imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 9

1g cÎ j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨envi

Aa¨vq-01 SAFE USE OF LABORATORY

TOPIC-01 j¨ve‡iUixi e¨envi wewa-mwVK ‡cvkvK I wbivcËv mvgMÖx

 GKbR‡i K‡qKwU Riyix DcKiYt
Riyix Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii KviY Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
1. mv`v A¨vcÖb j¨v‡e wb‡Ri myiÿvi Rb¨ cv‡q ¯úÄ bq, RyZv e¨envi Kiv fvj
2. wbivc` Møvm ev MMjm ‡Kwg‡Kj hv‡Z †Pv‡L bv hvq Contact Lens e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv
3. gv¯‹ M‡elYvMv‡i Drcbœ ÿwZKviK M¨vm (NO2, NH3, SO2, H2S, CO2) n‡Z myiÿvi Rb¨
4. n¨vÛ Møvfm nv‡Zi myiÿvi Rb¨ Disposable / Synthetic (cPbkxj bvBUªvBj Møvfm e¨envi Kiv fvj)

TOPIC-02 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wewfbœ hš¿cvwZ I e¨env‡ii KviY 

Riæix Dcv`vb e¨env‡ii KviY/Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨
1. wc‡cU ‡h †Kvb Zij c`v_© m~ÿfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
2. ey¨‡iU mvaviYZ UvB‡Uªk‡b Lye mwVK fv‡e Zij cwigv‡ci Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
3. fwjD‡gwUªK d¬v¯‹ cÖgvY `ªeY ˆZixi mgq e¨eüZ nq| G‡K Standard flask ejv nq| 250 mL AvqZ‡bi †ekx e¨eüZ nq|
4. KwbK¨vj d¬v¯‹ wewfbœ Dcv`vb wgwkÖZKiY Ges Zvc cÖ`v‡bi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| GwU g~jZ AvqZb gvwÎK we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
5. Succer `ªeY †U‡b †bIqvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
6. Water Bath †Kvb c`v_©‡K 100 †m. ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P DËß Kivi cÖ‡qvR‡b e¨eüZ nq|
7. wbivc` Møvm Uv ‡iwW‡qkb/ÿwZKi/ÿqKvix c`v_© Mvp HCl Ges NaOH I KOH ‡_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ |
8. gv¯‹ M‡elbvq ÿwZKi M¨vm †hgb NO2 , NH3 , SO2 ,CO2 ,CO ‡_‡K `~‡i _vK‡Z gv‡¯‹ Pvi‡Kvj/wR‡qvjvBU e¨eüZ nq|
9. Møvfm PVC Møvfm→ g„`y ÿqKvix I weiw³Ki c`v_© ,j¨v‡U· Møvfm→ R¡vjv m„wóKviK, A¯^w¯ÍKi I msµvgK c`v_©,
(Disposable /Synthetic) wbIwcÖb Møvfm→ `ªveK, †ZjRvZxq c`v_©, wR‡U· Møvfm→ †QvULv‡Uv RjšÍ e¯‘ ‡_‡K iÿvi Rb¨| [bvBUªvBj Møvfm ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z]

TOPIC-03 wewfbœ j¨ve‡iUix e¨v‡j‡Ýi wbf©yj e¨envi

 e¨v‡jÝ I Zzjv`Û :
cj eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ (2 wWwRU I 4 wWwRU) Zyjv`Û
 cj eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi mvnv‡h¨ 0.0001g ch©šÍ IRb gvcv  Uc †jvwWs e¨v‡jÝ bv‡gI cwiwPZ|  Zyjv`Û AskwU 10wU fv‡M wef³ ev Avevi
hvq(Pvi `kwgK) [SN; Xv.†ev-2016]  wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ m~² I `ªæZ cvV w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU ÿz`ª 10 fv‡M wef³|
 Lye m~² cwigv‡c cj eyw½ e¨v‡jÝ hš¿ e¨envi bv KivB  wWwRUvj h‡š¿i †ÿ‡Î 2, 3, 4 wWwR‡Ui hš¿  Zzjv`‡Û _vKv ÿzi`v‡ii AvK…wZ wKiƒc →
fvj| e¨envi Kiv hvq| Pvi wWwR‡Ui †ÿ‡Î me©wb¤œ wcÖRgvK…wZ|
 cj-eyw½ wbw³i ‡e`x A¨v‡evbvB‡Ui ˆZwi 0.0001g ch©šÍ cwigvc Kiv hvq|  Zzjv`Û ˆZwi‡Z A¨vjywgwbqvg/wcZj
 IRb e‡· †h IRb _v‡K Zvi mvnv‡h¨ cj-eyw½  wWwRUvj †gwk‡b cvV †bqvi mgq Aek¨B e¨eüZ nq|
wbw³‡Z `yB `kwgK ¯’vb ch©šÍ fi gvcv hvq| KvMR ev Ab¨ cvÎ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|  Zzjv`‡Ûi MvVwbK Dcv`vb → wcZj|
 cj-eyw½ wbw³‡Z me©vwaK f‡ii evULvivi fi 10g Avi  j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z `yB ai‡bi wWwRUvj e¨v‡jÝ  Zzjv`‡Û `yBwU ¯Œz _v‡K |
me©wb¤œ f‡ii evULviv → 5 mg| e¨eüZ nq|  Zzjv`‡Ûi wb‡`©kK †¯‹j k~b¨ wP‡ý ¯’vcb
 cj-eyw½ wbw³‡Z m‡e©v”P 100g f‡ii e¯‘i fi wbY©q  j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z `yB wWwR‡Ui wWwRUvj wbw³ Kiv nq Kx fv‡e → ¯Œz e¨envi K‡i|
Kiv DwPZ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
10 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC-04 g¨v‡µv, †mwggvB‡µv I gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ

 ¸YMZ we‡kølY wZb cÖKvi| h_vt  g¨v‡µv c×wZ|  †mwggvB‡µv c×wZ|  gvB‡µv A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj c×wZ|
 g¨v‡µv, †mwggvB‡µv I gvB‡µv we‡køl‡Yi g‡a¨ Zzjbv :
welq g¨v‡µv †mwggvB‡µv gvB‡µv
(i) M„nxZ e¯‘i fi (i) 0.5 g †_‡K 2.05 g e¯‘ (i) 50 mg †_‡K 200 mg e¯‘ e¨eüZ (i) 5 mg †_‡K 20 mg e¯‘ we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ
e¨eüZ nq| nq| nq|
(ii) `ªe‡Yi AvqZb (ii) 20 mL–30mL `ªeY we‡køl‡Y (ii) 2 mL–4mL `ªeY we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ (ii) 0.2 mL–1.0 mL `ªeY we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ
e¨eüZ nq| nq| nq|
(iii) Zij cwigvc (iii) †gRvwis wmwjÛvi| (iii) †mwg gvB‡µv K¨vwcjvwi wUDe| (iii) gvB‡µv †Kwcjvwi wUDe e¨eüZ nq|
hš¿
(iv) e¨eüZ H2S (iv) wKc h‡š¿ FeS I jNy H2SO4 (iv) _v‡qv A¨vwmU¨vgvBW (CH3CSNH2) (iv) gvB‡µv
we‡kølY mvaviY Aat‡ÿcY
Gi Drm †_‡K Drcbœ I Rgv H2S †_‡K wewµqv cwi‡ek H2S Drcbœ I c×wZmn †eqvi j¨v¤^vU© m~ÎwfwËK D”P
e¨eüZ nq| e¨eüZ nq| ÿgZvm¤úbœ †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd I †¯úK‡Uªv‡gwUª‡Z
e¨eüZ nq|
(v) cwi‡e‡ki Ici (v) g¨v‡µv c×wZ‡Z eR©¨ †Kwg‡Kj (v) †mwg gvB‡µv c×wZ‡Z eR©¨ †Kwg‡Kj (v) gvB‡µv we‡køl‡Y eR©¨ †Kwg‡Kj bMY¨| ZvB
cÖfve †ewk nIqvq cwi‡e‡k AwaK Kg Ges H2S evZv‡m wg‡k bv| ZvB cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi gvÎv bMY¨|
ÿwZKi cÖfve c‡o| cwi‡ek `~lY Kg nq|
(vi) cixÿvKvjxb (vi) g¨v‡µv we‡køl‡Y mgq †ewk (vi) †mwg gvB‡µv we‡køl‡Y mgq Kg
mgq jv‡M| jv‡M|

TOPIC-05 wbivc‡` j¨ve mvgMÖx‡Z Zvc †`Iqvi †KŠkj

❖ evb©v‡ii gy‡L AwMœ ms‡hv‡M bxjvf wkLv R¡‡j| 1540C D”PZi RviY wkLv
1570C D”PZi weRviY wkLv
❖ ‡cv‡m©wjb evwUi Aci bvg- µzwmej
1560C wb¤œZi RviY wkLv
❖ evb©v‡ii Zvc †`Iqvi †ÿ‡Î RviY wkLv †e‡Q †bIqv nq|
300C wb¤œZi weRviY wkLv
❖ w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú G R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e †gw_‡j‡UW w¯úwiU e¨envi Kiv nq|
❖ ‡cv‡m©wjb evwU‡Z m‡e©v”P 1500° ‡mw›U‡MÖW ch©šÍ Zvc †`qv hvq|
❖ Aí Zv‡c (<100°C) bgybv DËß Ki‡Z IqvUvi ev_ e¨envi Kiv nq|

TOPIC-06 wi‡q‡R›U †evZj e¨env‡ii †KŠkj

 j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wi‡q‡R›U †evZj‡K †Kvb µg Abymv‡i mvRv‡Z n‡e? → MSDS
 wi‡q‡R›U †_‡K m„ó Drcv` cÖK…wZ‡Z Kx wn‡m‡e _v‡K? → eR©¨|
 Av‡jvK mwµq wi‡q‡R›U ivLv nq -ev`vwg e‡Y©i †evZ‡j|
 wi‡q‡R›U †evZ‡ji Nb GwmW ev ÿqKvix wi‡q‡R›U ‡K ‡Kvb AvqZ‡bi †evZ‡j ivLv nq? → 30mL I 60mL
 Kg e¨eüZ wi‡q‡R›U¸‡jv †Kvb AvqZ‡bi †evZ‡j ivL‡Z nq → 60mL, 500mL|
 g~j¨evb I A‡cÿvK…Z Kg w¯’wZkxj wi‡q‡R›U¸‡jv‡K KZ AvqZ‡bi wi‡q‡R›U †evZ‡j ivLv nq? → 30mL
 RvwZms‡Ni Aax‡b Òcwi‡ek I DbœqbÓ m‡¤§j‡bi †¯øvMvb ÒOne Chemical One Label World wide”

TOPIC-07 wewfbœ welv³ Dcv`v‡bi weKí Dcv`vb

welv³ Dcv`vb weKí Dcv`vb
bvg ms‡KZ bvg ms‡KZ
‡K¬v‡ivdig CHCl3 ‡n‡·b C6H14
Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW CCl4 ‡n‡·b C6H14
‡ebwRb C6H6 UjyBb C6H5–CH3
2–weDUvbj CH3–CH(OH)–CH2–CH3 1–weDUvbj CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
RvBwjb C6H4(CH3)2 UjyBb C6H5–CH3
cUvwmqvg K K¨vjwmqvg Ca
‡jW †µv‡gU PbCrO4 cUvwmqvg Kve©‡bU K2CO3
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 11

TOPIC-08 wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i cwi‡ek I ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖwZ cÖwZwµqv

ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ ms‡KZ ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖwZ cÖwZwµqv cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖwZwµqv
wewfbœ fvix avZz Hg, Ag, Pb, As Lv`¨k„•L‡j cÖ‡e‡ki gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ Pig ûgwK¯^iƒc
mvjwdDwiK GwmW GwU GKwU gvivZ¥K ÿqKvix nIqvq †PvL, gyL, cvwbi PH I gvwUi PH gv‡bi `ªæZ n«vm Ges gvwUi
H2SO4 k¦vmbvjx‡Z msµgY, Z¡‡Ki cÖ`vn GgbwK dzmdzmI AYyRxe‡K aŸsm K‡i _v‡K|
AvµvšÍ K‡i|
bvBwUªK GwmW Z¡‡Ki cÖ`vn, †PvL-gyL R¡vjv‡cvov K‡i Ges Zxeª PH Ges gvwUi LwbR Dcv`vb aŸsm K‡i|
HNO3
k¦vmKó nq|
nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW gvivZ¥K welv³ M¨vm hv gyL, Mjv, k¦vmbvjx‡Z cÖ`vn cvwbi PH gvivZ¥K n«vm K‡i|
HCl
m„wó K‡i|
Kw÷K †mvWv Mjv, k¦vmbvjx, cvK¯’wji msµgY NUvq GgbwK cvwb `~lY NUvq I Na2O cwi‡ek wech©q NUvq
NaOH 10% NaOH 30 †m‡K‡Û †PvL‡K AÜ Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
A¨v‡gvwbqvg SvuSv‡jv MÜhy³ M¨vm hv k¦vmKó Mjv I k¦vmbvjx‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm `ªexf~Z cvwb cvb Ki‡j cÖvYx I gv‡Qi
NH4OH
nvB‡Wªv·vBW ÿZ Ges †PvL R¡vjv‡cvov K‡i| g„Zz¨ N‡U|
‡mvwWqvg evB- k¦vmbvjx AvµvšÍ nq, Z¡K ev ‡Pv‡L co‡j ÿZ m„wó cvwbi PH evovq d‡j AYyRxe aŸsm nq|
NaHCO3
Kve©‡bU nq|
Lv`¨ jeY Z¡‡Ki ÿq, k¦vmbvjxi msµgY I †Pv‡L jvM‡j gvwU jeYv³ nq Ges Dw™¢‡`i e„w× e¨vnZ nq|
NaCl
R¡vjv‡cvov K‡i|
cUvwmqvg Zxeª ÿqKviK I welv³ Dcv`vb hv †c‡U †M‡j cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Aw·‡R‡bi Afve NUvq|
K2Cr2O7
WvB‡µv‡gU Wvqwiqv nq|
cUvwmqvg Zxeª ÿqKviK welv³ Dcv`vb hvi cÖfv‡e wKWbx cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡jI Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY n«vm K‡i Avi
KMnO4
cvig¨v½v‡bU m¤ú~Y© webó nq| gvwUi AYyRxe‡K aŸsm K‡i|
cUvwmqvg K4[Fe(CN)6] Mjv, k¦vmbvjx I dzmdz‡mi ÿwZ K‡i| †c‡U †M‡j cvwb `~lY I gvwU `~lY nq| Ecotoxicity m„wó nq|
†d‡ivmvqvbvBW e¨v_v I ewg nq|
‡cÖvcv‡bvb O gv_v e¨v_v, ewg ewg fve, Z¡‡Ki ÿZ, Aemv` cvwbi Aw·‡Rb gvivZ¥Kfv‡e n«vm K‡i|
(CH3–C–CH3) MÖ¯’Zv I AÁvb ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
‡K¬v‡ivdig ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i gvivZ¥K ÿwZ K‡i| AwaK cwigv‡Y cvwbi AYyRxe aŸsm K‡i d‡j DO, BOD and COD
CHCl3
dzmdz‡m †M‡j g„Zz¨ AeavwiZ| Gi fvimvg¨ bó K‡i|
mvevb I wWUvi‡R›U C17H35COONa gvivZ¥K ˆRe `~lK| cwi‡ek wech©‡q mnvqZv K‡i|
cUvwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW Z¡‡Ki ÿwZ, i³k~b¨Zv, IRbn«vm I Aemv` cÖeYZv cvwb welv³ nq I gvwUi De©iZv Kgvq|
KI
m„wó K‡i|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW H2O2 ¯^v¯’¨SuzwK I cwi‡ek SyuwKi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb| cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ K‡i|

TOPIC-09 wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© ev Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ KiYxq

ivmvqwbK c`v_© ev Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Z n‡e ev hv KiYxq
1. †Zj Pwe© RvZxq c`v_© jvM‡j A¨vwm‡Uvb
2. ÿwZKi e¨vK‡Uwiqv ev AYyRxe aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ B_vbj (CH3 CH2 OH) e¨envi Kiv
3. ey¨‡iU cwi®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †µvwgK GwmW (K2C2O7+Mvp H2SO4)
4. GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b ivR A¤ø (1mol HNO3+3mol HCl) kw³kvjx cwi®‹viK
5. gqjv `~i Kivi Rb¨ HF Z‡e KvP ÿq K‡i ( Mvp ÿvi `ªeYI Kv‡Pi ÿq K‡i)
6. †c‡Ui wfZi ÿvi cÖ‡ek Ki‡j wf‡bMvi ev ‡jeyi im I 5% CH3COOH `ªeY
7. †c‡Ui wfZi GwmW cÖ‡ek Ki‡j 5% mvevb `ªeY I 2% NaHCO3 `ªeY
8. ‡Pv‡L ÿvi ev GwmW jvM‡j VvÛv cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ÿZ ¯’v‡b 4% NaHCO3 `ªeY + ‡evwiK Gwm‡Wi (H3BO3) m¤ú„³ `ªeY
9. Z¡‡K ÿvi jvM‡j VvÛv cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ÿZ ¯’v‡b 5% CH3COOH `ªeY
10. Z¡‡K GwmW jvM‡j VvÛv cvwb w`‡q ay‡q ÿZ ¯’v‡b 5% NaHCO3 `ªeY
11. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvq Gwm‡Wi DËg cÖwZ‡laK 5% (w/v) NaHCO3 `ªeY
12. cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvq ÿvi Gi DËg cÖwZ‡laK 7% (w/v) H3BO3 `ªeY
12 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC-10 MvwYwZK cÖ‡qvM

Problem-01: GKwU cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ý ivBWv‡ii fi 5mg n‡j ivBWvi aªæeK KZ? (me©ev‡g wR‡iv n‡Z Wvb ch©šÍ 50wU `vMv¼b wewkó weg|)
2ivBWv‡ii fi (g) 20.005 GLv‡b, ivBWv‡ii fi = 5mg= 0.005g;
Solve: ivBWvi aªæeK = ivBWvi †¯‹‡ji fvM msL¨v = = 0.0002g ivBWvi †¯‹‡ji fvM msL¨v = 50 ivBWvi aªæeK =?
50
Problem-02: GKwU cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ý ivBWvi aªæeK 0.0002 n‡j ivBWv‡ii IRb KZ? (we‡gi evg cÖv‡šÍ 0 n‡Z Wvb cÖv‡šÍ 100 ch©šÍ `vM KvUv Av‡Q|
ivBWvi aªæeK  we‡gi `vMv¼b GLv‡b,
Solve: ivBWv‡ii IRb = ivBWvi aªæeK = 0.0002g; we‡gi `vMv¼b = 100; ivBWv‡ii IRb =?
2
0.0002  100
= = 0.01g = 10mg
2
Problem-03: ‡Kvb e¯‘i IRb Kivi Rb¨ cj eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi Wvb cvjøvq 100g, 10g, 5g, 500mg, 20mg f‡ii evULviv I Av‡ivnx Zzjv`‡Ûi GKwU eo `v‡Mi
ci PviwU †QvU `vM AwZµg K‡iwQj| e¯‘i IRb KZ?
Solve: e¯‘i IRb Ñ=100g+10g+5g+0.5g+ 0.02g =115.52g

13. †KvbwU we‡ùvi‡Ki Dcv`vb?

Practice Part A. CNG B. SO2 C. LPG D. MnO2
01. ivmvqwbK c`v_©‡K ﮋ ivL‡Z e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? 14. †Kvb c`v_©wU nuvcvwb †ivM m„wó K‡i?
A. K¨vjwiwgUvi B. ‡Wwm‡KUi C. weKvi D. wdDg ûW A. KOH B. NH4OH C. H2SO4 D. HCl
15. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv A¨vjKvwj (ÿvi) w¯‹b evb© cÖkwgZ Kiv nq?
02. MwjZ Kuv‡P Ave× M¨vm ey`ey` `~ixKi‡Y wb‡Pi †Kvb ¸‡jv e¨eüZ nq?
A. Cu2O, NaNO3, BaCO3 B. NaNO3, Al2O3, NH4Cl A. NaHCO3 B. H3BO3
C. Al2O3, Fe2O3, H3BO3 D. NH4Cl, FeO, Ba2B4O7 C. VvÛv cvwb D. 1%CH3COOH Solution
03. ‡Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_©wUi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z gv¯‹ e¨envi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB?
OMR SHEET
A. CO B. H2S C. HCl D. O2
04. 0.10 molL-1 `ªeY †_‡K wbw`©ó AvqZ‡bi 0.01 molL-1 `ªeY ˆZwi‡Z 01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D
wb‡gœi †Kvb †mUwU me‡P‡q †ekx Dchy³? 02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D
A. Pipette and beaker B. Pipette and volumetric flask 03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D
C. Measuring cylinder and volumetric flask 04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D
D. Burette and beaker
05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D
05. ‡KvbwU mn‡R cPbkxj?
A. wR‡U· B. bvBUªvBj ivevi C. jv‡U· D. wfbvBj 16. j¨ve‡iUwii wbivc` e¨env‡i wb¤œwjwLZ cÖkœmg~‡ni DËi `vI:
06. ¯ú¨vPzjv †Kvb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq? (i) cvZb d¬v‡¯‹ †Kvb ai‡bi KvP e¨eüZ nq? (ii) ‡WKb- 90 Kx?
A. AvqZb cwigv‡c B. fi cwigv‡c 17. ivRA¤ø (Aqua Regia) wK? G‡Z †mvbv weMjb cÖwµqv (dissolution of
C. NbZ¡ cwigv‡c D. ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡c gold) wewµqvmn (reaction) wjL|
07. fwjD‡gwUªK d¬v¯‹ Gi mwVK e¨envi Kiv nq.......| 18. GKRb †µZv GKwU †mvbvi Mnbv wKb‡jb| IRb Kivi Rb¨ we‡µZv
A. Zi‡ji AvqZb cwigv‡c MnbvwU cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi Wvbw`‡K †i‡L evgw`‡K wb¤œwjwLZ IRb¸‡jv
B. GKwU wbw`©ó AvqZ‡bi `ªeY ˆZwi‡Z Ges ivBWviwU‡K ex‡gi Wvbw`‡K GKwU `v‡Mi Dci †i‡L Rvbv‡jb
C. A¤ø I ÿv‡ii UvB‡Uªkb Kv‡R MnbvwUi fi 3.5969g cj-eyw½ e¨v‡j‡Ýi evgw`‡K ivLv IRb¸‡jv n‡jv
D.Zij c`v‡_©i cvZb Kv‡R 2g GKwU, 1.0g GKwU, 500mg GKwU Ges 100mg GKwU| ivBWviwU‡K
08. wb‡Pi †KvbwU KvuP cwi¯‹viK G e¨eüZ nq? ex‡gi Wvbw`‡K KZ bs N‡i ivLv n‡qwQj?
A. wjKvi NH3 (Liquor NH3) B. KwVb NH3(Solid NH3) 19. ‡Kvb †Kvb ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ cwiZ¨v‡Mi mgq cÖPzi cvwb †X‡j †WªBb cwi®‹vi
C. NH3 M¨vm (NH3 Gas) D. NH4 Cl Ki‡e?
09. ey¨‡i‡Ui Af¨šÍ‡i wMÖR ev ˆZjv³ c`v_© `~i Kivi Rb¨ Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?20. `vn¨ c`v‡_©i (Flammable) MjbvsK KZ nq?
A. K2Cr2O7 I Mvp H2SO4 B. Mvp K2Cr2O7 I nvjKv H2SO4 21. imvqb cix¶vMv‡i ˆRe `ªveK DËß Ki‡Z mivmwi wkLv †Kb Gwo‡q Pjv
C. K2Cr2O7 I H2SO4 D. Mvp K2Cr2O7 I Mvp H2SO4 DwPZ?
10. imvqb cixÿvMv‡i cÖPwjZ ey¨‡iU Øviv me©wbgœ KZ AvqZb (mL) cwigvc 22. GKwU ivBWv‡ii fi 10 mg, Gi ex‡gi `vM msL¨v 100 (ex‡gi me©ev‡g
Kiv hvq? ‘0’) n‡j ivBWvi aªæeK KZ?
A. 0.01 B. 0.05 C. 0.1 D. 1.0 E. 2.0 23. Na avZzwU †K‡ivwmb cv‡Î Wzwe‡q ivL‡Z nq †Kb?
11. eyb‡mb evb©v‡ii wkLvi me‡P‡q Dc‡ii AskwU wK?
24. LyeB kw³kvjx cwi®‹viK Gi bvg wK?
A. weRviY gÐj B. DËß gÐj C. RviY gÐj D. kxZj gÐj
25. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †d¬vivBW Kuv‡Pi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †KvbwU Drcbœ K‡i?
12. ‘MSDS’ Gi c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU?
A. Material Safety and Data Sheets ANSWER ANALYSIS
Q

B. Matter Soundness and Direction Sheet

C. Metal Solid Dilute Substance 01.B 02.B 03.D 04.B 05.B
MC

D. Method of Solid and Dry Substance 06.B 07.B 08.A 09.A 10.C
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 13
11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B Av¸‡bi Kv‡Q ivLv hv‡e bv| G‡¶‡Î iw¶Z Dcv`v‡bi †iKW© Kwc
(i) ‡Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wgkªY ev †Kvb `ªeY‡K Zvc w`‡Z n‡j dvqvi mvwf©‡m mieivn Kiv LyeB Riæwi|
k³ Møvm ev cvB‡i· KvuP wbwg©Z weKvi, Kwb‡Kj d¬v· A_ev cvZb ˆRe `ªveK DËßKiY: ‰Re `ªveK †hgb- B_vi, †c‡Uªvwjqvg B_vi,
d¬v· e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †ebwRb, wg_vbj, B_vbj I A¨vwm‡Uvb mivmwi wkLv‡Z DËß Ki‡Z
16 (ii) †WKb-90 n‡jv GKwU cwi‡ek evÜe wWUvi‡R›U, wewfbœ ai‡Yi †bB; KviY Zv‡Z Av¸b a‡i hvq| DËß Kivi Rb¨ mivmwi wkLvi
gqjv †hgb- wMÖR, AvjKvZiv RvZxq c`v_©, wmwj‡Kvb 21
cwie‡Z© G‡¶‡Î evqyMvn, c¨vivwdb ev_ ev Zvc-g¨v›Uj e¨envi Kiv
†Zj,cwjgvwiK Ae‡kl cÖf…wZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ j¨ve‡iUwii Møvm DwPZ| cvwb Qvov cÖvq me `ªveKB `vn¨ c`v_©-mn‡R Av¸b a‡i
mvgMÖx‡Z e¨eüZ nq| hvq| `vn¨ c`v_© evqyi mv‡_ wg‡k we‡ùviY NUvq|
bvBwUªK GwmW I Mvp nvB‡Wª‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi 1:3 AvbycvwZK ex‡gi me©ev‡g ‘0’ Øviv eySv hvq GwU cjeyw½ e¨v‡jÝ|
wgkÖY‡K A¤øivR ev ivR A¤ø e‡j| G‡¶‡Î, ivBWvi aªæeK
ivR A‡¤ø ‡mvbv weMjb cÖwµqv: 22
2 ivBWv‡ii fi 210 mg
17 HNO3 + 3HCl (conc) → 2H2O + NOCl + 2[Cl]..... × 3 = = = 0.2 mg = 0.0002g
ex‡gi `vM msL¨v 100
2Au + 6[Cl] → 2AuCl3 †mvwWqvg avZzi cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv: †mvwWqvg avZz‡Z cvwb jvM‡j
2AuCl3 + 2HCl (conc) → 2HAuCl4 Av¸b a‡i, ZvB KvR †k‡l †mvwWqvg UzKiv †Kvb mgq wm¼-G bv
3HNO3+11HCl (conc)+2Au → 2HAuCl4+6H2O + 3NOCl
23 †d‡j Zv †K‡ivwmb cv‡Î Wzwe‡q ivL‡Z nq| wjw_qvg A¨vjywgwbqvg
evgw`‡K ivLv †gvU IRb = 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.1 = 3.6g
nvBWªvBW (LiAlH4) cvwbi mv‡_ cÖPÛ MwZ‡Z wewµqv K‡i Ges
MnYv ev e¯‘i fi = 3.5969
Av¸b ai‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G‡`i Kv‡Q cvwb †bqv hv‡e bv|
e¨v‡j‡Ý ivLv IRb Ñ e¯‘i fi
18 ivBWv‡ii Ae¯’vb = ivRA¤ø− [HNO3 : HCl (1 : 3)] LyeB kw³kvjx cwi®‹viK| GKvšÍB
ivBWvi aªæeK
24 cÖ‡qvRb bv co‡j e¨envi Kiv nq bv| ivRA¤ø− e¨env‡ii ci
3.6 – 3.5969
N= = 31 bs Ni Møv‡mi hš¿cvwZ cvwb w`‡q fvjgZ ay‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
0.0001
25 wmwjKb †UUªv‡d¬vivBW|
 Mvp GwmW Ges ÿvi;  CaCl2, MgSO4, Na2SO4 BZ¨vw` jeY;
19  jeYhy³ A¨vj‡Kvnj nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU `ªeY SiO2, P2O5 Ges
Al2O3 ¸uov
`vn¨ c`v_© (F): G RvZxq c`v_© Av¸‡bi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j
gvivZ¥Kfv‡e cÖ¾¡wjZ nq| †hgb- A¨vj‡Kvnj, A¨v‡ivmj, B‡_vw·
20 B‡_b, CNG, LiAlH4, LNG, †c‡Uªvwjqvg, B_v‡bvwqK GwmW,
B_vBb M¨vm, †cÖvcv‡bvb, †ebwRb, UjyBb BZ¨vw`| `vn¨ c`v‡_©i
MjbvsK 60˚C Gi wb‡P nq| G RvZxq c`v_©‡K †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB
14 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

1g cÎ ¸YMZ imvqb
Aa¨vq-02 QUALITATIVE CHEMISTRY
TOPIC : 01 cigvYyi †gŠwjK KwYKv
 cigvYyi msL¨v m¤úwK©Z Z_¨t cigvYyi †gvU KwYKvi msL¨v 200 Gi gZ| Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vqx KwYKv 3wU|
➢ A¯’vqx g~j KwYKv : wbD Avw›Ui cvwR †g‡q Mv‡W©‡b e‡m gb †cj|
wbD Avw›Ui cvwR †g‡q Mv‡W©‡b e‡m gb †cj
wbDwUª‡bv A¨vw›UwbDwUª‡bv cwRUªb †gmb MÖ¨vwfUb †evmb wgDIb cvBIb
 Q‡Ki gva¨‡g cigvYyi wewfbœ KwYKvi eY©bv †`qv nj-
bvg cigvYy wbDwK¬qvm B‡jKUªb (en) †cÖvUb (Pn) wbDUªb (Nn)
Avwe®‹vi wLªt c~e© 4_©/5g kZvãx| 1911 1897 1919 1932
Avwe®‹viK ‡W‡gvwµUvm iv`vi‡dvW© ‡R. †R. _gmb iv`vi‡dvW© P¨vWDBK
Ae¯’vb - †K‡›`ª Kÿc‡_ wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDwK¬qv‡m
- 4.810-10 e.s.u +4.810-10e.s.u
PvR© wbi‡cÿ (0) abvZ¥K (+ve) wbi‡cÿ (0)
ev, -1.610-19C ev, +1.610-19C
fi 10-27 – 10-25kg cigvYyi (cÖvq) mg¯Í fi 9.108510-28gm 1.67210-24gm 1.674410-24gm
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi 1
- - ¸Y mgvb GKUz †ewk
Zzjbvq fi 1838
e¨vmva© 10–8 cm 10–12 - 10–13 cm 1.410–13 cm 1.410–13 cm 1.410–13 cm
imvq‡b Av‡cwÿK Pv‡R©i ev f‡ii †Kvb GKK †bB

