers the battery's electrical energy to the component which performs well is Frame y.
parts. It transforms electrical energy and gives the intended
components the appropriate quantity of electrical energy. By
turning the throttle, we can accelerate and cover more ground
on the electric bicycle. In essence, this is personal definition.

The motor transforms into mechanical motion when the

rider twists the throttle, accelerating the motor and providing
the controller with the appropriate amount of electrical
energy. In this project, two separate sprockets are used: one
is installed in the motor, and the other is installed in addition
to the conventional bicycle sprocket. There is chain
connecting these two sprockets. This chain sprocket transmits
the motor's mechanical motion. Should the rider choose to
pedal rather than twist the throttle, he must quit twisting the Fig. 10 Conventional Bicycle Frame
throttle, causing the function to gradually stop. The motor
tends to stop if the rider removes their hand from the throttle
because the converter has cut off the electric energy to it.

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 Fig. 11 Conventional Bicycle Frame Analysis Fig. 15 Frame y Analysis

We designed and examined this second frame.

Compared to the Frame X, it can withstand more weight.
The top of the "T"-shaped battery can be used.

V. SELECTING FRAME MATERIAL

The material which we used for the analysis is

• AISI 4130 Steel, normalised at 870 Celsius

It is well known for having exceptional strength,

toughness, and weldability, which makes it a well-liked
option for many different applications, such as bicycle
frames, and automotive. The heat treatment procedure
known as "normalizing" is used to improve the
mechanical qualities and refine the grain structure
of steel.

Property Value Units

Elastic modulus 2.05 e+11 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio 0.285 N/A
Shear modulus 8e+10 N/m2
Fig. 13 Frame x Analysis Mass density 7850 kg/m3
This frame was created and examined initially. "Solid Tensile strength 731000000 N/m2
works" is where the design and analysis are completed.
Compressive _ N/m2
"Structural analysis" is the analysis method.
strength
Yield strength 460000000 N/m2
Thermal expansion _ /K
coefficient
Thermal 42.7 W/(m.k)
conductivity
Specific heat 477 J/(kg.K)

Fig. 14 Frame y Table. 1 Properties of AISI 4130 Steel,

normalised at 870 Celsius

6
 VI. COMPONENTS B. Throttle
Like a motorcycle or scooter, the throttle mode
The components which are used in the electric operates in this way. By opening the throttle, you can
bicycles are, move the bike forward without using your legs. Most
A. Controller throttles allow you to adjust the power output. There are
several throttle options available for electric bikes, from a
B. Throttle
thumb throttle, and push button to a full twist throttle.
C. Battery Different Electric Bicycle Throttle Types
D. Frame
E. Motor • Half-grip Twist: This operates by twisting the
throttle, just like a motorcycle or scooter would. This
throttle is the most widely used one for electric
A. Controller bikes. The rider only needs to twist the throttle to
An electrical component that controls the flow of accelerate the bike.
power from the battery to the motor is referred to as a • Thumb Throttle: Designed to be easy to operate.
"controller". It serves as a bridge between the rider's Just pressing a button will initiate the motor.
input (pedal assistance, for example) and the motor, • Push Button: The push button doesn't require any
regulating the motor's speed and torque output in specialized training or e-bike mechanic knowledge.
response to the rider's commands and system When you want to use the motor's power, all you
configurations. To decide how much power or must do is press the button. You can then effortlessly
assistance to give, the controller usually receives signals release the accelerator and coast at the desired speed
from sensors like cadence, pedal assist, and throttle once the acceleration has reached a comfortable
position sensors. To safeguard the battery and other pace.
components from harm from overloading or • Thumb Throttle: Thumb throttles work as their
overheating, it also keeps an eye on parameters like name implies: to engage the motor, you press down
battery voltage, current, and temperature. Various on a tiny, spring-loaded paddle the size of your
controller sizes and configurations are available based thumb. The bike will go faster the more you push
on the needs of the electric bicycle, which may include down.
things like voltage, control features, and motor power
rating. They are essential to the overall functionality and
effectiveness of an electric bike system.

