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Mathematical Reasoning

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20 views4 pages

Mathematical Reasoning

Uploaded by

Youdonume
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICAL REASONING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, you are expected to:


● discuss concepts associated with viewing math as a tool for problem
solving;
● distinguish deductive reasoning from inductive reasoning; and
● draw logical conclusions using deductive reasoning and inductive
● reasoning.

Problem:

● It is a statement requiring a solution, usually by means of mathematical


operation/ geometric construction

Problem-Solving

● It is a process and an ongoing activity in which we take what we know to


discover what we don’t know.

● It involves overcoming obstacles by generating hypotheses, testing those


prediction and arriving at a satisfactory solution

Method
● ways and techniques used to get answers usually involve one or more
problem-solving strategies.

Answer
● a number, quantity, or some entity that the problem is asking for.

Solution
● the whole process of solving a problem including the method of obtaining an
answer and the answer itself

Problem Solving involves three basic functions


- Seeking information
- Generating new knowledge
- Making decisions

Mathematical Reasoning
- essential skills in math most especially in problem-solving.
- an ability of a person to analyze situations and construct logical arguments to
justify to process or hypothesis

The use statement consists of two clauses:


1st clause “IF”
2nd clause “THEN”

Fundamental Forms of Mathematical Reasoning

1. Inductive Reasoning
● Makes broad generalizations from specific observation
● Specific to general
● Used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, behavior

2. Deductive Reasoning
● The process of reaching conclusions based on previously known facts.
● General to specific
● The conclusions reached by this type of reasoning are valid and reliable.

DATA MANAGEMENT

Objectives:

At the end of the unit, you are expected to:


● distinguish different statistical tools to process and manage numerical data;
● use different statistical tools to process and manage numerical data; and
utilize different statistical tools through basic computer software to be able
● to manage numerical data.

1. Tabular and Graphical Presentations of Data.

● Tabular Presentation.
- Raw data can be organized using tables or graphs.
- A frequency Distribution organizes raw data in table form with classes and
frequencies.

● Graphical Presentation.
- Visual representation provides an attractive mode of showing the
essential features of a data set. Bar graphs and pie charts are popular
examples of graphical presentations.

Types of Graphical Presentation

● Bar Graph
- A bar graph uses bars to compare categories of data. It may be drawn
vertically or horizontally. It is generated by plotting against frequencies.

● Line Graph
- A line graph is a graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous
change or trend. It may show an ascending or descending trend

● Pie Graph
- The pie chart is usually used to show how parts of a whole compare to
each other and to the whole. The entire circle represents the total and the
parts are proportional to the amount of the total they represent.

2. Descriptive Measures – Measures of Central Tendency


- The measure of Central Tendency provides a very convenient way of describing
a set of scores with a single number that describes the PERFORMANCE of the
group.
- It is also defined as a single value that is used to describe the “center” of the
data.
- There are three commonly used measures of central tendency. These are the
following: MEAN; MEDIAN; and MODE.

Mean
- It is the most commonly used measure of the center of data
- It is also referred to as the “arithmetic average”

Median
- Is the middle value in a data set when the values are arranged in ascending or
descending order
Steps:
1. Arrange the Data in Ascending Order
2. Find the Middle Value

Mode
- Is a score or scores that occurred most in the distribution. It is classified as
unimodal, bimodal, trimodal, or multimodal
- Unimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of only one mode
- Bimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of two modes
- Trimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of three modes
- Multimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of more than two modes
3. Descriptive Measures – Measures of Dispersion

● Measure of Dispersion or variability tells us how much the observations spread


out from the mean. The higher the variability the more dispersed the
observations; the lower it is, the more consistent the observations

1. Range It is the simplest measure of dispersion. It is defined as the difference between


the largest and smallest values in the series
𝑹=𝑳−𝑺

2. Standard Deviation It is the most important & widely used measure of dispersion.
First used by Karl Pearson in 1893. Also called root mean square deviations. It is defined
as the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviation of the values
taken from the mean or the standard deviation is the square root of variance. Denoted s
if it is sample standard deviation.

4. Descriptive Measures – Measures of Relative Position

● Measure of Relative Position of a given value shows the value stands in relation
to other values in the same set of data. The most common measures of relative
position are percentiles, quartiles, and standard scores.

1. A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given
percentage of observations in a group of observations fall. The formula for percentile is:

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