TOPIC : 02 cvigvYweK gZev` I cigvYyi g‡Wjmg~n

 GK bR‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi cigvYy g‡Wj:
iv`vi‡dvW© g‡Wj ‡evi Gi g‡Wj
1. g~jwfwËt wbDU‡bi gnvKl© I N~Y©bZ‡Ë¡i Dci cÖwZwôZ| 1. g~jwfwËt cøvs‡Ki †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Dci cÖwZwôZ|
2. G‡K †mvjvi wm‡÷g g‡Wj ev wbDwK¬qvi g‡Wj e‡j| 2. G‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy g‡Wj e‡j|
3. cigvYy we`y¨r wbi‡cÿ| ZvB wbDwK¬qv‡mi abvZ¥K PvR© 3. w¯’i Kÿc‡_ cÖ`wÿYKv‡j e– †Kv‡bv kw³ †kvlY ev wewKiY K‡i bv| GB Kÿc_mg~n
msL¨vi mgvb msL¨K FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ B‡jKUªb _v‡K| n‡jv w¯’i Kÿc_ ev kw³¯Íi ev AiweU|
c&ª‡qvMt • f‡ii wbZ¨Zv m~Î nh
c&ª‡qvMt B‡j±ª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi aviYv †`q| ‡KŠwYK fi‡eM, mvr =
• aªyeK AbycvZ m~Ε eû AbycvZ m~Î 2
wee„wZ: • ‡mvbvi cvZ = 0.0004 cm cyiæ • ‡mvbvi cvZ wee„wZ: B‡j±ª‡bi w¯’i Kÿc_ ev kw³¯Í‡ii aviYv †`q|
ZnS AveiYhy³ • 99%  - KYv cvZ †f` Ki‡Z cv‡i • kw³i †kvlY ev wewKiY I eY©vjxi m„wói aviYv †`q|
20,000 Gi g‡a¨ gvÎ 1wU KYv wd‡i Av‡m • cigvYyi cÖ¯Ívebv : • kw³¯Íi welqK gZev` : B‡jKUªb KZ¸‡jv e„ËvKvi Aby‡gvw`Z Kÿc‡_
AwaKvsk ¯’vb dvuKv • abvZ¡K As‡ki bvg wbDwK¬qvm N~Y©vqgvb _v‡K|
• †KŠwYK fi‡eM welqK gZev` : †evi ZË¡ g‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi †KŠwYK fi‡eM,
nh
mvr =
2
• kw³i wewKiY welqK gZev` : B‡jKUªb kw³ †kvlY ev wewKiY K‡i wb¤œ †_‡K D‡”P
DV‡Z ev D”P †_‡K wb‡¤œ bvg‡Z cv‡i| E = E2 – E1 = hf

iv`vi‡dvW© g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv †evi g‡W‡ji mxgve×Zv

• GKvwaK B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYy‡Z wKfv‡e B‡jKUªbmg~n AveZ©b • eû B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYy eY©vwj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v †bB| • G g‡Wj Abymv‡i cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯’vb mywbw`©ó Ges MwZ‡eMI
• cigvYyi eY©vwji †Kvb my¯úó e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡i bv| mywbw`©ó| hv hyMcr n‡Z cv‡i bv| (nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv bxwZ n‡e)
• GwU A¯’vqx g‡Wj KviY MÖnmg~n PvR©wenxb Ges B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K • Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Îi cÖfv‡e eY©vwj †iLv¸‡jv Av‡iv m~² †iLvq wef³ n‡q c‡o|
PvR©avix| G‡K wRg¨vb cÖfve e‡j| eY©vwj †iLvi ZxeªZv GB g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v
• Kÿc‡_i AvKvi AvK…wZ m¤^‡Ü †Kvb aviYv †bB| Kiv hvq bv|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 15
 GK bR‡i mgxKiYmg~n :
gZev` mgxKiY wfwË
wW-eªMjx  = h/mv ev mv = h/  B‡jKUª‡bi KYv I Zi½ ag©
†mªvwWÄvi  2 ψ  2 ψ  2 ψ 8π 2 m Zi½ ejwe`¨vi mgxKiY
+ + + (E − U)  = 0.
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2
nvB‡Rb ev‡M©i AwbðqZv h hw` †Kvb KYvi fi‡eM wbfz©jfv‡e wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq
x.p 
bxwZ 4 ZLb Gi Ae¯’vb wbY©q AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o|
‡evi mgxKiY nh B‡jKUª‡bi w¯’i Kÿc_ ev AiweU ev kw³¯Í‡ii
mvr = ; aviYv/cø¨v‡¼i †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡
2π
cøv‡¼i mgxKiY E = h †Kv‡bv PvR©hy³ e¯‘ ev KYv †Kv‡bv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyi‡j Zv
µgvMZkw³ wewKiY Ki‡e|
iv`vi‡dvW© - cigvYy g‡W‡ji †K›`ª¯’ wbDwK¬qv‡mi Aw¯ÍZ¡|
†evi evix mgxKiY (n + l) AiweUv‡ji kw³µg m¤úwK©Z aviYv

TOPIC : 03 ISO (AvB‡mv) m¤úwK©Z Z_¨

 AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi-weÁvb I cÖhyw³i me kvLvq †ZRw¯ŒqZvi e¨vcK e¨envi i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
 wPwKrmv weÁv‡b AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envit
AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci ms‡KZ AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci ms‡KZ AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi
131 wUDgvi Gi Ae¯’vb I AvqZb Ges MjMÛ ev Avqib cwi‡kvlY M‡elYv (A‡š¿)
I Fe-59 & Fe-55
53 _vBi‡qW MÖwš’i e„w× RwbZ wPwKrmv|
44
22 Ti i³‡mªv‡Z wgwkªZ K‡i kix‡i i‡³i cwigvY wbY©q| †ZRw¯Œq 24
11 Na
i³mÂvjb M‡elYv
60
Co K¨vÝvi AvµvšÍ †Kvl aŸsm Kiv| 99 gw¯Í‡®‹i wUDgv‡ii ¯’vb wba©viY
27 43Tc
32
15 P i³ ¯^íZv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv| Ra-226 K¨vÝvi wba©viY|
P-32 & C-14 DNA I RNA Gi MVb ch©v‡jvPbv Cs-137 g„wËKv webó I aŸs‡mi Drm wba©viK|
cv_‡ii eqm wbY©q| 63 K¨v‡giv I cøvRgv cÖ`k©bx‡Z ÒjvBU
U- 238 28Ni ‡mÝiÓ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
35 32 †Kvb Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ KZUzKy mvi I wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Rxev‡k¥i eqm Z_v c„w_exi AvbygvwbK
S Ges P C-14 Dating
16 15 Kiv `iKvi Zv Rvb‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq| eqm wbY©q Kiv hvq
 AvB‡mvevi t g‡b ivLvi gRvi wbqgt AvB‡mvevi Gi †kl eY© ÔeviÕ A_v©r wbDwK¬qb msL¨v ev fi msL¨v mgvb:
Topics cÖkœ weMZ mvj Topics cÖkœ weMZ mvj
64 64 64
64 64
29 Cu, 30 Zn
nj
AvB‡mvevi Ni , Cu , Zn nj AvB‡mvevi
28 29 30 CU.2003-2004 ci¯úi-
ci¯úi-
• wbDUªb msL¨v I †cÖvUb msL¨v wfbœ • wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYy • ch©vq ZvwjKvq wfbœ ¯’vb `Lj K‡i
 AvB‡mvB‡jKUªwbK: mgvb ev GKB B‡jKUªb wewkó Avqb ev AYy-cigvYy‡K mgB‡jKUªwbK ev AvB‡mvB‡jKUªwbK ejv nq|
➢ mgB‡j±ªwbK Avqb
Avqb B‡j±ªb msL¨v Avqb B‡j±ªb msL¨v
N3– 10 Na+ 10
O2– 10 Mg 2+ 10 B‡j±ªb msL¨v mgvb
F– 10 Ne 10
 AvB‡mvWvqvdvi: ‡h mg¯Í †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m wbDUªb I †cÖvUb msL¨vi cv_©K¨ mgvb Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvWvqvdvi e‡j|
‡gŠ‡ji cigvYy ‡cÖvUb msL¨v wbDUªb msL¨v wbDUªb msL¨v-‡cÖvUb msL¨v
39
19 K 19 20 20-19=1
19
9 F 9 10 10-9=1
myZivs K I F ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvWvqvdvi| †Kvb wbDwK¬qvBW Ges †mB wbDwK¬qvBWwU †_‡K GKwU - KYv wbtmi‡Yi d‡j Drcbœ cigvYy ci¯ú‡ii
39
19
19
9

AvB‡mvWvqvdvi nq|
16 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
 AvB‡mv÷vi: ‡h mKj AYyi g‡a¨ mgmsL¨K cigvYy I mgmsL¨K B‡jKUªb _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv÷vi e‡j|
AYy cigvYyi msL¨v ‡gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v AYy cigvYyi msL¨v ‡gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v
N2 1+1=2 7+7=14 HCl 1+1=2 1+17=18
CO 1+1=2 6+8=14 F2 1+1=2 9+9=18
myZivs (N2, CO) ‡Rvov Ges (HCl, F2) ‡Rvov ci¯úi AvB‡mv÷vi

TOPIC : 04 †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v

 †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi cÖv_wgK Z_¨vejxt
‡Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v cÖZxK wK wb‡`©k K‡i Avwe¯‹viK MvwbwZK mgxKiY we‡kl Z_¨
nh †h †Kv‡bv cÖavb kw³¯Í‡ii m‡e©v”P B‡jKUªb
cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v n kw³ ¯Í‡ii AvKvi ‡evi mvr = aviY ÿgZv n‡”Q 2n2|
2
mnKvix ev A¨vwRgy_vj h l (l + 1) `l’ Gi gvb 0 n‡eB Ges n – 1 ch©šÍ|
l Dckw³¯Í‡ii AvK…wZ mgvi-wdì mvr =
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v 2
mh (i) m Gi gvb + l †_‡K 0 mn –l n‡Z cv‡i|
mvr = l (ii) †h †Kv‡bv Dckw³¯Í‡i †gvU AiweUvj
2
msL¨v = (2l + 1)
g¨vM‡bwUK ev Pz¤^K AiweUvj msL¨v Ges
m wRg¨vb (iii) †h †Kv‡bv Dckw³¯Í‡ii m‡e©v”P B‡jKUªb
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v web¨vm
aviYÿgZv = 2(2l + 1)
(iii) n Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ †gvU AiweUvj
msL¨v nq n2
w¯úb ev N~Y©b B‡jKUªb N~Y©‡bi D‡jb‡eK I h s ( s + 1) 1
B‡jKUªb N~Y©‡bi w`K s =  2
s ev ms mvr =
†Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v cÖK…wZ I w`K Myìw¯§_ 2
 ‡Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v †_‡K B‡jKUªb msL¨v wbY©q t
†UKwbKt en = m Gi gvb msL¨v  s Gi gvb (w`K) msL¨v [s Gi gvb Fixed = 1/2]
1
(i) n = 3, l =2, m = 2, s = 1/2 ( m = +2, –2 = 2wU), en = 22 = 4 (iv) n = 2, l = 0, m = 0 , s =   en = 12 = 2
1 2
(ii) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1 (gv‡b GKwU) s = +  en = 11 = 1 1
2 (v) n = 3, l = 1, m = -1 , s = +  en = 11 = 1
1 2
(iii) n = 2, l = 1, m = +1 , s =   en = 12 = 2 1
2 (vi) n = 4, l = 3, m = +2 , s = -  en = 11 = 1
2

TOPIC : 05 AiweU I AiweUvj m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

➢ wb‡æi AiweUvjmg–‡ni g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU m¤¢e Ges Am¤¢e? 3p, 3d, 3f, 4p, 4f, 5f, 6s ,1p, 2s, 2p, 2d, 4g,5h
Ans. m¤¢e- 2s, 2p, 3p, 3d, 4p, 4f, 5f, 6s , m¤¢e bq- 1p, 2d, 3f , 5h,4g
➢ d-AiweUv‡ji AvK…wZ: d- AiweUv‡ji 5 cÖKvi wÎ-gvwÎK web¨vm Av‡Qt d xy , d yz , d zx , d x y , d z dxy – (x I y A‡¶i gvS eivei)
2 2 2

TOPIC : 06 B‡jKUªb web¨vm I K‡qKwU bxwZ

wZbwU bxwZ LyeB Riæwi cwji eR©b bxwZ AvDdevD bxwZ Agvb¨Kvix B‡j±ªb web¨vm
1. AvDdevD *124# evsjvwjs‡K e¨v‡jÝ Check Cr(24)–[Ar]3d54s1, Cu(29) –[Ar]3d104s1, Ag(47) –[Kr]4d105s1,
2. cwji eR©b bxwZ Pt(78)–[Xe]4f145d96s1, Au(79) –[Xe]4f145d106s1,
3. û‡Ûi bxwZ Pd(46) –[Kr]4d10 Nb(41) = [Kr]4d45S1 Mo (42) = [kr]4d55S1
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 17

TOPIC : 07 eY©vjxwgwZ
 Zwor Pz¤^Kxq eY©vjxt eY©vjx k‡ãi D™¢e Av‡jvi e‡Y©i mgvnvi †_‡K| Zwor Pz¤^Kxq ej‡Z Av‡jvi Zwor I †PŠ¤^Kxq ag©‡K eySvq|
C
1. Particle Concept: E= nh 2. Wave Concept : E = h

K¤úv‡¼i GKK: (s–1) Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i GKK: (cm) Zi½ msL¨vi GKK:  (cm−1 )
wewfbœ iwk¥ I Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ `„k¨gvb Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ (nm)
iwk¥i bvg Zi½ ˆ`N¨© (nm) ‡e¸bx 380-424 †e¸wb Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg ZvB K¤úv¼
gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ <0.00005 bxj 424-450 me‡P‡q †ewk Ges jvj Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N©¨ †ewk nIqvq
Mvgv iwk¥ 0.0005-0.15 Avmgvbx 450-500 K¤úv¼ Kg|
iÄb iwk¥ 0.01-10 meyR 500-575 nm ‡_‡K Å ‡Z †h‡Z 10 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ <380 njy` 575-590
`„k¨gvb Av‡jvK iwk¥ 380-700 Kgjv 590-647
Ae‡jvwnZ Av‡jvK iwk¥ >700 jvj 647-700
gvB‡µvI‡qf iwk¥ 6
10 -310 8 ‡e bx Av m n K jv
‡iwWI I †Uwjwfkb iwk¥ 3108-1010 ‡e¸bx bxj Avmgvbx meyR njy` Kgjv jvj

➢ g‡b ivLvi †KŠkjt gnvRM‡Zi Mvgv iÄb‡K AwZ †e¸bx `„‡k¨ Ae‡nwjZ K‡i‡Q gvB‡µv, †iwWI †Uwjwfkb-Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i EaŸ©µg (‡QvU †_‡K eo)
gnvRM‡Zi Mvgv iÄb‡K AwZ †e¸bx `„‡k¨ Ae‡nwjZ K‡i‡Q gvB‡µv †iwWI †Uwjwfkb
gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Mvgv iwk¥ iÄb iwk¥ AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥ `„k¨gvb iwk¥ Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ gvB‡µv I‡qfm †iwWI †Uwjwfkb iwk¥
(CR) () (X-ray) (UV) (Visible) Infra-red (IR) (Micro waves) (Radio waves)
10–10 (nm) 10–4 10–2 2 380 700 106 108 1012 (nm)

(i) evg cv‡k Aew¯’Z gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q Kg nIqvq K¤úb I kw³ me‡P‡q †ewk|
(ii) Wvb cv‡k Aew¯’Z †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡bi Zi½‰`N©¨ me‡P‡q †ewk nIqvq K¤úb I kw³ me‡P‡q Kg|

 eY©vjxi †kªYxwefvM-
ˆewkó¨ Abymv‡i- eY©vwj `yB cÖKvi c`v‡_©i MVb Abymv‡i- eY©vwj 3 cÖKvi
 wewKiY ev D¾¡j eY©vwj (emission/light spectra) :  cvigvYweK ev †iLv eY©vwj (atomic/line spectra) : cvigvYweK eY©vwjwgwZ †gŠj
D”PZi kw³¯Íi †_‡K wb¤œZi kw³ ¯Í‡i wd‡i Avmvi mgq kbv³Ki‡Yi DrK…ó c×wZ| cvigvYweK ev †iLv eY©vwj `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
Av‡jvi wewKiY N‡U| (i) Av‡jv we”QziY eY©vwj- GwU D¾¡j e‡Y©i †iLv nq|
 †kvlY ev Aby¾¡j eY©vwj (absorption/dark spectra) (ii) Av‡jv †kvlY eY©vwj- GwU Kv‡jv e‡Y©i †iLvi nq|
: B‡jKUªb wb¤œ kw³¯Íi †_‡K D”P kw³¯Í‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ  AvYweK ev ¸”Q eY©vwj (molecular/band spectra) :
nIqvi mgq Av‡jvi †kvlY N‡U|  wbiwew”Qbœ eY©vwj (continuous spectra) : AZ¨waK ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv D”P AvYweK
fi wewkó †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq|
 wkLv cixÿv (FLAME TEST)- wkLv cixÿvq cøvwUbvg ev bvB‡µvg Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq | Mvp HCl GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq |
‡gŠ‡ji eY©t Lvwj †Pv‡L ev wkLv cixÿvq-
avZz/avZe Avqb eY© eøy-Møvm/‡Kvevë Kv‡P eY© avZz/avZe Avqb eY© eøy-Møvm/‡Kvevë Kv‡P eY©
Li/Li+ D¾¡j jvj (Crimson) ----- Ba/Ba2+ KuvPv Av‡c‡ji gZ bxjvf meyR (Bluish Green)
Na/Na+ ‡mvbvjx njy` (Golden eY©nxb wkLv Ca/Ca2+ B‡Ui b¨vq jvj (Brick Red) nvjKv meyR (Light Green)
Yellow)
K/K+ ‡e¸bx ( Pale Violet) ‡Mvjvcx jvj wkLv Sr/Sr2+ UKU‡K jvj (Crimson Red) .....
Rb/Rb+ jvj‡P †e¸bx Ra/Ra2+ jvj (Red) .......
Cs/Cs+ bxj (Blue) Cu/Cu2+ meyRvf bxj (Bluish Green) ...
wkLv cixÿvq eY© †`q bv Be2+, Mg2+,Al3+,Fe2+,Fe3+
18 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 †ivM wbY©‡q MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) :

Avwe®‹viK Paul C. Lauterbur I Peter Mansfield (GRb¨ Zviv 2003 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi cvb|)
Kvh©KvwiZv G c×wZ‡Z MRI †gwk‡b kw³kvjx †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ (magnetic field) I †iwWI-Zi½‰`‡N©¨i kw³i cÖfv‡e gvbe †`‡ni Amy¯’ †Kv‡l NMR cigvYyhy³
cvwbi NbgvÎvi wfbœZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ Zš¿ ev AM©vb Gi wÎgvwÎK (3D) wWwRUvj Qwe †`Lv hvq| G wÎgvwÎK Qwe‡K MRI e‡j|
g~jbxwZ (i) NMR cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi we‡Rvo msL¨K †cÖvU‡bi ev wbDUª‡bi (1H, 13C, 19F) Pz¤^Kxq AbyiYb ev
g¨vM‡bwUK †i‡Rvb¨v‡Ýi Ici wfwË K‡i MRI c×wZ cÖwZwôZ|
(ii) cvwbi AYyi H cigvYy (1H) n‡jv we‡Rvo †cÖvUbhy³ MRI m„wóKvix NMR cigvYy| cÖwZwU H cigvYyi
1 1
†cÖvU‡bi w¯ú‡bi + 2 A_ev – 2 gvb _v‡K|
NMR wmMb¨vj
(iii) ewnt¯’ Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Îi (H0) cÖfv‡e H cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm¸‡jv `ywU kw³ ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í nq| GKwU ¯Íi

kw³ →
ewn¯’ †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ eivei web¨¯Í _v‡K| Kg kw³¯Íi hy³ paralled-spin Gi wbDwK¬qvm ( ¯Íi)|
AciwU ewn¯’ †PŠ¤^K‡ÿ‡Îi wecix‡Z D”P kw³¯Íi hy³ anti parallel spin-Gi wbDwK¬qvm ( ¯Íi)
iƒ‡c _v‡K|
(iv) Dfq kw³¯Í‡ii cv_©K¨ E = ( – ) = h ; MRI cixÿvi bgybv gvbylwUi gw¯Í‡®‹i ga¨ w`‡q H †PŠ¤^K‡ÿÎ, H0 →
Dchy³ kw³i Zwor Pz¤^Kxq wewKiY cÖfvweZ Ki‡j wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i _vKv H cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm kw³
†kvlY K‡i D”P kw³¯Í‡i A¨vw›U c¨viv‡ij w¯úbhy³ Ae¯’v jvf K‡i|
(v) †iwWI Zi½ cÖevn eÜ Ki‡j H †kvwlZ kw³ wewKiY K‡i †cÖvUb mg~n cybivq wb¤œkw³i c¨viv‡i‡j
w¯úbhy³ n‡q GKwU wmMb¨vj m„wó K‡i|
wbf©iZv MR-Image Gi gvb wbf©i K‡i-(i)†i‡Rvb¨vÝ m„wóKvix wbDwK¬qv‡mi ¯^w¯ÍKvj (Tr) Ges (ii) †i‡Rvb¨vÝ m„wóKvix wbDwK¬qv‡mi NbgvÎviDci
mZK©Zv MRI †gwk‡b kw³kvjx Pz¤^K _v‡K; ZvB Heart pacemaker ev K…wÎg ü`¯ú›`b hš¿ e¨enviKvix †ivMxi †ÿ‡Î MRI Kiv hv‡e bv| GQvov
kÖe‡Y mvnvh¨Kvix avZe hš¿ I †h‡Kv‡bv avZe c`v_© Ly‡j MRI Ki‡Z nq|

TOPIC : 08 `ªve¨Zv, `ªve¨Zvi ¸Ydj (`ªve¨Zv ¸Yv¼) I `ªve¨Zv bxwZ

 `ªve¨Zv bxwZt †Kvb Zworwe‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i `ªe‡Y hw`-
m¤úK© cÖK…wZ `ªve¨Zv bxwZ: we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨
Kip > Ksp AwZc„³ ev Aatwÿß AvqwbK ¸Ydj `ªve¨Zv ¸Yd‡ji (KSP) †ewk n‡j c`v_©wU Aatwÿß n‡e|
Kip < Ksp Am¤ú„³ AvqwbK ¸Ydj `ªve¨Zv ¸Yd‡ji (KSP) Kg n‡j, `ªeYwU Am¤ú„³ n‡e|
Kip = Ksp m¤ú„³ `ªeY AvqwbK ¸Ydj `ªve¨Zvi ¸Yd‡ji (KSP) mgvb n‡j, `ªeYwU m¤ú„³ n‡e|

 AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) I `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp) Gi g‡a¨ m¤úK© :

AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp)
(i) je‡Yi AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) ej‡Z wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv (i) Aciw`‡K `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp) ej‡Z wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv ¯^í `ªeYxq
¯^í `ªeYxq je‡Yi †h †Kv‡bv NbgvÎvq `ªe‡Y Dcw¯’Z je‡Yi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Dcw¯’Z Avqb؇qi me©vwaK †gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj‡K
Avqb؇qi †gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj‡K †evSvq| †evSvq|
(ii) AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) Gi †ejvq `ªeYwU Am¤ú„³ `ªeY, (ii) Aciw`‡K, `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp) Gi †ejvq `ªeYwU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq mswkøó
m¤ú„³ `ªeY A_ev AwZc„³ `ªeY n‡Z cv‡i| ZvcgvÎvq mswkøó `ª‡ei m¤ú„³ `ªeY nq|
(iii) wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv `ª‡ei AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) Gi gvb (iii) Aciw`‡K `ªve¨Zv ¸Yd‡ji (Ksp) Gi gvb GKwU w¯’i msL¨v nq|
`ªe‡Yi †gvjvi NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wfbœ wfbœ nq|
(iv) †Kv‡bv `ªe‡Yi (Ksp) aªæe _v‡K| (iv) wewfbœ `ªe‡Yi †gvjvi NbgvÎv wfbœ wfbœ nq e‡j (Kip) I wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 19
 AvqwbK †hŠMmg~‡ni Rjxq gva¨‡g `ªeYxqZv m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœv³ wbqg¸‡jv Rvbv `iKvi
wbqg mvs‡KwZK e¨wZµg
Gr–IA †kªYxi avZzmg~n Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avq‡bi Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ Li2CO3, Li3PO4, LiF
†hŠMMgbn `ªeYxq| Cs+, NH4+
mKj A¨vwm‡UU, bvB‡UªU Ges bvBUªvBU jeY `ªeYxq| CH3COO–, NO3– , NO2–
AwaKvsk †K¬vivBU, †eªvgvBU I Av‡qvWvBU jeY Cl–, Br–, I– Ag, Pb, Cu, Hg cÖf„wZ avZzi †K¬vivBU, ‡eªvgvBU, Av‡qvWvBU
`ªeYxq|
AwaKvsk mvj‡dU jeY `ªeYxq| SO 24− BaSO4, SrSO4, PbSO4 A`ªeYxq CaSO4, Ag2SO4, Hg2SO4 ¯^í
`ªeYxq
AwaKvsk Kve©‡bU jeY A`ªeYxq| CO32− Gr − IA Gi avZzmg~n Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©‡bU `ªeYxq|
AwaKvsk dm‡dU jeY `ªeYxq| PO 34− Gr − IA Gi avZzmg~n Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU `ªeYxq|
AwaKvsk mvjdvBW jeY A`ªeYxq| S2− Gr − IA Gi avZzmg~n Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvjdvBW `ªeYxq|
AwaKvsk nvBWª·vBW A`ªeYxq OH − Gr − IA avZzmg~‡ni nvBWª·vBW mg~n
NH 4 OH, Ca(OH) 2 , Sr(OH) 2 , Ba (OH) 2

TOPIC : 09 wewfbœ Avqb kbv³KiY I MÖæc weKviK

 GKbR‡i wewfbœ A¤øxq I ÿvixq g~jK kbv³KiYt
je‡Y ÿvixq g~j‡Ki wm³ cixÿv
Avqb cixÿvi aiY weKviK Drcbœ `ªeY/Aat‡ÿc ch©‡eÿY
kbv³KiY cixÿv NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 nvjKv bxj I c‡i Mvp bxj Aat‡ÿc
Cu2+
wbwðZKiY cixÿv K4[Fe(CN)6] Cu2[Fe(CN)6] ev`vgx Aat‡ÿc
Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K3[Fe(CN)6] KFe[Fe(CN)6] cÖæwkqvb eøy
Fe2+
Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K4[Fe(CN)6] K2Fe[Fe(CN)6] nvjKv bxj Aat‡ÿc
Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K3[Fe(CN)6] Fe[Fe(CN)6] ev`vgx `ªeY
Fe3+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K4[Fe(CN)6] KFe[Fe(CN)6] Mvp bxj Aat‡ÿc
Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY NH4CNS Fe(CNS)3 i³eY© `ªeY
kbv³KiY cixÿv NaOH ZnS 1g Zn(OH)2 Ges c‡i ZnS Gi mv`v Aat‡ÿc
Zn2+
wbwðZKiY cixÿv K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] mv`v Aat‡ÿc
kbv³KiY cixÿv NH4OOC–COONH4 Ca–OOC–COO–Ca mv`v Aat‡ÿc
Ca2+
wbwðZKiY cixÿv (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
Na+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K2H2Sb2O7 Na2H2Sb2O7 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
NH4+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY K2HgI4 NH2[Hg2I3] ev`vgx Aat‡ÿc
K+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY Na3[Co(NO2)6] K3[Co(NO2)6] njy` Aat‡ÿc
Ba2+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY KCrO4 BaCrO4 njy` Aat‡ÿc
Al3+ Dcw¯’wZ kbv³KiY NH4OH /NaOH Al(OH)3 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
je‡Y A¤øxq g~j‡Ki wm³ cixÿvt
Cl- AgNO3 AgCl mv`v Aat‡ÿc
(CH3COO)2Pb PbCl2 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
SO42- Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
(CH3COO)2Pb PbSO4 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
CO32- (CH3COO)2Pb PbCO3 mv`v Aat‡ÿc
NO3- m`¨ cÖ¯‘ZK…Z FeSO4+MvpH2SO4 [FeSO4(NO)(H2O)5]SO4 ev`vgx ejq (wis Gi g‡Zv)
S2- †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªvcÖæmvBW Na4[Fe(NOS)(CN)5] ‡Mvjvcx ev †e¸wb eY©
GK bR‡i n¨vjvBWmg~n kbv³KiY Z_¨
weKviK ‡K¬vivBW(Cl-) ‡eªvgvBW(Br-) Av‡qvWvBW(I-)
g~j `ªeY+ AgNO3 AgCl AgBr AgI
Aat‡ÿc mv`v Aa:†ÿc nvjKv njy` Aa:†ÿc Mvp njy` Aa:†ÿc
`ªve¨Zv NH4OH G `ªeYxq| NH4OH G AvswkK `ªeYxq| NH4OH G A`ªeYxq|
20 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC : 10 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Avw½K we‡kølY

 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi we‡kvab c×wZ I we‡kl cÖ‡qvMt
c×wZ ‡h †ÿ‡Î ev hvi †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ cÖ‡qvM
cvZb i) ùzUb ZvcgvÎvq Ges ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c †h mKj Zij Zij †hŠ‡Mi we‡kva‡bi Rb¨ cvZb c×wZ me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq|
(Distillation) we‡qvwRZ nq bv ii) ZvcgvÎv 40° †m. A‡cÿv Gi AwaK
nB‡j|
AvswkK cvZb i) KvQvKvwQ ùzUbvsK wewkó GKvwaK Zij c`v‡_©i wgkÖY ev jNy ˆZj †_‡K †ebwRb, cvB‡ivwjMwbqvm GwmW †_‡K B_vbj,
(Fractional wfbœ ùzUbvs‡Ki Zij c`v‡_©i wgkªY‡K c„_K Ki‡Z| †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU Drcv`b Ges †c‡Uªvwjqvg we‡kvab Ki‡Z|
Distillation) ii) ZvcgvÎv 40° †m. A‡cÿv Kg n‡j|
wb¤œPvc cvZb †h mKj Zij c`v_© ¯^vfvweK Ges Kg ZvcgvÎvq (i) mvevb wk‡íi eR©¨-jvB (spent-lye) n‡Z weï× wMømvwib msMÖn
(Vacuum we‡qvwRZ nq; ‡hgb-wdbvBj nvBWªvwRb,B_vBj Ki‡Z (ii) wPwb wk‡í Av‡Li im‡K Mvp Ki‡Z|
Distillation) g¨v‡jv‡bU,B_vBj A¨vwm‡Uv A¨vwm‡UU Gi wb¤œPvc cvZb
Kiv nq |
ev®ú ev ÷xg cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq I dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z we‡hvwRZ nq bv K. myMwÜ dzj n‡Z dz‡ji wbh©vm msMªn|
cvZb wKš‘ ÷x‡gi ZvcgvÎvq DØvqx c`v‡_©i †ÿ‡Î L. Dw™¢` n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †Zj msMÖn|
M. †jgb MÖvm n‡Z mvBUªvBj bvgK myMwÜ AvniY|
(Steam N. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi A‡_©v mgvYy‡K c¨viv mgvYy †_‡K c„_K Kiv
Distillation) O. wewµqvq D™¢~Z DØvqx Zij DcRvZ‡K Ac`ªe¨ †_‡K Avjv`vKiY|
P. A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z D×vqx A¨vwbwjb‡K bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb n‡Z c„_KxKiY|
`ªveK wb®‹vkb A. Rjxq `ªeY n‡Zt †K¬v‡ivdig I A¨vj‡Kvnj wgkªY c„_KxKiY|
(Solvent B. KwVb c`v_© n‡Zt
Extraction) (i) Mv‡Qi cvZv I evKj n‡Z wewfbœ ˆRe †hŠM wb®‹vkb (ii) bvwi‡Kj kvu‡mi ¸uov n‡Z bvwi‡Kj ˆZj wb®‹vkb
(iii) km¨exR n‡Z myMwÜ ˆZj wb®‹vkb (iv) gwi‡Pi ¸ov n‡Z jvj is wb®‹vkb
cwimªveY KwVb ˆRe †hŠM n‡Z A`ªeYxq I fvmgvb `ªe¨ AcmviY
‡Kjvmb (i) Aweï× Lv`¨ jeY †_‡K weï× jeY c„_KxKiY (ii) wPwb wk‡í wPwbi im n‡Z wPwb c„_KxKiY
AvswkK †Kjvmb KvQvKvwQ ùzUbvsK wewkó `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Zij c`v‡_©i wgkÖY‡K Ask Kjvghy³ GKwU cvZb d¬v‡¯‹ Zvc cÖ ‡qvM K‡i Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K
wbR wbR ùzUbvs‡K cvwZZ K‡i c„_K Kivi c×wZ‡K AvswkK cvZb e‡j| ‡hgb-wPwb wk‡í Ac`ªe¨ n‡Z wPwb c„_KxKiY|
DaŸ©cvZb EaŸ©cvwZZ c`v_©‡K Dr‡ÿc (sublimate) e‡j| ‡eb‡RvwqK GwmW, Kc~©i I Av‡qvwWb‡K AbyØvqx †fRvj n‡Z we‡kvab
(Sublimation)