Fig. 17 Twist Throttle

Fig. 16 Controller
Controller Specifications: Some bikes have an on/off switch, while others have
• Voltage: 24V multiple buttons to adjust the bike's speed. Different
• Maximum power: 250W throttle types function differently depending on how they
are engaged. It is important to know if the throttle you
• Maximum current: 13.4A
select will work when the bike is moving or only when
where,
you pedal. Some throttles can only be used while pedaling
• V- Voltage
to prevent harm if the user unintentionally engages the
• W- Watts
throttle while stationary.
• Amps

7
 This will assist you in averting accidents during your electric bicycle's price. To draw in customers and ensure
initial e-bike familiarization. Some bikes even let you use proper weight distribution, the frame needs to have an
the throttle while it's stationary. They contend that a much attractive appearance.
easier option is to begin from a stop instead of applying
the typical forceful pedaling during start-up. You can The electric motor, battery, controller, and
adopt this throttle style by pushing the throttle and raising drivetrain are just a few of the crucial parts that are
your feet. integrated into the frame. Its design makes integration
easy and guarantees the best possible positioning, weight
C. Battery
distribution, and accessibility for upkeep and servicing.
The most widely used rechargeable battery chemistry
nowadays is lithium-ion. Electric cars and cell phones are
Electric bicycle frames are designed to be flexible
among the everyday gadgets that run on lithium-ion
and customizable to accommodate a wide range of rider
batteries.
needs and tastes. Frames are made by manufacturers in a
variety of sizes, forms, and styles to suit a range of riding
Lithium-ion batteries are made up of a protective
activities, from off-road exploration to urban commuting.
circuit board and one or more lithium-ion cells. Once the
cell, or cells, are installed inside a device with the
The frame of an electric bicycle provides structural
protective circuit board in place, they are referred to as
integrity, support, and integration for key components,
batteries. The lithium-ion battery is the type of battery
acting as the framework for the entire vehicle.
used in electric bicycles. A pair of lithium-ion batteries
are utilized. There are 24 volts total given each of them
Whether riding on rough trails, through cities, or
has 12 volts. The electric bicycle can only move and start
on long-distance travels, the electric bicycle frame
when the batteries are connected in series; if they are
continues to be a key component in determining the
connected in parallel the electric bicycle won’t move. The
direction of enjoyable and sustainable transportation in
positive terminal of the controller is connected to the
the future.
positive terminal of the first battery, and the negative
terminal of the controller is connected to the negative
Frame x is chosen to build. The built picture of the
terminal of the second battery. The rest, the negative
frame is shown below.
terminal of the first battery and the positive terminal of
the second battery is connected, this is the series
connection in our electric bicycle. Lithium-ion batteries
require less upkeep than others. Because of their low self-
discharge rate, lithium-ion batteries gradually lose their
charge when not in use. Because of this, owners of e-bikes
can store their bikes for longer periods of time without
having to worry about the battery dying too soon.

Fig. 19 Frame

E. Motor
For the project, we employed a " BLDC motor."
There is a tiny sprocket attached to the motor. That sprocket
is linked to another sprocket that is larger than the sprocket
Fig. 18 Battery
connected to the motor. A larger sprocket is installed in
D. Frame addition to the standard sprocket.
Among the components of an electric bicycle, the
All the components get their power from batteries.
frame is the most crucial one. The weight of the electric
The converter takes the power from the battery, changes
bicycle frame must be distributed more evenly and be
it into the appropriate amount, and then sends it to the
lighter. The frame will probably have an impact on the