TOPIC : 11 †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd
 †µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi cÖKvi‡f`:
c`v‡_©i †fŠZ ag© I c„_KxKiY c×wZi g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi
†µvgv‡UvMÖvwd Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã D`vniY w¯’i gva¨g Pjbkxj gva¨g
(i)Awa‡kvlY †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd Absorption chromatography (K) Kjvg †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd KwVb Zij
(L) cvZjv ¯Íi †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd KwVb Zij
(TLC)|
(ii) eÈb ev wefvRb Partition chromatography (K) †ccvi †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (PC); Zij Zij
†µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (L) M¨vm †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (GC) Zij M¨vm
(iii)Avqb wewbgq †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd Ion Exchange chromatography (K) K¨vUvqb wewbgq †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (L) A¨vbvqb wewbgq †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd
cwie¨vcb †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd Permeation chromatography †Rj cwie¨vcb †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd
mPj `kvq cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i †µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi Avevi `ywU fvM
M¨vm †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd Gas chromatography (K) M¨vm-Zij †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (GLC); (L) M¨vm-KwVb †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (GSC)
Liquid chromatography (K) Zij-Zij †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (LLC); (L) Zij-KwVb †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd (LSC)
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 21

TOPIC : 12 ‡ZRw¯ŒqZv I wbDwK¬qvi wewµqv

ˆewkó -iwk¥ -iwk¥ -iwk¥
msÁv wnwjqvg cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm B‡jKUªb KYvi cÖevn Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Zi½
cÖZxK 2+ 4
2 He , 2  0 , 
4 0 0
−1 e
Av‡cw¶K PvR© +2 −1 0 (PvR©nxb)
Av‡cw¶K fi 4 GKK 0 0
†f`b ¶gZv 1 ¸Y n‡j 1000 ¸Y 10000 ¸Y
AvqbxKiY ¶gZv me‡P‡q †ewk -KYv A‡c¶v Kg me‡P‡q Kg

 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbDwK¬q wewµqv-

cÖkœ m~Î DËi
01.
14
7 N +? →
11
6 C + 42 He Ans. 14
7 N 1
+1 H → 6 C +2
11 4
He

a+b =C+d&p+q=r+s
02. 1 H +1 H +? Ans. 1 H + 1 H
2 3 4
→ 2 3
→ 4 1
2 He 2 He + 0 n

sk
03.
14
7 N +? →
17
8 O +11 H Ans. 14
N + 42 He → 17
8 O +11 H
d
7

8 O +0 n 8 O +0 n
16 1
→ ? +1H
1 16 1
→
16
N + 11 H
+
04. Ans. 7

+10 n → ?+ 56 Ba + 30 n + 10 n →
235 141 1
Z 235 92
05. 92 U Ans. 92 U 36 Kr + 141 1
56 Ba +3 0 n
c
r
→ ?+ 2 He
226 4 226
→
222
06. 88 Ra Ans. 88 Ra Rn + 42 He
→
86

07.
27
13 Al +10 n →? +1 H
1
Ans.
27
13 Al + 10 n → 27
12 Mg + 11 H
Y

08.
208
82 Pa +? →
277
Cn +10 n Ans.
208
Pa + 70
30 Zn →
277
112 Cn +10 n
b
q

112 82
+

09.
27
13 Al +? →
28
14 Si +10 n Ans.
27
13 Al + 21 H → 28
14 Si +10 n
X

5B+ +10 n + 10 n
10
→
13 13
B 42 He →
10
10. ? 7 N Ans. 5 7 N
p
a

11. 27
13 Al + 42 He →
30
15 P +? Ans.
27
13 Al + 42 He → 30
15 P + 01 n
207
12. 82 Pb → 27
83Bi
+? Ans.
207
82 Pb → 207
83 Bi + −01 e
22 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC : 13 MvwYwZK mgm¨v I gvbwmK mgvavb

 Zi½ ˆ`N¨© , Zi½ msL¨v,K¤úv¼ ev wd«Kz‡qwÝ wbY©qt
GLvb †_‡K †h mgm¨v ¸‡jv cix¶vq Avm‡Z cv‡i -
01. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi D”P kw³¯Íi †_‡K wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i AvMZ iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N¨© A_ev Zi½ msL¨v KZ n‡e?
02. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi †h †Kvb wmwi‡Ri n Zg jvB‡bi Zi½ ˆ`N¨© ev Zi½ msL¨v KZ?
03. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi †h †Kvb wmwi‡Ri m‡e©v”P A_ev me©wbgœ iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N¨© ev Zi½ msL¨v KZ?
GENERAL RULES 3 in 1 TIPS
1 1 1 K¨vjKz‡jUi wenxb AsK Ki‡Z RH Gi
wiWevM© mgxKib g‡Z,Zi½ msL¨v  = =RH(n 2 -n 2 )
 1 2 gvb bv ewm‡q mivmwi RH †i‡L w`‡Z
A_©vr Zi½ msL¨v D‡ëvB w`‡j Zi½ ˆ`N¨© cvIqv hvq| GLv‡b n1 Ges n2 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Sv‡gjv ejv n‡e|
†kl|
 mivmwi kw³¯Íi †`Iqv _vK‡j, n1= ‡QvU gvb, n2= eo gvb
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vwji 4_© kw³¯Íi †_‡K wØZxq kw³¯Í‡i AvMZ Av‡jvK iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N¨© Ges Zi½ msL¨v wbY©q
Ki|
1 1 1 GLv‡b,
Solve: Zi½ ˆ`N©¨,
=R ( - )
 H n12 n22 n1= ‡QvU gvb=2,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4-1 n2= eo gvb=4
 =RH( 2 - 2 ), =RH( - ), =RH( ),
 2 4  4 16  16 [‡h‡nZz calculator bvB ZvB gvb¸‡jv Gfv‡eB
1 3RH 1 3RH †`Iqv _vK‡e]
=( ) =  = ( ) (GUv Zi½ msL¨v)
 16  16
16
GLb Avgiv Lye mn‡R Zi½ ˆ`N¨© DëvB w`‡q Zi½ ˆ`N¨© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi  Zi½ ˆ`N¨© = 3R
H

 As‡Ki g‡a¨ hw` jvBb K_vUv D‡jøL _v‡K Zvn‡j n1=‡h wmwiR ej‡e †m Abyhvqx ; n2= n1+ jvBb msL¨v
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi evgvi wmwi‡Ri 3q jvB‡bi Zi½ ˆ`N¨© I Zi½ msL¨v wbY©q Ki|
1 1 1 1 1 1 GLv‡b,†h‡nZz evgvi wmwi‡Ri K_v ejv n‡q‡Q ZvB,
Solve: Zi½ msL¨v,  = = RH ( 2 - 2 ), = RH ( 2 - 2 )
 n1 n2  2 5 n1=2, n1=2+jvBb msL¨v =2+3, =5
1 1 25-4 21 RH [‡h‡nZz calculator bvB ZvB gvb¸‡jv Gfv‡eB
= RH (4 – 25 ), = RH ( 100 ) = 100
†`Iqv _vK‡e]
100
GLb Zi½ msL¨v †K DëvB w`‡j Avgiv cve Zi½ ˆ`N¨©  = 21R
H

 me©wbgœ I m‡ev©”P k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î-

GENERAL RULES 3 in 1 SHORTCUT TIPS
 hw` me©wbgœ K_v D‡jøL _v‡K Zvn‡j- n1= ‡h wmwiR ej‡e †m Abyhvqx kU©KvU: m‡e©v”P k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ ev
‡hgb- jvB‡gb ej‡j n1=1 evgvi ej‡j n1=2 Ges n2= n1+1 Zi½ msL¨v
 hw` m‡ev©”P K_v D‡jøL _v‡K Zvn‡j - 1 R
 = = (wmwiRH bs)2
n1= ‡h wmwiR ej‡e †m Abyhvqx †hgb evgvi ej‡j n1 = 2 c¨v‡ðb ej‡j n1=3 Ges n2= 
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi evgvi wmwi‡Ri me©wbgœ ivwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I Zi½ msL¨v KZ|
1 1 1 1 1 9-4 GLv‡b n1 = 2 (‡h‡nZz evgvi wmwi‡Ri K_v ejv n‡q‡Q
Solve: = RH (22 - 32 ) = RH(4 - 9 ) = RH ( 36 )
 n2=2+1=3
1 5 RH
 Zi½ msL¨= =  = 36

36
GLb Avgiv Zi½ msL¨v DëvB w`‡jB Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ cv‡ev  = 5R
H
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 23

MODEL EXAMPLE-01: nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvigvYweK eY©vjxi evgvi wmwi‡Ri m‡e©v”P iwk¥i Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ I Zi½ msL¨v KZ
1 1 1 1 1 1 RH 4 kU©KvU: m‡e©v”P k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ ev Zi½ msL¨v
=R ( - ), =R , = ,  = R ; GLv‡b, n1 =2, n2 =
 H 22  2  H4  4 H 1 RH RH 4
 = = (wmwiR bs)2 = 4 ;  = RH
 
RH
; GLb Zi½ msL¨v   =
4

 `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp) m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v-

mvaviY wbqgt `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Solubility product) ej‡Z, †h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq m¤ú„³ `ªe‡b we`¨gvb Avqb¸‡jvi NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj‡K †evSvq|
wb‡Pi mgxKiYwU we‡ePbv Ki-
MX(s) ⇌ M+(aq)+X-(aq) GB Ae¯’vq MX `ªe‡Yi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj, Ksp=[M+][X-]
¯§iY ivLv `iKvi, m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y AvqwbK ¸YdjB n‡jv `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj| Gevi mvaviY mgxKiYwU jÿ¨ Ki-
XaYb ⇌bXb++aYa- Ksp= [Xb+]a[Ya-]b Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki-
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: 25° C ZvcgvÎvq BaSO4 Gi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Ba2+ Gi NbgvÎv 4.010-5 mol L-1 GB ZvcgvÎvq BaSO4 -
Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj Ksp Gi gvb mol2L-2 GK‡K KZ?
mgvavb: BaSO4 ⇌ Ba2+ + SO42- [Ba2+] = [SO42-]= 4.0105
Ksp =[Ba2+][SO42-] = 4.01054.0105 = 1.61011
MODEL EXAMPLE-02: 25° C ZvcgvÎvq Ag2CO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj 6.210-12 Gi `ªve¨Zv wn‡me Ki|
mgvavb: Ag2CO3 ⇌ 2Ag+ + CO3−2 awi, Ag2CO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv S; Ksp = 6.210-12
K sp 13 6.2  10−12 1
Ksp = (2S)2  S= 4 S3 ) =
ev, S = ( 3 = 1.16  10−4 mol/L
4  4 
MODEL EXAMPLE-03: CaCO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv 0.0305g/L Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj KZ?
mgvavb: CaCO3 → Ca2+ + CO32– MCaCO3 = 100 NbgvÎv, S =
0.03051
= 0.030510-2 mol/L
100
2
 0.0305 
Ksp = S 2 =
  = 9.310–8
 100 
A. [Al(OH)(H2O)5]2+ B.[Al(H2O)6]3+
Practice Part C. [Fe(OH)2(H2O)4] D. [Cu(OH)(H2O)3]+
08. A‰Re je‡Yi MÖæc we‡køl‡Y MÖæc- IIIA Gi MÖæc weKviK n‡”Q-
01. Ag2C2O4 Gi `ªve¨Zv S n‡j `ªve¨Zvi ¸Ydj-
A. HCl+H2S B. NH4Cl+NH4OH
A. 4S3 B. 27S4 C. 2S2 D. S3
C. HCl D. NH4Cl+NH4OH+H2S
02. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb wØZxq kw³¯Íi †_‡K cÖ_g kw³¯Í‡i Avm‡j
09. GKwU eY©nxb Rjxq `ªe‡Y †K¬vwib `ªeY †hvM Kiv n‡j `ªeYwU ev`vgx jvj
KZ Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i iwk¥ wewKiY K‡i?
eY© aviY K‡i Ges AgNO3 `ªeY †hvM Kiv n‡j njy` e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc
A. 12Å B. 12 nm C. 120Å D. 1200Å
cvIqv hvq| `ªe‡Y †h †hŠMwU i‡q‡Q-
234 234
03. ‡Kvb cÖwµqvq Th †_‡K Pa ˆZwi nq? A. NaCl B. NaNO3 C. Na2S D. NaBr
90 91 10. 50 ml m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y 5g CaCl2 _vK‡j, cÖwZ wjUv‡i CaCl2 Gi `ªe¨Zv KZ?
A. -emission B. -emission
A. 10 gL–1 B. 100 gL–1 C. 101 gL–1 D. 1011 gL–1
C. - emission D. neutron -emission
11. NMR- Gi c~Y©v½ iƒc †KvbwU?
04. †µvgv‡UvMÖvwd‡Z Awa‡kvlK Øviv Awa‡kvl‡Yi µg-
A. Nucleus Magnetic Resonance
A. – OH > – COOH > – NH2 B. –NH2 > –COOH > –OH B. Nuclear Measuring Resonance
C. –OH > – NH2 > – COOH D. –COOH > –OH > – NH2 C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Rf gv‡bi MÖnY‡hvM¨ mxgv? D. Nuclear Molecular Resonance
A. 0 ‡_‡K 1 B. 1 ‡_‡K 100 C. 0 ‡_‡K 2 D. 1 ‡_‡K 2 12. UV – Vis ‡¯úK‡Uªv‡¯‹v‡ci e¨envi bq †KvbwU?
06. Acwi‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg we‡kva‡b †h cÖwµqv AwaK Kvh©Ki- A. bgybv `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv wbY©q
A. Distillation B. Steam distillation B. ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kvh©Kix g~jK wbY©q
C. Sublimation D. Fractional distillation C. Kve©b wkK‡j _vKv KbRy‡M‡UW wØ-eÜb wbY©q
07. wbgœ¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K A¤ø kbv³ Ki|
24 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
D. A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi P‡µ Dcw¯’Z wØ-e܇bi msL¨v wbY©q hvq Zvi NbZ¡‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq| 2 Gi cÖwZwU gvb B‡jKUª‡bi
13. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU f-eøK †gŠj? Zi‡½i ZxeªZvi mgvbycvwZK| 2-Gi gvbB cigvYy‡Z wewfbœ kw³i
A. C B. Cl C. Cd D. Gd AiweUvj cÖKvk K‡i| 2-Gi gvb me mgq abvZ¥K nq|
14. Nb(41) Gi Aby‡gvw`Z B‡jKUªb web¨vm †KvbwU?
Avwe®‹…Z Rxevk¥ ev dwm‡j †ZRw¯Œq Kve©‡bi (C-14) †ZRw¯ŒqZv
A. [Kr]4d35s-2 B. [Kr]4d55s0 C. [Kr]4d45s1 D. [Kr]5s25p3
wbY©q K‡i Zv †_‡K Rxev‡k¥i eqm Z_v c„w_exi AvbygvwbK eqm
15. ‘f’ AiweUvj me©‡gvU KqwU B‡j±ªb aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i- 20
wbY©q Kivi c×wZwU‡K
A. 10 B. 8 C. 18 D. 14
C-14 Dating ejv nq|
OMR SHEET (i) 32P e¨envi K‡i i³ ¯^íZv (blood leukemia), cwjmvB‡_wgqv
Gi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq|
01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D
(ii) 32P e¨envi K‡i GKwU MvQ gvwU †_‡K wK cwigvY dm‡dU MÖnY
02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D 21
K‡i Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D
(iii) 32P e¨envi K‡i DNA I RNA Gi MVb ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i
04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D
Rxeb inm¨ D`NvUb Kiv hvq|
05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D
h l(l+1) h 0  (0 + 1)
16. H ‡K †cÖvUb ejv nq †Kb?
+ 22 mvr = = =0
2 2
17. Rxg¨vb cÖfve wK?
GKwU cigvYy‡Z `yBwU B‡jKUª‡bi PviwU †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb
18. ÷vK© cÖfve wK?
GKBiƒc n‡Z cv‡i bv AšÍZ GKwU †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb wfbœ
19.  I 2 Gi Zvrch© wjL| n‡eB|
20. C-14 Dating e‡j? ‡Kvqv›Uvg
21. 32P Gi e¨envi wjL| msL¨v
n l m s
23
22. s-AiweUv‡ji †ÿ‡Î †KŠwYK fi‡e‡Mi gvb KZ? He (2)
1g e– Gi 1 0 0 1
1s2 +
23. cvDwji wbqg wjL| He-Gi †ÿ‡Î cvDwji bxwZ cÖ‡qvM Ki| Rb¨ 2
24. †d¬v‡i‡mÝ dm‡dvi Kx? D`vniY `vI| 2q e– Gi 1 0 0 1
–
25. `ªveK wb®‹vkb Rb¨ 2

ANSWER ANALYSIS †h mKj ivmvqwbK e¯‘ 91.9-121.6nm Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i Av‡jv †kvlY
24 Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡`i‡K Abycf Ö ev †d¬v‡iv‡mÝ dm‡dvi e¯‘ e‡j|
01.A 02.D 03.B 04.D 05.A †hgb: BUwiqvg A·vBW I BD‡ivwcqvg Avqb Y2O3, Eu3+
MCQ

06.D 07.B 08.B 09.D 10.B ‡Kvb ˆRe †hŠM‡K Gi Rjxq `ªeY ev Ab¨ †Kvb wgwkÖZ Ae¯’v †_‡K
11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.D GKwU Dchy³ `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z K‡i c„_K Kivi c×wZ‡K `ªveK
1wU H cigvYy‡Z 1wU electron I 1wU †cÖvUb _v‡K| D³ H wb®‹vkb e‡j| `ªveK wb®‹vk‡bi g~jbxwZ n‡jv bvb©‡÷i eÈb bxwZ|
cigvYy‡Z 1wU electron Z¨vM Ki‡j GwU H+ Avq‡b cwiYZ nq| eÈb m~Î g‡Z,
16 25
A_©vr 1wU H+ Avq‡b ïaygvÎ GKwU †cÖvUb Qvov Avi wKQz _v‡K bv| w¯’i ZvcgvÎvq `yÕwU ci¯úi AwgkÖYxq A I B `ªve‡Ki g‡a¨ c„_K
ZvB H+ †K †cÖvUb ejv nq| `ªve¨Zv wewkó †Kvb `ªe¨ †hvM K‡i SvuKv‡j H `ªe¨wU Dfq `ªve‡K
evwn¨K Pz¤^K †ÿ‡Îi cÖfv‡e cÖwZwU cvigvYweK eY©vwj †iLv GKvwaK Ggbfv‡e ew›UZ ev `ªexf~Z nq †hb Dfq `ªve‡K `ª‡ei NbgvÎvi
17 AbycvZ w¯’i _v‡K|
†iLvq wef³ n‡q c‡o| G‡K Rxg¨vb cÖfve e‡j|
evwn¨K ˆe`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi cÖfv‡e cvigvYweK ¯Íi¸‡jv wef³ n‡q hvq (1) e¨eüZ wbw`©ó cwigvY `ªveK Øviv `ªeYwU GKevi gvÎ wb®‹vkb
18
Ges RwUj eY©vwji D™¢e N‡U| G‡K ÷vK© cÖfve e‡j| Ki‡j, Awb®‹vwkZ e¯‘i cwigvY n‡e,
 :  †K AvB‡Rb dvskb ejv nq| Gi †Kv‡bv †fŠZ Zvrch©
†bB| GwU ïaygvÎ B‡jKUª‡bi Zi‡½i we¯Í…wZ cÖKvk K‡i| Gi gvb
19 (2) e¨eüZ wbw`©ó cwigvY `ªveK Øviv `ªeYwU n evi wb®‹vkb Ki‡j,
aYvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i|
2 : 2 Øviv AiweUv‡ji †h wÎgvwÎK Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb cvIqv Awb®‹vwkZ e¯‘i cwigvY n‡e, n
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 25

1g cÎ †gŠ‡ji chv©qe„Ë ag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb

Aa¨vq-03 PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND CHEMICAL
BOND

TOPIC : 01 wewfbœ eø‡Ki †gŠj I Zvi mvaviY agv©ejx

 wewfbœ eø‡Ki mvaviY cwiwPwZt (College: MMC, DDC)
118 wU †gŠj → s-eøK 14 p-eøK 36 d-eøK 41 f-eøK 27

eøK cÖPwjZ bvg MÖyc B‡j±ªb web¨vm

Alkali ÿviavZz 1 ns1
s
Alkaline Earth metal g„rÿvi avZz 2 ns2 (Col: AKM)
p Representative elements Av`k©/cÖwZiƒcx †gŠj 13–18 ns2ns1–6
d Pure metal DrK…ó avZz 3–12 (n–1)d1–10ns1–2
f Inner transition elements AšÍ t Ae¯’ v šÍ i avZz IIIB (old) (n–2)f1–14 (n–1)d1–10ns2
s I p eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~n‡K GK‡Î Av`k© ev cÖwZwbwa †gŠj ejv nq|

 d-eøK I Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj

Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj: kZ©:
(i) ‡gŠjwU myw¯’wZkxj Avqb MVb Ki‡e| (ii) †gŠjwUi H Avq‡b Ac~Y© d-AiweUvj _vK‡e (d1 – d9)
D`vniY: Ti (22) → 3d2 4s2 ; Ti2+ (22) → 3d2
Dc‡iv³ †gŠjwUi Avq‡b Ac~Y© B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ZvB Ti2+ ‡gŠjwU Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj| Ti4+ (18) → 3d0
wKš‘ Ti4+ Avq‡b Ac~Y© B‡jKUªb bv _vKvq Ti4+ Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq|
ˆewkó¨: Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji cuvPwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| h_vÑ
(i) Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~‡ni cwieZ©bkxj †hvR¨Zv _v‡K| (ii) Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~n c¨viv Pz¤^Kxq ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
(iii) Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~n iwOb †hŠM MVb K‡i| (iv) Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~n RwUj †hŠM MVb K‡i|
(v) Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~n cÖfveKiƒ‡c wµqv K‡i|
 eY©hy³ Avqb m„wót GK bR‡i Ae¯’všÍi avZzmg~‡ni Avq‡bi eY©-
avZe Avqb eY©
Sc3+ eY©nxb
Ti3+ i³eY© (jvj‡P †e¸bx) mZK© ms‡KZ tavZe Avqb I Aatwÿß avZe nvB‡Wªv·vB†Wi Aat‡ÿ‡ci eY© cÖvq GKB |
V3+ meyR
V4+ bxj Aatwÿß avZe nvB‡Wªv·vBW Aat‡ÿ‡ci eY©t
Cr3+ nvjKv meyR (‡e¸bx) Cr(OH)3 meyR
Mn3+ ‡e¸bx (‡Mvjvcx) Mn(OH)3 ‡e¸bx
Mn2+ nvjKv †Mvjvcx/eY©nxb Mn(OH)2 a~mi
Fe2+ nvjKv meyR/meyR Fe(OH)2 meyR
Fe3+ njy`/nvjKv ev`vgx Fe(OH)3 ev`vgx
Co2+ ‡Mvjvcx Co(OH)2 ‡Mvjvcx
Ni2+ meyR Ni(OH)2 meyR
Cu2+ bxj Cu(OH)2 nvjKv bxj
Zn2+ eY©nxb Zn(OH)2 mv`v
26 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC : 02 cvigvYweK msL¨v, MÖæc I ch©vq m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

 GK bR‡i †gŠ‡ji we‡kl bv‡gi mviYx:
we‡kl bvg ‡gŠj mg~n g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj we‡kl bvg ‡gŠj mg~n g‡b ivLvi †KŠkj
ÿviavZz Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr wj bv †K iæwe †Qu‡P †d‡j‡Q AwfRvZ avZz Ag, Au, Pt AvR †mvbv cve
wewiqvbx †gvMjvB Kveve
g„r ÿviavZz Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra cÖwZwbwa ‡gŠj S eøK Ges P eøK †gŠj
mwi‡q evwU‡Z ivL
n¨v‡jv‡Rb F, Cl, Br, I, At †dj Ki‡j eje Avwg Av‡M UªvÝBD‡iwbqvg †gŠj 93 – 103 ch©šÍ -
wR Avcv wmMwMi Av‡mb IIB e¨ZxZ d eø‡Ki
AcavZz Ge, At, Si, As, Sb, Te, B Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj -
mveav‡b Uz‡j e‡mb Ab¨vb¨ †gŠj
Pvj‡Kv‡Rb O, S, Se, Te, Po I Gm Gmwm †Z c‡o weij g„wËKv avZz j¨vš’vbvBW †gŠj -
gy`ªvavZz Cu, Ag, Au K_v wQj Avm‡e cÖwZiƒcx †gŠj 38 wU †gŠj -
wb¯Œxq M¨vm He,Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn ‡nwj wbZz Avi Kwig hv‡e igbvq big avZz Pb, Na, K, Ca cv‡e bv †K †K
Fe, Co, Ni, ‡dj Kwi bvB iæûj
Pz¤^K avZz DØvqx avZz Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn
Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt iv`vi cvjv‡j wcUve|
wbK…ó avZz Fe, Cu j Zv (‡jvnv, Zvgv) †ZRw¯Œq avZz U, Ra, Po, Th, Pu, Fr

 GK bR‡i we‡kl Z_¨ :

 be¨ msÁvbymv‡i Sc Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq?  IA †gŠj mg~n iƒc¨ e‡Y©i I D¾¡j|
 avZz nevi Kvi‡Y IA †gŠj mg~n Zvc I we`y¨r mycwievnx|  Al Gi MjbvsK Na A‡cÿv †ekx|
 Uvs‡÷b‡K Ijdvg© e‡j|  me‡P‡q nvjKv avZz wjw_qvg (Li)
 cÖK…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q nvjKv †gŠj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb|  ‡mvwWqv‡gi †P‡q cUvwkqvg nvjKv
 cÖK…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q fvix †gŠj BD‡iwbqvg (U)  me †P‡q `vgx avZz K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvg (Cf)
 me‡P‡q †ekx NbZ¡ wewkó †gŠj Amwgqvg (Os)  me‡P‡q Kg ùzUbvsK wnwjqvg (–268.9C)
 c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q Kg cvIqv hvq A¨v‡÷wUb (At)  B‡j±ªb web¨v‡mi g¨vwRK b¤^it2,8,8,18,18,32
 Si I Ge †K Aa©avZz e‡j|  Mo Gi mwVK B‡j±ªb web¨vm [Kr]4d55s1
 Pd n‡”Q cøvwUbvg MÖæ‡ci avZz|  AvšÍt Ae¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji D`vniY nj- †mwiqvg Ce(58)
 n¨vwmqv‡gi cÖZxK n‡”Q Hs  ch©vq mviwYi IIIB MÖæ‡c me‡P‡q †ekx †ZRw¯Œq †gŠj Aew¯’Z|
Fr Ga Hg Cs
 Zij avZzt d«v‡Ý wM‡q nvRx mvBR  Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq cvi` (Hg) Zij|
 Zij AavZzt Br2  B DcMÖæ‡ci cÖ_g †gŠj Sc(21)Ges †kl †gŠj n‡”Q Cn(112)
 GK bR‡i me©v‡cÿv Z_¨mg~n :
01| me©v‡cÿv mwµq AavZe †gŠjt ‡d¬vwib (F2) 02| me©v‡cÿv Zwor abvZ¥K †gŠjt wmwRqvg (Cs)
03| me©v‡cÿv Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠjt †d¬vwib (F2) 04| me©v‡cÿv fvix avZzt Amwgqvg (Os)
05| me©v‡cÿv nvjKv avZzt wjw_qvg (Li) 06| me©v‡cÿv fvix Zijt cvi` (Hg)
07| me©v‡cÿv ‡ekx NbZ¡ wewkó c`v_©t Amwgqvg (Os) 08| me©v‡cÿv †ekx Av‡cwÿK Zvc wewkó c`v_©t cvwb (H2O)
09| me©v‡cÿv †ekx ùzUbvsK wewkó c`v_©t Amwgqvg (Os) 10| me©v‡cÿv NvZmn avZzt ¯^Y© (Au)
11| me©v‡cÿv bgbxq avZzt cøvwUbvg (Pt) 12| me©v‡cÿv we`y¨r mycwievnx c`v_©t wmjfvi ev iƒcv (Ag)
13| me©v‡cÿv D”P MjbvsK wewkó avZzt Uvs‡÷b (W) 14| me©v‡cÿv e„nr AYyt dzjvwib(C60)
15| me©v‡cÿv wbw¯Œq †gŠjt wnwjqvg (He) 16| me©v‡cÿv welv³t cøy‡Uvwbqvg (Pu)
17| me©v‡cÿv k³ avZzt Os 18| me©v‡cÿv cwieZ©bkxj RviYgvb wewkó †gŠjt g¨v½vwbR (Mn)
19| `yó †gŠjt nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) 20| MÖæc-15 Gi †gŠjmg~nt wbK‡Uv‡Rb
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 27

TOPIC : 03 AvqwbKiY kw³ I ch©vqe„ËZv

 ‡gŠj mg~‡ni ch©vqe„wËK ag©mg~nt ch©vqmviYx‡Z GKB chv©‡q evg †_‡K Wv‡b †M‡j Ñ
wbDwK¬qv‡mi abvZ¥K PvR©
AvqwbKiY wefe MVb Zvc
cvigvYweK msL¨v Zwor abvZ¥KZv
evo‡e cvigvYweK fi Kg‡e
A·vBWmg~‡ni w¯’wZkxjZv
‡hvR¨Zv
B‡jKUªb Avmw³
cvigvYweK e¨vmva©
AavZe ag©
Zwor FYvZ¥KZv
 ‡gŠj mg~‡ni ch©vqe„wËK ag©mg~nt ch©vqmviYx‡Z GKB MÖæ‡c Dci †_‡K wb‡P Ñ
cvigvYweK fi B‡j±«b Avmw³
cvigvYweK e¨vmva©
AavZe ag©
evo‡e Zwor abvZ¥KZv Kg‡e
AvqwbKiY kw³
cvigvYweK msL¨v
avZe ag© Zwor FYvZ¥KZv

 AvqwbKiY kw³ wbY©q-

➢ GKB ch©v‡qi †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î-evg †_‡K Wv‡b †M‡j AvqwbKiY kw³ ev‡o| A_v©r mev©waK Wv‡bi †gŠjwUi AvqwbKiY kw³ mev©waK|
e¨wZµgt i. Be > B ii. N > O iii. Mg > Al iv .P>S [nvRvix m¨vi, College: NDC]
ZvB  Li , Be , N , B , O, C, F Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i ch©vqµg Li < B < Be < C <O< N < F
ZvB  Na , Mg , Si , P , S , Al Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i ch©vqµg Na < Al < Mg < Si < S < P
 m~Îvbymv‡i, ev‡g Aew¯’Z ÿviavZzi AvqwbKiY kw³ me‡P‡q Kg Ges Wv‡b Aew¯’Z wbw¯Œq M¨v‡mi AvqwbKiY kw³ me‡P‡q †ekx|
wbw¯Œq M¨v‡mi bvg AvqwbKiY c‡Ubwmqvj (kJ/mol) wbw¯Œq M¨v‡mi bvg AvqwbKiY c‡Ubwmqvj (kJ/mol)
He 2400 mev©waK Kr 1360
Ne 2100 Xe 1200
Ar 1530 Rn 1040
➢ GKB MÖæ‡ci †ÿ‡Î hZ Dci †_‡K wb‡P hvIqv hvq AvqwbKiY kw³ ZZ n«vm cvq| A_v©r hvi Ae¯’vb Dc‡i Zvi AvqwbKiY kw³ mev©waK n‡e|
†hgbt F, Cl, Br, I Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg h_vµ‡gt I<Br<Cl<F, Gr-1A Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i µg h_vµ‡gt Li >Na > K > Rb > Cs > Fr
➢ cÖ_g, wØZxq ev Z…Zxq AvqwbKiY kw³i †ÿ‡Ît hZ Zg MÖæc ZZ Zg †gŠ‡ji AvqwbKiY kw³i †ÿ‡Î gvbwU me©wbgœ n‡e Ges Zvi Av‡Mi MÖæ‡ci AvqwbKiY
kw³ mev©waK n‡e| Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó‡KvY †_‡K D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki Ñ
 AvqwbKiY kw³i µg Ñ
MÖæc- IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA AvqwbKiY kw³i †ÿ‡Î
cÖ_g AvqwbKiY kw³i µgt Na < Al < Mg < Si < P MÖæc –IA Gi †gŠ‡ji me‡P‡q Kg
wØZxq AvqwbKiY kw³i µgt Mg < Al < Si < P < Na MÖæc –IIA Gi †gŠ‡ji me‡P‡q Kg
Z…Zxq AvqwbKiY kw³i µgt Al < Si < P < Na < Mg MÖæc –IIIA Gi †gŠ‡ji me‡P‡q Kg
PZz_© AvqwbKiY kw³i µgt Si < P < Na < Mg < Al MÖæc –IVA Gi †gŠ‡ji me‡P‡q Kg
➢ Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î- hw` Avqb †`Iqv _v‡K Z‡e Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb msL¨v wewkó cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix wbw¯Œq †gŠjwUi mv‡_ Zzjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbt Na+
Gi B‡jKUªb 10wU hv Ne Gi B‡jKUªb msL¨vi mgvb| ZvB hw` Ab¨vb¨ †gŠ‡ji mv‡_ Na+ Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i Zzjbv Ki‡Z nq Z‡e †mB
†gŠj¸‡jvi mv‡_ Ne †K Zzjbv Ki‡e| ‡hgbt Na, Mg+2 , Al, Si G‡`i AvqwbKiY kw³i µg Ñ GLv‡b Mg+2 Gi B‡jKUªb msL¨v 10wU hv
Ne Gi mgvb| ZvB Avgiv Na, Ne, Al, Si Gi AvqwbKiY kw³i Zzjbv Ki‡j cvq Ñ Na <Al<Si<Ne(Mg2+)
28 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

➢ mgB‡j±«b wewkó Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Ît mg B‡j±«b wewkó Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î hvi †cÖvUb msL¨v †ewk Zvi AvqwbKiY kw³i gvb †ewk|
Ne(10) < Na+(11) < Mg2+(12)

TOPIC : 04 B‡jKUªb Avmw³

 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb- B‡jKUªb Avmw³ evg †_‡K Wv‡b ev‡o Ges Dci †_‡K wb‡P K‡g|
B‡jKUªb Avmw³ ZvcDrcv`x cÖwµqv ( H = −ve) e¨wZµgt F < Cl
†gŠj Na K Rb Cl F Br I O
B‡jKUªb Avmw³ (KJ) -79 -66 -47 -348 -333 -328 -295 -141

†R‡b ivLv fvj, †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³ FYvZ¥K n‡jI O2– ev s2– Gi gvb abvZ¥K [e¨wZµg Zvcnvix H = +ve]
 B‡jKUªb Avmw³i e¨envit
 †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb h‡Zv †ewk n‡e †gŠjwUi RviY ÿgZv Z‡Zv †ewk n‡e| n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠj¸‡jvi B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb †ewk, †mRb¨
Giv RviK `ªe¨ wn‡m‡e f‚wgKv †`Lvq|
 †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb h‡Zv †ewk nq, †gŠjwUi AvqwbK eÜb MVb Kivi ÿgZv Z‡Zv †e‡o hvq|
 †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i gvb †ewk n‡j, †gŠjwUi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv Ges AavZe ag© e„w× cvq|
TOPIC : 05 Zwor FYvZ¥KZv I Zwor abvZ¥KZv
➢ Zwor FYvZ¥KZvI GKB wbqg AYymv‡i evg †_‡K Wv‡b ev‡o Ges Dci †_‡K wb‡P K‡g Ges Zwor abvZ¥KZv Zvi wecixZ µ‡g chv©he„wËK ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
 KwZcq cÖ‡qvRbxq †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv-
†gŠj Na Mg Al Si P S Ar F Cl Br I At
Zwor FYvZ¥KZv 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 0.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.1 2.0
 †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv wbf©i K‡it
 cigvYyi AvKvi e„w×i d‡j Zwor FYvZ¥KZv n«vm cvq Ñ GwU n‡jv MÖæcwfwËK m¤úK©|  wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© e„wׇZ Zwor FYvZ¥KZv e„w× cvqÑ GwU n‡jv
chv©qwfwËK m¤úK©|  †gŠ‡ji RviY Ae¯’v evo‡j, Zwor FYvZ¥KZv ev‡o| (Fe2+<Fe3+)
†R‡b ivLv fvj:  Zwor abvZ¥KZv Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi wecixZ|  AvqwbKiY wefe I B‡jKUªb Avmw³ ci¯úi mgvYycvwZK|  ‡gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv
nvBweªWvB‡Rkb Gi Pwi‡Îi mgvYycvwZK|

TOPIC : 06 cigvYyi AvKvi, e¨vmva©, MjbvsK-ùzUbvs‡Ki Z_¨vewj

 cigvYyi AvKvi / e¨vmva©-
cigvYyi AvKvi wbqg
†gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î evg †_‡K Wv‡b †M‡j cigvYyi AvKvi K‡g Ges Dci †_‡K wb‡P †M†j ev‡o|
ch©vqµg Ñ Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S , MÖæcµg Ñ Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î mg B‡j±«wbK c`v‡_©i †ÿ‡Î hvi †cÖvUb msL¨v †ewk Zvi AvKvi †QvU|Ñ ‡hgbt Na+, Mg2+, Al3+ G‡Z B‡jKUªb msL¨v 10 wKšÍy
Al Gi †cÖvUb msL¨v mev©waK e‡j Gi AvKvi me‡P‡q ‡QvU|

 MjbvsK – ùzUbvsKt MjbvsK Ñ ùzUbvsK Gi †Kvb avivevwnKZv †bB Z‡e dvhv‡bi bxwZ Øviv Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqv hvq|
➢ n¨v‡jv‡Rb mg~‡ni MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK -
†gŠj ‡d¬vwib ‡K¬vwib ‡eªvwgb Av‡qvwWb
MjbvsK (C) –220 –101 –7.2 113.5
ùzUbvsK (C) –188 –35 59 184.5
➢ wbw®Œq M¨vm mg~‡ni MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK-
bvg MjbvsK (K) ùzUbvsK (K) bvg MjbvsK (K) ùzUbvsK (K)
He 1 4.3 Kr 104 119.7
Ne 24.43 27.07 Xe 161.1 165.04
Ar 83.9 87.29 Rn 202 211.0
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 29

TOPIC : 07 wewfbœ cÖKvi ivmvqwbK eÜb I Zv‡`i eÜb cÖK…wZ

 AvqwbK e܇bi kZ©-
AvqwbK eÜb Av‡jvPbv
avZz+AavZz = AvqwbK †hŠM| D`vniYt NaCl = avZz+AavZz = AvqwbK †hŠM, MnO = avZz+AavZz = AvqwbK †hŠM
wPwbevi Dcvq GQvovI KwZcq AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D`vniY-CaCl2, K2O, Na2O, CsF, AlF3, Mg3N2, Ca3P2, Al4C3 AlBr3 I AlI3 BZ¨vw`|
e¨wZµg- AlCl3 AvqwbK eÜb n‡jI mg‡hvRx ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i| avZz nIqv m‡Ë¡I AvqwbK †hŠM MVb K‡i bv- Sn, Hg, Pb
kZ© • cÖ_g cigvYyi AvqwbKiY kw³ Kg n‡Z n‡e • Aci cigvYyi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ †ekx n‡Z n‡e
• ‡hŠ‡Mi Lattice Energy †ekx n‡Z n‡e|
• ùwUK ev †Kjvm MVb| • mgiæcZv Av‡Q|
• MjbvsK I ùyUbvsK †ekx| • f½yi|
• wewµqvi MwZ †ekx| • ‡cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªeYxq Ges A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq|
ˆewkó¨ • MwjZ Ae¯’vq ev `ªe‡Y we`y¨r cwievnx, KwVb Ae¯’vq bq| • mvaviYZ B‡jK‡UªvjvBU wnmv‡e KvR K‡i

• ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Avqbmg~n ¯^KxqZv eRvq iv‡L| • B‡j‡±ªv÷¨vwUK †dvm© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
• WvBB‡jKwUªK aªæe‡Ki gvb D”P|
we.`ª: AvqwbK eÜb m‡e©v”P nIqvi Dcvqt Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ hZ †ekx n‡e (1.7 Gi †ekx) AvqwbK ˆewkó¨ ZZ †ekx n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡e, ch©vq mviYx‡Z evg †_‡K Wv‡b †M‡j Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb ev‡o| †hgb-
NaCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4 Gi g‡a¨ NaCl Gi AvqwbK ˆewkó¨ m‡e©v”P KviY Gr-I Gi †gŠj Na Ges Gi Gr-VIIA Gi †gŠj Cl GLv‡b
m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤œ †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ m‡e©v”P| ZvB NaCl Gi AvqwbK ˆewkó¨ m‡e©v”P|

 mg‡hvRx eÜb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx

mg‡hvRx eÜb Av‡jvPbv
AavZz+AavZz = mg‡hvRx †hŠM D`vniY t CO2 = AavZz+AavZz = mg‡hvRx †hŠM| GQvovI KwZcq mg‡hvRx
wPwbevi Dcvq
†hŠ‡Mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D`vniY- GKK eÜb (C2H6), H2, Cl2, wØ-eÜb (C2H4), O2, wÎ-eÜb (C2H2), N2 BZ¨vw`|
 cÖe³v t 1916 wLª÷v‡ã wR. Gb. jyBm  G‡K ÔB‡jKUªb †Rvo eÜbÕ I e‡j|
kZ©
 B‡jKUª‡bi †kqvi N‡U|  Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ Lye bMY¨ n‡j mg‡hvRx eÜb MwVZ nq|
 MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK wbgœ|  ‡cvjv‡i bq eis A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªeYxq|  we`y¨r Acwievnx|
ˆewkó¨
 mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|  mvaviYZ A‡cvjvi †hŠM|  mvaviYZ A‡giæK
weÁvbx wnUjvi I jÛb mg‡hvRx e܇bi †hvRbx eÜb gZev` me©cÖ_g Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Ges c‡i weÁvbx cwjs I
†hvRbx eÜb gZev`
†¯øUvi Gi wKQzUv ms‡kvab K‡ib|
AóK wbq‡gi cwie‡Z© `yB- Gi wbqg AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx
mg‡hvRx eÜb MV‡b `yB Gi wbqg
Shortcut: (we‡Rvo+we‡Rvo) B‡jKUªb = †Rvo MVb| `yB Gi wbq‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY- NH3, N2, H2O
mg‡hvRx bond e¨vL¨vi ZË¡t 2wU  †hvR¨Zv bond ZË¡ (VBT– wnUjvi I jÛb)  AvYweK AiweUvj ZË¡ (MOT)
we.`ª: e¨wZµg- HF mg‡hvRx †hŠM wKš‘ AvqwbK ˆewkó¨ mg„×
 wewfbœ cÖKvi e܇bi cÖK…wZ wbY©q :
STEP-01t `ywU †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠM mvaviYZ AvqwbK ev mg‡hvRx cÖK…wZi nq| †hgbt AavZz+AavZz=mg‡hvRx †hŠM D`vniY t
CO2=AavZz+AavZz=mg‡hvRx †hŠM | GQvovI KwZcq mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D`vniY- GKK eÜb (C2H6), H2, Cl2, wØ-eÜb (C2H4), O2, wÎ-eÜb
(C2H2), N2 BZ¨vw`|
D`vniYt NaCl = avZz+AavZz = AvqwbK †hŠM, MnO = avZz+AavZz = AvqwbK †hŠM| GQvovI KwZcq AvqwbK †hŠ‡Mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D`vniY-CaCl2, K2O,
Na2O, CsF, AlF3, Mg3N2, Ca3P2, Al4C3 AlBr3 I AlI3 BZ¨vw`|
STEP-02t `yB Gi AwaK †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠ‡M wZb cÖKvi (AvqwbK, mg‡hvRx I mwbœ‡ek) eÜb _v‡K|
†hgbt NH4Cl, Na2SO4, KBF4 BZ¨vw`| e¨wZµg- H2SO4, H3PO4
STEP-03t `yBwU †gŠj Øviv MwVZ †hŠM PvR©hy³ n‡j mvaviYZ G‡Z `yB cÖKvi (mg‡hvRx I mwbœ‡ek) eÜb _v‡K|
‡hgbt BH4–, NH4+, H3O+, SO42–, PO43– BZ¨vw`|
STEP-04t †hŠ‡M cvwb hy³ _vK‡j G‡Z Pvi cÖKvi eÜb (AvqwbK, mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb) _v‡K|
‡hgbt CuSO4.5H2O, Na2SO4.5H2O, CaSO4.2H2O BZ¨vw`|
30 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 GKvwaK eÜb wewkó †hŠMt evuP‡Z n‡j Rvb‡Z n‡e

‡hŠM eÜb cÖK…wZ eÜb cÖKvi eÜb msL¨v
CH4 mg‡hvRx GK cÖKvi 04
NaCl AvqwbK GK cÖKvi 01
NH3 mg‡hvRx GK cÖKvi 03
H3PO4 mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 08
Na2SO4 AvqwbK,mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 08
CuSO4.5H2O AvqwbK,mg‡hvRx,mwbœ‡ek, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb Pvi cÖKvi 17
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 AvqwbK,mg‡hvRx,mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 27
NH4Cl AvqwbK,mg‡hvRx,mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 5
(H2O)n nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, mg‡hvRx `yB cÖKvi 2
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 AvqwbK,mg‡hvRx,mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 22
K4[Fe(CN)6] AvqwbK, mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 28
KBF4 AvqwbK, mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek wZb cÖKvi 5
H2SO4 mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 8
[Ag(NH3)2]1+ mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 8
NH4+ mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek [NCTB Kwei m¨vi] `yB cÖKvi 4
[Fe(CN)6]4- mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 26
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 16
[Cu(NH3)4]3+ mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 16
[Cu(NH3)6]3+ mg‡hvRx, mwbœ‡ek `yB cÖKvi 24

TOPIC : 08 †cvjvivqb I dvhv‡bi bxwZ m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

 dvhv‡bi bxwZi e¨vL¨v-
bxwZ e¨vL¨v
K¨vUvq‡bi AvKvi ÿz`ª n‡e GKB MÖæ‡c hZB wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K hv‡e GKB Pv‡R©i K¨vUvqb mg~‡ni AvKvi n«v‡mi mv‡_ †cvjvivqb ÿgZv ZZB
e„w× cvq A_vr mg‡hvRx ag© ev‡o| †hgb- MÖæc-IIA Gi †ÿ‡Î- Be2+ > Mg2+>Ca2+>Sr2+>Ba2+
A¨vbvq‡bi AvKvi eo n‡e GKB MÖæ‡c Dci †_‡K hZB wb‡P hvIqv hvq A¨vbvq‡bi ‡cvjvivwqZ nIqvi cÖeYZv ZZB e„w× cvq Ges mg‡hvRx cÖK…wZ
ev‡o| †hgb- n¨vjvBW Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î- F-<Cl-<Br-<I- [College: ISC]
K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvq‡bi PvR©  K¨vUvq‡bi PvR© e„w×i cÖfvet †h †Kvb chv©‡q evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K †M‡j K¨vUvqb mg~‡ni abvZ¥K PvR© hZ e„w× cvq,
hZ evo‡e K¨vUvq‡bi †cvjvivqb ÿgZv ZZB e„w× cvq| †hgb- Na+<Mg2+<Al3+ mg‡hvRx ag© evo‡Q|
 cwieZ©bkxj RviY Ae¯’vi †ÿ‡Î †ekx Pv‡R©i K¨vUvq‡bi †cvjvivqb ÿgZv †ekx n‡e|
†hgb- FeCl2 Gi †P‡q FeCl3 †ekx mg‡hvRx A_©vr Fe2+<Fe3+
 A¨vbvq‡bi PvR© e„w×i cÖfvet F−<O2−<N3− A_v©r CaF2 A‡cÿv CaO AwaK mg‡hvRx n‡e|
d I f AviweUv‡j d I f AviweUv‡j B‡jKUªb _vK‡j †cvjvivq‡bi gvÎv †ekx n‡e Ges e܇bi mg‡hvRx ‰ewkó¨ ZZ AwaK n‡e|

 dvhv‡bi bxwZi mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq:

(i) PbCl2 VvÛv cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq, wKš‘ Mig cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq| (ii) AgF cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI AgCl, AgBr, Agl cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq
(iii) NaCl Gi Mjbv¼ MgCl2 Gi Mjbv¼ A‡cÿv †ekx| (iv) NaCl Gi ùzUbv¼ MgCl2 Gi ùzUbv¼ †_‡K †ekx|
(v) MgCl2 Gi Mjbv¼ AlCl3 Gi Mjbv¼ A‡cÿv †ekx| (vi) FeCl2 Gi Mjbv¼ FeCl3 Gi Mjbv¼ A‡cÿv †ekx|
(vii) NaCl Gi Mjbv¼ AgCl Gi Mjbv¼ A‡cÿv †ekx| (viii) AlF3 AvqwbK †hŠM n‡jI AlCl3 G mg‡hvRx ˆewkó¨ cÖej|
(ix) BaCO3 A‡cÿv CaCO3 I MgCO3 Zv‡c mn‡R we‡hvwRZ nq|
(x) CaF2, CaCl2, CaBr2, CaI2 G wmwi‡Ri AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ †hŠ‡Mi Mjbv¼ n«vm cvq|

TOPIC : 09 wmMgv I cvB eÜb m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

 wmMgv I cvB bond Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ :
wmMgv eÜb cvB eÜb
1. eÜb m„wóKvix Orbital ¸‡jv gy‡LvgywL mij †iLv eivei overlap K‡i 1. eÜb m„wóKvix orbital ¸‡jv mgvšÍivjfv‡e cvkvcvwk overlap K‡i
2. AwaK¯’vqx I `„p nq 2. A¯’vqx I `ye©j nq
3. B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ †ekx _v‡K 3. B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ Kg _v‡K
4. msKi I weï× Dfq †ÿ‡Î wmMgv eÜb NU‡Z cv‡i| 4. msKi AiweUv‡j Ges s-orbital -G cvB bond Gi AskMÖnY ‡bB|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 31
 wmMgv I cvB eÜb msL¨v wbY©‡q gRvi †UKwbK:
wbqg †hŠM †gvU cigvYy wmMgv eÜb msL¨v
A¨vwj‡dwUK ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK bq Ggb †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, wmMgv eÜb = †gvU cigvYy - C2H4 6 6 − 1= 5
1| A_©vr †gvU cigvYy †_‡K 1 we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| C2H6 8 8−1=7
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î, wmMgv eÜb = †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v| A_©vr †gvU cigvYy C6H6 12 12
†_‡K 1 we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e bv| C H
7 8 15 15
cvB eÜb msL¨v- mivmwi g‡b ivL‡e GKwU wØe܇b GKwU cvB Ges GKwU wÎe܇b `yBwU cvB eÜb Av‡Q| †hgb- B_vB‡b (CH  CH) †gvU 2wU cvB eÜb Av‡Q|

TOPIC : 10 msKiY, AvK…wZ I eÜb†KvY

 GK bR‡i msKiY mg~n
msKiY msKi AiweUvj msL¨v eÜb †KvY AvK…wZ ‡UKwbK
sp 2 180 mij‰iwLK - [Col: MPS, RUMC]
sp2 3 120 mgZjxq wÎfyRvK…wZ wZ‡b-wÎ
sp3 4 109 28 PZz¯ÍjKxq Pv‡i-P
sp3d 5 90 w·KvYxq wØ-wcivwgWxq c-‡Z wcivwgW
sp3d2 6 79 AóZjKxq l- †Z lofyRxq
sp3d3 7 – c‡KvYxq wØ-wcivwgWxq –

 RwUj †hŠ‡Mi msKivqY, mwbœ‡ek msL¨v I AvK…wZ:

ms‡KZ mwbœ‡ek msL¨v msKivqY AvK…wZ cÖK…wZ
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 4 sp2d mgZjxq eM©vKvi Zwor we‡køl¨
K4[Fe(CN)6] 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
[Fe(H2O)6]Br2 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
[Ni(H2O)6]Cl2 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
K2[Ni(CN)4] 4 sp2d mgZjxq eM©vKvi Zwor we‡køl¨
Na2[Cu(Cl)5] 5 sp3d w·KvYxq wØ-wcivwgWxq Zwor we‡køl¨
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
K3[CoF6] 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
[Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3 6 sp3d2 AóZjKxq Zwor we‡køl¨
Ni(CO)4 4 sp3 PZz¯ÍjKxq Zwor Awe‡køl¨
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl 2 sp mij‰iwLK Zwor we‡køl¨
TOPIC : 11 AóKZË¡ I gy³‡Rvo B‡jKUªb msL¨v wbY©q
 AóKZË¡ : †Kvb cigvYyi †kl Kÿc‡_ AvUwU B‡jKUª‡bi †mU‡K AóK e‡j|
e = 8 AóKZË¡K gv‡b (AóKc~Y©)
e > 8 AóK m¤úªmviY AóK ZË¡ gv‡b bv
e < 8 AóK ms‡KvPb
m~Î t B‡jKUªb msL¨v = †K›`ªxq †gŠ‡ji †kl Kÿ c‡_i B‡jKUªb msL¨v + Aci †gŠ‡ji ‡hvRbx  Zvi cigvYyi msL¨v – (PvR©)
A_©vr en = V+ xn – (a)  Gevi D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki-
BF3 = 3+13 = 6 , PCl5 = 5+15 = 10 , XeF4 = 8+14 = 12
➢ Am¤ú~Y© AK‡UU: B‡j±ªb msL¨v Av‡Ui Kg| †hgb: IIIA I IIA †gŠj, IIA Gi BeCl2(2+12= 4), IIIA Gi AlCl3(3+13 = 6)
➢ AK‡UU cÖmviY: B‡j±ªb msL¨v Av‡Ui †ekx SF6(6 + 1  6 = 12), OF6, IF7, PCl5.
SF4 = 6+14 = 10, SF6 = 6+16 = 12, IF7 = 7+17 = 14,
SO2 = 6+22 = 10, SO3 = 6+23 = 12, XeF2 = 8+12 = 10, XeF6 = 8+16 = 14
➢ AK‡UU wbqg gv‡bbv : S, Xe Ges I Gi †hŠMmg~n| mÂviYkxj B‡jKUªb Av‡Q: †ebwRb I MÖvdvB‡U|
we‡kl fv‡e ¯§iYxq -m~Î ïay mg‡hvRx ‡hŠ‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨| AvqwbK †hŠ‡M mivmwi/kZ© QvovB AóK c~Y© _v‡K| †hgb -NaCl, MgCl2, CaO AóKc~Y©|
32 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

TOPIC : 12 Bond Order (B.O) I ‡PŠ¤^Kxq ag© m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

 weKí wbqg-kU©KvU †UKwbK :
eÜbxµg wbY©‡qi†ek K‡qKwU †UKwbK cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|†hgb-†e‡Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi †hvMdj‡K 2 w`‡q fvM Ki‡jI eÜbx µ‡gi gvb cvIqv hvq| Z‡e
me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ †UKwbKwU †Zvgv‡`i Rb¨ eivÏ Kiv n‡jv-
x (8 − a ) + y(8 − a ) + Ch arg e
Hossain’s law : B. O.=
2
GLv‡b, X =†hŠ‡Mi cÖ_g Dcv`vb, Y = ‡hŠ‡Mi wØZxq Dcv`vb, a = ‡kl Kÿc‡_i B‡jKUªb msL¨v|
Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki|
x (8 − a ) + y(8 − a ) + (0) N(8 − 5) + O(8 − 6) 3 + 2
 Ex-01: NO Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B. O.= = = = 2.5
2 2 2
x (8 − a ) + y(8 − a ) + (0) C(8 − 4) + O(8 − 6) 4 + 2
 Ex-02: CO Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B. O.= = = =3
2 2 2
x(8 − a ) + y(8 − a ) + (− 2) O(8 − 6) + O (8 − 6) − 2 2 + 0
 Ex-03: O 22− Gi eÜbxµg KZ?mgvavb : B. O.= = = =1
2 2 2
x(8 − a ) + y(8 − a ) + (+ 1) N (8 − 5) + O (8 − 6) + 1 3 + 3
 Ex-04: NO+ Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B. O.= = = =3
2 2 2
O(8 − 6) + O (8 − 6) + (+ 1) 2 + 3
 Ex-05: O2+ Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B.O.= = = 2.5
2 2
 Ex-06: F2 Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B.O.= F(8 − 7) + F (8 − 7) = 1
2
 Ex-07: H2 Gi eÜbxµg KZ? mgvavb : B.O.= H ( 2 − 1) + H (2 − 1)
= 1 [H Gi ‡ÿ‡Î 8 Gi cwie‡Z© 2]
2
 g‡b ivLvi †KŠkjt `ywU p AiweUv‡j †gvU 2, 6 ev 10wU B‡jKUªb _vK‡j Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK n‡e| wKš‘ `ywU p AiweUv‡j †gvU 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9wU B‡jKUªb _vK‡j
c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK n‡e|
‡hŠM ev †gŠj ev Avqb B‡jKUªb web¨vm P AiweUv‡j †gvU B‡jKUªb msL¨v g¨vM‡bwUK ˆewkó¨
N2 2 2
N(7) = 1s 2s 2p 3 `ywU p AiweUv‡j 6wU B‡j±ªb Av‡Q Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK
O2 O(8) = 1s22s22p4 p– B‡jKUªb msL¨v = 8wU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK
O2– O(8) = 1s22s22p4 GKwU B‡jKUªb †e‡o‡Q p– B‡j±ªb msL¨v = 9wU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK
2 2 3
N(7) = 1s 2s 2p
NO p– B‡jKUªb msL¨v = 7wU c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK
O(8) = 1s22s22p4
N(7) = 1s22s22p3
NO+ p– B‡jKUªb msL¨v = 6wU Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK
O(8) = 1s22s22p3

TOPIC : 13 wewfbœ cÖKvi ej, eÜb I wewea mgm¨v

 AvšÍtAvYweK AvKl©Y ej-
cÖKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ wK Kvi‡Y nq D`vniY
WvB‡cvj WvB‡cvj mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡M AwaK FYvZ¥K HCl, H2O, NH3, CHCl3, COCH3,
¯’vqx I A¯’vqx `yB cÖKvi WvB‡cvj Av‡Q
AvKl©Y ej †gŠ‡ji Kvi‡Y nq C6H5NO2
f¨vÛviIqvjm AvKl©Y GwU LyeB `ye©j cÖK…wZi ej hv M¨vmxq wbw®Œqt He, Ne, Ar ‡gŠwjK AYyt O2, H2, N2,
AYyi AvKv‡ii Kvi‡Y cv_©K¨ nq
ej Zij, KwVb me©‡ÿ‡ÎB nq CO2
HF, H2O, NH3, C6H5COOH, CH3COOH,
†dbj (C6H5OH)
AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K I †QvU
H- eÜb ¯’vqx WvB‡cvj Øviv Ave× _v‡K| A_© bvB‡Uªv‡dbj (C6H4(NO2) (OH)
AvKv‡ii cigvYy
A_© -nvBWªw· †ebRvjwWnvBW C6H4(OH)CHO,
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW
we¯ÍviY ej Aci bvg Avweó WvB‡cvj AvKl©Y ej AYy ev cigvYy‡Z e †g‡Ni ÿwYK ‡hgbt I2 Gi cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’v|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 33

weK…wZi Kvi‡Y nq

TOPIC : 14 ms‡KZ mg~n (‡gŠ‡ji A·vBW, A‰Re I RwUj‡hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY)

 A¤øxq A·vBW (Acidic Oxide)t CO2, SO2, SO3, NO2, N2O5, P2O5, B2O3, SiO2, Cl2O7 BZ¨vw`| [NCTB gwgbyj m¨vi, Col: BGC]
 ¶viKxq A·vBW (Basic Oxide)t Na2O, K2O, V2O3, CuO, FeO, CaO, MgO BZ¨vw`|
Dfqag©x A·vBW (Amphoteric Oxide)
Kvjøy gvgv Rv‡b Zzwg ‡M‡j ‡mvbv cve Avwg
Cr2O3 MnO2 ZnO TeO2 Ga2O3 SnO2 PbO2 Al2O3, As2O3
wbi‡c¶ ev cÖkg A·vBW (Natural Oxide)
nvB Kvbv bvB bvbv
H2O CO NO N2O [Col: BNC]
 cvi-A·vBW (Peroxide)t
a) ¶vixq cvi A·vBW: Na2O2, BaO2, CaO2 BZ¨vw`| b) A¤øxq cvi A·vBW: CrO4, S2O7, Cl2O7, SnO3, ClO2
c) cÖkg cvi A·vBW: H2O2
cwj-A·vBW (Polyoxide)t PbO2, MnO2 BZ¨vw`| mve-A·vBW (Suboxide)t Pb2O, C2O
hyM¥ ev wgkª A·vBW (Compound or Mixed Oxide)t Fe3O4(FeO+Fe2O3), N2O4, Pb3O4(PbO+PbO2),
Mn3O4(MnO+MnO2) BZ¨vw`|
 mycvi A·vBW (Super oxide): KO2 , RbO2
A·vBW N Gi RviY msL¨v A·vB‡Wi ag©
N2O(g) +1 wbi‡c¶ eY©nxb M¨vm, ùzUbv¼ nj-88.5C
NO(g) +2 wbi‡c¶ eY©nxb M¨vm, ùzUbv¼ nj- 151.8C
N2O3(g) +3 A¤øag©x M¨vm, -30C G bxj e‡Y©i Zij| HNO2 Gi A¨vb&nvBWªvBW| [Col: SPGC]
NO2(g) +4 A¤øagx© ev`vwg M¨vm| HNO2 I HNO3 Gi wgkª A¨vb&nvBWªvBW|
N2O5(g) +5 eY©nxb KwVb c`v_©, HNO3 Gi A¨vb&nvBWªvBW|
 avZe A·vBW I AavZe A·vB†Wi cÖK…wZ wbY©q :
(i) avZe A·vBW mg~n cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q ¶vixq `ªeY m„wó K‡i, Z‡e MÖæc I- Gi †gŠj mg~n Zxeª ¶vi m„wó K‡i| MÖæc I Gi †gŠjmg~‡ni ¶vixq ZxeªZvi
µg| LiOH<NaOH<KOH<RbOH<CsOH
(ii) AavZe A·vBW mg~n cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q GwmW m„wó K‡i, Z‡e ‡h A·vB‡Wi RviY gvb hZ †ekx, †m A·vBW ZZ†ekx kw³kvjx GwmW m„wó K‡i|
†hgbt SO2, SO3, Cl2O7, Cl2O3 Gi RviY gvb h_vµ‡gt +2, +6, +7, +3 GLv‡b m‡e©v”P RviY gvb Cl2O7 G ZvB GwU me‡P‡q kw³kvjx GwmW|