8
motor. A motor is a mechanical apparatus. It transforms The electric bicycle's range, its top speed, and the amount
electrical energy into mechanical movement. It takes the of time it takes the battery to charge fully are the analysis
power that comes from the converter and transforms it components. The formula used to calculate the mileage is
into mechanical energy, or motion. The sprocket, which illustrated below.
is connected between a traditional sprocket and one that
is already attached to the motor, is what drives the Battery Charging Time 4Hours
mechanical motion. The power transmission is done by
the sprockets. These actions are taken if the cyclist tends Mileage/per charge 32km/hr
to throttle the bicycle. The bicycle tends to travel farther
with the aid of sprockets in response to the rider's throttle Top Speed 25km/hr
twist.
Motor Specifications:
Table. 2 Performance Analysis
• Voltage: 24V
• Maximum power: 250W
• Torque Constant: 0.8 Nm 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑩𝒊𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒈𝒆 =
• Rated Speed: 360 RPM
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑥 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
where,
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
• V- Voltage where,
• W- Watts Battery voltage = 24Volt
• N.M- Newton Meter Battery Capacity = 13.4Amps
• RPM- Revolution Per Minute Speed of the Electric Bicycle = 25
Motor Power = 250Watts

24 𝑥 13.4 𝑥 25
=
250
Electric bicycle Mileage = 32km/hr.
32km/hr is the theoretical mileage of this sort of
specification in the electric bicycle. But the mileage we
get as practical is 30km/hr.

The electric bike's battery required about four hours

Fig. 20 Motor to fully charge. Users will find this relatively short
charging time convenient as it minimizes downtime and
enables speedy recharging in between rides. The electric
bicycle has a remarkable range of 32 kilometers on a
single charge, making it suitable for short-distance and
urban transportation. This range easily meets the needs of
many people for their regular commutes, which lowers the
need for frequent recharging and improves user
experience overall. The electric bicycle displayed a
maximum velocity of twenty-five kilometers per hour.
This speed range is in line with urban speed limits and
encourages safe and effective travel in urban settings,
even though it is not intended for high-speed
performance. Furthermore, adding speed-limiting
features improves rider safety and adherence to regional
Fig. 21 Motor interconnected with sprocket laws.

CONCLUSION
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In conclusion, the basic understanding of the
The electric bicycle's performance analysis is subject of "Electric Bicycle working principle &
computed using both theoretical and practical methods. Importance of frame" concludes. The two different

9
 frames are designed and analyzed, does the frame Technology in Electric Bicycle with Solar Charging
fabrication is based on the analysis. Here, the frame is Kit”, IEEE Region 10 Symposium., pp. 718-721, 2020.
selected with the help of traditional bicycle frame [4] Suraj D. Patil, Mayur Balkrishna Patil, Rohit S.
analysis. The design and analysis is done in the Saankapal, Adharsh P. Patil, Omkar A. Rajput, “Self
solidwork software. The detailed information about the power generating electric bike”, International Journal of
electric bicycle components, different types of throttles, Advance Reasearch, Ideas and Innovations In
electric bicycle commutation, self-charging systems, Technology., vol. 6 no. 3, pp. 525-530, 2020.
health benefits, and development of electric bicycles are
[5] F. Tabei, B. Askarian and J. W. Chong, “Accident
concluded.
Detection System for Bicycle Riders”, IEEE Sensors
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is a mechanical device that produces motion or
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mechanical energy from electric energy. The speed can
Multidisciplinary Optimization., vol. 46, pp. 913-929,
be increased by using the twist throttle system. There is
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a tiny gear attachment on the motor. Fig. 21 displays the
two distinct chain sprockets. The first is a standard [7] M. Mithesh., Budhvani, M. K., Sapovadiya, K. M.,
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required electric energy. The motor receives the desired Implementation of Electric Assisted Bicycle with
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After having that discussion, we now know
that an electric bicycle's frame is crucial. The electric [12] JE Peterman, Morris, K. L., Kram, R., & Byrnes, W. C,
bicycle frame design makes some older individuals “Pedelecs as a physically active transportation
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