Practice Part A. Ar B. Na + C. Al 3+ D. Cl-

09. B‡j±ªb Avmw³ n‡”Q-
01. [Co(NH3)4(H2O)2]Cl3 RwUj †hŠMwUi Ae¯’všÍi avZzwUi mwbœ‡ek msL¨vwU A. †Kvb abvZ¥K Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb cÖwZ Avmw³
KZ? B. M¨vmxq wbi‡cÿ cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb hy³ Kivi d‡j wbM©Z kw³
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 2 C. †Kvb AYyi B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³
02. wb‡gœi †Kvb AvqbwU eY©nxb †hŠM MVb K‡i? D. †Kvb cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ Avmw³
A. Ti3+ B. Cu+ C. Cr3+ D. Fe2+ 10. A¨vjKvwj avZzmg~‡ni AvKvi Gi µg n‡”Q?
03. †KvbwU wbi‡c¶ A·vBW? A. Li < Na < K< Rb < Cs B. CS < Rb < K < Na < Li
A. NO B. Na2O C. Na< Li < K < Rb < Cs D. K<Na <Li <Cs < Rb
C. CO2 D. SO2 11. GKwU s AiweUvj Ges GKwU p AiweUv‡ji nvBweªWvB‡Rkb n‡j Avgiv cvB-
04. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq †KvbwU Zij Ae¯’vq _v‡K? A. Two mutually perpendicular orbitals
A. I2 B. Hg C . H2 D . N2 B. Two orbitals at 180
05. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU me‡P‡q Kg ZvcgvÎvq we‡qvwRZ n‡e? C. Four orbitals directed tetrahedrally
A. Na2CO3 B. K2CO3 C. MgCO3 D. BaCO3 D. Three orbitals in a plane
06. wbgœwjwLZ †Kvb †gŠjØq wcwiqwWK †Uwe‡ji GKB wcwiqWfy³? 12. [Ag(NH3)2]Cl ‡hŠMwU‡Z wK ai‡Yi eÜb Av‡Q?
A. Na, K B. O, S C. Ar, K D. Cu, Zn A.AvqwbK B. mg‡hvRx
07. ‡Rb‡bi GKwUgvÎ Aw·‡d¬vivBW †KvbwU? C. mwbœ‡ek I AvqwbK D. AvqwbK, mg‡hvRx I mwbœ‡ek
A. XeOF2 B. XeOF3 13. WvB‡µv‡gU wØ-A¨vbvq‡b eÜb mg~‡ni cÖK…wZ n‡jvÑ
C. XeOF4 D. XeOF6
A. PviwU mgZzj¨ Cr-O eÜb
08. wb‡gœi †KvbwU †_‡K GKwU B‡jKUªb Acmvi‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk kw³ cÖ‡qvRb?
34 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
B. QqwU mgZzj¨ Cr-O eÜb I GKwU O-O eÜb cÖ_g KviY n‡jv dmdiv‡mi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv (2.1) Gi †P‡q
C. QqwU mgZzj¨ Cr-O eÜb I GKwU Cr-Cr eÜb bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Zwor-FYvZ¥KZv (3.0) †ewk: AwaK Zwor
D. QqwU mgZzj¨ Cr- O eÜb I GKwU Cr- O -Cr eÜb FYvZ¥KZvi Kvi‡Y P−H Gi e܇bi Zzjbvq N−H Gi e܇bi
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK Zvcxq we‡qvRb µg? B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ N cigvYyi w`‡K AwaK AvK…ó nq|
A. BaCO3<SrCO3<CaCO3<MgCO3<BeCO3 (ii) wØZxq KviY n‡jv dmdiv‡mi cvigvYweK e¨vmva© (0.11 nm) Gi
B. BeCO3> MgCO3>CaCO3>SrCO3>BaCO3 Zzjbvq bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK e¨vmva© (0.075 nm) †QvU nIqv|
C. BaCO3>SrCO3>CaCO3>MgCO3>BeCO3 dmdiv‡mi cigvYyi Zzjbvq N cigvYyi AvKvi †QvU nIqvq D³ eÜb
D. MgCO3>CaCO3>SrCO3>BeCO3>BaCO3 B‡jKUªb †gN I wbtm½ B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni wbU NbZ¡ N cigvYy‡Z
15. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq? Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk _v‡K| dmwd‡bi †P‡q A¨v‡gvwbqv ZxeªZi ÿvi|
A. AgCl B. CaCO3 C. (NH4)2CO3 D. CaSO4 Av`ª© we‡kølYKv‡j cÖ_‡g UªvBn¨vjvBW AYy cvwbi AYyi mv‡_ GKwU
OMR SHEET bZzb mwbœ‡ek eÜb MVb K‡i| ZLb MÖæc 15 Gi †gŠj A_ev mswkøó
n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy-G `ywUi †Kv‡bv GKwU‡Z duvKv d AiweUvj _vKv
01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D cÖ‡qvRb| D‡jøL¨, NF3 Gi N cigvYy A_ev F cigvYyi †Kv‡bv
19
02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D GKwU‡ZI d AiweUvj bv _vKvq NF3 Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq bv|
03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D Aciw`‡K NCl3 Gi N cigvYyi wØZxq kw³¯Í‡i d AiweUvj bv
04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D _vK‡jI Cl Gi Z…Zxq kw³¯Í‡i duvKv d AiweUvj eZ©gvb _vKvq
05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D NCl3 cvwb‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq|
20 d3sp3 nvBweªWvB‡Rkb|
16. (a) wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠMmg~n‡K AvqwbK a‡g©i wb¤œZi µgvbymv‡i mvRvI-
Na Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm: Na(11) → 1s22s22p63s1
17. wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI †h, wmMgv () eÜb s-s A_ev s-p A_ev p-p
Na MwVZ nq Na Gi GKwU B‡jKUªb Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g| G‡ÿ‡Î M¨vmxq
+
AiweUv‡ji Awaµg‡Yi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq wKš‘ pi() eÜb ïaygvÎ p-p
Ae¯’vq Na Gi GK †gvj wew”Qbœ cigvYy †_‡K GKwU K‡i e− mwi‡q
AiweUvj Awaµg‡Yi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq|
M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq wew”Qbœ GK †gvj abvZ¥K Avq‡b (Na+) cwiYZ Ki‡Z
18. PH3 A‡cÿv NH3 AwaK ÿviag© cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kb?
21 †h cwigvY kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv Na Gi 1g AvqbxqKiY kw³,
20. [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 †hŠMwU‡Z wK ai‡bi nvBweªWvB‡Rkb nq?
Na(g) → Na+ (g) + e−; E; = + 496 kJmol−1 Na++ MVb Ki‡Z
21. Na+ MwVZ n‡jI Na++ MwVZ nq bv †Kb?
¯’vqx AóK B‡jKUªb web¨vm fvO‡Z nq Ges hvi d‡j cÖPzi kw³i
22. msKi AiweUvj AwaK w¯’wZkxj †Kb? cÖ‡qvRb| GZ kw³ †hvMv‡bv KwVb weavq Na+ MwVZ n‡jI Na++ MwVZ
23. "Oil of vitriol" is-
nq bv|
24. nvB‡cvdmdivm Gwm‡Wi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv-
beMwVZ mgZzj AiweUvj¸‡jv‡K msKi AiweUvj ejv nq| msKi
25. †Kvb e܇bi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †Kvb c`v_© Zij nq?[SUST. 2008-09]
AiweUv‡ji cÖK…wZ Ges w`K Giƒc AiweUvj MVbKvix cvigvYweK
ANSWER ANALYSIS 22 AiweUvj¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ Ges msL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| msKi
AiweUv‡ji kw³ †h mKj AiweUvj †_‡K G‡`i m„wó Zvi †P‡q Kg|
01.C 02.B 03.A 04.B 05.C ZvB msKi AiweUvj AwaK †ewk w¯’wZkxj|
MCQ

06.D 07.C 08.C 09.B 10.A

ms‡KZ bvg
11.B 12.D 13.D 14.B 15.C
16 NaF, NaI, NaBr, NaCl HNO3 A¨v‡Kvqv diwUm ev kw³kvjx cvwb
23 H SO ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i ivRv ev Oil of vitriol
‡`Lv hv‡”Q, G me †ÿ‡Î mvgbv-mvgwb AwaµgY N‡U‡Q| ZvB wmMgv 2 4

() eÜb MwVZ n‡q‡Q| HCI wgD‡iwUK GwmW

G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU p AiweUvj cvkvcvwk Awaµg‡Yi gva¨‡g  eÜb MVb H 3PO4 A‡_© vdmdwiK GwmW
Ki‡Q| s-AiweUv‡ji AwfgyL bv _vKvq s AiweUvj KLbI  eÜb dmwdwbK ev nvB‡cvdmdivm GwmW →H3PO2
MVb K‡i bv| 24 dm‡dvwbK ev A‡_©v dmdivm GwmW → H3PO3
17 A‡_©Awaµg‡Yi
s-AiweUvj memgq wmMgv eÜb MVb K‡i| ZvB cvB () eÜb ïaygvÎ p-p AiweUvj GwmW →
v dmdwiK gva¨‡g MwVZHnq|
3PO3
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi ¸iæZ¡- 1. D”P MjbvsK I ùzUbvsK, 2. D”P
25 mv›`ªZv I c„ôUvb, 3. D”P myß ev¯úxfeb Zvc I myß Mjb Zvc, 4.
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxqZv, 5. c`v_© Zij wn‡m‡e AvPiY Kiv|

18 PH3 A‡cÿv NH3 AwaK ÿviag© cÖ`k©b K‡i| Gi `ywU KviY i‡q‡QÑ
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 35

1g cÎ ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b
Aa¨vq-04 CHEMICAL CHANGE

TOPIC : 01 ivmvqwbK wewµqv I wMÖb †Kwgw÷ª

 wMÖb †Kwgw÷ª-
• cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a 1991 mv‡j hy³iv‡óª wg. cj A¨vbvmZvm Ges Iqvb©vi wMÖY †Kwgw÷i cÖ¯Íve K‡ib|
• wMÖb †Kwgw÷i cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj ÿwZKi I weZwK©Z ivmvqwbK `ª‡e¨i weKí e¨envi|
• wMÖb †Kwgw÷i bxwZ 12wU| 1991 mv‡j cvDj wU. A¨vbvmZvm (Paul T. Anastas) Ges Rb wm. Iqvb©vi (John C. Warner) meyR imvq‡bi 12wU
bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡ib| bxwZgvjvmg~n‡K ÔSzuwK n«vmKiY Õ I cwi‡ekMZ `~lY mxwgZKiYÕ bvgK `ywU †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|

• wMÖb †Kwgw÷ª mnvqK bxwZ wZbwU| h_vÑ 1, eR©¨ c`v_© †ivaKiY 2. m‡ev©Ëg GUg BKb¨vwg 3. b~¨bZg SzuwKi c×wZ e¨envi |
• wMÖb †Kwgw÷ªi †ÿ‡Î wZbwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨-
(K) mycvi wµwUK¨vj Kve©b WvB A·vBW (L) Rjxq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvi A·vBW (M) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
• wMÖb `ªveK wn‡m‡e CO2 e¨en„Z nq |
• wMÖb †Kwgw÷ªi Ab¨Zg bxwZ GUg BKb¨vwg n‡jv Kvw•ÿZ Drcv‡` wewµq‡Ki m‡e©v”P cwigvY cigvYy AšÍf~©³ Kiv| †Kvb wewµqvi % GUg
BKb¨vwg (%AE ) †K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq|
KvwÿZ Drcv‡`i †gvU †gvj  ms‡KZ fi  100
%AE =
me wewµq‡Ki †gvj msL¨vmn ms‡KZ f‡ii mgwó

TOPIC : 02 ivmvqwbK wewµqvi wbqvgK

 wewµqvq Mo MwZ ev ZvrÿwYK MwZ wbY©qt
 GKK mg‡q GKwU wewµqvi wewµqKmg~‡ni NbgvÎv KZUzKz n«vm cvq ev Drcbœ c`v‡_©i NbgvÎv KZUzKz e„w× cvq Zv‡K A_©vr NbgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K H
wewµqvi MwZi nvi ev MwZ‡eM e‡j|
MvwYwZKfv‡e welqwU‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvqÑ
g‡b Kwi, t1 mg‡q GKwU wewµqvi wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv C1 Ges t2 mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm †c‡q C2 nq|
 (t2 – t1) mg‡q wewµqvwU‡Z wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm cvq = C2 – C1 ev dt mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm cvq = – dC (∵ C1 > C2)|
dC
AZGe, GKK mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎv n«vm cvq = – dt
36 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
Dc‡i cÖ`Ë msÁvbymv‡i GKwU wewµqvi GKK mg‡q wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi n«v‡mi cwigvY‡K H wewµqvi nvi e‡j|
dx
Abyiƒcfv‡e t1 mg‡q Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i NbgvÎv‡K x1 Ges t2 mg‡q Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i NbgvÎv‡K x2 aiv n‡j wewµqvi nvi = dt
dx
(†h‡nZz mg‡qi mv‡_ Drcbœ `ª‡e¨i NbgvÎv e„w× cvq, x2 > x1| A_©vr G †ÿ‡Î dt Gi gvb abvZ¥K|)
 ‡UKwbKt Drcv‡`i †ÿ‡Î + wPý, wewµq‡Ki †ÿ‡Î - wPý Ges †gvj msL¨v fMœvsk AvKv‡i hv‡e
awi, GKwU wewµqv, 2A+3B ⇋ 3C + 2D
Mo MwZt ν = − 1 ΔA  = − 1 ΔB = + 1 ΔC = + 1 ΔD
2 Δt 3 Δt 3 Δt 2 Δt
Mo MwZ I ZvrÿwYK MwZI GKB, ïaygvÎ  Gi cwie‡Z© d em‡e|
dA  1 dB dC dD
 ZvrÿwYK MwZ, ν = − 2 dt = − 3 dt = + 3 dt = + 2 dt
1 1 1

Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki-

MODE EXAMPLE-01: 2A + 2B ⎯ ⎯→ 2C + 2D wewµqvi ZvrÿwYK MwZi Rb¨ mwVK ivwkgvjvwU wPwýZ Ki|
d A  1d D d A  d C 1d D
A. + B. + C. − D. + mwVK DËi: B. +
dt 2dt dt dt 2dt
d[C] 1 d[D] 1 d[A] 1 d[B]
Solve: 2A + 2B → 2C + 2D mgxKi‡Yi Rb¨, V = + =+ =− =−
2dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt
 wewµqvi nvi ev MwZ‡eMt
dC dx NbgvÎv
 wewµqvi nv‡ii GKK t wewµqvi nvi = – dt = dt = mgq = mol L-1time-1 / mol L-1s-1/ mol L-1min-1 / mol L-1h-1/ mol L-1yr-1
 wewµqvi nv‡ii Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix wbqvgK mg~n t Lye mnRfv‡e GKev‡K¨ g‡b ivL‡e-
weKv‡ji cÖK…wZ‡Z Zv‡ci Pv‡c Nb c„‡ôi ‡ÿÎdj A‡bK Av‡jvwKZ
01. wewµq‡Ki cÖK…wZ 02. ZvcgvÎv 03. Pvc 04. NbgvÎv 05. c„ôZ‡ji †ÿÎdj 06. AbyNUK 07. Av‡jvK
 GK bR‡i cÖfveK ev AbyNU‡Ki bvbv Z_¨ :
†kªYxwefvM KvR D`vniY
abvZ¥K AbyNUK wewµqvi MwZ e„w× K‡i Pt (NH3), V2O5 (MnO2), Cu, Fe, Al2O3
FYvZ¥K AbyNUK wewµqvi MwZ n«vm K‡i H3PO4 (H2O2), ROH (CHCl3 + O2), CO, Urea
¯^qswµq AbyNUK ¯^-cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Mn ++
Avweó cÖfveK Av‡ek cÖwµqvq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Na2SO3
cÖfveK wel AbyNU‡Ki Kvh©ÿgZv Kwg‡q †`q As2 O3
cÖfveK DÏxcK AbyNU‡Ki ÿgZv evwo‡q †`q Fe (Al2O3+K2O) Fe(K2O+Cr2O3)
 mwµqY kw³ :
mwµqY kw³ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ mwµqY kw³ m¤úwK©Z ‡jLwPÎ
Zv‡cvrcv`x Zvcnvix

wewµqvi mwµqY kw³ wewµqvi nv‡ii e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ex Ea=Ex-EA Ex Ea=Ex-EA

wewµqK‡K Drcv‡` cwiYZ n‡Z n‡j b~¨bZg kw³i evav AwZµg
Ki‡Z nq| GB b~¨bZg kw³‡K e‡j mwµqY kw³ (Ea)| Ea Ea
EA EA
Zv‡cvrcv`x ev Zvcnvix wewµqvi Gi †ÿ‡Î- H=Ep-Er wewµqK Drcv`
H H
H = + ve= Zvcnvix wewµqv; H = –ve= Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqv Drcv` wewµq
K

 wewµqvi µg I AvYweKZ¡ wbY©q :

Type-01: AvYweKZ¡ : cixÿvjä †KŠkj Abymv‡i †Kvb wewµqvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cÖviw¤¢K av‡c wewµq‡Ki hZwU †gvj (MÖvg-AYy, cigvYy ev Avqb) AskMÖnY
K‡i Zv‡K wewµqvwUi AvYweKZ¡ e‡j| †hgb- N2O5 = N2O4 + [O] (2N2O5 → 2N2O4 + O2 bq)
G wewµqvwU GKwU GK AvYweK wewµqv| Abyiƒcfv‡e, †h wewµqvi cÖv_wgK av‡c wewµqK c`v‡_©i `yB †gvj-AYy AskMÖnY K‡i Zv‡K wØ-AvYweK wewµqv e‡j|
†hgb- 2HI = H2 + I2
Type-02: wewµqvi µg : wewµqvi MwZ‡eM ev nvi H wewµqvq AskMÖnYKvix wewµq‡Ki †h me NbgvÎv c‡`i mgvbycvwZK, Zv‡`i Nv‡Zi mgwó‡K D³
dC
wewµqvi µg ejv nq| A_©vr – dt = k × Cn †hLv‡b n = µg; wewµqvi µg c~Y© msL¨v, fMœvsk GgbwK k~b¨ gv‡biI n‡Z cv‡i| µg g~jZ 3 cÖKvi- K) ïb¨
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 37
µg wewµqv, L) cÖ_g µg wewµqv, M) wØZxq µg wewµqv| †Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvi µg 2q µ‡gi ‡ekx n‡j Zv‡K D”PZi µ‡gi wewµqv e‡j| D`vniY :
2NO + H2 → N2 + H2O
 wewµqvi µg wbY©q-
➢ STEP-01: wewµqvi †eM aªæe‡Ki GKK I µg wewµqvi Aa©Rxeb †_‡K :
†eM aªæe‡Ki †h †Kvb wewµqvi Aa©vqy
µg †eM aªæe‡Ki gvb (mgxKiY mv‡c‡¶) Rate equn HALF LIFE
GKK
†ei Kivi gRvi m~Î : t = 1

x a 2

0 ‡eM /[A] [B] mol L S-1 -1

K= t1 =
2k a1–x
t 2
0.693 [GLv‡b x = wewµqvi µg,
1 a
1 ‡eM /[A]1 [B] A_ev †eM/[A] [B]1 (time) -1 K = 1n t1 = a = wewµq‡Ki Avw`
t a−x 2 K NbgvÎv]
1 x 1
2 ‡eM /[A]1 [B]1 L mol-1 S-1 K= t1 =
t a (a − x) 2 Ka
MODEL EXAMPLE-01. ‡Kvb wewµqvi †eM aªæeK K Gi GKK hw` (time )
-1
nq- Z‡e wewµqvwUi µg n‡e|
A.cÖ_g µg B.Z…Zxq µg C.wØZxq µg D.k~b¨ µg mwVK DËi: A.cÖ_g µg
MODEL EXAMPLE-02. A + B ⎯
⎯→ Drcv`, wewµqvi †eM K[A] [B]| †eM aªæe‡Ki GKK Kx?
-1 3 -1
A . mol dm s B. mol-2dm6s -1 C. mol2dm-6s-1 D. s
-1
mwVK DËi: A. mol-1dm3s -1
➢ STEP- 02:wewµqvi mgxKiY ev †jL wPÎ †_‡K-
k~b¨ µg wewµqv 2q µg wewµqv
MvwYwZK mgxKiY ‡jLwPÎ MvwYwZK mgxKiY ‡jLwPÎ
x = kt hvnv
y = mx Gi Abyiƒc x x 1
i. kt =  = kt x
x→

(a – x)
a(a − x) a(a − x) a(a − x)

hvnv, y = mx Gi Abyiƒc
t→ 1 1 1
t→ t→
ii. Avevi, – = kt  = kt +
(a – x) a (a – x)
1 Graph-i Graph-ii
a
hvnv, y = mx + c Gi Abyiƒc
1g µg wewµqv
MvwYwZK mgxKiY I ‡jLwPÎ MvwYwZK mgxKiY I ‡jLwPÎ MvwYwZK mgxKiY ‡jLwPÎ
01.kt= 02. A0
03. ln = Kt A_ev ln A0
Ao Ao dA
ln  ln = Kt − = KA; A n‡jv t A
ev, ln a
A A dt  lnA0-lnA = Kt  lnA0 = Kt + lnA
hvnv Y=mx Gi Abyiƒc mg‡q wewµq‡Ki †gvjvi hvnv, y = mx + c Gi Abyiƒc
t→
NbgvÎv hvnv Y=mx Gi A_ev, ln A0 = kt  lnA – lnA = kt
0
Aby−iƒc| A
dA
ln
Ao
dt
 –lnA = kt – lnA0  lnA = – kt + lnA0 ln A
A  y = – mx + c ev, ln (a – x)
lnA=-kt+lnA0 ev, lnA+kt=lnA0
A hvnv, y = –mx + c Gi Abyiƒc t
tt
MODEL EXAMPLE. A→P cÖ_g µ‡gi wewµqvi †¶‡Î wb‡gœi †Kvb †jLvqb Øviv GKwU g~jwe›`yMvgx mij †iLv cvIqv hv‡e-
d A  d A  d A 
A. [A] vs t C. log [A] vs t C. − vst D. − vs A mwVK DËi: D. − vs A
dt dt dt

➢ STEP-03:wewµqvi D`vniY †_‡K-

38 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

Zero Order 1st Order 2nd Order

(i) M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq Zv‡ci d‡j N2O5 Gi we‡qvRb GKwU i. 2NO2 → 2NO+O2
uv
(i) H2 + Cl2 –––→ 2HCl cÖ_g µ‡gi wewµqv| ii. 2N2O → 2NO+N2
Mo/W (ii) DËß Ki‡j mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb we‡qvwRZ n‡q †cÖvcvBwjb iii. 2HI → H2+I2
(ii) 2PH3 –––→ 2P + 3H2
MVb K‡i| GwU GKwU cÖ_g µ‡gi wewµqv| iv. 2O3 → 3O2
(iii) A¨vwm‡Uv‡bi mv‡_ Br2 (iii) mKj †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji we‡qvRb cÖ_g µ‡gi wewµqv| v. 2C6H5CHO → C6H5CH(OH)COC6H5
ms‡hvRb,GwU Br2 Gi mv‡c‡¶ (iv) Rjxq `ªe‡Y A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡Uª‡Ui we‡qvRb| vi. H2+C2H4 → C2H6
k~Y¨µg wewµqv| (v) 2H2O2 = 2H2O + O2
(iv) ‡Mvì Gi Dci Hl Gi we‡qvRb|
wUcm:kZ© D‡jøL _vK‡e wUcm: (v) e¨ZxZ evgcv‡k †gvj msL¨v GK n‡e| wUcm: evgcv‡k †gvj msL¨v `yB n‡e|
‡UKwbKt k~b¨µg Ges QÙ GK AvYweK wewµqv e¨ZxZ †h‡Kvb wewµqvi evg cv‡k †gvj msL¨v hZ wewµqvi µgI ZZ|
†hgbt H2+C2H4 → C2H6 wewµqvwUi evg cv‡k¦© †gvj msL¨v 2 ZvB wewµqvi µgI 2|
(CH3CO)2O+C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5+H2O wewµqvwUi µg 1 KviY GwU GKwU QÙ 1 AvYweK wewµqv|
gRvi welq n‡”Q, `ywU wewµqK wewkó †h‡Kvb wewµqvq cvwb _vK‡jB Zv mvaviYZ QÙ 1 AvYweK wewµqv n‡e|
MODEL EXAMPLE. CH3COOC2H5+H2O⇋CH3COOH+C2H5OH wewµqv GKwU-

A. k~Y¨ µg wewµqv B. cÖ_g µg wewµqv C. QÙ cÖ_g wewµqv D. wØZxq µg wewµqv mwVK DËi: C. QÙ cÖ_g wewµqv

TOPIC-03 MvwYwZK cÖ‡qvM-1

–c x
 wewµqvi Mo MwZ‡eM msµvšÍ mgm¨v :  m~Ît wewµqvi nvi ev, Mo MwZ‡eM, =
t t
Prob-01t B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU G÷vi‡K jNy Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`ª© we‡køwlZ Ki‡j 1.0 N›Uv mg‡qi ci H G÷v‡ii NbgvÎv 1.0mol L–1 †_‡K n«vm †c‡q
0.5mol L–1 nq| G mg‡qi e¨eav‡b wewµqvwUi Mo MwZ‡eM wbY©q Ki|[wm. †ev. 03; Kz. †ev. 03; iv. †ev. 05; e. †ev. 10, 07]
− c − (− 0.5)
Solve: wewµqvi Mo MwZ‡eM= = = 1.39  10 − 4 mol L−1s −1 GLv‡b, c = (0.5–1.0) = –0.5mol L–1, t = 1hr = 3600s
t 3600 s
 wewµqvi Mo MwZ ev ZvrÿwYK MwZ wbY©q m¤úwKZ© mgm¨v : aA + bB → mM + nN
1 A 1 B 1 M 1 N 1 dA 1 dB 1 dM 1 dN
wewµqvi nvi = − =− =+ =+ ; ZvrÿwYK MwZ = − =− =+ =+
a t b t m t n t a dt b dt m dt n dt
Prob –01t N2O5 Gi we‡qvR‡bi mgxKiY: 2N2O5 ⇋ 4NO2 + O2 G wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î hw` wewµqv ïiæ nIqvi 2 wgwbU 15 †m‡K‡Û NO2 Gi NbgvÎv
5.2510–2mol.L–1 e„w× cvq| Z‡e wewµqvi nvi wbY©q Ki|
1 NO 2  1 5.25  10 −2
Solve: m~Îvbymv‡i, wewµqvi nvi =  =  = 9.722  10 −5 mol L−1s −1
4 t 4 135
 wewµqvi nvi aªæeK ev MwZaªæeK m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v :
Prob –01t 0.20 mol dm-3 NbgvÎvi GKwU `ªe‡Y wewµqvi cÖviw¤¢K MwZ 3.010-4 mol dm-3 s-1 n‡j wewµqvwUi MwZ aªæeK KZ?
dC 3.010–4mol/dm3/s dC
Solve: wewµqvi cÖviw¤¢K MwZ − = kC 0 ev, k = 3 = 1.510-3s-1 GLv‡b, C0 = 0.20 mol dm-3; − = 3.0  10 −4 mol dm−3 s −1 ; k =?
dt 0.2mol/dm dt

 Avi‡nwbqv‡mi mgxKiY ev mwµqY kw³ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vt

1
Prob–01t wewfbœ ZvcgvÎvq 2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g)+O2(g) wewµqvwUi nvi aªæeK wbY©q Kiv nj| cÖvß djvdj Abyhvqx lnk ebvg ‡jLwPÎ Aw¼Z Kivq
T
†hme †iLv cvIqv †Mj Zvi Xvj –1.0  104K wewµqvwUi mwµqY kw³ wbY©q Ki|
Ea
Solve: Xvj = Ñ
R
 Ea = – R  Xvj = – 8.314  (–1.0104) = 8.314  104kJ mol–1

TOPIC-04 GKgyLx I DfgyLx wewµqv

 wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DfgyLx wewµqv t
i) H2(g) +I2(g) ⇋ 2 HI(g) ii) NH4Cl(s) ⇋ NH3(g)+ HCl(g)
iii) CuSO4. 5H2O(s) ⇋ CuSO4(s)+5H2O(g) iv) CH3COOH(l) + C2H5OH(l) ⇋ CH3COOC2 H5 (l) + H2O(l)
v) CaCO3(s) ⇋ CaO(s)+ CO2 (g) vi) 3Fe(s)+4H2O(g) ⇋ Fe3O4(s)+ 4H2(g)
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 39

vii) N2(g)+ 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g) viii) PCl5(g) ⇋ PCl3(g)+ Cl2(g)

ix) 2NO(g)+O2(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g) x) N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g)
xi) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2SO3(g) xii) COCl2(g) ⇋ CO(g)+Cl2(g)

TOPIC-05 ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v

 mvg¨ve¯’vi msÁv, kZ©, ‰ewkó¨:wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †fŠZ Ae¯’v mgvb| mvg¨ve¯’v ïay DfgyLx wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i|
✓ ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi cÖavb PviwU kZ©t (i) mv‡g¨i ¯’vwqZ¡ (ii) Dfq w`K †_‡K myMg¨Zv (iii) wewµqvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv (iv) cÖfve‡Ki f~wgKvnxbZv|
✓ ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi ‰ewkó¨t
• `ªe‡Yi m¤ú„³ Ae¯’vq N‡U| • Dfq wewµqvi MwZi nvi mgvb _v‡K|
• mv‡g¨i ¯’vwqZ¡| • ïaygvÎ DfgyLx wewµqvi Rb¨ cª‡hvR¨|
• Zvc, Pvc NbgvÎv BZ¨vw`i cwieZ©b Qvov mvg¨ve¯’v wVK _v‡K| • ‡h‡Kvb w`K †_‡K wewµqv n‡Z cv‡i|
• Close system G n‡Z n‡e| • cÖfve‡Ki †Kvb cÖfve †bB|
• KLbI wewµqv m¤ú~b© nq bv| • mgmË¡, AmgmË¡, AvqwbK wewfbœ Ae¯’vq n‡Z cv‡i|
✓ ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vi cÖKvi‡f`t • mgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’vt wewµqK I Drcv` GKB `kvq _v‡K| †hgb- H2(g) + I2(g) ⇋ 2HI(g)
• AmgmË¡ mvg¨ve¯’vt wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †fŠZ Ae¯’v wfbœ&| CaCO3(S) ⇋ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
GQvovI Av‡Q, AvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’v- NH4OH(aq) ⇋ NH 4+ (aq) +OH– (aq)
 Dynamic Equillibrium: †ZRw¯Œq AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci gva¨‡g ivmvqwbK mvg¨ve¯’vq MwZkxjZvi cÖgvY wg‡j

TOPIC-06 fiwµqv m~Î I mvg¨vsK ev mvg¨aªæeK msµvšÍ Z_¨vejx

 Kp I KC Gi Zzjbv t
†UKwbK D`vniY n
 n = 0 n‡j Kp=KC [HSTUB 17-18] H2+I2 ⇋ 2HI n = 2-2=0
n = +ve n‡j KP>KC [RU 10-11] 2SO3 ⇋ 2SO2+O2 n = (2+1)-2=1
n = –ve n‡j Kp<KC N2+3H2⇋ NH3 n = 2-(1+3)=-2
 mvg¨aªæeK Kp I Kc Gi ˆewkó¨t
 mvg¨aªæe‡Ki gvb ZvcgvÎvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
 mvg¨aªæe‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wewµqvi e¨vwß m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| wewµqvi MwZ m¤^‡Ü aviYv cvIqv hvq bv|
 mvg¨aªæe‡Ki e„nr gvb Øviv eySvq mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqv wgkª‡Y AwaKvsk wewµqK Drcv‡` cwiYZ nq|
 mvg¨aªye‡Ki ÿz`ª gvb Øviv eySvq mvg¨ve¯’vq wewµqv wgkª‡Y Dcw¯’Z c`v‡_©i †ewki fvMB wewµqK|
 mvg¨aªæe‡Ki gvb AbyNUK Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
 ‡Kvb DfgyLx wewµqv‡K wecixZfv‡e †jL‡j Zvi mvg¨aªye‡Ki gvb c~‡e©i mvg¨aªye‡Ki gv‡bi Dëv nq|
 ‡Kvb ivmvqwbK mgxKiY‡K †Kvb msL¨v Øviv ¸Y ev fvM Ki‡j mvg¨aªye‡Ki msL¨vMZ gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq|
 mvg¨aªæeK ïay DfgyLx wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|

TOPIC-07 jv-kv‡Zjx‡q bxwZ m¤cwK©Z Z_¨vejx

 ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mvg¨aªye‡Ki cwieZ©b
wewµqv H ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©b mvg¨aªæeK wewKªqK Drcv`
Zv‡cvrcv`x FYvZ¡K n«vm †c‡j e„w× cv‡e n«vm cv‡e e„w× cv‡e
e„w× †c‡j n«vm cv‡e e„w× cv‡e n«vm cv‡e
Zvcnvix abvZ¡K e„w× ‡c‡j e„w× cv‡e n«vm cv‡e e„w× cv‡e
n«vm †c‡j n«vm cv‡e e„w× cv‡e n«vm cv‡e
40 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 Drcv`‡b NbgvÎvi cÖfve:

cwieZ©b cÖfve djvdj D`vniY
1) mvg¨ wgkª‡Y wewµqK ms‡hvM mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb Wvbw`‡K m‡i Drcv`b e„w× ¯úk© cªYvjx‡Z H2SO4 Drcv`b nq
hvq
2) mvg¨ wgkªY †_‡K Drcv` AcmviY mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb Wvbw`‡K Drcv`b e„w× ‡nevi c×wZ‡Z NH3 Drcv‡`imgq NH3 AcmviY
¯’vbvšÍi
3) wewµqv¯’‡j Drcbœ `ªe¨ ms‡hvM mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb ev‡g ¯’vbvšÍi Drcv`b n«vm ‡nevi c×wZ‡Z NH3 Drcv‡`imgq evwni n‡Z NH3 mieivn
4) mvg¨ wgkªY †_‡K wewµqK mv‡g¨i Ae¯’vb evgw`‡K m‡i Drcv`b n«vm HNO3 Drcv‡`i Ach©vß NO ev O2 mieivn
AcmviY hvq
 Pv‡ci cÖfvet `ªe‡Y ev KwVb Ae¯’vq wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î Pv‡ci cÖfve †bB|
wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †gvj msL¨v mgvb n‡jI Pv‡ci †Kvb cÖfve †bB| ‡hgb- H 2 + I 2 ⇋ 2HI
GLv‡b, wewµq‡Ki †gvU †gvjmsL¨v 2 Ges Drcv‡`i †gvU †gvj msL¨v 2| ZvB Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M mvg¨ve¯’vi †Kvb cwieZ©b n‡e bv| A_©vr Pv‡ci cÖfve k~b¨|
• N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3
1 + 3 ⇋ 2
GLv‡b, wewµq‡Ki †gvU †gvj msL¨v 4 Ges Drcv‡`i †gvU †gvj msL¨v 2| ZvB Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mvg¨ve¯’v ‡ekx Pvc †_‡K Kg Pv‡ci w`‡K A_©vr evg †_‡K
Wv‡b hv‡e| Drcv‡`i cwigvY evo‡e| Avi Pvc nªvm Ki‡j Drcv‡`i cwigvY Kg‡e|
mvaviY wbqgt Pvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j cÖK…wZi wbq‡g (‡ewk †_‡K K‡gi w`‡K) mvg¨ve¯’v ev‡g ev Wv‡b hv‡e|
 wbw®Œq c`v_© ms‡hvMt ‡gvj msL¨v wfbœZvi KviY wbw¯Œq M¨vm ms‡hv‡M mvg¨ve¯’vi cwieZ©b nq|

TOPIC-08 MvwYwZK cÖ‡qvM-2

 mivmwi gyL¯’ ivLv fvj Ñ
mgvavbt K C = SO3 2 (0.33)2 = 3.7 L/mol (Ans)
mgxKiY Kp =
2
SO2  O2  (0.27 )2  0.4
2

PCl5 ⇋PCl3+Cl2 KP = .P
1 − 2 ITEM–04 Kp msµvšÍ mgm¨v (% _vK‡j) [JSTU-C 16-17; KUET 14-15]
4 2 D`vniYt 25°C ZvcgvÎvq 5.0 atm Pv‡c N2O4 Gi 18.5% we‡qvwRZ nq|
N2O4 ⇋ 2NO2 Kp = .P
1 − 2 D³ ZvcgvÎvq KP Gi gvb KZ?
4 2 4  (0.185) 2  = 18.5%
2HI ⇋ H2+I2 2
KP = KP =  P =  5.0 = 0.708 atm = 0.185
4(1 −  )2 1− 2 1 − (0.185 )
2
P = 5.0 atm

ITEM–01 mwµq fi ev †gvjvi NbgvÎv m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v ITEM–05 KP msµvšÍ mgm¨v (% bv _vK‡j)
D`vniYt 0.5 dm3 AvqZ‡bi GKwU `ªeY 15.0g A¨vwmwUK GwmW Ges 8.0g D`vniYt 50°C DòZvq N2O4 we‡hvR‡bi KP Gi gvb 3.11 atm| mvg¨wgkª‡Y
wg_vbj aviY K‡i| `ªeYwU‡Z e¯‘ `ywUi mwµq fi MYbv Ki? NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc 0.45 atm n‡j N2O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc KZ?
mgvavbt mwµq f‡ii Rb¨ NbgvÎv †ei Ki‡jB Pj‡e KviY GLv‡b Pv‡ci D‡jøL mgvavbt N2O4 ⇋ 2NO2 GLv‡b, KP = 3.11 atm
†bB| 2
P NO2 NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc,
P2NO2
CH3COOH Gi NbgvÎv m = 15.0g K P =
PN2O4
PN2O4 =
KP PNO2 = 0.45 atm
15
S = n = m / M = 60 = 0.5M
M CH3COOH = 60 (0.45)2 = 0.065 atm N2O4 Gi AvswkK Pvc, PN 2O4
V V 0.5 V = 0.5 dm 3 =
3.11 = 0.065 atm =?
wg_vb‡ji NbgvÎvI 0.5M
ITEM–02 we‡qvRb gvÎv () m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v ITEM–06 Kp I Kc msµvšÍ mgm¨v (% bv _vK‡j)
D`vniYt 45°C G N2O4 Gi we‡qvR‡bi mvg¨vsK D`vniYt 25°C ZvcgvÎvq mvg¨ve¯’vq N2O4 Ges NO2 Gi AvswkK Pvc
mgvavbt KP = 0.664, †gvU Pvc P = 10 atm n‡j we‡qvRb gvÎv KZ? h_vµ‡g 0.75 I 0.25atm| N2O4 Gi we‡qvR‡bi KP I KC wbY©q Ki|
1 KP KP = 0.664, mgvavb: N2O4 ⇋ 2NO2
= 1 0.6664
2 P
=
2 10
= 0.128 = 12.88% P = 10 atm
KP =
(P )
NO2
2

=
(0.25 )2 = 8.33  10 − 2 atm
= 0.1288 = 12.88% PN 2O4 0.75
ITEM–03 Kc msµvšÍ mgm¨v [JSTU-C 17-18; JSTU-B 16-17]
KP = KC (RT)n KC =
KP 8.33  10 −2
D`vniYt 2SO2 +O2 ⇋ 2SO3 wewµqvwU‡Z mvg¨ve¯’vq 0.27 mol/L SO2, =
0.4 mol/L O2 Ges 0.33mol/L SO3 cvIqv †Mj| wewµqvwUi mvg¨aªæeK KZ? (RT )n (298  0.082 )
= 3.410–3 mol L–1 (Ans)
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 41

ITEM–07 Kp I Kc msµvšÍ mgm¨v (% _vK‡j) ITEM–08 Kp I Kc Gi AbycvZ msµvšÍ mgm¨v

D`vniYt 333C ZvcgvÎvq HI 35% we‡qvwRZ nq& KP I KC wbY©q Ki| D`vniYt 300K ZvcgvÎvq wb‡gœv³ wewµqvi Kp I Kc Gi AbycvZ KZ?
mgvavbt 2HI ⇋ H2 + I2 GB wewµqvi Rb¨ N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3
 2
(0.35) 2 mgvavbt Avgiv Rvwb, KP= KC (RT)∆n  n=2-4 = -2
Kp = = = 0.0725 ev, K P = ( RT ) n = (RT)-2 = (0.82300)-2 = 1.6510-5
4(1 −  ) 2
4(1 − 0.35) 2 KC
GLv‡b wewµqK I Drcv‡`i †gvj msL¨v mgvb|
ZvB Kp = Kc = 0.0725

TOPIC-09 cvwbi AvqwbK ¸Ydj, we‡qvRb gvÎv, jNyKiY m~Î I we‡qvRb aªæeK
 A‡¤øi ev GwmW Gi ZxeªZvi µg:
KviY Gwm‡Wi ZxeªZvi µg D`vniY
01. we‡qvRb aªæe‡Ki gvb e„w× e„w× Ka (CH3COOH) = 1.8  10 ,Ka (H2SO4) = 103  H2SO4>CH3COOH
−3

02. ‡K›`ªxq cigvYyi RviY msL¨v e„w× +7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +1

e„w× (Aw· GwmW) HClO4 > H2SO4 > HNO3 > H2SO3 > HNO2 > HClO
+7 +7 +7
H C lO4  H B rO4  H I O4
04. ‡K›`ªxq cigvYyi AvKvi †QvU P cigvYyi AvKvi > N cigvYyi AvKvi- +5 +5
(hLb RviY gvb GKB) e„w×  HNO3 > H3PO4
03. FYvÍK Avq‡bi AvKvi e„w× e„w× (nvBWªvwmW)HI > HBr > HCl
05. A‰Re > ˆRe GwmW e„w× HNO3 > HCOOH
06. ˆRe Gwm‡W †K¬vwi‡bi msL¨v e„w× i. CH2ClCOOH<Cl2CHCOOH<CCl3COOH
e„w× But, HCOOH>CH3COOH>CH3CH2COOH
07. `ªve‡Ki ÿviKZv e„w× e„w× cvwb‡Z A¨vwmwUK GwmW `ye©j GwmW wKš‘ A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªe‡Y GwU kw³kvjx GwmW
‡h mKj A¤ø Rjxq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c (90-100%) we‡qvwRZ _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K Zxeª A¤ø ejv nq|

TOPIC-10 je‡Yi Av`ª© we‡kølY I evdvi `ªeY I pH

 je‡Yi Av`ª© we‡kølY :
• ‡h me jeY `ye©j ÿvi I mej A¤ø †_‡K Drcbœ Zv‡`i Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j `ªeYwU GwmWxq ev K¨vUvqwbK n‡e| A_©vr pH <7.0 n‡e|
†hgb- NH4Cl, NH4NO3, CuSO4, ZnCl2, AgNO3, AlCl3 BZ¨vw`|
• ‡h me jeY mej ÿvi I `ye©j A¤ø †_‡K ˆZix Zv‡`i Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j `ªeYwU ÿvixq ev A¨vbvqwbK n‡e| A_©vr pH > 7.0 n‡e|
†hgb- Na2CO3, Na2S, K2CO3, KCN, CH3COONa BZ¨vw`|
• AwaKvsk jeY †hgb- NaCl, KCl, NaNO3, KNO3 cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z n‡q wbi‡cÿ `ªeY ˆZix K‡i A_©vr Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq bv| A_©vr pH = 7.0 n‡e|
• GKwU wbw`©ó Zwor FYvZ¥K c`v‡_©i mv‡_ hy³ Ab¨vb¨ c`v_© ev g~j‡Ki Dci D³ †hŠ‡Mi ÿvixqZv wbf©i K‡i| mshy³ g~jKwU hZ †ewk Zwor FYvZ¥K n‡e
D³ †hŠ‡Mi ÿvixqZv ZZ †ewk n‡e|
• ÿv‡ii ZxeªZv Bnvi K¨vUvq‡bi AvKvi Ges Avav‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| AvKvi µgk e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡j ZxeªZv I †ewk n‡Z _v‡K|
`ªe‡Yi pH `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ `ªe‡Yi pH `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ
pH = 0–2 Zxeª A¤øxq pH = 7.01–10 g„`y ÿvixq
pH = 2–4 ga¨g A¤øxq pH = 10–12 ga¨g ÿvixq
pH = 4–6.99 g„`y A¤øxq pH = 12–14 Zxeª ÿvixq
pH = 7 cÖkg ev¯Í‡e pH 0 ev 14 nqbv
42 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 pH Gi ¸iæZ¡ :
†ÿÎ pH e¨envi ev ¸iæZ¡
gvwUi pH cÖfve KiYxq
PH < 3 ev AwaK A¤øxq MvQcvjv g‡i hvq ev PH evov‡Z; CaO W‡jvgvBU (CaCO3.MgCO3), (NH4)2CO3 [Ca+Mg(‡hŠM)]
Drcv`b nq bv mvi
pH > 9.5 ev AwaK ÿvixq AYyRxe gy³ nq ev pH Kgv‡Z; bvB‡UªU mvi
K…wl †ÿÎ
De©iZv bó nq (KNO3, NH4NO3), dm‡dU mvi TSP [Ca(H2PO4)2], K¨vjwmqvg mycvi dm‡dU
[Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O]; 2(CaSO4.2H2O),
WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU Ñ (DAP) [(NH4)2 HPO4]
pH 7–8 dmj fvj nq pH 7–8 ivLv Riæwi|
gvby‡li i³ i‡³i pH 7.4 (mxgv 6.8–7.8) gvÎ 0.5 cwiewZ©Z n‡j Rxeb wecbœ nq| †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv, pH 6.8 Gi Kg n‡j welqwU‡K A¨vwm‡Wvwmm
Ges pH 7.8 Gi †ewk n‡j A¨vjKvwjwmm e‡j|
imvq‡bi †ÿÎ ¸iæZ¡ ev Kvh©Kix pH mxgv
cvwb wkí pH 6.8–7.2 (†hgbÑ AvB.wf. (IV) m¨vjvB‡b pH 7.3–7.5) Ges ‡Kvgj cvwb I †mvWv IqvUvi pH 7.4–7.8
imvqb wkí g„r wkí pH 6.0–6.5
Pvgov wkí KuvPv Pvgovi U¨vwbs Gi pH 3.5–4.5
KvMR wkí pH gvb‡K A¤øxq ÿvixq gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y
Uq‡jwUªR Dcv`vb Kvh©Ki pH
wkí gvZ… `y» : 6.6 – 6.9, cÖmªve : 4.8 – 7.5, ‡Pv‡Li cvwb: 4.8 – 7.5, k¨v¤úy: 5.0–5.5, EDTA: 10. mvevb 7.0 Gi AwaK
Uz_‡c‡÷i pH → 8; gy‡Li jvjvi pH → 6.35–6.68; wkïi †Kvgj Z¡‡Ki pH → 7–8 ; eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki Z¡‡Ki pH → 4.0 – 5.5
Jlya wkí cuvPK i‡mi pH 1.8–2.2

TOPIC-11 MvwYwZK cÖ‡qvM-3

 NbgvÎv †_‡K pH ev pOH wbY©q-
MODEL EXAMPLE: 0.0005 M Ca(OH)2 Gi pH KZ?
GENERAL RULES 3 in 1 SHORTCUT TIPS
0.0005 M Ca(OH)2 G [OH–] = 0.0005  2 = 0.001 `kwg‡Ki ci wZbwU AsK Av‡Q ZvB pOH n‡e 3|
pOH = –log [0.001] = 3 A_©vr pH = 11
A_©vr pH = 14 – 3 = 11
(a) 0.0001M NaOH `ªe‡Yi pOH KZ? mgvavbt S = 0.0001M = 10–4 M pOH = 4 (Anti Power)
‡UKwbKt 10 wfwËK m~P‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wecixZ cvIqviB n‡”Q pH ev pOH
mZK©Zv: g‡bv†cÖvwUK A¤ø ev ÿvi bv n‡j m~Î e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
(b) 0.01M Ba(OH)2 `ªe‡Yi pOH KZ? mgvavbt S = 0.01×2 = 0.02 [‡h‡nZz OH = 2 wU]  pOH = - log (0.02) = 1.69

 Power †_‡K pOH wbY©q-

MODEL EXAMPLE-03: 10–3 M H2SO4 Gi pH KZ? Solve : [H+] = 2  10–3  pH  2.698  2.7
a) 10 M HNO3 `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? mgvavbt g‡b ivL‡e, wecixZ wPý hy³ cvIqviB mivmwi DËi| Dc‡ii cvIqvi – 3 myZivs pH = 3
-3

➢ `„wó cÖLit G¸‡jv Aek¨B g‡bv †cÖvwUK A¤ø ev ÿv‡ii †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨|
 % †_‡K pH wbY©q-
%  10 2.5  10
(a) 2.5% NaOH `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? ‡UKwbKt [OH–] = = = 0.625 M  pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – {- log(0.625)} = 13.796
M 40
1
(b) wgwj †gvjvi bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi pH KZ? wgwj †gvjvi = M = 10 −3 †UKwbKt pH = 3 (wecixZ wPý hy³ power)
1000
Abyiƒcfv‡e, †Wwm †gvjvi `ªe‡Yi pH = 1, †mw›U †gvjvi `ªe‡Yi pH = 2 g‡bv †cÖvwUK Gwm‡Wi †ÿ‡Î
 Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki :
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi AvqwbKiY aªæe‡Ki gvb 1.75 10 −5 | GKwU 1 M Gwm‡Wi we‡qvR‡bi cwigvY kZKiv 5 fvM n‡j Zvi
pH Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
Solution- pH= − log[c] = - log [ 1.75  10 −5  1 ] = 4.76
MODEL EXAMPLE-02: 0.01 †gvjvi NH4OH `ªe‡Yi pH KZ?[Kb = 1.810-5]? [BSMRSTU-H 16-17; DU 13-14]
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 43

Solution-pH= 14+ log ( ) ( )

K b  C =14+ log 1.8 10 −5  0.01 = 10.63
†R‡b ivLv fv‡jv : pH wbY©‡qi Kgb m~Î, pH = – log [H+] = – log[C] = –log Ka.C
 pH ev pOH †_‡K NbgvÎv wbY©q-
gyj m~Ît pH ev pOH ‡`Iqv _vK‡j mivmwi -i) [H+] = 10–pH ; ii) [OH-] = 10–pOH
Gevi D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki-
–pH –7
a) †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pH = 7.0 n‡j Dnvi H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv KZ? mgvavbt [H ] = 10 = 10
+

b) cvK¯’jxi cvuPK i‡m pH Gi gvb 1.4 n‡j H i‡m H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv KZ? mgvavbt [H+] = 10–pH = 10–1.4 = 0.0398M
c) gvby‡li agbxi i‡³ pH = 7.4 n‡j H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎv KZ? mgvavbt [H+] = 10–pH = 10–7.4 = 3.98×10–8 M
d) hw` †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pOH = 3.5 nq Z‡e `ªe‡Yi NbgvÎv KZ? mgvavbt [OH-] = 10–pOH = 10–3.5 = 3.16×10–4 M
 NbgvÎv †_‡K GwmW ev ÿv‡ii cwigvY wbY©q-
MODEL EXAMPLE: HCl `ªe‡Yi pH = 2, H `ªe‡Y HCl Gi cwigvY gL–1 G †ei Ki?
mgvavbt HCl Gi cwigvY = NbgvÎv  Avt fi W = S M = 10–2  36.5 = 0.365gL–1 (Here, S=10–pH =10–2, M=36.5)
 pH/pOH Gi cwieZ©b †_‡K NbgvÎv wbY©q :
(a) hw` †Kvb `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 2 †_‡K 5 G cwieZ©b nq Z‡e H+ Gi NbgvÎv KZ ¸Y Kg‡e?
H  = 10
+ a1 − a 2
= 102–5 = 10–3 (a1 = pH1 = 2 = cÖ_g gvb), (a2 = pH2 = 5 = wØZxq gvb)
Ans: 1000 times Power = -ve n‡j NbgvÎv K‡g ; Power = +ve n‡j NbgvÎv ev‡o

(b) mgy‡`ªi GKwU bgybv cvwbi pH cwigvc K‡i pH cvIqv †Mj 8.0 wKš‘ weï× cvwb wgwkªZ Ki‡j pH nj 5.0 G‡Z H+ Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi wK cwieZ©b
nj?
 
mgvavbt H+ = 10a1 −a 2 = 108-5 = 103 (a1 = pH1 = cÖ_g gvb), (a2 = pH2 = wØZxq gvb)
‡h‡nZz Power = +ve ZvB NbgvÎv 103 ¸Y evo‡e|
c) GKwU mvevb `ªe‡Yi pOH gvb 4.0 mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ NbgvÎv cwiewZ©Z nq| 10 wg. ci cvIqv †Mj 7.0| G‡Z (OH– ) Avq‡bi NbgvÎvi wK cwieZb© nj|
mgvavbt [OH–] = 10 a1−a2 = 104–7 = 10–3  NbgvÎv 1000 ¸Y Kg‡e KviY Power FYvZ¥K|
 n¨vÛvimb-†n‡mjevL mgxKiY m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v
 n Salt   n Salt 
evdvi m~‡Îi wewfbœ iæct pH = pKa + log  Salt  .............. (i), = pKa + log  V  = pKa + log   ............... (ii)
 Acid   
 n Acid   n Acid 
 V 
   
= pKa + log  (VS ) Salt  ...........(iii), = pKa+ log  (VS ) PS − (VS ) ns  .... (iv)
 (VS ) Acid   (VS ) PA − (VS ) nA 
VbSb
(v) Acid / Base ‡ÿ‡Î- pH = pKa + log [m~ÎwU jeY D‡jøL bv _vK‡j mivmwi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e|]
Va Sa − VbSb

 Gevi we‡kølYx `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ Ki :

MODEL EXAMPLE: 10 ml 0.1 M B_v‡bvwqK GwmW (pKa = 4.76) `ªe‡Y 4 ml 0.1 M NaOH `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Drcbœ `ªe‡Yi pH gvb KZ n‡e?
VbSb 4  0.1
mgvavbt pH = pKa + log = 4.76 + log = 4.58
VaSa − VbSb 10  0.1 − 4  0.1
 we‡qvRb aªæeK m¤ú©wKZ mgm¨v-
MODEL EXAMPLE: NH3 Gi KbRy‡MU A¤ø (NH4+) Gi Ka = 5.810–10 n‡j NH3 Gi Kb Gi gvb KZ? [CUET 14-15]
10 −14
mgvavbt Ka  Kb = 10–14 ev, Kb = −10
= 1.7210–5 mol/L
5.8  10
 pH/pOH iƒcvšÍi msµvšÍ mgm¨v :
a) GKwU `ªe‡Yi pH 7.0| pOH KZ n‡e? mgvavb: pH + pOH = 14  pOH = 14 – 7 = 7.0
b) GKwU ÿvi `ªe‡Yi pOH 6.0 n‡j H `ªe‡Yi pH †¯‹‡j pH KZ n‡e? mgvavb: pH = 14.0 – 6.0 = 8.0
44 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 we‡qvRb aªæeK †_‡K NbgvÎv wbY©q:

MODEL EXAMPLE: 20° †m. ZvcgvÎvq A¨vwmwUK GwmW 4% AvqwbZ nq| A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi NbgvÎv KZ? (Ka = 2.6610–5)
Ka −5
mgvavbt Ka = 2C ev, C = = 2.66  10 = 0.016M
 2
(0.04) 2

 jeY I Gwm‡Wi AbycvZ msµvšÍ mgm¨v :

†UKwbK: m~Î-1t jeY t GwmW = 10pH – pKa:1 m~Î-2t GwmW je‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î = 10pKa – pH:1
MODEL EXAMPLE-01: pH = 5 wewkó GKwU evdvi `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z B_v‡bvwqK GwmW I †mvwWqvg B_v‡bv‡qU wK AYycv‡Z wgwkªZ Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wbY©q
Ki| †`Iqv Av‡Q pKa = 4.8
mgvavbt GwmW:je‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î = 10pKa – pH : 1= 104.8-5 : 1 = 0.63 : 1 GwmW t jeY = 0.63 : 1
 `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ I NbgvÎv msµvšÍ mgm¨v :
MODEL EXAMPLE: 30 cm3 0.12 M `ªe‡Y 15 cm3 0.11 M H2SO4 †hvM Ki‡j `ªeYwUi cÖK…wZ Ges NbgvÎv wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: Gai‡Yi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ `ªe‡Yi Zzj¨ msL¨v me©`v 1 ai‡e Ges GwmW I ÿv‡ii cÖK…wZ‡K B”QvgZ abvZ¥K ev FYvZ¥K a‡i hw` abvZ¥K ev
FYvZ¥K gvb cvIqv hvq Z‡e GwmW ev ÿvi n‡e|
awi, mvjwdDwiK GwmW FYvZ¥K Ges NaOH abvZ¥K VSe = V1S1e1 +V2S2e2
(30+15)S1= (-) 300.122 + 150.111 = -0.123 `ªe‡Yi cÖK…wZ FYvZ¥K Avi GwmW‡K aiv n‡qwQj FYvZ¥K Kv‡RB `ªeYwU GwmWxq n‡e Ges
NbgvÎv n‡e 0.123|

TOPIC-12 wewµqv Zvc, Gb_vjwc I Zvc imvq‡bi m~Î

 GK bR‡i mgxKiY †_‡K Gb_vjwc-
Gb_vjwc cwieZ©b cÖK…wZ mgxKiY/ D`vniY/ Z_¨
1| DaŸ©cvZb Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix K(s)→K(g); H = + 90KJ
0

K) Kve©‡bi DaŸ©cvZb Gb_vjwc n‡”Q + 717.02 kJ ; L) Av‡qvwW‡bi DaŸ©cvZb Gb_vjwc +

62.39 kJ
2| j¨vwUm Gb_vjwc Zv‡cvrcv`x K+(g)+Cl–(g) →K+Cl–(s); H0 = -760 KJ ;KCl Gi Gb_vjwc - 780KJmol–1
3| cigvYyKiY Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix 1/2O2(g)→O(g); H0 = + 250KJ
4| ev®úxKiY Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix H2O(l)→H2O(vap); H0 = + 41KJ; †ebwR‡bi ev®úxfeb Gb_vjwc nj + 31.37 kJ
5| AvqbxKiY Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix Na(g)→Na+(g)+e–; H0 = + 494KJ
6| B‡jKUªb Avmw³ Zv‡cvrcv`x Cl(g)+e–→Cl–(g); H0 = -348KJ
7| MVb Gb_vjwc Zv‡cvrcv`x K) wn‡m‡ei mgq mg¯Í †gŠ‡ji Gb_vjwci gvb k~Y¨ n‡e|
L) wewµqv Gb_vjwc †_‡K †hŠ‡Mi MVb Gb_vjwc wn‡me Kiv hvq|
M) Dcv`vb †gŠ‡ji cÖZ¨ÿ ms‡hv‡M ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e|
N) Drcbœ †hŠ‡Mi cwigvY memgq 1 †gvj n‡e|
8 | `ªeY Gb_vjwc Zv‡cvrcv`x K) 200 - 400 †gvj `ªve‡K 1 †gvj `ªe `ªexf~Z K‡i †h `ªeY cÖ¯‘Z nq Zv‡Z Av‡iv `ªveK †hvM
Ki‡jI `ªe‡Yi Zvcxq Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nq bv|
L) mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi `ªeY Zvc – 84.52 kJ
9 | eÜb Gb_vjwc ev eÜb kw³ Zvcnvix K) eÜb Gb_vjwc n‡”Q eÜb fv½vi cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³| L) eÜb Gb_vjwci mvnv‡h¨ wewµqvi
Gb_vjwc wbY©q Kiv hvq| M) cvwbi AYyi eÜb Gb_vjwc -285.85 KJ
10| Mjb Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix cvwbi Mjb Gb_vjwc + 6KJmol–1
11| we‡qvRb Gb_vjwc Zvcnvix cvwbi we‡qvRb Gb_vjwc +285.85KJmol–1
‡R‡b ivLv fvj: Nbxfeb Gb_vjwc (Zv‡cvrcv`x)
 Zvc imvq‡bi m~Î mg~nt
†nm-Gi aªæe Zvc mgwóKiY m~Î :
1840 wLªóv‡ã wR.GBP. †nm cÖKvk K‡ib †h, Ò†Kvb wewµqvq wewµqK Ges Drcv` hw` w¯’i _v‡K Z‡e wewµqvwU GK av‡c NUzK ev GKvwaK av‡c NUzK bv
†Kb, †gvU Zvckw³i cwieZ©b me©`v mgvb n‡e|Ó A_©vr GKwU wewµqvi Zv‡ci cwieZ©b †Kej wewµqvi cÖv_wgK Ae¯’v Ges P~ovšÍ Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 45

wewµqvi c×wZ ev c‡_i Dci wbf©i K‡i bv (wVK †hb Af¨šÍixY kw³i gZ)| KviY, Avgiv Rvwb w¯’i Pv‡c GKwU wewµqvi kw³i iƒcvšÍi H = HP – HR
(HP = Drcv‡`i †gvU Gb_vjwc Ges HR = wewµq‡Ki †gvU Gb_vjwc)|
†h‡nZz c`v‡_©i Gb_vjwc †KejgvÎ Zvi MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i ZvB †Kvb wewµqvq II
Drcv` Ges wewµqK hw` w¯’i _v‡K Z‡e H wewµqvq kw³i iƒcvšÍi me©`v mgvb n‡e| C(s) + 2S(s) CS2(l)
D`vniY : Kve©b I mvjdvi mivmwi Aw·‡R‡b cy‡o Kve©b WvBA·vBW (CO2) I mvjdvi
WvBA·vBW (SO2) M¨v‡m cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i (avc-1)| Aci w`‡K Kve©‡bi mv‡_ mvjdv‡ii
3O2 I III 3O2
wewµqvq Kve©b WvBmvjdvBW (CS2) Drcbœ nq (avc II Abymv‡i)| Avevi Zv cieZ©x‡Z
Aw·‡R‡b cy‡o Kve©b WvBA·vBW I mvjdvi WvBA·vB‡W cwiewZ©Z nq (avc III)| hw` avc-
I, avc II Ges avc III Gi Gb_vjwc cwieZ©b h_vµ‡g H1, H2 I H3 nq, Z‡e †n‡mi CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)
m~Îvbymv‡i, H1 = H2 + H3
➢ cª‡qvMt 1| wewµqvi Zvc wbY©q 2| kø_ wewµqvq Zvc cwieZ©b wbY©q 3| †Kjv‡mi j¨vwUm kw³ wbY©q
➢ j¨vfqwm‡q I j¨vcjv‡mi m~Ît 1780 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ j¨vfqwm‡q I j¨vcjv‡mi m~ÎwU wbgœiƒct Ò‡Kvb ivmvqwbK wewµqvq †h cwigvY Gb_vjwci cwieZ©b
N‡U H wewµqvwU wecixZ w`‡K msNwUZ n‡jI H GKB cwigvY Gb_vjwci cwieZ©b N‡U _v‡K, Z‡e wPý wecixZ nq|Ó
1  1
Cu(s)+ O2(g)→CuO(s); H = –157 kJmol–1  CuO(s) ⎯
⎯→ Cu(s)+ O2(g); H = +157 kJmol–1
2 2
G‡ÿ‡Î c~‡e©i wewµqvwU wecixZ w`‡K msNwUZ nIqvq +157kJ Zvckw³ †kvwlZ n‡q‡Q|
➢ kw³i wbZ¨Zvi m~Ît Aci bvg ZvcMwZwe`¨vi cÖ_g m~Î| kw³i aŸsm ev m„wó bvB| kw³ GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍwiZ nq gvÎ|
➢ f‡ii wbZ¨Zv m~Ît 1774 mv‡j divwm weÁvbx j¨vfqwm‡q G m~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| m~‡Îi wee„wZtÑ
 c`v_©‡K m„wó Kiv hvq bv ev aŸsmI Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K GK Ae¯’v n‡Z Ab¨ Ae¯’vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq gvÎ|
 †h‡Kv‡bv ivmvqwbK wewµqvq Drcbœ c`v_©mg~‡ni †gvU fi, wewµqK¸‡jvi ‡gvU f‡ii mgvb _v‡K|
• H = E + nRT • QP = QV + nRT • H = HP – HR

TOPIC-13 MvwYwZK cÖ‡qvM-4

ITEM-01 †n‡mi Zvc mgwóKiY m~Î t H = H1 + H2
Model Example: GK †gvj C ‡_‡K GK‡gvj CO2 ‰Zwi Ki‡j H0 nq - 394 kJ; Avevi GK †gvj CO ‡_‡K GK †gvj CO2 ‰Zwi Ki‡j H0 nq - 283
kJ. GK †gvj C ‡_‡K GK‡gvj CO ‰Zwi Ki‡j H0 n‡et
A. -111 kJ B. -121 kJ C. -131 kJ D. -100 kJ mwVK DËi: A. -111 kJ
H = H1 + H2 - 394 = - 283 + H2 H2 = - 111KJ

ITEM-02 m~Î t Q = ms

Model Example: 10 MÖvg cvwb 4° ‡mt †_‡K 14° ‡mt ZvcgvÎvq DbœxZ Ki‡Z KZ K¨vjwi Zvc cÖ‡qvRb?
A. 10 Calories B. 14 Calories C. 100 Calories D. 140 Calories mwVK DËi: C. 100 Calories
Q = ms = 0.01 4200  (14-4) [10 g = 0.01 kg] =420 J kg = 100 Cal [1 J = 4.2 Cal]
-1

ITEM-03 ΔH Gi gvb wbY©q

➢ Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î- wewµqvi Gb_vjwc ΔH = (Drcv‡`i Gb_vjwc - wewµq‡Ki Gb_vjwc)

➢ Zvcnvix wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î- wewµqvi Gb_vjwc ΔH = (wewµq‡Ki Gb_vjwc - Drcv‡`i Gb_vjwc)
Model Example: C2H6(g), CO2(g) Ges H2O(l) Gi cÖgvY msMVb Zvc h_vµ‡g – 88.28, – 393.71 Ges –285.85 kJ| C2H6(g) Gi cÖgvY `nb Zvc MYbv Ki|
0 0
cÖkœvbymv‡i, B‡_b (C2H6) Gi cÖgvY MVb Zvc, H f (C2H6) = – 88.28 kJ ; CO2 Gi cÖgvY MVb Zvc, H f (CO2) = – 393.71 kJ
0
H2O Gi cÖgvY MVb Zvc, H = – 285.85 kJ ; C2H6 Gi cÖgvY `nb Zvc, H =?
o
(H2O)
f
1
B‡_‡bi `nb wewµqv- C2H6(g) + 32 O2(g) = 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
1
G wewµqvi Rb¨- Ho = {2Hf(CO2) + 3Hf(H2O)} – Hf(C2H6) + 32 Hf(O2)}= {2 × (– 393.71) + 3 × (– 285.85)} – (– 88.28 + 0)
= – 787.42 – 857.55 + 88.28 = – 1556.69 kJ mol–1
ITEM-04 `nb Zv‡c Drcbœ e¯‘i cwigvY wbY©q
46 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
Drcbœ Zvc
➢ `nb Zv‡c Drcbœ e¯‘i cwigvY wbY©‡qi m~Î: `nb Zv‡c Drcbœ e¯‘i cwigvY = `nb Zvc  AvYweK fi|
Model Example: wg‡_‡bi `nb Gb_vjwc -890.3kJmol–1 n‡j 1500kJ Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z Kx cwigvY Aw·‡Rb wg‡_‡bi `n‡b cÖ‡qvRb n‡e?
wg‡_‡bi `nb wewµqvi Zvc ivmvqwbK mgxKiY wbgœiƒct CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H2O;
Drcbœ Zvc 1500
`nb Zv‡c Drcbœ e¯‘i cwigvY = `nb Zvc  AvYweK fi =  64 = 107.83g
890 .3
ITEM-05 `nb Zv‡c Drcbœ e¯‘i cwigvY wbY©q
`nb Zvc
➢ cÖwZ MÖvg e¯‘ †_‡K Drcbœ Zvc = AvYweK fi
Model Example. wg‡_b I B‡_‡bi `nb Zvc h_vµ‡g –758.8kJmol–1 I –1362.68kJmol–1 †KvbwU R¡vjvvwb wn‡m‡e †ekx Dc‡hvMx A_ev Drcbœ Zvc KZ?
wg‡_‡bi `nb Zvc 758 .8
GK MÖvg wg‡_b n‡Z Drcbœ Zvc = AvYweK fi = = 47.426kJ ; GK MÖvg B‡_b n‡Z Drcbœ Zvc = 1362 .68 = 45.42kJ
16 30
‡h‡nZz GK MÖvg B‡_b A‡cÿv wg‡_‡b †ekx Zvc Drcvw`Z nq| ZvB R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e wg‡_b †ek Dc‡hvMx|

ITEM-06 wewea mgm¨v-

Model Example: C (MÖvdvBU) + O2 (g) = CO2(g) wewµqvwUi Gb_vjwci cwieZ©b, H – Gi gvb?
A. -393.4 kJ mol-1 B. +390.4 kJ mol-1 C. +393. 4kJ mol-1 D. -390.4 kJ mol-1 mwVK DËi: A. -393.4 kJ mol-1
C (MÖvdvBU) + O2= CO2; H= - 393.4 KJ

B. D”P Pvc AwaK Drcv`‡bi AYyK~j

Practice Part C. †Kvb cÖfve‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb bvB
01. ‡KvbwU A+2B→P wewµqvwUi mwVK nvi-mgxKiY wb‡`©k K‡i? D. AwZwi³ evqy mieiv‡ni cÖ‡qvRb bvB
A. –d[A]/dt=k[A][B] B. –d[B]/dt=k[A][B]2 09. Pvc evov‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvwU cðvrw`‡K hv‡e?
C. d[P]/dt=k[P] 
D. d[P]/dt=k[A][B] A. N2O4(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g) B. N2(g)+3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mggË¡ cÖfveb? C. 2SO2(g)+O2 ⇌ 2SO3(g) D. 2HI(g) ⇌ H2(g)+I2(g)
A. H-COOH(g) ⎯⎯→ H2(g) +CO2(g)
Cu
10. †Kvb wewµqvq n Gi gvb 0.5| KZ wWMÖx ZvcgvÎvq wewµqvwUi Kp Ges Kc
B. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯⎯→ 2SO3(g) Gi gvb h_vµ‡g 32.5 I 2.5 n‡e hw` R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1K–1?
NO( g )

C. 2CO(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2CO2(g) A. 273K B. 388.26K

Pt
C. 934.26K D. 2058.46K
D. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2NH3(g)
Fe
11. 33ºC ZvcgvÎv I 2.55atm Pv‡c 16.50% PCl5 we‡qvwRZ nq| D³
03. Ziegler – Natta cÖfveK- ZvcgvÎvq kp Gi gvb KZ?
A. Ni B. V2O5 C. Pt D. TiCl3 & Al (C2H5)3 A. 7.13 × 10-2atm B. 7.48 × 10-2atm
04. GKwU Ave× cv‡Î nvB‡Wªv‡RbI Mvp †e¸wb e‡Y©i Av‡qvwWb wb‡gœi KZ C. 3.74 × 10-2atm D. 7.13 × 10-2atm
ZvcgvÎvq (0C) ‡i‡L w`‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡qvWvBW Drcbœ nq? 12. wb‡Pi †Kvb n¨v‡jvGwmW Gi A¤øZ¡ †ewk?
A. 450 B. 550 C. 350 D. 250 A. HF B. HI
05. mvg¨ve¯’vi ˆewkó¨ bq †KvbwU? C. HCl D. HBr
A. mv‡g¨i ¯’vwqZ¡ B. Dfq w`‡K myMg¨Zv 13. mgNb‡Z¡ †KvbwUi Ka Gi gvb m‡e©v”P?
C. wewµqvi nvi D. wewµqvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv A.CH3CH2COOH B.ClCH2COOH
06. †Kvb wewµqvi mvg¨ aªæeK Ges nvi aªæeK Df‡qB ‡h wbqvgK Øviv cÖfvweZ C. Cl3CCOOH D. Cl2CHCOOH
nq Zv n‡jv- 14. 0.1M CH3COOH `ªe‡Yi pH KZ? Ka=1.810−5
A. Catalyst only B. Temperature only A. 2.672 B. 2.772
C. Pressure only D.Temperature, Pressure and Catalyst C. 2.872 D. 2.972
07. wb‡gœi †Kvb wewµqvi Pvc e„w×i d‡j mvg¨ve¯’vq Drcv‡`i cwigvY e„w× 15. 25C ZvcgvÎvq A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi pKa nj 4.76 | 5.0 pH Gi evdvi
cvq? `ªeY †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU †_‡K wKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
A. H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇋ 2HBr (g) A. The ratio of sodium acetate and acetic acid is 1:1.738
B. 2NO2(g)+7H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g)+4H2O(g) B. The ratio of sodium acetate and acetic acid is 1:1
C. CO2(g) + C(S) ⇋ 2CO(g) C. The ratio of sodium acetate and acetic acid is 1.738:1
D. None of them
D. CaCO3(S) ⇋ CaO(S) + CO2(g)
08. †nevi-em c×wZ‡Z A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU mwVK? OMR SHEET
A. D”P ZvcgvÎv AwaK Drcv`‡bi AbyK~j
01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 47

02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D Drcv‡`i ‡gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j KC k~b¨ nq Ges
18
03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D wewµq‡Ki ‡gvjvi NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj k~b¨ n‡j KC Amxg nq|
04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D †h wewµqvi mwµqY kw³ †ewk Zvi MwZi nvi Kg n‡e| Avevi †h
05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D wewµqvi mwµqY kw³ Kg Zvi MwZi nvi †ewk n‡e| †Kbbv, mwµqY
16. (i) †jLwPÎ †_‡K mwµqY kw³ wbY©q Ki| (ii) H Gi gvb wbY©q Ki| kw³ †ewk n‡j GKwU AYyi c‡ÿ †m cwigvY kw³ msMÖn K‡i `ªæZ
19 wewµqv m¤úbœ Kiv KóKi n‡q c‡o| Aciw`‡K, mwµqY kw³ Kg
(iii) wewµqvwU Zv‡cvrcv`x bv Zvcnvix?
n‡j GKB mg‡q A‡bK †ewk msL¨K AYy cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³ m¤úbœ bv
n‡qI wewµqvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wewµqvi nviI †e‡o
hvq|
cÖK…Z mv‡g¨i cÖavb ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wewµqvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv| mvg¨vs‡Ki
gvb †_‡KB Zv Dcjwä Kiv hvq| wewµqv m¤ú~Y© n‡j mvg¨vs‡Ki gvb
20 k~b¨ ev Amxg n‡Zv| †h‡nZz, K P ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª †_‡K AwZ e„nr n‡Z
cv‡i wKšÍy k~b¨ ev Amxg nq bv; ZvB DfgyLx wewµqv KL‡bv mgvß
nq bv ejv hvq|
A¤ø-ÿviK cÖkgb wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb we‡kl Ae¯’vq hw` wewµqvi
m¤§yLeZ©x I cðvreZ©x MwZ mgvb nq, ZLb A¤ø ÿviK mvg¨ve¯’v m„wó
17. `ªæZ wewµqv I AwZgš’i wewµqv Kx?
18. Zxeª A¤ø ev ÿv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †Kvb mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó nq bv †Kb? nq| Zxeª A¤ø I ÿviK †h †Kvb NbgvÎvq `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y© AvqwbZ nq
21
19. mwµqY kw³ wewµqvi nvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i ― e¨vL¨v Ki| d‡j A-AvqwbZ A¤ø ev ÿvi‡Ki cwigvY cÖvq k~b¨ nq| A_v©r,
20. GKwU DfgyLx wewµqv KLbI mgvß nq bv ― e¨vL¨v Ki| cðvreZx© wewµqvi MwZ cÖvq k~b¨ nq| d‡j G‡ÿ‡Î mvg¨ve¯’vi m„wó
21. wewµqvi K c Gi gvb KLb k~b¨ nq? nq bv|
CuSO 4 cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq cÖ_‡g Avq‡b wef³ nq| c‡i
22. CuSO4 Gi Rjxq `ªeY A¤øag©x †Kb?
23. weï× cvwbi pH Gi gvb 7 †Kb? `ªe‡Y Cu + Avqb cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i `ªe‡Y nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb
22
24. Zv‡cvrcv`x wewµqvq me©`v  FYvZ¥K nq †Kb? e„w× K‡i| d‡j `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb 7 Gi †P‡q Kg nq, A_v©r
25. mKj Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ¶viK `ªe‡Yi cÖkgb Zv‡ci gvb w¯’i ‡Kb? CuSO 4 Gi `ªeYwU A¤øxq nq|
[H + ][OH − ] = 10−14 ev, [H+]=10−7=[OH−];
ANSWER ANALYSIS
23 GLb Dfqcv‡k − log wb‡j cvIqv hvq − log[H + ] = − log(10−7 )
01.D 02.B 03.D 04.A 05.C ev, pH=7A_v©r, weï× cvwbi pH = 7
MCQ

06.B 07.B 08.B 09.A 10.D †h `ªe‡Y mvgvb¨ cwigvY GwmW ev ÿvi †hvM Ki‡jI `ªe‡Yi pH
11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.C 24
Gi gvb w¯’i _v‡K Zv‡K evdvi `ªeY e‡j|
(i) mwµqY kw³, Ea = Ex – EA = m‡e©v”P kw³ − wewµq‡Ki
Aÿavivi kw³ =100-50=50 kJ (ii) H = Ep-Er = Drcv‡`i Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª ¶v‡ii cÖkgb Zvc me©`v aªæeK Ges Gi gvb
16 −57.3KJ ev −13.7 wK‡jvK¨vjwi| Gi KviY Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i ZË¡
Aÿavivi kw³ − wewµq‡Ki Aÿavivi kw³ =30-50=-20 kJ
Abymv‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ZË¡ Abymv‡i Zxeª GwmW I Zxeª
(iii) †h‡nZz H = –ve ZvB wewµqvwU Zv‡cvrcv`x| 25 ¶vi `ªe‡Y m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AvqwbZ nq Ges G‡`i wewµqvq Drcbœ jeYI
‡hme wewµqv¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ `ªæZ nv‡i msNwUZ nq Ges mvaviYZ 10–
16
–10–12 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ wewµqv¸‡jv m¤úbœ nq, †hme wewµqv‡K
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
AwZ`ªæZ wewµqv e‡j| †hgb: A¨vwmW-ÿvi cÖkgb wµqv: HCl + †hgb- HCl(aq) → H + (aq) + Cl − (aq)
NaOH → NaCl + H2O| Avevi, †hme wewµqvi MwZ GZB gš’i
17
†h, `xN©w`b A‡cÿv Ki‡jI AvcvZ`„wó‡Z ‡Kv‡bv wewµqv NU‡Q e‡j
†evSv hvq bv, †mme wewµqv‡K AwZ gš’i wewµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ
mvaviY DòZvq I Pv‡c AbyNU‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z H2 I O2 M¨vm
wgkªY‡K `xN©w`b †i‡L w`‡jI †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|
48 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

1g cÎ Kg©gyLx imvqb
Aa¨vq-05 VOCATIONAL CHEMISTRY

TOPIC-01 Lv`¨ wbivcËv I Lv`¨ Dcv`vb

 wbivcËvi †gŠwjK welq¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv-
‡gŠwjK welq Zvrch©c~Y© Z_¨
 Lv‡`¨i ch©vßZv m~hv©‡jvK
Dw™¢‡`i kK©iv Lv`¨ ˆZwii cÖwµqvÑ 6CO2+6H2O ⎯⎯⎯→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
†K¬v‡ivwdj
 Lv‡`¨i mnRjf¨Zv Lv`¨ †Kbvi mvg_¨© I MÖn‡Yi mvg_¨©|
 Lv‡`¨i mwVK e¨envi mwVK wbq‡g ivbœv Kiv, weï× cvwb mieivn Kiv, Lv`¨‡K kw³ I cywó‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii kvixwiK ÿgZv I cwiwgZ I mylg Lv`¨ MÖnY|
➢ ‡R‡b ivLv fvj: (i) WHO Lv`¨ wbivcËvi 5wU w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Q| h_v:
 `~lYgy³ Lv`¨  KvPv I ivbœv Kiv Lv`¨ c„_K ivLv  h_vh_ ivbœv  Lv`¨ msiÿY  wbivc` cvwb
* N, P I K Dw™¢‡`i †gŠwjK Dcv`vb|
 Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„wׇZ Lv`¨ wbivcËvi cÖavb kZ© :
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hy³ mvi BDwiqv (NH2)2 C = O, A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡UªU NH4NO3, A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU (NH4)2SO4 BZ¨vw`| Giv Dw™¢‡`i e„w×i mnvqK|
dmdivm hy³ mvi TSP ev K¨vjwmqvg WvB nvB‡Wªv‡Rb dm‡dU Ca(H2PO4)2; WvB A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU (DAP), (NH4)2HPO4 BZ¨vw`|
cUvwkqvg hy³ mvi wgD‡iU Ae cUvk KCl, cUvwkqvg bvB‡UªU KNO3 BZ¨vw`| Giv Dw™¢‡`i dzj dj avi‡Y mnvqK|
 wewfbœ wfUvwg‡bi bvg Drm I AfveRwbZ †ivM :
bvg ivmvqwbK bvg AfveRwbZ ‡ivM bvg ivmvqwbK bvg AfveRwbZ ‡ivM
A ‡iwUbj ivZKvbv B1 _vqvwgb CoU(16-17) ‡ewi ‡ewi
Fat D K¨vjwm‡dij wi‡KU Water B 2 wi‡evd¬ v wfb WvigvwUwUm (wRnŸvq cÖ`vn)
Soluble E  ‡Uv‡Kv‡dij gvsm †cwk‡Z Uvb Soluble B 6 wcwiW·j WvigvwUwUm
K wd‡jvKzB‡bvb i³¶iY B12 ‡dvwjK GwmW i³k~Y¨Zv
C A¨vmKiweK GwmW ¯‹vwf©

 Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj, msiÿ‡Ki e¨envi I Lv`¨ msiÿ‡Yi cÖwµqv

Aby‡gvw`Z ivmvqwbK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm 09wU
Na-LAMPS ARE SO CUTE
Na L A M P S Are So Cute
†mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU j¨vKwUK GwmW GwmwUK GwmW wg_vBj c¨viv‡eb cUvwkqvg mi‡eU †mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU Ges †mvwWqvg - SO2 mvBwUªK GwmW
†cÖvcvb‡qU
 Lv`¨ bó nIqvi cÖavb KviY :
RxevYy (e¨vK‡Uwiqv, Có, †gvìm) cÖfv‡e cPb N‡U|
GbRvBg ev Dr‡mPK cÖfv‡e Aw·‡Rb mn ivmvqwbK RviY ev weRviY N‡U|
avZe Avqb cÖfv‡e ˆZj I Pwe©hy³ Lv`¨ e¯‘‡Z RviY weRviY wewµqv N‡U|
 Lv`¨ e¯‘‡K wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq †i‡L cPbkxj Lv`¨e¯‘‡K `xN©Kvj msiÿY Kivi c×wZ :
c×wZ Av‡jvPbv
(i) cvwbi mwµqZv (aw) ev Water Activity : wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z _vKv Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY Ges Lv`¨e¯‘i Pvicv‡ki
cwi‡e‡k _vKv Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigv‡Yi AbycvZ †K cvwbi mwµqZv ejv nq|
(ii) cvwbi mwµqZv Gi gvb 0 (k~b¨) †_‡K 1 Gi g‡a¨ aiv nq|
Lv`¨e¯‘ ﮋKiY
(iii) cvwb-ev®úwenxb m¤ú~Y© ﮋ Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z aw = 0 aiv nq| G‡Z †Kvb e¨vK‡Uwiqv, Có ev QÎvK Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv|
c×wZ
(iv) Lv`¨ e¯‘‡Z e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w×i Rb¨ aw > 0.90; Có Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw > 0.88 Ges QÎvK Rb¥v‡bvi Rb¨ aw > 0.80 n‡Z nq|
(v) Lv`¨ e¯‘‡Z †KŠUvRvZ Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cvwbi mwµqZv (aw) Gi gvb 0.6 Gi Kg ivLv nq| d‡j G cwi‡e‡k e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„w× ev
Có wKsev QÎvK Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i bv|
Lv`¨e¯‘ (i) wd«wRs ev kxZjKiY : G ¯Í‡i 0C – 4C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq mvaviY wd«‡R Lv`¨e¯‘ msiÿY Kiv nq|
kxZjxKiY (ii) wWcwd«wRs ev wngvqb : G ¯Í‡i –5C †_‡K –18C wb¤œZvcgvÎvq ev wWc wd«wRs (deep freezing)-G Lv`¨e¯‘ msiÿY Kiv nq|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 49
c×wZ wWc wd«wRs Ae¯’vq e¨vK‡Uwiqv (–5C †_‡K –10C G) m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbw®Œq n‡q c‡o|
 Lv`¨ msiÿK ev dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm‡K g~jZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq :
(i) Lv`¨ jeY (NaCl) Øviv Lv`¨ msiÿY : cPbkxj Lv`¨e¯‘‡K Lv`¨ jeY (NaCl) ev Gi Mvp `ªeY Øviv msiÿY
cÖwµqv‡K wKDwis (curing) ejv nq| gvQ, gvsm, KuvPv dj I mewR‡K wKDwis c×wZ‡Z msiÿY Kiv hvq|
(ii) mwilvi †Zj Øviv Lv`¨ msiÿY : Av`ª©Zvgy³ mwilvi †Zj, e¨vK‡Uwiqv I dvsMvm Rb¥v‡Z evav †`q|
cÖvK…wZK dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm
(iii) wPwb Øviv Lv`¨e¯‘ msiÿY : wPwbi Mvp `ªeY ev wmiv‡ci ms¯ú‡k© e¨vK‡Uwiqv †Kv‡li ga¨¯’ Rjxq Ask‡K wPwbi
Mvp `ªeY Awf¯ªeY ev Am‡gvwmm cÖwµqvq ï‡l †bq| d‡j e¨vK‡Uwiqv webó nq|
(iv) A¨vj‡Kvnj : weï× CH3CH2OH (70–95%) me‡P‡q kw³kvjx wcÖRvi‡fwUfm|
(v) wf‡bMvi : 6–10% B_vbwqK GwmW hv eûj e¨eüZ cÖPwjZ cÖvK…wZK wcÖRvi‡fwUfm|
 K…wÎg wcÖRvi‡fwUfm:
Kvh©µg msiÿK ev wcÖRvi‡fwUfm AvµvšÍ AYyRxe e¨env‡ii m‡ev©”P gvÎv
†mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU Có I †gvì 200 ppm
(C6H5CO2Na)
†mvwWqvg mi‡eU
‡gvì 200 ppm
(C5H7CO2Na)
Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj A¨vwmwUK GwmW (wf‡bMvi) AvPvi, PvUwb, mm&& 6–10%
†cÖvcv‡bv‡qUmg~n (CH3CH2CO2)2Ca Có I †gvì 0.1–0.3%
KHSO3, SO2 Có I †gvì 200 ppm
mvBwUªK GwmW (C6H8O7) AYyRxe 200–350 ppm
Gw›UgvB‡µvweqvj
(K¬mwUªwWqvg NaNO3, NaNO2, KNO3, KNO2 mvgyw`ªK gvQ I gvsm msiÿY 120 ppm
eUzwjbvg)
weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· UjyBb (BHT), C15H24O ‡gvì 200 ppm
Gw›UAw·‡W›U weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Gwbmj (BHA), C11H16O2 Có I ‡gvì 100 ppm
JUST-B(16-17)
tert-weDUvBj nvB‡Wªv KzB‡bvb (TBHQ) C10H14O2 Có I †gvì 100 ppm
myMÜKviK, †hgb- d‡ji G‡mÝ| myM× e¯‘ Lv`¨e¯‘‡K myMÜ I MÖnYxq Kivi Rb¨|
Bgvjwmdvqvi †hgb- †jwmw_b (E 322), ev A¨vwmwUK ˆZj RvZxq c`v_©‡K cvwb‡Z wgwkÖZ Kivi Rb¨
ˆZj-Pwe©‡K cvwb‡Z wgkÖ‡Yi Rb¨
Gwm‡Wi wMømvivBW G÷vi| e¨eüZ nq|
dzW A¨vwWwUfm
iwOb e¯‘ (Colouring) WvB (dye) ˆZwi Kiv Lv`¨e¯‘‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ is m„wó|
wPwb Qvov wfbœ wgwóKviK| wkïi `uvZ ÿq‡ivaK,
miweUj, C6H8(OH)6 (E 420) wgwóKviK (Sweetener)
Wvqv‡ewUK PK‡jU, †ivMxi wnZKi|
we.`ª. : BD‡ivwcqvb KwgDwbwU KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z wewfbœ dzW A¨vwWwU‡fi wbw`©ó b¤^i E Gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K; †hgb miweUj n‡jv E 420
 wK‡jwUs G‡R›U :
Lv`¨e¯‘i ga¨¯’ wewfbœ Ae¯’všÍi avZzi Avqb‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mwbœ‡ek eÜb Øviv Ave× ivL‡Z †h ivmvqwbK †hŠM e¨eüZ nq, G‡`i‡K wK‡jwUs G‡R›U
e‡j| Lv`¨e¯‘ msiÿ‡Y wkí‡ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ wK‡jwUs G‡R›U n‡jv EDTA [ethylene-diamine-tetra acetate, (–O2C–H2C)2 N–CH2CH2–N
(CH2CO–2)2] GQvov Bw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb (H2N–CH2–CH2–NH2) wK‡jwUs G‡R›U wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|

msiÿK NbgvÎv cÖ‡qvMK…Z dj msiÿK NbgvÎv cÖ‡qvMK…Z dj

SO2 1% Av½yi ‡e‡bvwgj 0.5% Kjv, †c‡c, Avg, Av‡cj, †Pwi,
Avbvim, bvkcvwZ
Av‡qv‡ebWvRj 1% Av‡cj, Avbvim, bvkcvwZ ‡mvwWqvg  wdbvBj wd‡bU 1% Avbvim, Av‡cj, mvBUªvm dj
evBwdbvBj 0.5% mvBUªvm dj
50 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 A¨vw›U Aw·‡W‡›Ui cÖKvi‡f` :

A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U cÖKvi‡f`
gy³ g~jK †kvlYKvix (i) weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· UjyBb (BHT), C15H24O
(ii) weDUvB‡j‡UW nvBWªw· Gwbmj (BHA), C11H16O2
(iii) tert-weDUvBj nvB‡Wªv KzB‡bvb (TBHQ) C10H14O2
Aw·‡Rb †kvlYKvix (i) wfUvwgb-C (ii) wfUvwgb-E (iii) mvjdvBU jeY
cÖvK…wZK (i) wfUvwgb-C ev GmKiweK GwmW (ii) wfUvwgb-E ev U‡Kv‡dij (iii) weUv () K¨v‡ivwUb
(iv) AavZz †m‡jwbqvg, Se(34)
K…wÎg (i) BHA (ii) BHT (iii) TBHQ (iv) †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU
 Lv`¨ msiÿY †KŠkj-
‡KŠkj Kx Kiv nq D`vniY
me ai‡Yi †KŠUvRvZ Lv`¨ †hgb: gvsm, mewR,
‡KŠUvRvZKiY (Canning) Lv`¨ wm× K‡i †KŠUvq eÜ K‡i ivLv nq|
my¨c, dj
ﮋKiY (Drying) m~‡h©i Zv‡c ev I‡f‡b Lv`¨ ïKv‡bv nq ﮋ Lvevi †hgb: ﮋ gvQ, dj|
wngvwqZKiY (Freezing) Lv`¨‡K wbgœ ZvcgvÎvq `ªæZ wngvwqZKiY wngvwqZ gvQ, gvsm, gUiïwU, wewfbœ Rym|
Av‡gi AvPvi wgkª mewRi AvPvi ‡hgb- evwYwR¨K
wcKwjs: †Z‡j (AvPviRvZKiY) (Pickling) Lv`¨ wm× K‡i gkjvhy³ K‡i †Z‡j wbgw¾Z Kiv nq
Piccalilli
wcKwjs: wf‡bMvi Lv`¨‡K wbex©R K‡i wf‡bMvimn †evZjRvZ Kiv nq imy‡bi AvPvi, gwi‡Pi AvPvi
mwës (Salting) Mvp je‡Yi `ªe‡Y Lv`¨ Wywe‡q ivLv nq jeYv³ gvQ
K¨vjwmqvg †cÖvcvb‡qU, NaNO3, NaNO2, SO2,
ivmvqwbK wcÖRvi‡fwUf
Lv‡`¨i m‡½ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ †hvM Kiv nq| NaHSO3, KHSO3, digvwjb, B_vbj, WvB
(Chemical preservatives)
†mvwWqvg EDTA
we`y¨r †ÿÎ hy³ cv‡Î Lv`¨e¯‘ †i‡L we`y¨rcvjm cÖ‡qvM
B‡jK‡Uªv‡cv‡ikb Electroporation) d‡ji Rym msiÿY
Kiv nq

TOPIC-03 mvm‡cbkb, Bgvjkb I †Kvqv¸‡jkb

 GK bR‡i g~j Av‡jvPbv
cvwifvwlK kã Key Word msÁv ev Zvrch© D`vniY ev Z_¨
mvm‡cbkb Suspension KYvi AvKvi (10–3m–10–1 m) Kv`v cvwb ev cvwb‡Z evwj
Kj‡qW Colloid KYvi AvKvi (10–9 m –10–7 m) cvwb‡Z `y‡ai Pwe© KYv hv Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv|
–7
`ªeY Solution 10 m A‡cÿv ÿz`ªZi mieZ cvwb‡Z wPgwU KYv `ªexf~Z n‡q hvq|
wµ÷vj‡qW Crystalloid `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq Dw™¢` ev cÖvwYR wSwjø ev cvP©‡g›U KvMR 1861 mv‡j Ugvm MÖvnvg Kj‡qW Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
AwZµg K‡i
mj Sol Zij Kj‡qW‡K ejv nq -mj cvwb‡Z AgCl †Nvjv wgkªY n‡jv AgCl Gi
nvB‡Wªvmj Avi †avqv n‡jv G‡ivmj
‡Rj Gel Zij †dR Gi g‡a¨ hw` KwVb e¯‘ KYv ewÈZ n‡q Kj‡qW `wa, cwbi Ges wewfbœ d‡ji †Rwj
MVb K‡i Zv‡K †Rj e‡j
Bgvjkb Imulsion GKwU Zij †dR Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb Zij e¯‘KYv ewÈZ n‡j †h A¨vbwRqvm© Bgvjkb (GKwU Jlya), `ya, gvLb|
Kj‡qW cvIqv hvq ZvB Bgvjkb
‡Kvqv¸‡jkb Coagulation Bgvjkb bó n‡q RgvU evav‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb e‡j `ya †_‡K Qvbv MVb|
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 51

 Kj‡q‡Wi †kÖwYwefvM:
Kj‡qW †kÖYx we¯ÍvwiZ e¯‘KYv we¯ÍviY gva¨g D`vniY
KwVb M¨vm †auvqv (smoke), evqy‡Z fvmgvb ay‡jv
G‡ivmj (aerosol)
Zij M¨vm Kzqvkv (fog), †gN
†dvg (foam) M¨vm Zij cvKv‡bv wµg (Whipped cream), mvev‡bi †dbv
†Rj (Jel) Zij KwVb †Rwj, cwbi, `B I Ry‡Zvi Kvwj,
Zij Zij `ya, k¨v¤úy, wµg
Bgvjkb (emulsion)
Zij KwVb evUvi (butter)
mj (sol) KwVb Zij †cB›U, wgjK& Ae g¨vM‡bwmqv
we.`ª.: M¨vm- M¨vm wm‡÷g me©`vB GKwU `ªeY, KviY GKvwaK M¨vm memgqB GKwU mgmË¡ wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i|

 cÖ‡kœvˇi mvm‡cbkb I †Kvqv¸‡jkb-

mvm‡cbkb †Kvqv¸‡jkb
 mvm‡cbk‡b `ª‡e¨i Avjv`v Aw¯ÍZ¡ †`Lv  `ywU wecixZ Avavbhy³ mj‡K wgwk‡q t hLb  cixÿvjä dj †_‡K Zuviv †h `ywU wm×v‡šÍ Av‡mb
hvq wKš‘ `ªe‡Y †`Lv hvq bv| `ywU wecixZ Avavbhy³ mj‡K mg‡gvjvi †m¸‡jv‡K m~Î ev wbqg AvKv‡i wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
 mvm‡cbk‡bi ˆewkó¨ mvm‡cbkb KYvi Abycv‡Z †gkv‡bv nq, ZLb G‡K Aci‡K  e¨eüZ Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i †h Avqb¸‡jv Kj‡qW KYvi
AvKvi, gva¨‡gi mv›`ªZv cvkvcvwk KYvi cÖkwgZ K‡i Ges Df‡qB †Kvqv¸‡jkb wecixZ Avavbhy³, ZvivB mj‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kivi
wg_w¯Œqvi Dci wbf©ikxj| nq| Rb¨ Kvh©Kix ev `vqx|
 mvm‡cbk‡b wgkÖ‡Yi KYvi  ùzUb Øvivt mvaviYfv‡e dzwU‡q †Kv‡bv  †Kv‡bv Zwor we‡køl¨ c`v‡_©i †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kivi ÿgZv
Sedimutaiton N‡U wKš‘ Kj‡qW Kj‡qW `ªeY‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kiv hvq| Avq‡bi PvR© ev †hvR¨Zvi mv‡_ mgvbycvwZK A_v©r
wgkÖ‡Y KYv fvmgvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K, cvZ‡b  Zwor Pvjb Øvivt Zwor Pvjb cÖwµqvi Avq‡bi PvR© ev †hvR¨Zv hZ †ewk n‡e Gi
Ask †bq bv| mvnv‡h¨ Kj‡qW `ªeY‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kiv †Kvqv¸‡jkb ÿgZvI ZZ †ewk n‡e|
 mvm‡cbkb Ae¯’vq Ily‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv hvq|  D`vniYt FYvZ¥K As2S3 mj‡K Aatwÿß Kivi Rb¨
eRvq _v‡K| †hgb Aw·-†UUªvmvBwK¬b  cybtcyb ev evisevi WvqvjvBwmm Øvivt wb‡Pi abvZ¥K Avqb¸‡jvi †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kivi µg
mvm‡cbkb| evievi WvqvjvBwmm K‡i Zwor we‡køl¨ Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+|
 Ômvm‡cbkb Ae¯’vq Ily‡ai wZ³ ¸Y `~i c`v_©‡K AcmvwiZ K‡i †Kv‡bv mj‡K  Avevi abvZ¥K Fe(OH)3 †K †Kvqv¸‡jkb Ki‡Z
Kiv hvq| †hgb †K¬vivg‡cwbKj †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kiv hvq| w؇hvRx mvj‡dU Avqb, GK‡hvRx †K¬vivBW ev bvB‡UªU
cvjwg‡UU mvm‡cbkb|  nvwW©-k~j‡R m~Ît wewfbœ Zwor we‡kø‡l¨i Avqb A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk nq|
 K‡jiv f¨vK&wmb n‡jv GKwU mvm‡cbkb| wewfbœ mj‡K (Kj‡qW) †Kvqv¸‡jkb Kivi  GKwU FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ Kj‡q‡Wi †Kvqv¸‡j‡Ui
 A‡š¿i (intestine-Gi) B‡gwRs Kv‡R ÿgZv wb‡q weÁvbx nvwW© Ges k~j‡R we‡kl Kvh©KvwiZv µg n‡jv Ñ
e¨eüZ BaSO4 wgkÖY n‡jv GKwU cixÿvÑwbixÿv K‡ib| [Fe(CN)6]4–>PO43–>SO42–>Cl–
mvm‡cbkb|
we.`ª.: Kj‡qW I mvm‡cbk‡bi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv: KYvi e¨vmva© I cv‡Îi Zjvq Rgv co‡e ev Aat‡ÿc m„wó Ki‡e Kxbv|
Kj‡qW KYvi e¨vm (2nm − 500 nm) †_‡K mvm‡cbkb KYvi e¨vm (> 500 nm) A‡bK eo nq|
TOPIC-04 `y» I `y» Dcv`vb c„_KxKiY
 `y‡ai Dcv`vb
cÖvYx cvwb Pwe© (Fat) ‡cÖvwUb j¨vK‡UvR LwbR Dcv`vb wfUvwgb Lv`¨ K¨vjwi
(K.cal/100g)
gvbyl 87.1 4.5 0.9 7.1 0.2 A, B, C, D 72
Mvfx 87.8 3.5 3.1 4.6 0.7 A, B, C, D 66
QvMj 87.0 4.2 3.3 4.8 0.7 A, B, C, D 70
†fov 82.0 7.2 4.6 4.8 0.9 A, B, C, D 102
gwnl 82.7 7.4 3.6 5.5 0.8 A, B, C, D 110
we‡kl Z_¨: gwn‡li `y‡a Pwe© I Lv`¨ K¨vjwii gvb me‡P‡q †ewk, †fovi `y‡a †cÖvwU‡bi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk,
Mvfxi `y‡a cvwbi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk gvby‡li `y‡a j¨vK‡Uv‡Ri cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk|
52 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

 `y‡ai cywó¸Y:
`y» MÖwš’ ev gvgvwi Mø¨vÛ (mummary glands) †_‡K wbtm„Z Mvfxi `y‡ai Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv 1.029 - 1.039
mv`v e‡Y©i Zij c`v_©|
`y‡ai Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ j¨vK‡UvwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ gvcv nq `y‡ai pH Gi gvb n‡jv 6.6 – 6.9
`y‡ai cÖavb Dcv`vb cvwb| (90%) `y‡ai cÖavb Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU (kK©iv) nj j¨vK‡UvR hv GKwU Awgó Avwgl|
j¨vK‡UvR we‡køwlZ n‡q M¨vjv‡±vR I Møy‡Kv‡R cwiYZ nq| `y‡a `ywU †cÖvwUb i‡q‡Q t K¨v‡mBb (cÖavb †cÖvwUb 80%) Ges j¨vKUvjeywgb (AcÖavb
†cÖvwUb 20%)
K¨v‡mBb GKwU dm‡dv‡cÖvwUb Ges c~Y©v½ †cÖvwUb| `y‡a Pwe© (d¨vU Ges wjwcW 3.5-6% ch©šÍ) n‡q _v‡K|
K¨v‡ivwUb, R¨vwš’b Gi Kvi‡Y `ya nj‡` †`Lvq| `y‡ai cÖavb LwbR c`v_© nj cUvwkqvg, K¨vjwmqvg Ges †K¬vivBW|
`y‡ai cÖavb wfUvwgb n‡jvÑ A, B, C, E| me©vwaK kw³ _v‡K †fovi `y‡a|
`y‡ai cÖavb LwbR Dcv`vb: `y‡ai cÖavb LwbR Dcv`vbmg~n n‡jv:
Ca2+ (0.12%), K+ (0.13%), Na+ (0.05%, Mg2+ (0.02%) P(0.09%), Cl− (0.11%)|

TOPIC-05 Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvwi

 GK bR‡i Uq‡jwUªR I cviwdDgvix
Uq‡jwUªR I
Dcv`vb cÖ¯‘wZMZ Z_¨ Ab¨vb¨
cviwdDgvwi
GwU nvB‡Wªvmj (wdbvBj B_vbj) hvi g‡bvgy»Ki myMwÜ i‡q‡Q,
‡MvjvcRj cixÿvMvi I wk‡ívrcv`b cÖYvjx cÖvK…wZK RxevYybvkK
wRivwbIj, wm‡Uªvwb‡jvj, wbij|
(K) Wveyi Avgjv †nqvi A‡qjÑ bvwi‡Kj D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi
‡nqvi A‡qj ter-weDUvBj nvB‡Wªv KzB‡bvb hv Antioxidant †Zj UªvBwMømvwib G÷vi nj
(L) nvev©j †nqvi A‡qj Ñ †fwR‡Uej| †Zj|
(i) g~j Dcv`vb n‡”Q †UjK| †Uj‡Ki ivmvqwbK bvg
nvB‡Wª‡UW g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU [3MgO, 4SiO2.H2O
U¨vjKg ev, H2Mg3(SiO3)4 ev, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2] (92 fvM) cÖavb nvB‡WªU Dcv`vb †UjK (g¨vM‡bwmqvg †UjK Ñ cÖK…wZi me‡P‡q
cvDWvi (ii) wRsK w÷qv‡iU (A¨vw›U‡mcwUK) : 3 fvM| wmwj‡KU) big LwbR KwVb c`v_©|
(iii) g¨vM‡bwmqvg Kve©‡bU (cvDWvi duvcv‡bvi Rb¨ : 4.5 fvM|
(iv) †gb_j (myMÜ e¯‘) : 0.5 fvM|
(i) w÷qvwiK GwmW cÖ‡jcb RvZxq Av`ª© wµg| 10% w÷qvwiK
KviweUj Z¡‡Ki PKP‡K
f¨vwbwms wµg (ii) wMømvwib GwmW C17H35COOH cÖavb Dcv`vb| ‡mœv-
fve `~i K‡i
(iii) KOH (iv) cvwb| Gi Aci bvg f¨vwbwms wµg|
(i) LwbR ˆZj (ii) A¨vj‡Kvnj ‡Kvì wµ‡gi †eviv· Z¡‡Ki D¾¡jZv evovq|
c¨vivwdb ‡Zj e¨envi
‡Kvì wµg (iii) wMømvwib (iv) †eviv· cvwb Ges †Zj ev Pwe© wgwkªZ GK ai‡bi
Kiv fvj|
(v) myMwÜ `ªe¨| Bgvjkb n‡”Q ‡Kvì wµg
(i) Iqv· I Pwe© (we-Iqv·, †Kb‡Wwjjv Iqv·) : 40%
(ii) A‡qj (Kv÷i A‡qj, wj‡bvwjb A‡qj) : 34% TiO2, ‡gvg, j¨v‡bvwjb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, Vit –E
ivYx GwjRv‡e_ †Vuv‡U
(iii) A¨vj‡Kvnj (B_vbj, wMømvij) : 20% _v‡K| Sol + Gel mgš^‡q MwVZ Kj‡qW ÿvi
wjcw÷K HgS e¨envi K‡i †VuvU
(iv) wcM‡g›U (is) (wcM‡g›U †iW-40, Kviwgb : 5% wccv‡gvë TiO2 ev KviwgwbK GwmW|
iwOb Ki‡Zb
(v) myMÜ e¯‘ (1% Gi Kg, WvB‡cÖvcvwjb A¨vj‡Kvnj) wjcw÷‡Ki cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv †gvg|
: 1%
(i) A¨vw›U‡mcwUK Antiseptic wW-b¨vPvW© A¨vj‡Kvnj, wMømvwib
wW-b¨vPvW© A¨vj‡Kvnj
(ii) gqðvivBRvi Ges myMwÜ Dcv`vb| RxevYybvkK I
AvdUvi †mf QÎvK I e¨vK‡Uwiqv
(iii) myMÜ e¯‘ Rxevby†ivaK hvi pH 5.5 Z¡‡Ki gv‡bi
cÖwZ‡ivaK
KvQvKvwQ
‡g‡n`xi cvZvi jv‡m‡b (2–nvBWªw· –1.4– b¨vc_vKzB‡bvb) Pzj jvmb Mig cvwb‡Z Ges
†g‡n`x cÖ¯‘ZKv‡j †c‡÷i pH 5.5 ivLv fvj
I Pvgovi †cÖvwU‡bi mv‡_ is m„wó K‡i A¤øxq `ªe‡Y mn‡R `ªeYxq
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 53

TOPIC-06 K‡qKwU cÖ¯‘wZ I msiÿY †KŠkj

 wK¬wbs G‡R‡›Ui mvaviY Dcv`vb
bvg D`vniY
mvid¨v±¨v›U ‡Wv‡WKvBj †mvwWqvg †ebwRb mvj‡dv‡bU, jwij mvj‡dU, jwij B_vBj mvj‡dv‡bU, WvB A¨vjKvBj WvBwg_vBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW|
RxevYybvkK ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU (NaOCl), K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBU Ca(OCl)2, †dbj RvZK, †WUj A_v©r 3.5– WvBwg_vBj–4– ‡K¬v‡iv‡dbj|
`ªveK A¨vwm‡Uvb, B_vbj, AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj, †cÖvwcwjb MøvBKj
wewea A¨vwWwUf mvj‡dvwbK GwmW, BDwiqv, dmdwiK GwmW, A·vwjK GwmW, †mvwWqvg cvi‡ev‡iU, wg_vBj m¨vwjmvB‡jU|
 Møvm wK¬bvi cÖ¯‘wZi Z_¨-
welq Møvm wK¬bvi Uq‡jU wK¬bvi JU-D1(17-18)
(i) 28% NH3 (wMÖ‡Ri `ªveK) (ii) †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU (Surface- (i) NaOH (Pwe© ev wMÖ‡Ri `ªveK) (ii) C12H25SO4Na
active) (iii) iso-†cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (†ewk DØvqx `ªveK) (iv) Bw_wjb (Surfectant) (iii) [Ca(OCl)2] (weøwPs G‡R›U) (iv) cvwb
Dcv`vb
MøvBKj (Kg DØvqx `ªveK) (v) †UUªv‡mvwWqvg cvB‡ivdm‡dU (cvwbi LiZv (g~j `ªveK) (v) is (vi) †dbj (`yM©ÜbvkK)|
wbeviK) (vi) is ev WvB (iwOb Kivi Rb¨) (vii) cviwdDg (viii) cvwb|
(i) MøvmwK¬bvi fvix gqjv ev MÖxR cwi®‹vi K‡i bv| (i) gqjv cwi®‹vi Kivi Rb¨ kw³kvjx ÿqKviK c`v_© `iKvi| NaOH
(ii) Møv‡mi g~j Dcv`vb nj Ca I Na Gi wØ-wmwj‡KU| GKwU ÿqKviK c`v_©, Gi OH– g~jK gqjv I RxevYy aŸsm K‡i|
(iii) Møvm wK¬bvi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z mej ÿvi (NaOH, KOH) cwi®‹viK ˆZwii Rb¨ 50% NaOH `iKvi|
cwi¯‹viKiY e¨envi K‡i A¨v‡gvwbqvi ÿvi `ªeY e¨envi Kiv (ii) Uq‡j‡U †j‡M _vKv †cÖvwUb n‡Z Drcbœ A¨vgvBW (RCOONH2) †K
†KŠkj nq| Z‡e A¨v‡gvwbqvI welv³ nIqvq wMÖY NaOH Gi OH g~jK we‡qvwRZ K‡i NH3 †K gy³ K‡i|
wK¬bvi e¨envi Kiv nq| R–COONH2+OH– → R–COO– + NH3
(iii) Uq‡jU wK¬bvi Gi g~j cwi®‹viK Dcv`vb Kw÷K ‡mvWv A_ev ‡ewKs ‡mvWv
(NaHCO3)|
we‡kl Z_¨: Uq‡jU wK¬bv‡i Kw÷K †mvWv NaOH e¨envi Kiv n‡jI Møvm wK¬bv‡i NaOH e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|

 wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘wZi Z_¨-

ZË¡ cÖ¯‘wZ
AvL A_ev †LRy‡ii i‡m 16-20% my‡µvR wPwb (C12H22O11) _v‡K| C÷ †_‡K wbtm„Z Bbfvi‡Um I RvB‡gm GbRvB‡gi
g~jbxwZ cÖfv‡e my‡µv‡Ri dvi‡g‡›Ukb N‡U; G‡Z cÖ_‡g B_vbj I c‡i A¨vwm‡Uv e¨vKUi bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÖfv‡e evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv
B_vbj RvwiZ n‡q B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi jNy Rjxq (6-10%) `ªeY Drcbœ nq|
wPwbi Av`ª© we‡kølY I Bbfv‡U©R RvB‡gR
C12H22O11 + H2O −−−−−→ C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ; C6H12O6 −−−−−−→ 2CH3−CH2OH + 2CO2
dvi‡g‡›Ukb 37C 20-24C
A¨vwm‡Uve¨vKUi
B_vb‡ji RviY CH3CH2−OH + O2 −−−−−−−−−−→ CH3−COOH
RviY
 KzBK wf‡bMvi c×wZ‡Z B_vb‡ji Rjxq `ªeY‡K A¨vwm‡Uv e¨vKUi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 6–10% B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi
Rjxq `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Kiv nq|
weKí c×wZ
 gë wf‡bMvi c×wZ‡Z Bbfvi‡UR GbRvBg wPwb‡K Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±vR, RvB‡gR GbRvBg Møy‡KvR‡K B_vb‡j Ges
e¨vK‡Uwiqv B_vbj‡K Kgc‡ÿ 4% GwmwUK Gwm‡W cwiYZ K‡i|
we‡kl Z_¨:  100% weï× B_v‡bvwqK GwmW 16.7C G R‡g Zzlv‡ii b¨vq mv`v AvKvi aviY K‡i, ZLb G‡K Møvwmqvj GwmwUK GwmW e‡j|
 Rvi‡Y cÖvß jNy B_vbwqK GwmW‡K AÜKvi RvqMvq evqywenxbfv‡e `xN©w`b †i‡L †`Iqv‡K GwRs e‡j|

04. KjqWvj `ªe‡Yi Pvwiw`‡K Av‡jv Qov‡bvi (light scattering) ag©‡K ejv nq
Practice Part Ñ
01. Bwiw_ªUj n‡jv- A. d¨viv‡W B‡d± B. wUbWvj B‡d±
A. An enzyme B. A non-caloric sweetener C. eªvDwbqvg B‡d± D. B I C Df‡qB
C. An amino acid D. An anti-oxidant 05. `ya †_‡K Qvbv cvIqvi cÖwµqv n‡jv-
02. TBHQ -Gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU? A. Av`ª© we‡kølY B. dvi‡g‡›Ukb
A. C8H12O2 B. C9H13O3 C. ‡Kvqv¸‡jkb D. Aw·‡Wkb
C. C10H14O2 D. C14H16O2 06. ‡nqvi I‡q‡ji Bgvjwmdvqvi (Emulsifier) iƒ‡c wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq?
03. †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK Lv`¨ msi¶K bq? [JUST-A: 2018-19] A. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B. AwjK GwmW
A. wPwb B. digvwjb C. weDUvBj nvB‡Wªv KzB‡bvb D. †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
C. wf‡bMvi D. jeY 07. FYvZ¥K As2S3 Kj‡q‡Wi †Kvqv¸‡jk‡b me©vwaK ÿgZvi †Kvqv¸‡jU †KvbwU?
54 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ
A. NaCl B. KCl (BMR)| GKRb c~Y© eq¯‹ e¨w³i Basal Metabolic Rate
C. AlCl3 D. BaCl2 (BMR) n‡jv 6694.04 KJ Ges GKRb bvixi Rb¨ Zv 6276 KJ|
08. wb‡Pi †Kvb ZijwUi mv›`ªZv †bB? GB gvb¸‡jv GKRb gvby‡li kix‡i ˆ`wbK †gvU kw³i †h Pvwn`v
A. AvjKvZiv B. `ya i‡q‡Q Zvi `yB Z…Zxqvsk|
C. ‰Zj is D. wMømvwib LwbR je‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`: LwbR jeY‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
09. `y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb †KvbwU? 17 g¨v‡µvwgbv‡ij: Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, P, Cl; gvB‡µvwgbv‡ij: Fe,
A. j¨v±vjeywgb B. j¨v‡±v‡MøvweDwjb Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Se, Si, Mo, Co, B
C. K¨vwmb D. ‡KvbwUB bq Lv`¨ ms‡hvRbx (Food Additive): †hme AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨
10. gvZ…`y‡»i pH cwimiÑ †hvM K‡i Lv‡`¨i ¯^v`, eY© I †mŠ›`h© e„w× Kiv nq Zv‡`i Lv`¨
A. 4.8 - 7.5 B. 6.35-6.68 18
ms‡hvRbx e‡j| Gw›U Aw·‡W›U Lv`¨ Dcv`v‡bi RviY †iva K‡i eY©
C. 6.6- 6.9 D. 7.4-8.0 wVK iv‡L| Ex: BHA, BHT|
11. Uq‡j‡Ui `yM©Ü I `vM `~i Ki‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbKwU e¨eüZ nq?
wf‡bMvi: GwmwUK GwmW ev B_vbwqK Gwm‡Wi (CH3COOH) 6-
A. NaOH B. C6H5OH
C. Ca(ClO)2 D. Ca(OH)2 10% Rjxq `ªeYB wf‡bMvi| G‡Z 99-94% cvwb we`¨gvb|
19
12. †Kvì wµ‡g jyweª‡KwUs G‡R›U wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? Lv`¨`ª‡e¨ wf‡bMvi †hvM Kivi d‡j Zv Dcv`v‡bi pH gvb‡K Kwg‡q
A. Zij c¨vivwdb B. ‡cÖvcvBj c¨viv‡eb 5 †_‡K 4 Gi wb‡P wb‡q Av‡m|
C. wMømvwib D. ‡gvg b¨vPvivj dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm: b¨vPvivj dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm nj jeY,
13. DDT Gi ms‡KZ n‡jv- 20 wf‡bMvi, wPwb, A¨vj‡Kvnj| Gi g‡a¨ weï× B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
A. C14H9Cl5 B. C11H7 me‡P‡q †ewk kw³kvjx|
C. C12H8Cl3 D. C14H7Cl2 A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U Gi cÖKvi‡f`: A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
14. wb‡Pi †KvbwU A¨vw›UgvB‡µvweqvj bq? cÖvK…wZK A¨vw›U Aw·‡W›U Ges K…wÎg A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U| cÖvK…wZK
A. C6H8O7 B. C15H24O A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U n‡jv A¨vmKiweK GwmW (wfUvwgb C),
C. KHSO3 D. NaNO3 21
15. Aw·‡Rb †kvlYKvix Gw›U Aw·‡W›U nj? †Uv‡Kv‡dij, -K¨v‡ivwUb I †m‡jwbqvg| Avi AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v
A.wfUvwgb A B. mvjdvBU jeY KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z K…wÎg A¨vw›U-Aw·‡W›U mg~n n‡jv BHA, BHT,
C. wfUvwgb K D. †Kv‡bvwUB bq TBHQ I †cÖvcvBj M¨v‡jU|
wK‡jwUs G‡R›U (Chelating Agent): Lv`¨e¯‘i g‡a¨ _vKv
OMR SHEET Ae¯’všÍi avZzi Avqb (trace elements: Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+)
ˆZj-Pwe©i RviY ev we‡qvRb wµqvi cÖfveKiƒ‡c wµqv K‡i| †hgb-
01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D
Kcvi Avqb Øviv GmKiweK GwmW, wfUvwgb-E, _vqvwgb dwjK
02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D 22
GwmW webó nq Ges Cu I Fe Df‡q Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb-A
03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D
webó K‡i Lv`¨e¯‘‡K weeY© K‡i| ZvB Lv`¨e¯‘i G me Ae¯’všÍi
04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D
avZzi Avqb‡K `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK mwbœ‡ek eÜb Øviv Ave× ivL‡Z †h
05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D
ivmvqwbK †hŠM e¨eüZ nq, G‡`i‡K wK‡jwUs G‡R›U e‡j|
16. GKRb c~Y© eq¯‹ e¨w³i BMR KZ?
†Kvqv¸‡jkb: B‡jK‡UªvjvB‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AvYweK ch©v‡qi AmsL¨
17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g¨v‡µvwgbv‡ij bq? KYvi GKwÎZ n‡q RgvU evavi cÖwµqv‡K †Kvqv¸‡jkb e‡j|
18. Food AdditivewK? 23 D`v: (i) `ya †_‡K Qvbv cov (ii)b`xi †Nvjv cvwb mgy‡`ª wMqv
19. wf‡bMvi njÑ cwi¯‹vi nIqv (iii) Kv`vgvwU evwj R‡g †gvnbv‡Z Øxc ˆZwi
20. b¨vPvivj dzW wcÖRvi‡fwUfm Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk kw³kvjx †KvbwU? (iv) ivevi Mv‡Qi im †_‡K ivevi ˆZwi BZ¨vw`|
21. cÖvK…wZK Gw›U-Aw·‡W›U †Kvb¸‡jv? †KBwmb: `y‡ai cÖavb †cÖvwUb Dcv`vb n‡jv †KBwmb| †KBwmb n‡jv
22. wK‡jwUs G‡R›U wK? 24 GK cÖKvi dm‡dv‡cÖvwUb| `y‡a Pvi ai‡bi †KBwmb _v‡K| Z_v:
23. `ya †_‡K Qvbv cvIqvi KviY wKÑ (i)  S1 †KBwmb (ii)  S2 †KBwmb (iii)  †KBwmb (iv) †KBwmb|
24. `y‡a Kq ai‡bi †Kwmb eZ©gvb _v‡K? †Mvjvc R‡ji myMwÜi KviY: †Mvjvc R‡ji g‡bvgy»Ki myM‡Üi
25
25. †Mvjvc R‡ji g‡bvgy»Ki myM‡Üi KviY Kx? KviY n‡jv wdbvBj B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (C6H5CH2CH2OH)|

ANSWER ANALYSIS
Paper Final Model
01.B 02.C 03.B 04.B 05.C
MCQ

07.C 08.C 09.C 10.C 11.C 01. mvwR©K¨vj Møvf‡m †Kvb Bjv‡÷vgviwU e¨eüZ nq?
12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B A. cwj AvB‡mvwcÖb B. cwj weDUvWvB-Bb
kixi‡K m¤ú~Y© wekÖvg Ae¯’vq (ïay cÖvYhy³ †`nwUi evwn¨K C. cwj‡K¬v‡ivwcÖb D. cwj‡cÖvwcwjb
Kg©PÂjnxb Ae¯’v) ivLvi Rb¨ A_©vr ïaygvÎ †`‡ni Af¨šÍ‡ii cÖvY 02. UvB‡Uªk‡b †KvbwU‡K UvBUvi e‡j?
16
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvmg~n m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ (Basal metabolism) †h A. ey¨‡i‡Ui `ªeY B. wc‡c‡Ui `ªeY
b~¨bZg kw³ cÖ‡qvRb nq ZviB bvg Basal Metabolic Rate C. KwbK¨vj d¬v‡¯‹i `ªeY D. weKv‡ii `ªeY
 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ 55
03. ‡gvUvgywU 0.1M NbgvÎvi H2SO4 `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv? 03. A B C D 08. A B C D 13. A B C D
A. e¨v‡jÝ B. dv‡bj 04. A B C D 09. A B C D 14. A B C D
C. gvcb wmwjÛvi D. AvqZwbK d¬v¯‹ 05. A B C D 10. A B C D 15. A B C D
04. GKwU cigvYyi bxU Avavb +1| Gi 18wU B‡j±ªb Ges 20wU wbDUªb i‡q‡Q|
GwUi †cÖvUb msL¨v n‡”Q- 16. 250C ZvcgvÎvq 1.06 Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ wewkó HCl Gwm‡Wi 5.0ml GKwU
A. 18 B. 19 wgRvwis wmwjÛv‡i cwigvc Kivi ci wWwRUvj e¨v‡j‡Ý fi cwigvc K‡i
C. 20 D. 21 †`Lv †Mj Gi cwigvY 5.247g. wgRvwis wmwjÛv‡ii AvqZb cwigv‡ci
05. †evi-Gi cigvYy g‡Wj †KvbwUi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e? ÎæwUi gvÎv kZKiv wn‡m‡e MYbv Ki|
A. H+ B. He+ 17. B‡jKUª‡bi ˆØZ a‡g©i aviYv cÖ`vb K‡ib †K? ˆØZ ag© m¤úwK©Z mgxKiYwU wjL|
+
C. Li D. Be+
18. AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci ˆewkó¨ wjL|
06. iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cixÿvq wKQz  - KYv m¤ú~Y© wecixZ w`‡K wd‡i Av‡m †Kb?
19. Zwor‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ wjL|
A. cigvYyi B‡jKUªb Øviv wePz¨Z nq
20. N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2 I N2O5 G N Gi RviY msL¨v KZ?
B. †K‡›`ª AwZ ÿz`ª wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ msNl© N‡U
21. 30°C ZvcgvÎvq 1.5 atm Pv‡c 15.6% PCl5 we‡qvwRZ nq| D³
C. cvi¯úwiK wewKi‡Y MwZc_ cwieZ©b nq
D. cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ msNl© N‡U ZvcgvÎvq KP Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
07. Ti avZz- 22. evdvi `ªeY wK?
A. RviK B. wbw®Œq †gŠj 23. wewfbœ Kj‡q‡Wi D`vniY `vI|
C. Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj D. †KvbwUB bq 24. ‡nvqvBU wf‡bMvi †KvbwU?
08. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq †KvbwU Zij? 25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU g¨v‡µvwgbv‡ij bq?
A. F2 B. Cl2 ANSWER ANALYSIS
C. Br2 D. I2
09. A I B †gŠ‡ji me©‡kl kw³¯Í‡i B‡j±ª‡bi web¨vm h_vµ‡g 5s2 5p4 I 5s2 01.A 02.A 03.D 04.B 05.B
MCQ

5p5; Zv‡`i AvqwbKiY kw³i Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’v wKiæc? 06.B 07.C 08.C 09.B 10.D
A. A>B B. A<B 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.D
C. A = B D. Zzjbv nq bv 4.5 ml †Z ÎæwU = 5 – 4.95 = 0.05 ml fi
0.05 AvqZb = Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡
10. ‡KvbwU wMÖb `ªveK? 1 ml " " = ml
A. KwVb CO2 B. CCl4 16 4.95 5.247
= ml = 4.95 ml
D. mycviwµwUKvj CO2 0.05100 1.06
C. CHCl3 100 " " " = = 1.01%
4.95
11. cUvwkqvg †K¬v‡iU †_‡K Aw·‡Rb M¨vm cÖ¯‘wZi mgq abvZ¡K cÖfveK
‰ØZ a‡g©i aviYv cÖwZwôZ K‡ib jyBm wW-eªMwj| ˆØZ ag© m¤úwK©Z
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i-
17 h
A. H3PO4 B. HBr mgxKiYwU n‡jv:  = mv
C. Pt D. MnO2
(i) GKB †gŠ‡ji cigvYy; (ii) ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K;
12. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇋ 2NH3(g) + 92.2 kJ/ mol Gi Rb¨ wb‡gœi †KvbwU fyj| 18
(iii) ivmvqwbK ag© GKB wKš‘ †fŠZ a‡g© cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
A. ZvcgvÎv evov‡j Drcv` evo‡e|
Zwor‡hvRx: (1) B‡jKUª‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi N‡U (2) †cvjvi (3) eÜb `„p
B. Pvc evov‡j Drcv` evo‡e|
(4) e܇bi w`K ag© †bB (5) weMwjZ Ae¯’vq ev `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ nq
C. ZvcgvÎv Kgv‡j Drcv` evo‡e|
19 (6) MwjZ Ae¯’vq ev `ªe‡Y we`y¨r cwievnx (7) cvwb‡Z Ges mKj
D. N2 I H2 †hvM Ki‡j Drcv` evo‡e|
†cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªeYxq wKš‘ ‰Re `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq (8) MjbvsK Ges
13. HbA1C wK?
ùzUbvsK D”P|
A. gvK©vi B. ni‡gvb
C. GbRvBg D. wfUvwgb A·vBW N Gi RviY msL¨v
14. `y‡a †Kvb WvBm¨vKvivBWwU _v‡K? N2O(g) +1
A. my‡µvR B. j¨v‡±vR NO(g) +2
20
C. g‡ëvR D. ‡mjy‡jvR N2O3(g) +3
15. U¨vjKg cvDWv‡ii cÖavb Dcv`vb- NO2(g) +4
N2O5(g) +5
A. nvB‡Wª‡UW K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU B. K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡KU
C. wRsK w÷qv‡iU D. nvB‡Wª‡UW g¨vM‡bwmqvg wmwj‡KU  2P  = 15.6%
KP =
1− 2 = 0.156
OMR SHEET 21 P = 1.5 atm
KP =
(0.156 )2  1.5 = 3.7  10–2 atm
1 − (0.156 )
2
01. A B C D 06. A B C D 11. A B C D
02. A B C D 07. A B C D 12. A B C D 22 evdvi `ªeY: †h `ªe‡Yi mvgvb¨ cwigvY GwmW ev ÿvi‡Ki `ªeY †hvM
56 imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

Kivi ciI `ªe‡Yi pH Gi gvb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Zv‡K evdvi `ªeY evUvi (butter)
e‡j| evdvi `ªeY A¤øxq cÖK„wZi I ÿviKxq cÖK…wZi GB `yB cÖK…wZi mj †cB›U, wgjK& Ae g¨vM‡bwmqv
n‡Z cv‡i| A¤øxq evdvi `ªeY¸‡jv mvaviYZ g„`y GwmW I H
24 B_vbwqK GwmW †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wf‡bMvi|
Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ Zxeª ÿvi mn‡hv‡M m„ó jeY n‡Z nq| h_v-
CH3COOH I CH3COONa `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY| ÿvixq evdvi
LwbR je‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`: LwbR jeY‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
`ªeY¸‡jv g„`y ÿviK I H ÿvi‡Ki mv‡_ Zxeª GwmW mn‡hv‡M m„ó 25 g¨v‡µvwgbv‡ij: Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, P, Cl
†Kvb jeY n‡Z nq| h_v- NH4OH I NH4Cl `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY| gvB‡µvwgbv‡ij: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, I, Se, Si, Mo, Co, B

Kj‡qW D`vniY
†kÖYx
†auvqv (smoke), evqy‡Z fvmgvb ay‡jv
23
G‡ivmj
Kzqvkv (fog), †gN
†dvg cvKv‡bv wµg (Whipped cream), mvev‡bi †dbv
†Rj †Rwj, cwbi, `B I Ry‡Zvi Kvwj,
Bgvjkb `ya, k¨v¤úy, wµg